qusql_parse/

statement.rs

// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

use alloc::{boxed::Box, vec::Vec};

use crate::{
    AlterOperator, AlterOperatorClass, AlterOperatorFamily, AlterRole, AlterSequence, AlterTable,
    AlterType, CreateConstraintTrigger, CreateDomain, CreateExtension, CreateIndex, CreateOperator,
    CreateOperatorClass, CreateOperatorFamily, CreateRole, CreateTrigger, DropOperatorClass,
    DropOperatorFamily, ExecuteFunction, QualifiedName, RenameTable, Span, Spanned, WithQuery,
    alter_role::parse_alter_role,
    alter_sequence::parse_alter_sequence,
    alter_table::parse_alter_table,
    copy::{CopyFrom, CopyTo, parse_copy_statement},
    create::{
        CreateDatabase, CreateSchema, CreateSequence, CreateServer, CreateTypeEnum, parse_create,
    },
    create_function::{CreateFunction, CreateProcedure},
    create_table::{CreateTable, CreateTablePartitionOf},
    create_view::CreateView,
    delete::{Delete, parse_delete},
    drop::{
        DropDatabase, DropDomain, DropEvent, DropExtension, DropFunction, DropIndex, DropOperator,
        DropProcedure, DropSchema, DropSequence, DropServer, DropTable, DropTrigger, DropType,
        DropView, parse_drop,
    },
    expression::{
        Expression, NullExpression, PRIORITY_CMP, PRIORITY_MAX, parse_expression_unreserved,
    },
    flush::{Flush, parse_flush},
    grant::{Grant, parse_grant},
    insert_replace::{InsertReplace, parse_insert_replace},
    keywords::Keyword,
    kill::{Kill, parse_kill},
    lexer::{StringType, Token},
    lock::{Lock, Unlock, parse_lock, parse_unlock},
    parser::{ParseError, Parser},
    qualified_name::parse_qualified_name_unreserved,
    rename::parse_rename_table,
    select::{OrderFlag, Select, parse_select, parse_select_body},
    show::{
        ShowCharacterSet, ShowCollation, ShowColumns, ShowCreateDatabase, ShowCreateTable,
        ShowCreateView, ShowDatabases, ShowEngines, ShowProcessList, ShowStatus, ShowTables,
        ShowVariables, parse_show,
    },
    span::OptSpanned,
    truncate::{TruncateTable, parse_truncate_table},
    update::{Update, parse_update},
    values::parse_values,
    with_query::parse_with_query,
};

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Analyze<'a> {
    pub analyze_span: Span,
    pub tables: Vec<QualifiedName<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Analyze<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.analyze_span.join_span(&self.tables)
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Set<'a> {
    pub set_span: Span,
    /// `LOCAL` modifier in `SET LOCAL name TO value` (PostgreSQL)
    pub local_span: Option<Span>,
    /// `SESSION` modifier in `SET SESSION name TO value` (PostgreSQL)
    pub session_span: Option<Span>,
    pub values: Vec<(SetVariable<'a>, Vec<Expression<'a>>)>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Set<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.set_span
            .join_span(&self.local_span)
            .join_span(&self.session_span)
            .join_span(&self.values)
    }
}

/// The target name of a `SET` assignment
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum SetVariable<'a> {
    /// Plain (possibly qualified) identifier, e.g. `SET \`x\` = 1` inside stored routines
    Named(QualifiedName<'a>),
    /// User-defined variable: `SET @name = expr`
    User {
        at_span: Span,
        name: crate::Identifier<'a>,
    },
    /// System variable with explicit scope qualifier: `SET @@GLOBAL.name = expr` or `SET @@SESSION.name = expr`
    System {
        global: Option<Span>,
        session: Option<Span>,
        dot_span: Span,
        name: crate::Identifier<'a>,
    },
    /// System variable without explicit scope: `SET @@name = expr`
    SystemBare {
        at_at_span: Span,
        name: crate::Identifier<'a>,
    },
}

impl Spanned for SetVariable<'_> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            SetVariable::Named(q) => q.span(),
            SetVariable::User { at_span, name } => at_span.join_span(name),
            SetVariable::System {
                global,
                session,
                dot_span,
                name,
            } => name
                .span()
                .join_span(global)
                .join_span(session)
                .join_span(dot_span),
            SetVariable::SystemBare { at_at_span, name } => at_at_span.join_span(name),
        }
    }
}

fn parse_set_variable<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<SetVariable<'a>, ParseError> {
    match parser.token {
        Token::At => {
            let at_span = parser.consume_token(Token::At)?;
            parser.maria_only(&at_span);
            let name = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
            Ok(SetVariable::User { at_span, name })
        }
        Token::AtAtGlobal | Token::AtAtSession => {
            let global = parser.skip_token(Token::AtAtGlobal);
            let session = if global.is_none() {
                Some(parser.consume_token(Token::AtAtSession)?)
            } else {
                None
            };
            parser.maria_only(&global.clone().or_else(|| session.clone()));
            let dot_span = parser.consume_token(Token::Period)?;
            let name = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
            Ok(SetVariable::System {
                global,
                session,
                dot_span,
                name,
            })
        }
        Token::AtAt => {
            let at_at_span = parser.consume_token(Token::AtAt)?;
            parser.maria_only(&at_at_span);
            let name = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
            Ok(SetVariable::SystemBare { at_at_span, name })
        }
        _ => {
            let name = parse_qualified_name_unreserved(parser)?;
            Ok(SetVariable::Named(name))
        }
    }
}

fn parse_set<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Set<'a>, ParseError> {
    let set_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SET)?;
    // Optional LOCAL / SESSION scope modifier (PostgreSQL only)
    let local_span = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::LOCAL);
    parser.postgres_only(&local_span);
    let session_span = if local_span.is_none() {
        parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::SESSION)
    } else {
        None
    };
    parser.postgres_only(&session_span);
    let mut values = Vec::new();
    let is_pg = parser.options.dialect.is_postgresql();
    loop {
        let name = parse_set_variable(parser)?;
        // TO is PostgreSQL syntax; = is accepted by all dialects
        let to_span = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::TO);
        parser.postgres_only(&to_span);
        let use_to = to_span.is_some();
        if !use_to {
            parser.consume_token(Token::Eq)?;
        }
        let mut exprs = Vec::new();
        loop {
            let val = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
            exprs.push(val);
            // In PostgreSQL, both TO and = allow comma-separated value lists for the
            // same variable (e.g. SET search_path = public, myschema).
            // In MySQL/MariaDB/SQLite, commas separate distinct variable assignments.
            if is_pg {
                if parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_none() {
                    break;
                }
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }
        values.push((name, exprs));
        if is_pg {
            break; // PostgreSQL SET assigns exactly one variable per statement
        }
        if parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_none() {
            break;
        }
    }
    Ok(Set {
        set_span,
        local_span,
        session_span,
        values,
    })
}

fn parse_plpgsql_declare_section<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
    out: &mut Vec<Statement<'a>>,
) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
    use crate::data_type::{DataTypeContext, parse_data_type};
    let declare_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::DECLARE)?;
    loop {
        // Skip semicolons between declarations
        while parser.skip_token(Token::Delimiter).is_some() {}
        // Stop at block boundaries or EOF
        match &parser.token {
            Token::Ident(_, Keyword::BEGIN | Keyword::END | Keyword::EXCEPTION) | Token::Eof => {
                break;
            }
            Token::Ident(_, _) => {} // continue to parse declaration
            _ => break,
        }
        // Each declaration: `name type [ [NOT NULL] [ DEFAULT | := | = ] expr|select ]`
        let name = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
        let data_type = parse_data_type(parser, DataTypeContext::Column)?;
        let default = if let Some(default_span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::DEFAULT) {
            let select = parse_select_body(parser, default_span.clone())?;
            Some((default_span, select))
        } else if matches!(parser.token, Token::ColonEq | Token::Eq) {
            let assign_span = parser.consume();
            let select = parse_select_body(parser, assign_span.clone())?;
            Some((assign_span, select))
        } else {
            None
        };
        out.push(Statement::DeclareVariable(Box::new(DeclareVariable {
            declare_span: declare_span.clone(),
            name,
            data_type,
            default,
        })));
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn parse_statement_list_inner<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
    out: &mut Vec<Statement<'a>>,
) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
    loop {
        while parser.skip_token(Token::Delimiter).is_some() {}
        // PL/pgSQL DECLARE section: single DECLARE keyword introduces multiple variable
        // declarations (each terminated by `;`) before the BEGIN block.
        if parser.permit_compound_statements
            && parser.options.dialect.is_postgresql()
            && matches!(&parser.token, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DECLARE))
        {
            parse_plpgsql_declare_section(parser, out)?;
            continue;
        }
        // Detect MariaDB statement labels: `label_name:`
        let label = if parser.permit_compound_statements
            && matches!(&parser.token, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::NOT_A_KEYWORD))
            && matches!(parser.peek(), Token::Colon)
        {
            let l = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
            parser.consume(); // colon
            Some(l)
        } else {
            None
        };
        let stmt = if let Some(label) = label {
            // After a label, only loop constructs are valid; label is stored in AST
            match &parser.token {
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::LOOP) if parser.options.dialect.is_maria() => {
                    Some(Statement::Loop(Box::new(parse_loop(parser, Some(label))?)))
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::WHILE) if parser.options.dialect.is_maria() => Some(
                    Statement::While(Box::new(parse_while(parser, Some(label))?)),
                ),
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::REPEAT) if parser.options.dialect.is_maria() => Some(
                    Statement::Repeat(Box::new(parse_repeat(parser, Some(label))?)),
                ),
                _ => parse_statement(parser)?,
            }
        } else {
            parse_statement(parser)?
        };
        let stdin = match stmt {
            Some(v) => {
                let stdin = v.reads_from_stdin();
                out.push(v);
                stdin
            }
            None => break,
        };
        if !matches!(parser.token, Token::Delimiter) {
            break;
        }
        if stdin {
            let (s, span) = parser.read_from_stdin_and_next();
            out.push(Statement::Stdin(Box::new(Stdin { input: s, span })));
        } else {
            parser.consume_token(Token::Delimiter)?;
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn parse_statement_list<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
    out: &mut Vec<Statement<'a>>,
) -> Result<(), ParseError> {
    let old = core::mem::replace(&mut parser.lexer.semicolon_as_delimiter, true);
    let r = parse_statement_list_inner(parser, out);
    parser.lexer.semicolon_as_delimiter = old;
    r
}

fn parse_begin(parser: &mut Parser<'_, '_>) -> Result<Begin, ParseError> {
    Ok(Begin {
        span: parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::BEGIN)?,
    })
}

fn parse_end(parser: &mut Parser<'_, '_>) -> Result<End, ParseError> {
    Ok(End {
        span: parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::END)?,
    })
}

fn parse_start_transaction<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
) -> Result<StartTransaction, ParseError> {
    Ok(StartTransaction {
        span: parser.consume_keywords(&[Keyword::START, Keyword::TRANSACTION])?,
    })
}

fn parse_commit(parser: &mut Parser<'_, '_>) -> Result<Commit, ParseError> {
    Ok(Commit {
        span: parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::COMMIT)?,
    })
}

fn parse_block<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Block<'a>, ParseError> {
    let begin_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::BEGIN)?;
    let mut statements = Vec::new();
    parser.recovered(
        "'END' | 'EXCEPTION'",
        &|e| matches!(e, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::END | Keyword::EXCEPTION)),
        |parser| parse_statement_list(parser, &mut statements),
    )?;
    let mut exception_handlers = Vec::new();
    let exception_span = if let Some(exception_span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::EXCEPTION) {
        while let Some(when_span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::WHEN) {
            let condition = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
            let then_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::THEN)?;
            let mut handler_stmts = Vec::new();
            parse_statement_list(parser, &mut handler_stmts)?;
            exception_handlers.push(ExceptionHandler {
                when_span,
                condition,
                then_span,
                statements: handler_stmts,
            });
        }
        Some(exception_span)
    } else {
        None
    };
    let end_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::END)?;
    Ok(Block {
        begin_span,
        statements,
        exception_span,
        exception_handlers,
        end_span,
    })
}

/// Condition in if statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct IfCondition<'a> {
    /// Span of "ELSEIF" / "ELSIF" if specified
    pub elseif_span: Option<Span>,
    /// The condition, parsed as an implicit SELECT body.
    /// `IF expr FROM table THEN` is treated as `SELECT expr FROM table`,
    /// so `search_condition.select_span` carries the span of the IF/ELSIF keyword.
    pub search_condition: Select<'a>,
    /// Span of "THEN"
    pub then_span: Span,
    /// List of statement to be executed if `search_condition` is true
    pub then: Vec<Statement<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for IfCondition<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.then_span
            .join_span(&self.elseif_span)
            .join_span(&self.search_condition)
            .join_span(&self.then_span)
            .join_span(&self.then)
    }
}

/// If statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct If<'a> {
    /// Span of "IF"
    pub if_span: Span,
    // List of if a then v parts
    pub conditions: Vec<IfCondition<'a>>,
    /// Span of "ELSE" and else Statement if specified
    pub else_: Option<(Span, Vec<Statement<'a>>)>,
    /// Span of "ENDIF"
    pub endif_span: Span,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for If<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.if_span
            .join_span(&self.conditions)
            .join_span(&self.else_)
            .join_span(&self.endif_span)
    }
}

fn parse_if<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<If<'a>, ParseError> {
    let if_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::IF)?;
    let mut conditions = Vec::new();
    let mut else_ = None;
    parser.recovered(
        "'END'",
        &|e| matches!(e, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::END)),
        |parser| {
            // The IF condition is an implicit SELECT body: `IF expr [FROM tbl] THEN`
            // is equivalent to `SELECT expr [FROM tbl]` evaluated at runtime.
            // We reuse parse_select_body so we get full FROM/WHERE/GROUP BY support
            // without reimplementing the select parser.
            let search_condition = parse_select_body(parser, if_span.clone())?;
            let then_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::THEN)?;
            let mut then = Vec::new();
            parse_statement_list(parser, &mut then)?;
            conditions.push(IfCondition {
                elseif_span: None,
                search_condition,
                then_span,
                then,
            });
            while let Some(elseif_span) = parser
                .skip_keyword(Keyword::ELSEIF)
                .or_else(|| parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::ELSIF))
            {
                let search_condition = parse_select_body(parser, elseif_span.clone())?;
                let then_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::THEN)?;
                let mut then = Vec::new();
                parse_statement_list(parser, &mut then)?;
                conditions.push(IfCondition {
                    elseif_span: Some(elseif_span),
                    search_condition,
                    then_span,
                    then,
                })
            }
            if let Some(else_span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::ELSE) {
                let mut o = Vec::new();
                parse_statement_list(parser, &mut o)?;
                else_ = Some((else_span, o));
            }
            Ok(())
        },
    )?;
    let endif_span = parser.consume_keywords(&[Keyword::END, Keyword::IF])?;
    Ok(If {
        if_span,
        conditions,
        else_,
        endif_span,
    })
}

/// Return statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Return<'a> {
    /// Span of "Return"
    pub return_span: Span,
    pub expr: Expression<'a>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Return<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.return_span.join_span(&self.expr)
    }
}

fn parse_return<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Return<'a>, ParseError> {
    let return_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::RETURN)?;
    let expr = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
    Ok(Return { return_span, expr })
}

/// PL/pgSQL PERFORM statement - executes an expression and discards the result.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Perform<'a> {
    /// Span of "PERFORM"
    pub perform_span: Span,
    /// Expression to evaluate
    pub expr: Expression<'a>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Perform<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.perform_span.join_span(&self.expr)
    }
}

fn parse_perform<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Perform<'a>, ParseError> {
    let perform_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::PERFORM)?;
    let expr = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
    Ok(Perform { perform_span, expr })
}

/// PL/pgSQL assignment statement: `target := expression [FROM ...]`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Assign<'a> {
    /// Left-hand side (assignment target)
    pub target: Expression<'a>,
    /// Span of `:=`
    pub assign_span: Span,
    /// Right-hand side value (may include FROM/WHERE/etc. clauses)
    pub value: Select<'a>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Assign<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.target
            .join_span(&self.assign_span)
            .join_span(&self.value)
    }
}

/// PL/pgSQL EXECUTE statement (dynamic SQL execution):
/// `EXECUTE string [USING expression [, ...]]`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct PlpgsqlExecute<'a> {
    /// Span of `EXECUTE`
    pub execute_span: Span,
    /// Dynamic SQL string expression
    pub command: Expression<'a>,
    /// Optional USING arguments
    pub using: Vec<Expression<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for PlpgsqlExecute<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.execute_span
            .join_span(&self.command)
            .join_span(&self.using)
    }
}

fn parse_plpgsql_execute<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
) -> Result<PlpgsqlExecute<'a>, ParseError> {
    let execute_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::EXECUTE)?;
    let command = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
    let mut using = Vec::new();
    if parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::USING).is_some() {
        loop {
            using.push(parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?);
            if parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_none() {
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    Ok(PlpgsqlExecute {
        execute_span,
        command,
        using,
    })
}

/// PL/pgSQL RAISE severity level
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum RaiseLevel {
    Debug(Span),
    Log(Span),
    Info(Span),
    Notice(Span),
    Warning(Span),
    Exception(Span),
}

impl Spanned for RaiseLevel {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            RaiseLevel::Debug(s)
            | RaiseLevel::Log(s)
            | RaiseLevel::Info(s)
            | RaiseLevel::Notice(s)
            | RaiseLevel::Warning(s)
            | RaiseLevel::Exception(s) => s.clone(),
        }
    }
}

/// Option name in `RAISE ... USING option = expr`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum RaiseOptionName {
    Message(Span),
    Detail(Span),
    Hint(Span),
    Errcode(Span),
    Column(Span),
    Constraint(Span),
    Datatype(Span),
    Table(Span),
    Schema(Span),
}

impl Spanned for RaiseOptionName {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            RaiseOptionName::Message(s)
            | RaiseOptionName::Detail(s)
            | RaiseOptionName::Hint(s)
            | RaiseOptionName::Errcode(s)
            | RaiseOptionName::Column(s)
            | RaiseOptionName::Constraint(s)
            | RaiseOptionName::Datatype(s)
            | RaiseOptionName::Table(s)
            | RaiseOptionName::Schema(s) => s.clone(),
        }
    }
}

/// PL/pgSQL RAISE statement
///
/// Syntax:
/// ```sql
/// RAISE [ level ] 'format' [, expr, ...] [ USING option = expr, ... ];
/// RAISE [ level ] condition_name [ USING option = expr, ... ];
/// RAISE [ level ] SQLSTATE 'sqlstate' [ USING option = expr, ... ];
/// RAISE [ level ] USING option = expr, ...;
/// RAISE;
/// ```
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Raise<'a> {
    /// Span of RAISE keyword
    pub raise_span: Span,
    /// Optional severity level
    pub level: Option<RaiseLevel>,
    /// Format string (for `RAISE level 'format' [, args...]`)
    pub message: Option<crate::SString<'a>>,
    /// Positional format arguments
    pub args: Vec<Expression<'a>>,
    /// USING clause options
    pub using: Vec<(RaiseOptionName, Span, Expression<'a>)>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Raise<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.raise_span
            .join_span(&self.level)
            .join_span(&self.message)
            .join_span(&self.args)
            .join_span(&self.using)
    }
}

fn parse_raise<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Raise<'a>, ParseError> {
    let raise_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::RAISE)?;

    // Optional level keyword
    let level = match &parser.token {
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DEBUG) => {
            Some(RaiseLevel::Debug(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::DEBUG)?))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::LOG) => {
            Some(RaiseLevel::Log(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::LOG)?))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::INFO) => {
            Some(RaiseLevel::Info(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::INFO)?))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::NOTICE) => {
            Some(RaiseLevel::Notice(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::NOTICE)?))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::WARNING) => Some(RaiseLevel::Warning(
            parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::WARNING)?,
        )),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::EXCEPTION) => Some(RaiseLevel::Exception(
            parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::EXCEPTION)?,
        )),
        _ => None,
    };

    // Optional message: either a string literal, SQLSTATE 'code', or a condition name identifier
    let (mut message, mut args) = (None, Vec::new());

    match &parser.token {
        // RAISE [level] 'format' [, arg, ...]
        Token::String(_, _) => {
            message = Some(parser.consume_string()?);
            while parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_some() {
                args.push(parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?);
            }
        }
        // RAISE [level] SQLSTATE 'code'
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SQLSTATE) => {
            parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SQLSTATE)?;
            message = Some(parser.consume_string()?);
        }
        // RAISE [level] condition_name  (plain identifier that is not USING / semicolon / EOF)
        Token::Ident(_, kw)
            if !matches!(
                kw,
                Keyword::USING
                    | Keyword::NOT_A_KEYWORD
                    | Keyword::EXCEPTION
                    | Keyword::NOTICE
                    | Keyword::WARNING
                    | Keyword::LOG
                    | Keyword::INFO
                    | Keyword::DEBUG
            ) => {}
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::NOT_A_KEYWORD) => {
            // unquoted plain identifier used as condition name
            parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
        }
        _ => {} // bare RAISE; or RAISE level;
    }

    // Optional USING clause
    let mut using = Vec::new();
    if parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::USING).is_some() {
        loop {
            let opt_name = match &parser.token {
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::MESSAGE) => {
                    RaiseOptionName::Message(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::MESSAGE)?)
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DETAIL) => {
                    RaiseOptionName::Detail(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::DETAIL)?)
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::HINT) => {
                    RaiseOptionName::Hint(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::HINT)?)
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::ERRCODE) => {
                    RaiseOptionName::Errcode(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::ERRCODE)?)
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::COLUMN) => {
                    RaiseOptionName::Column(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::COLUMN)?)
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CONSTRAINT) => {
                    RaiseOptionName::Constraint(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::CONSTRAINT)?)
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DATATYPE) => {
                    RaiseOptionName::Datatype(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::DATATYPE)?)
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::TABLE) => {
                    RaiseOptionName::Table(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::TABLE)?)
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SCHEMA) => {
                    RaiseOptionName::Schema(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SCHEMA)?)
                }
                _ => parser.expected_failure("RAISE USING option name")?,
            };
            let eq_span = parser.consume_token(Token::Eq)?;
            let val = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
            using.push((opt_name, eq_span, val));
            if parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_none() {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    Ok(Raise {
        raise_span,
        level,
        message,
        args,
        using,
    })
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum SignalConditionInformationName {
    ClassOrigin(Span),
    SubclassOrigin(Span),
    MessageText(Span),
    MysqlErrno(Span),
    ConstraintCatalog(Span),
    ConstraintSchema(Span),
    ConstraintName(Span),
    CatalogName(Span),
    SchemaName(Span),
    TableName(Span),
    ColumnName(Span),
    CursorName(Span),
}

impl Spanned for SignalConditionInformationName {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            SignalConditionInformationName::ClassOrigin(span) => span.clone(),
            SignalConditionInformationName::SubclassOrigin(span) => span.clone(),
            SignalConditionInformationName::MessageText(span) => span.clone(),
            SignalConditionInformationName::MysqlErrno(span) => span.clone(),
            SignalConditionInformationName::ConstraintCatalog(span) => span.clone(),
            SignalConditionInformationName::ConstraintSchema(span) => span.clone(),
            SignalConditionInformationName::ConstraintName(span) => span.clone(),
            SignalConditionInformationName::CatalogName(span) => span.clone(),
            SignalConditionInformationName::SchemaName(span) => span.clone(),
            SignalConditionInformationName::TableName(span) => span.clone(),
            SignalConditionInformationName::ColumnName(span) => span.clone(),
            SignalConditionInformationName::CursorName(span) => span.clone(),
        }
    }
}

/// Return statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Signal<'a> {
    pub signal_span: Span,
    pub sqlstate_span: Span,
    pub value_span: Option<Span>,
    pub sql_state: Expression<'a>,
    pub set_span: Option<Span>,
    pub sets: Vec<(SignalConditionInformationName, Span, Expression<'a>)>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Signal<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.signal_span
            .join_span(&self.sqlstate_span)
            .join_span(&self.value_span)
            .join_span(&self.sql_state)
            .join_span(&self.set_span)
            .join_span(&self.sets)
    }
}

fn parse_signal<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Signal<'a>, ParseError> {
    let signal_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SIGNAL)?;
    let sqlstate_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SQLSTATE)?;
    let value_span = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::VALUE);
    let sql_state = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
    let mut sets = Vec::new();
    let set_span = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::SET);
    if set_span.is_some() {
        loop {
            let v = match &parser.token {
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CLASS_ORIGIN) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::ClassOrigin(parser.consume())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SUBCLASS_ORIGIN) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::SubclassOrigin(parser.consume())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::MESSAGE_TEXT) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::MessageText(parser.consume())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::MYSQL_ERRNO) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::MysqlErrno(parser.consume())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CONSTRAINT_CATALOG) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::ConstraintCatalog(parser.consume())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::ConstraintSchema(parser.consume())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CONSTRAINT_NAME) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::ConstraintName(parser.consume())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CATALOG_NAME) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::CatalogName(parser.consume())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SCHEMA_NAME) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::SchemaName(parser.consume())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::TABLE_NAME) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::TableName(parser.consume())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::COLUMN_NAME) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::ColumnName(parser.consume())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CURSOR_NAME) => {
                    SignalConditionInformationName::CursorName(parser.consume())
                }
                _ => parser.expected_failure("Condition information item name")?,
            };
            let eq_span = parser.consume_token(Token::Eq)?;
            let value = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
            sets.push((v, eq_span, value));
            if parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_none() {
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    Ok(Signal {
        signal_span,
        sqlstate_span,
        value_span,
        sql_state,
        set_span,
        sets,
    })
}

/// A single `WHEN condition THEN stmts` handler inside a PL/pgSQL EXCEPTION block
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct ExceptionHandler<'a> {
    /// Span of "WHEN"
    pub when_span: Span,
    /// Condition name (e.g. `division_by_zero`, `OTHERS`)
    pub condition: crate::Identifier<'a>,
    /// Span of "THEN"
    pub then_span: Span,
    /// Handler body statements
    pub statements: Vec<Statement<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for ExceptionHandler<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.when_span
            .join_span(&self.condition)
            .join_span(&self.then_span)
            .join_span(&self.statements)
    }
}

/// Block statement, for example in stored procedures
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Block<'a> {
    /// Span of "BEGIN"
    pub begin_span: Span,
    /// Statements in block
    pub statements: Vec<Statement<'a>>,
    /// Span of "EXCEPTION" if present
    pub exception_span: Option<Span>,
    /// Exception handlers: `WHEN cond THEN stmts`
    pub exception_handlers: Vec<ExceptionHandler<'a>>,
    /// Span of "END"
    pub end_span: Span,
}

impl Spanned for Block<'_> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.begin_span
            .join_span(&self.statements)
            .join_span(&self.exception_span)
            .join_span(&self.exception_handlers)
            .join_span(&self.end_span)
    }
}

/// Begin statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Begin {
    /// Span of "BEGIN"
    pub span: Span,
}

impl Spanned for Begin {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.span.clone()
    }
}

/// End statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct End {
    /// Span of "END"
    pub span: Span,
}

impl Spanned for End {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.span.clone()
    }
}

/// Commit statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Commit {
    /// Span of "COMMIT"
    pub span: Span,
}

impl Spanned for Commit {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.span.clone()
    }
}

/// Start transaction statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct StartTransaction {
    /// Span of "START TRANSACTION"
    pub span: Span,
}

impl Spanned for StartTransaction {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.span.clone()
    }
}

/// Body of a DO statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum DoBody<'a> {
    /// Parsed statements from `DO $$ BEGIN ... END $$`
    Statements(Vec<Statement<'a>>),
    /// Unparsed dollar-quoted string literal, e.g. `DO $$ ... $$`
    String(&'a str, Span),
}

impl<'a> OptSpanned for DoBody<'a> {
    fn opt_span(&self) -> Option<Span> {
        match self {
            DoBody::Statements(s) => s.opt_span(),
            DoBody::String(_, span) => Some(span.clone()),
        }
    }
}

/// Do statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Do<'a> {
    /// Span of "DO"
    pub do_span: Span,
    /// Body of the DO block
    pub body: DoBody<'a>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Do<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.do_span.join_span(&self.body)
    }
}

/// Invalid statement produced after recovering from parse error
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Invalid {
    /// Span of invalid statement
    pub span: Span,
}

impl Spanned for Invalid {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.span.clone()
    }
}

/// Stdin statement, used to represent input from stdin after a COPY statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Stdin<'a> {
    /// The input from stdin
    pub input: &'a str,
    /// Span of the input
    pub span: Span,
}

impl Spanned for Stdin<'_> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.span.clone()
    }
}

/// ALTER SCHEMA statement (PostgreSQL)
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct AlterSchema<'a> {
    /// Span of "ALTER SCHEMA"
    pub alter_schema_span: Span,
    /// The schema name
    pub name: QualifiedName<'a>,
    /// The action (RENAME TO, OWNER TO)
    pub action: AlterSchemaAction<'a>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum AlterSchemaAction<'a> {
    /// RENAME TO new_name
    RenameTo {
        rename_to_span: Span,
        new_name: QualifiedName<'a>,
    },
    /// OWNER TO new_owner
    OwnerTo {
        owner_to_span: Span,
        new_owner: crate::alter_table::AlterTableOwner<'a>,
    },
}

impl<'a> Spanned for AlterSchemaAction<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            AlterSchemaAction::RenameTo {
                rename_to_span,
                new_name,
            } => rename_to_span.join_span(new_name),
            AlterSchemaAction::OwnerTo {
                owner_to_span,
                new_owner,
            } => owner_to_span.join_span(new_owner),
        }
    }
}

impl<'a> Spanned for AlterSchema<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.alter_schema_span
            .join_span(&self.name)
            .join_span(&self.action)
    }
}

/// Parse ALTER SCHEMA statement (PostgreSQL)
pub(crate) fn parse_alter_schema<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
    alter_schema_span: Span,
) -> Result<AlterSchema<'a>, ParseError> {
    parser.postgres_only(&alter_schema_span);
    let name = parse_qualified_name_unreserved(parser)?;
    let action = match &parser.token {
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::RENAME) => {
            let rename_to_span = parser.consume_keywords(&[Keyword::RENAME, Keyword::TO])?;
            let new_name = parse_qualified_name_unreserved(parser)?;
            AlterSchemaAction::RenameTo {
                rename_to_span,
                new_name,
            }
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::OWNER) => {
            let owner_to_span = parser.consume_keywords(&[Keyword::OWNER, Keyword::TO])?;
            let new_owner = crate::alter_table::parse_alter_owner(parser)?;
            AlterSchemaAction::OwnerTo {
                owner_to_span,
                new_owner,
            }
        }
        _ => parser.expected_failure("'RENAME TO' or 'OWNER TO' after ALTER SCHEMA ...")?,
    };
    Ok(AlterSchema {
        alter_schema_span,
        name,
        action,
    })
}

pub fn parse_alter<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Statement<'a>, ParseError> {
    let alter_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::ALTER)?;
    let online = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::ONLINE);
    let ignore = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::IGNORE);

    match &parser.token {
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SCHEMA) => {
            let schema_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SCHEMA)?;
            Ok(Statement::AlterSchema(Box::new(parse_alter_schema(
                parser,
                alter_span.join_span(&schema_span),
            )?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::TABLE) => Ok(Statement::AlterTable(Box::new(parse_alter_table(
            parser, alter_span, online, ignore,
        )?))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SEQUENCE) => {
            let sequence_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SEQUENCE)?;
            Ok(Statement::AlterSequence(Box::new(parse_alter_sequence(
                parser,
                alter_span.join_span(&sequence_span),
            )?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::ROLE) => Ok(Statement::AlterRole(Box::new(parse_alter_role(
            parser, alter_span,
        )?))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::TYPE) => {
            let type_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::TYPE)?;
            Ok(Statement::AlterType(Box::new(
                crate::alter_type::parse_alter_type(parser, alter_span.join_span(&type_span))?,
            )))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::OPERATOR) => {
            let operator_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::OPERATOR)?;
            match &parser.token {
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CLASS) => {
                    let class_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::CLASS)?;
                    Ok(Statement::AlterOperatorClass(Box::new(
                        crate::operator::parse_alter_operator_class(
                            parser,
                            alter_span.join_span(&operator_span).join_span(&class_span),
                        )?,
                    )))
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::FAMILY) => {
                    let family_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::FAMILY)?;
                    Ok(Statement::AlterOperatorFamily(Box::new(
                        crate::operator::parse_alter_operator_family(
                            parser,
                            alter_span.join_span(&operator_span).join_span(&family_span),
                        )?,
                    )))
                }
                _ => Ok(Statement::AlterOperator(Box::new(
                    crate::operator::parse_alter_operator(
                        parser,
                        alter_span.join_span(&operator_span),
                    )?,
                ))),
            }
        }
        _ => parser.expected_failure("alterable"),
    }
}

/// CALL statement — invokes a stored procedure
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Call<'a> {
    /// Span of "CALL"
    pub call_span: Span,
    /// Name of the procedure (possibly qualified)
    pub name: crate::QualifiedName<'a>,
    /// Argument expressions
    pub args: Vec<Expression<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Call<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.call_span.join_span(&self.name).join_span(&self.args)
    }
}

fn parse_call<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Call<'a>, ParseError> {
    let call_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::CALL)?;
    let name = parse_qualified_name_unreserved(parser)?;
    let mut args = Vec::new();
    parser.consume_token(Token::LParen)?;
    parser.recovered("')'", &|t| t == &Token::RParen, |parser| {
        loop {
            if matches!(parser.token, Token::RParen) {
                break;
            }
            args.push(parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?);
            if parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_none() {
                break;
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    })?;
    parser.consume_token(Token::RParen)?;
    Ok(Call {
        call_span,
        name,
        args,
    })
}

/// Object type for COMMENT ON
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum CommentOnObjectType {
    Column(Span),
    Table(Span),
}

impl Spanned for CommentOnObjectType {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            CommentOnObjectType::Column(s) => s.clone(),
            CommentOnObjectType::Table(s) => s.clone(),
        }
    }
}

/// PostgreSQL COMMENT ON object IS 'text' statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct CommentOn<'a> {
    /// Span of "COMMENT ON"
    pub comment_on_span: Span,
    /// Type of object being commented
    pub object_type: CommentOnObjectType,
    /// Name of the object
    pub name: QualifiedName<'a>,
    /// Span of "IS"
    pub is_span: Span,
    /// Comment text, or None if NULL (clears comment)
    pub comment: Option<crate::SString<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for CommentOn<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.comment_on_span
            .join_span(&self.object_type)
            .join_span(&self.name)
            .join_span(&self.is_span)
            .join_span(&self.comment)
    }
}

fn parse_comment_on<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
    comment_span: Span,
) -> Result<Statement<'a>, ParseError> {
    parser.postgres_only(&comment_span);
    let on_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::ON)?;
    let comment_on_span = comment_span.join_span(&on_span);

    let object_type = match &parser.token {
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::COLUMN) => {
            CommentOnObjectType::Column(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::COLUMN)?)
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::TABLE) => {
            CommentOnObjectType::Table(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::TABLE)?)
        }
        _ => parser.expected_failure("'COLUMN' or 'TABLE'")?,
    };

    let name = parse_qualified_name_unreserved(parser)?;
    let is_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::IS)?;
    let comment = if parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::NULL).is_some() {
        None
    } else {
        Some(parser.consume_string()?)
    };
    Ok(Statement::CommentOn(Box::new(CommentOn {
        comment_on_span,
        object_type,
        name,
        is_span,
        comment,
    })))
}

/// SQL statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum Statement<'a> {
    AlterSchema(Box<AlterSchema<'a>>),
    CreateIndex(Box<CreateIndex<'a>>),
    CreateTable(Box<CreateTable<'a>>),
    CreateView(Box<CreateView<'a>>),
    CreateTrigger(Box<CreateTrigger<'a>>),
    CreateFunction(Box<CreateFunction<'a>>),
    CreateProcedure(Box<CreateProcedure<'a>>),
    CreateDatabase(Box<CreateDatabase<'a>>),
    CreateSchema(Box<CreateSchema<'a>>),
    CreateSequence(Box<CreateSequence<'a>>),
    CreateServer(Box<CreateServer<'a>>),
    CreateRole(Box<CreateRole<'a>>),
    CreateOperator(Box<CreateOperator<'a>>),
    CreateTypeEnum(Box<CreateTypeEnum<'a>>),
    CreateOperatorClass(Box<CreateOperatorClass<'a>>),
    CreateOperatorFamily(Box<CreateOperatorFamily<'a>>),
    CreateExtension(Box<CreateExtension<'a>>),
    CreateDomain(Box<CreateDomain<'a>>),
    CreateConstraintTrigger(Box<CreateConstraintTrigger<'a>>),
    CreateTablePartitionOf(Box<CreateTablePartitionOf<'a>>),
    AlterOperator(Box<AlterOperator<'a>>),
    AlterOperatorClass(Box<AlterOperatorClass<'a>>),
    Select(Box<Select<'a>>),
    Delete(Box<Delete<'a>>),
    InsertReplace(Box<InsertReplace<'a>>),
    Update(Box<Update<'a>>),
    Unlock(Box<Unlock>),
    DropIndex(Box<DropIndex<'a>>),
    DropTable(Box<DropTable<'a>>),
    DropFunction(Box<DropFunction<'a>>),
    DropProcedure(Box<DropProcedure<'a>>),
    DropSequence(Box<DropSequence<'a>>),
    DropEvent(Box<DropEvent<'a>>),
    DropDatabase(Box<DropDatabase<'a>>),
    DropSchema(Box<DropSchema<'a>>),
    DropServer(Box<DropServer<'a>>),
    DropTrigger(Box<DropTrigger<'a>>),
    DropView(Box<DropView<'a>>),
    DropExtension(Box<DropExtension<'a>>),
    DropOperator(Box<DropOperator<'a>>),
    DropOperatorFamily(Box<DropOperatorFamily<'a>>),
    DropOperatorClass(Box<DropOperatorClass<'a>>),
    DropDomain(Box<DropDomain<'a>>),
    DropType(Box<DropType<'a>>),
    Set(Box<Set<'a>>),
    Signal(Box<Signal<'a>>),
    Kill(Box<Kill<'a>>),
    ShowTables(Box<ShowTables<'a>>),
    ShowDatabases(Box<ShowDatabases>),
    ShowProcessList(Box<ShowProcessList>),
    ShowVariables(Box<ShowVariables<'a>>),
    ShowStatus(Box<ShowStatus<'a>>),
    ShowColumns(Box<ShowColumns<'a>>),
    ShowCreateTable(Box<ShowCreateTable<'a>>),
    ShowCreateDatabase(Box<ShowCreateDatabase<'a>>),
    ShowCreateView(Box<ShowCreateView<'a>>),
    ShowCharacterSet(Box<ShowCharacterSet<'a>>),
    ShowCollation(Box<ShowCollation<'a>>),
    ShowEngines(Box<ShowEngines>),
    AlterTable(Box<AlterTable<'a>>),
    AlterRole(Box<AlterRole<'a>>),
    AlterSequence(Box<AlterSequence<'a>>),
    AlterType(Box<AlterType<'a>>),
    AlterOperatorFamily(Box<AlterOperatorFamily<'a>>),
    Block(Box<Block<'a>>),
    Begin(Box<Begin>),
    End(Box<End>),
    Commit(Box<Commit>),
    StartTransaction(Box<StartTransaction>),
    If(Box<If<'a>>),
    /// Invalid statement produced after recovering from parse error
    Invalid(Box<Invalid>),
    Lock(Box<Lock<'a>>),
    CompoundQuery(Box<CompoundQuery<'a>>),
    Case(Box<CaseStatement<'a>>),
    CopyFrom(Box<CopyFrom<'a>>),
    CopyTo(Box<CopyTo<'a>>),
    Stdin(Box<Stdin<'a>>),
    Do(Box<Do<'a>>),
    TruncateTable(Box<TruncateTable<'a>>),
    RenameTable(Box<RenameTable<'a>>),
    WithQuery(Box<WithQuery<'a>>),
    Return(Box<Return<'a>>),
    /// PL/pgSQL PERFORM statement
    Perform(Box<Perform<'a>>),
    /// PL/pgSQL RAISE statement
    Raise(Box<Raise<'a>>),
    /// PL/pgSQL assignment: `target := value`
    Assign(Box<Assign<'a>>),
    /// PL/pgSQL EXECUTE for dynamic SQL
    PlpgsqlExecute(Box<PlpgsqlExecute<'a>>),
    Flush(Box<Flush<'a>>),
    /// PostgreSQL VALUES statement
    Values(Box<crate::values::Values<'a>>),
    /// PostgreSQL EXPLAIN statement
    Explain(Box<Explain<'a>>),
    /// PostgreSQL DECLARE cursor statement
    DeclareCursor(Box<DeclareCursor<'a>>),
    /// MariaDB/MySQL DECLARE variable inside a stored procedure/function
    DeclareVariable(Box<DeclareVariable<'a>>),
    /// MariaDB/MySQL DECLARE cursor inside a stored procedure/function
    DeclareCursorMariaDb(Box<DeclareCursorMariaDb<'a>>),
    /// MariaDB/MySQL DECLARE handler inside a stored procedure/function
    DeclareHandler(Box<DeclareHandler<'a>>),
    /// MariaDB/MySQL OPEN cursor statement
    OpenCursor(Box<OpenCursor<'a>>),
    /// MariaDB/MySQL CLOSE cursor statement
    CloseCursor(Box<CloseCursor<'a>>),
    /// MariaDB/MySQL FETCH cursor statement
    FetchCursor(Box<FetchCursor<'a>>),
    /// MariaDB/MySQL LEAVE label statement
    Leave(Box<Leave<'a>>),
    /// MariaDB/MySQL ITERATE label statement
    Iterate(Box<Iterate<'a>>),
    /// MariaDB/MySQL LOOP body END LOOP construct
    Loop(Box<Loop<'a>>),
    /// MariaDB/MySQL WHILE condition DO body END WHILE construct
    While(Box<While<'a>>),
    /// MariaDB/MySQL REPEAT body UNTIL condition END REPEAT construct
    Repeat(Box<Repeat<'a>>),
    /// PostgreSQL REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW statement
    RefreshMaterializedView(Box<RefreshMaterializedView<'a>>),
    /// PostgreSQL PREPARE statement
    Prepare(Box<Prepare<'a>>),
    /// CALL statement for invoking stored procedures
    Call(Box<Call<'a>>),
    /// GRANT privileges statement
    Grant(Box<Grant<'a>>),
    /// PostgreSQL COMMENT ON statement
    CommentOn(Box<CommentOn<'a>>),
    /// PostgreSQL EXECUTE FUNCTION in trigger body
    ExecuteFunction(Box<ExecuteFunction<'a>>),
    /// ANALYZE statement
    Analyze(Box<Analyze<'a>>),
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Statement<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match &self {
            Statement::AlterOperator(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::AlterSchema(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateIndex(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateTable(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateView(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateTrigger(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateFunction(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateProcedure(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateDatabase(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateSchema(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateSequence(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateServer(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateRole(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateOperator(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Select(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Delete(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::InsertReplace(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Update(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Unlock(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropDatabase(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropSchema(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropDomain(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropType(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropEvent(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropExtension(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropFunction(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropIndex(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropOperator(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropOperatorClass(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::AlterOperatorClass(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropProcedure(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropSequence(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropServer(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropTable(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropTrigger(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropView(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Set(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::AlterOperatorFamily(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DropOperatorFamily(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::AlterRole(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::AlterSequence(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::AlterType(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::AlterTable(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Block(v) => v.opt_span().expect("Span of block"),
            Statement::If(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Invalid(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Lock(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CompoundQuery(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Case(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CopyFrom(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CopyTo(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Stdin(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Begin(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::End(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Commit(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::StartTransaction(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateTypeEnum(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateOperatorClass(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Do(v) => v.opt_span().expect("Span of block"),
            Statement::TruncateTable(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::RenameTable(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::WithQuery(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Return(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Perform(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Raise(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Assign(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::PlpgsqlExecute(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Signal(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Kill(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowTables(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowDatabases(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowProcessList(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowVariables(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowStatus(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowColumns(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowCreateTable(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowCreateDatabase(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowCreateView(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowCharacterSet(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowCollation(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ShowEngines(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Flush(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateOperatorFamily(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Values(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateExtension(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateDomain(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateConstraintTrigger(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CreateTablePartitionOf(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Explain(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DeclareCursor(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DeclareVariable(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DeclareCursorMariaDb(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::DeclareHandler(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::OpenCursor(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CloseCursor(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::FetchCursor(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Leave(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Iterate(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Loop(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::While(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Repeat(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::RefreshMaterializedView(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Prepare(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Call(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Grant(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::CommentOn(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::ExecuteFunction(v) => v.span(),
            Statement::Analyze(v) => v.span(),
        }
    }
}

impl Statement<'_> {
    fn reads_from_stdin(&self) -> bool {
        match self {
            Statement::CopyFrom(v) => v.reads_from_stdin(),
            _ => false,
        }
    }
}

pub(crate) fn parse_statement<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
) -> Result<Option<Statement<'a>>, ParseError> {
    Ok(match &parser.token {
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CREATE) => Some(parse_create(parser)?),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DROP) => Some(parse_drop(parser)?),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SELECT) | Token::LParen => Some(parse_compound_query(parser)?),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::VALUES) => {
            Some(Statement::Values(Box::new(parse_values(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DELETE) => {
            Some(Statement::Delete(Box::new(parse_delete(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::INSERT | Keyword::REPLACE) => Some(Statement::InsertReplace(
            Box::new(parse_insert_replace(parser)?),
        )),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::UPDATE) => {
            Some(Statement::Update(Box::new(parse_update(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SET) => Some(Statement::Set(Box::new(parse_set(parser)?))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SIGNAL) => {
            Some(Statement::Signal(Box::new(parse_signal(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::KILL) => Some(Statement::Kill(Box::new(parse_kill(parser)?))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SHOW) => Some(parse_show(parser)?),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::BEGIN) => Some(if parser.permit_compound_statements {
            Statement::Block(Box::new(parse_block(parser)?))
        } else {
            Statement::Begin(Box::new(parse_begin(parser)?))
        }),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::END) if !parser.permit_compound_statements => {
            Some(Statement::End(Box::new(parse_end(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::START) => Some(Statement::StartTransaction(Box::new(
            parse_start_transaction(parser)?,
        ))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::COMMIT) => {
            Some(Statement::Commit(Box::new(parse_commit(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::IF) => Some(Statement::If(Box::new(parse_if(parser)?))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::RETURN) => {
            Some(Statement::Return(Box::new(parse_return(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::PERFORM) => {
            Some(Statement::Perform(Box::new(parse_perform(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::RAISE) => Some(Statement::Raise(Box::new(parse_raise(parser)?))),
        // PL/pgSQL EXECUTE (dynamic SQL) - only inside function/procedure bodies
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::EXECUTE) if parser.permit_compound_statements => Some(
            Statement::PlpgsqlExecute(Box::new(parse_plpgsql_execute(parser)?)),
        ),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::ALTER) => Some(parse_alter(parser)?),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CASE) => {
            Some(Statement::Case(Box::new(parse_case_statement(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::COPY) => Some(parse_copy_statement(parser)?),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DO) => Some(parse_do(parser)?),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::LOCK) => Some(Statement::Lock(Box::new(parse_lock(parser)?))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::UNLOCK) => {
            Some(Statement::Unlock(Box::new(parse_unlock(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::TRUNCATE) => Some(Statement::TruncateTable(Box::new(
            parse_truncate_table(parser)?,
        ))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::RENAME) => Some(Statement::RenameTable(Box::new(
            parse_rename_table(parser)?,
        ))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::WITH) => {
            Some(Statement::WithQuery(Box::new(parse_with_query(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::FLUSH) => Some(Statement::Flush(Box::new(parse_flush(parser)?))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::EXPLAIN) => {
            Some(Statement::Explain(Box::new(parse_explain(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DECLARE) => Some(
            if parser.permit_compound_statements && parser.options.dialect.is_maria() {
                parse_declare_maria(parser)?
            } else {
                Statement::DeclareCursor(Box::new(parse_declare_cursor(parser)?))
            },
        ),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::PREPARE) => {
            Some(Statement::Prepare(Box::new(parse_prepare(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::REFRESH) => Some(Statement::RefreshMaterializedView(Box::new(
            parse_refresh_materialized_view(parser)?,
        ))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CALL) => Some(Statement::Call(Box::new(parse_call(parser)?))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::GRANT) => Some(Statement::Grant(Box::new(parse_grant(parser)?))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::COMMENT) => {
            let comment_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::COMMENT)?;
            Some(parse_comment_on(parser, comment_span)?)
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::ANALYZE) => {
            let analyze_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::ANALYZE)?;
            let mut tables = Vec::new();
            if !matches!(parser.token, Token::Delimiter | Token::Eof) {
                tables.push(parse_qualified_name_unreserved(parser)?);
                while parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_some() {
                    tables.push(parse_qualified_name_unreserved(parser)?);
                }
            }
            Some(Statement::Analyze(Box::new(Analyze {
                analyze_span,
                tables,
            })))
        }
        // MariaDB compound-block control statements
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::OPEN)
            if parser.permit_compound_statements && parser.options.dialect.is_maria() =>
        {
            Some(Statement::OpenCursor(Box::new(parse_open_cursor(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CLOSE)
            if parser.permit_compound_statements && parser.options.dialect.is_maria() =>
        {
            Some(Statement::CloseCursor(Box::new(parse_close_cursor(
                parser,
            )?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::FETCH)
            if parser.permit_compound_statements && parser.options.dialect.is_maria() =>
        {
            Some(Statement::FetchCursor(Box::new(parse_fetch_cursor(
                parser,
            )?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::LEAVE)
            if parser.permit_compound_statements && parser.options.dialect.is_maria() =>
        {
            Some(Statement::Leave(Box::new(parse_leave(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::ITERATE)
            if parser.permit_compound_statements && parser.options.dialect.is_maria() =>
        {
            Some(Statement::Iterate(Box::new(parse_iterate(parser)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::LOOP)
            if parser.permit_compound_statements && parser.options.dialect.is_maria() =>
        {
            Some(Statement::Loop(Box::new(parse_loop(parser, None)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::WHILE)
            if parser.permit_compound_statements && parser.options.dialect.is_maria() =>
        {
            Some(Statement::While(Box::new(parse_while(parser, None)?)))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::REPEAT)
            if parser.permit_compound_statements && parser.options.dialect.is_maria() =>
        {
            Some(Statement::Repeat(Box::new(parse_repeat(parser, None)?)))
        }
        // PL/pgSQL NULL statement: `NULL;` — syntactic no-op, valid everywhere a statement is.
        // Emit as Perform(NULL) so the evaluator can silently ignore it.
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::NULL) if parser.permit_compound_statements => {
            let null_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::NULL)?;
            Some(Statement::Perform(Box::new(Perform {
                perform_span: null_span.clone(),
                expr: Expression::Null(Box::new(NullExpression { span: null_span })),
            })))
        }
        // PL/pgSQL assignment: `target := expression` or `target = expression` (PostgreSQL)
        // Must come last - only active inside compound blocks and only when the
        // next token is not a block-terminating keyword (END, ELSE, EXCEPTION, …).
        _ if parser.permit_compound_statements
            && !matches!(
                parser.token,
                Token::Ident(
                    _,
                    Keyword::END
                        | Keyword::EXCEPTION
                        | Keyword::ELSE
                        | Keyword::ELSEIF
                        | Keyword::ELSIF
                        | Keyword::WHEN
                        | Keyword::UNTIL
                ) | Token::Delimiter
                    | Token::Eof
            ) =>
        {
            // Parse the LHS stopping before `=` / `:=` so the expression parser
            // doesn't greedily consume either as a binary operator.
            let target = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_CMP)?;
            let assign_span = if matches!(parser.token, Token::ColonEq) {
                parser.consume_token(Token::ColonEq)?
            } else if parser.options.dialect.is_postgresql() && matches!(parser.token, Token::Eq) {
                parser.consume_token(Token::Eq)?
            } else {
                parser.consume_token(Token::ColonEq)? // will emit "Expected ':='" error
            };
            let value = parse_select_body(parser, assign_span.clone())?;
            Some(Statement::Assign(Box::new(Assign {
                target,
                assign_span,
                value,
            })))
        }
        _ => None,
    })
}

pub(crate) fn parse_do<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Statement<'a>, ParseError> {
    let do_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::DO)?;
    if let Token::String(s, StringType::DollarQuoted) = parser.token {
        // PostgreSQL: DO $$...$$ — the body is a dollar-quoted string literal
        let body_str = s;
        let body_span = parser.consume();
        return Ok(Statement::Do(Box::new(Do {
            do_span,
            body: DoBody::String(body_str, body_span),
        })));
    }
    parser.consume_token(Token::DoubleDollar)?;
    let block = parse_block(parser)?;
    parser.consume_token(Token::DoubleDollar)?;
    Ok(Statement::Do(Box::new(Do {
        do_span,
        body: DoBody::Statements(block.statements),
    })))
}

/// PostgreSQL EXPLAIN output format
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum ExplainFormat {
    Text(Span),
    Xml(Span),
    Json(Span),
    Yaml(Span),
}

impl Spanned for ExplainFormat {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            ExplainFormat::Text(s)
            | ExplainFormat::Xml(s)
            | ExplainFormat::Json(s)
            | ExplainFormat::Yaml(s) => s.clone(),
        }
    }
}

/// A single option in a parenthesized EXPLAIN (...) list
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum ExplainOption {
    Analyze(Span, Option<(bool, Span)>),
    Verbose(Span, Option<(bool, Span)>),
    Costs(Span, Option<(bool, Span)>),
    Settings(Span, Option<(bool, Span)>),
    GenericPlan(Span, Option<(bool, Span)>),
    Buffers(Span, Option<(bool, Span)>),
    Wal(Span, Option<(bool, Span)>),
    Timing(Span, Option<(bool, Span)>),
    Summary(Span, Option<(bool, Span)>),
    Memory(Span, Option<(bool, Span)>),
    Format(Span, ExplainFormat),
}

impl Spanned for ExplainOption {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            ExplainOption::Analyze(s, b)
            | ExplainOption::Verbose(s, b)
            | ExplainOption::Costs(s, b)
            | ExplainOption::Settings(s, b)
            | ExplainOption::GenericPlan(s, b)
            | ExplainOption::Buffers(s, b)
            | ExplainOption::Wal(s, b)
            | ExplainOption::Timing(s, b)
            | ExplainOption::Summary(s, b)
            | ExplainOption::Memory(s, b) => s.join_span(&b.as_ref().map(|(_, vs)| vs.clone())),
            ExplainOption::Format(s, fmt) => s.join_span(fmt),
        }
    }
}

/// PostgreSQL EXPLAIN statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Explain<'a> {
    pub explain_span: Span,
    pub options: Vec<ExplainOption>,
    pub statement: Box<Statement<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Explain<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.explain_span.join_span(&self.statement)
    }
}

fn parse_explain<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Explain<'a>, ParseError> {
    let explain_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::EXPLAIN)?;
    parser.postgres_only(&explain_span);
    let mut options = Vec::new();
    if matches!(parser.token, Token::LParen) {
        // Parenthesized option list: EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS, ...)
        parser.consume_token(Token::LParen)?;
        loop {
            let opt = match &parser.token {
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::ANALYZE) => {
                    let s = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::ANALYZE)?;
                    ExplainOption::Analyze(s, parser.try_parse_bool())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::VERBOSE) => {
                    let s = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::VERBOSE)?;
                    ExplainOption::Verbose(s, parser.try_parse_bool())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::COSTS) => {
                    let s = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::COSTS)?;
                    ExplainOption::Costs(s, parser.try_parse_bool())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SETTINGS) => {
                    let s = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SETTINGS)?;
                    ExplainOption::Settings(s, parser.try_parse_bool())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::GENERIC_PLAN) => {
                    let s = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::GENERIC_PLAN)?;
                    ExplainOption::GenericPlan(s, parser.try_parse_bool())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::BUFFERS) => {
                    let s = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::BUFFERS)?;
                    ExplainOption::Buffers(s, parser.try_parse_bool())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::WAL) => {
                    let s = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::WAL)?;
                    ExplainOption::Wal(s, parser.try_parse_bool())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::TIMING) => {
                    let s = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::TIMING)?;
                    ExplainOption::Timing(s, parser.try_parse_bool())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SUMMARY) => {
                    let s = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SUMMARY)?;
                    ExplainOption::Summary(s, parser.try_parse_bool())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::MEMORY) => {
                    let s = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::MEMORY)?;
                    ExplainOption::Memory(s, parser.try_parse_bool())
                }
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::FORMAT) => {
                    let fmt_kw = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::FORMAT)?;
                    let fmt = match &parser.token {
                        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::TEXT) => ExplainFormat::Text(parser.consume()),
                        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::XML) => ExplainFormat::Xml(parser.consume()),
                        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::JSON) => ExplainFormat::Json(parser.consume()),
                        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::YAML) => ExplainFormat::Yaml(parser.consume()),
                        _ => parser.expected_failure("TEXT, XML, JSON, or YAML")?,
                    };
                    ExplainOption::Format(fmt_kw, fmt)
                }
                _ => parser.expected_failure("EXPLAIN option")?,
            };
            options.push(opt);
            if parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_none() {
                break;
            }
        }
        parser.consume_token(Token::RParen)?;
    } else {
        // Legacy: EXPLAIN [ANALYZE] [VERBOSE]
        if let Some(s) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::ANALYZE) {
            options.push(ExplainOption::Analyze(s.clone(), Some((true, s))));
        }
        if let Some(s) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::VERBOSE) {
            options.push(ExplainOption::Verbose(s.clone(), Some((true, s))));
        }
    }
    let inner = match parse_statement(parser)? {
        Some(s) => s,
        None => parser.expected_failure("Statement after EXPLAIN")?,
    };
    Ok(Explain {
        explain_span,
        options,
        statement: Box::new(inner),
    })
}

/// Sensitivity of a declared cursor
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum CursorSensitivity {
    Asensitive(Span),
    Insensitive(Span),
}

impl Spanned for CursorSensitivity {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            CursorSensitivity::Asensitive(s) | CursorSensitivity::Insensitive(s) => s.clone(),
        }
    }
}

/// Scroll behaviour of a declared cursor
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum CursorScroll {
    Scroll(Span),
    NoScroll(Span),
}

impl Spanned for CursorScroll {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            CursorScroll::Scroll(s) | CursorScroll::NoScroll(s) => s.clone(),
        }
    }
}

/// Hold behaviour of a declared cursor
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum CursorHold {
    WithHold(Span),
    WithoutHold(Span),
}

impl Spanned for CursorHold {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            CursorHold::WithHold(s) | CursorHold::WithoutHold(s) => s.clone(),
        }
    }
}

/// MariaDB/MySQL DECLARE variable statement inside a stored procedure/function.
/// `DECLARE name data_type [DEFAULT expr]`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct DeclareVariable<'a> {
    pub declare_span: Span,
    pub name: crate::Identifier<'a>,
    pub data_type: crate::DataType<'a>,
    pub default: Option<(Span, Select<'a>)>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for DeclareVariable<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.declare_span
            .join_span(&self.name)
            .join_span(&self.data_type)
            .join_span(&self.default)
    }
}

/// MariaDB/MySQL DECLARE cursor statement inside a stored procedure/function.
/// `DECLARE name CURSOR FOR select`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct DeclareCursorMariaDb<'a> {
    pub declare_span: Span,
    pub name: crate::Identifier<'a>,
    pub cursor_span: Span,
    pub for_span: Span,
    pub query: Box<Select<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for DeclareCursorMariaDb<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.declare_span.join_span(&self.query)
    }
}

/// Action part of a MariaDB/MySQL handler declaration.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum HandlerAction {
    Continue(Span),
    Exit(Span),
}

impl Spanned for HandlerAction {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            HandlerAction::Continue(s) | HandlerAction::Exit(s) => s.clone(),
        }
    }
}

/// Condition part of a MariaDB/MySQL handler declaration.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum HandlerCondition<'a> {
    /// `NOT FOUND`
    NotFound(Span, Span),
    /// `SQLEXCEPTION`
    SqlException(Span),
    /// `SQLWARNING`
    SqlWarning(Span),
    /// `SQLSTATE [VALUE] 'code'`
    SqlState(Span, crate::SString<'a>),
}

impl<'a> Spanned for HandlerCondition<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        match self {
            HandlerCondition::NotFound(a, b) => a.join_span(b),
            HandlerCondition::SqlException(s) => s.clone(),
            HandlerCondition::SqlWarning(s) => s.clone(),
            HandlerCondition::SqlState(s, v) => s.join_span(v),
        }
    }
}

/// MariaDB/MySQL DECLARE handler statement inside a stored procedure/function.
/// `DECLARE CONTINUE|EXIT HANDLER FOR condition statement`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct DeclareHandler<'a> {
    pub declare_span: Span,
    pub action: HandlerAction,
    pub handler_span: Span,
    pub for_span: Span,
    pub condition: HandlerCondition<'a>,
    pub statement: Box<Statement<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for DeclareHandler<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.declare_span.join_span(&self.statement)
    }
}

/// MariaDB/MySQL OPEN cursor statement.
/// `OPEN cursor_name`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct OpenCursor<'a> {
    pub open_span: Span,
    pub name: crate::Identifier<'a>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for OpenCursor<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.open_span.join_span(&self.name)
    }
}

/// MariaDB/MySQL CLOSE cursor statement.
/// `CLOSE cursor_name`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct CloseCursor<'a> {
    pub close_span: Span,
    pub name: crate::Identifier<'a>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for CloseCursor<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.close_span.join_span(&self.name)
    }
}

/// MariaDB/MySQL FETCH cursor statement.
/// `FETCH [NEXT] [FROM] cursor INTO var, ...`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct FetchCursor<'a> {
    pub fetch_span: Span,
    pub next_span: Option<Span>,
    pub from_span: Option<Span>,
    pub cursor: crate::Identifier<'a>,
    pub into_span: Span,
    pub variables: Vec<crate::Identifier<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for FetchCursor<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.fetch_span.join_span(&self.variables)
    }
}

/// MariaDB/MySQL LEAVE label statement.
/// `LEAVE label`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Leave<'a> {
    pub leave_span: Span,
    pub label: crate::Identifier<'a>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Leave<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.leave_span.join_span(&self.label)
    }
}

/// MariaDB/MySQL ITERATE label statement.
/// `ITERATE label`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Iterate<'a> {
    pub iterate_span: Span,
    pub label: crate::Identifier<'a>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Iterate<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.iterate_span.join_span(&self.label)
    }
}

/// MariaDB/MySQL LOOP body END LOOP construct.
/// `[label:] LOOP body END LOOP [label]`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Loop<'a> {
    pub label: Option<crate::Identifier<'a>>,
    pub loop_span: Span,
    pub body: Vec<Statement<'a>>,
    pub end_loop_span: Span,
    pub end_label: Option<crate::Identifier<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Loop<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.loop_span
            .join_span(&self.label)
            .join_span(&self.body)
            .join_span(&self.end_loop_span)
            .join_span(&self.end_label)
    }
}

/// MariaDB/MySQL WHILE condition DO body END WHILE construct.
/// `[label:] WHILE condition DO body END WHILE [label]`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct While<'a> {
    pub label: Option<crate::Identifier<'a>>,
    pub while_span: Span,
    pub condition: Expression<'a>,
    pub do_span: Span,
    pub body: Vec<Statement<'a>>,
    pub end_while_span: Span,
    pub end_label: Option<crate::Identifier<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for While<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.while_span
            .join_span(&self.label)
            .join_span(&self.condition)
            .join_span(&self.do_span)
            .join_span(&self.body)
            .join_span(&self.end_while_span)
            .join_span(&self.end_label)
    }
}

/// MariaDB/MySQL REPEAT body UNTIL condition END REPEAT construct.
/// `[label:] REPEAT body UNTIL condition END REPEAT [label]`
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Repeat<'a> {
    pub label: Option<crate::Identifier<'a>>,
    pub repeat_span: Span,
    pub body: Vec<Statement<'a>>,
    pub until_span: Span,
    pub condition: Expression<'a>,
    pub end_repeat_span: Span,
    pub end_label: Option<crate::Identifier<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Repeat<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.repeat_span
            .join_span(&self.label)
            .join_span(&self.body)
            .join_span(&self.until_span)
            .join_span(&self.condition)
            .join_span(&self.end_repeat_span)
            .join_span(&self.end_label)
    }
}

/// Dispatcher: parse a MariaDB DECLARE and return the appropriate Statement variant.
fn parse_declare_maria<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Statement<'a>, ParseError> {
    let declare_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::DECLARE)?;
    match &parser.token {
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CONTINUE | Keyword::EXIT) => Ok(Statement::DeclareHandler(
            Box::new(parse_handler_body(parser, declare_span)?),
        )),
        _ => {
            let name = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
            if matches!(&parser.token, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CURSOR)) {
                Ok(Statement::DeclareCursorMariaDb(Box::new(
                    parse_cursor_mariadb_body(parser, declare_span, name)?,
                )))
            } else {
                Ok(Statement::DeclareVariable(Box::new(parse_variable_body(
                    parser,
                    declare_span,
                    name,
                )?)))
            }
        }
    }
}

fn parse_variable_body<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
    declare_span: Span,
    name: crate::Identifier<'a>,
) -> Result<DeclareVariable<'a>, ParseError> {
    use crate::data_type::{DataTypeContext, parse_data_type};
    let data_type = parse_data_type(parser, DataTypeContext::TypeRef)?;
    let default = if let Some(default_span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::DEFAULT) {
        let select = parse_select_body(parser, default_span.clone())?;
        Some((default_span, select))
    } else {
        None
    };
    Ok(DeclareVariable {
        declare_span,
        name,
        data_type,
        default,
    })
}

fn parse_cursor_mariadb_body<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
    declare_span: Span,
    name: crate::Identifier<'a>,
) -> Result<DeclareCursorMariaDb<'a>, ParseError> {
    let cursor_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::CURSOR)?;
    let for_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::FOR)?;
    let query = Box::new(parse_select(parser)?);
    Ok(DeclareCursorMariaDb {
        declare_span,
        name,
        cursor_span,
        for_span,
        query,
    })
}

fn parse_handler_body<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
    declare_span: Span,
) -> Result<DeclareHandler<'a>, ParseError> {
    let action = match &parser.token {
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::CONTINUE) => {
            HandlerAction::Continue(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::CONTINUE)?)
        }
        _ => HandlerAction::Exit(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::EXIT)?),
    };
    let handler_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::HANDLER)?;
    let for_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::FOR)?;
    let condition = match &parser.token {
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::NOT) => {
            let not_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::NOT)?;
            let found_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::FOUND)?;
            HandlerCondition::NotFound(not_span, found_span)
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SQLEXCEPTION) => {
            HandlerCondition::SqlException(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SQLEXCEPTION)?)
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SQLWARNING) => {
            HandlerCondition::SqlWarning(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SQLWARNING)?)
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SQLSTATE) => {
            let sqlstate_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SQLSTATE)?;
            parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::VALUE);
            let code = parser.consume_string()?;
            HandlerCondition::SqlState(sqlstate_span, code)
        }
        _ => parser.expected_failure("NOT FOUND, SQLEXCEPTION, SQLWARNING, or SQLSTATE")?,
    };
    let statement = match parse_statement(parser)? {
        Some(s) => Box::new(s),
        None => parser.expected_failure("statement after handler condition")?,
    };
    Ok(DeclareHandler {
        declare_span,
        action,
        handler_span,
        for_span,
        condition,
        statement,
    })
}

fn parse_open_cursor<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<OpenCursor<'a>, ParseError> {
    let open_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::OPEN)?;
    let name = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
    Ok(OpenCursor { open_span, name })
}

fn parse_close_cursor<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<CloseCursor<'a>, ParseError> {
    let close_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::CLOSE)?;
    let name = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
    Ok(CloseCursor { close_span, name })
}

fn parse_fetch_cursor<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<FetchCursor<'a>, ParseError> {
    let fetch_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::FETCH)?;
    let next_span = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::NEXT);
    let from_span = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::FROM);
    let cursor = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
    let into_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::INTO)?;
    let mut variables = Vec::new();
    loop {
        variables.push(parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?);
        if parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_none() {
            break;
        }
    }
    Ok(FetchCursor {
        fetch_span,
        next_span,
        from_span,
        cursor,
        into_span,
        variables,
    })
}

fn parse_leave<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Leave<'a>, ParseError> {
    let leave_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::LEAVE)?;
    let label = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
    Ok(Leave { leave_span, label })
}

fn parse_iterate<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Iterate<'a>, ParseError> {
    let iterate_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::ITERATE)?;
    let label = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
    Ok(Iterate {
        iterate_span,
        label,
    })
}

fn parse_loop<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
    label: Option<crate::Identifier<'a>>,
) -> Result<Loop<'a>, ParseError> {
    let loop_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::LOOP)?;
    let mut body = Vec::new();
    parser.recovered(
        "'END'",
        &|t| matches!(t, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::END)),
        |parser| parse_statement_list(parser, &mut body),
    )?;
    let end_loop_span = parser.consume_keywords(&[Keyword::END, Keyword::LOOP])?;
    let end_label = if matches!(&parser.token, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::NOT_A_KEYWORD)) {
        Some(parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?)
    } else {
        None
    };
    Ok(Loop {
        label,
        loop_span,
        body,
        end_loop_span,
        end_label,
    })
}

fn parse_while<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
    label: Option<crate::Identifier<'a>>,
) -> Result<While<'a>, ParseError> {
    let while_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::WHILE)?;
    let condition = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
    let do_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::DO)?;
    let mut body = Vec::new();
    parser.recovered(
        "'END'",
        &|t| matches!(t, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::END)),
        |parser| parse_statement_list(parser, &mut body),
    )?;
    let end_while_span = parser.consume_keywords(&[Keyword::END, Keyword::WHILE])?;
    let end_label = if matches!(&parser.token, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::NOT_A_KEYWORD)) {
        Some(parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?)
    } else {
        None
    };
    Ok(While {
        label,
        while_span,
        condition,
        do_span,
        body,
        end_while_span,
        end_label,
    })
}

fn parse_repeat<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
    label: Option<crate::Identifier<'a>>,
) -> Result<Repeat<'a>, ParseError> {
    let repeat_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::REPEAT)?;
    let mut body = Vec::new();
    parser.recovered(
        "'UNTIL'",
        &|t| matches!(t, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::UNTIL)),
        |parser| parse_statement_list(parser, &mut body),
    )?;
    let until_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::UNTIL)?;
    let condition = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
    let end_repeat_span = parser.consume_keywords(&[Keyword::END, Keyword::REPEAT])?;
    let end_label = if matches!(&parser.token, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::NOT_A_KEYWORD)) {
        Some(parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?)
    } else {
        None
    };
    Ok(Repeat {
        label,
        repeat_span,
        body,
        until_span,
        condition,
        end_repeat_span,
        end_label,
    })
}

/// PostgreSQL DECLARE cursor statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct DeclareCursor<'a> {
    pub declare_span: Span,
    pub name: crate::Identifier<'a>,
    pub binary: Option<Span>,
    pub sensitivity: Option<CursorSensitivity>,
    pub scroll: Option<CursorScroll>,
    pub cursor_span: Span,
    pub hold: Option<CursorHold>,
    pub for_span: Span,
    pub query: Box<Statement<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for DeclareCursor<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.declare_span.join_span(&self.query)
    }
}

fn parse_declare_cursor<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<DeclareCursor<'a>, ParseError> {
    let declare_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::DECLARE)?;
    parser.postgres_only(&declare_span);
    let name = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
    // Optional BINARY
    let binary = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::BINARY);
    // Optional ASENSITIVE | INSENSITIVE
    let sensitivity = match &parser.token {
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::ASENSITIVE) => {
            Some(CursorSensitivity::Asensitive(parser.consume()))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::INSENSITIVE) => {
            Some(CursorSensitivity::Insensitive(parser.consume()))
        }
        _ => None,
    };
    // Optional [NO] SCROLL
    let scroll = if let Some(no_span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::NO) {
        let scroll_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::SCROLL)?;
        Some(CursorScroll::NoScroll(no_span.join_span(&scroll_span)))
    } else {
        parser
            .skip_keyword(Keyword::SCROLL)
            .map(CursorScroll::Scroll)
    };
    let cursor_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::CURSOR)?;
    // Optional WITH HOLD | WITHOUT HOLD
    let hold = if let Some(without_span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::WITHOUT) {
        let hold_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::HOLD)?;
        Some(CursorHold::WithoutHold(without_span.join_span(&hold_span)))
    } else if let Some(with_span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::WITH) {
        let hold_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::HOLD)?;
        Some(CursorHold::WithHold(with_span.join_span(&hold_span)))
    } else {
        None
    };
    let for_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::FOR)?;
    let query = match parse_statement(parser)? {
        Some(s) => s,
        None => parser.expected_failure("Query after FOR")?,
    };
    Ok(DeclareCursor {
        declare_span,
        name,
        binary,
        sensitivity,
        scroll,
        cursor_span,
        hold,
        for_span,
        query: Box::new(query),
    })
}

/// PostgreSQL REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct RefreshMaterializedView<'a> {
    pub refresh_span: Span,
    pub concurrently: Option<Span>,
    pub view_name: crate::QualifiedName<'a>,
    /// WITH [ NO ] DATA: Some(true) = WITH DATA, Some(false) = WITH NO DATA, None = not specified
    pub with_data: Option<(Span, bool)>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for RefreshMaterializedView<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.refresh_span
            .join_span(&self.view_name)
            .join_span(&self.with_data.as_ref().map(|(s, _)| s.clone()))
    }
}

fn parse_refresh_materialized_view<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
) -> Result<RefreshMaterializedView<'a>, ParseError> {
    let refresh_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::REFRESH)?;
    parser.postgres_only(&refresh_span);
    parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::MATERIALIZED)?;
    parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::VIEW)?;
    let concurrently = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::CONCURRENTLY);
    let view_name = parse_qualified_name_unreserved(parser)?;
    // Optional WITH [ NO ] DATA
    let with_data = if let Some(with_span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::WITH) {
        if let Some(no_span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::NO) {
            let data_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::DATA)?;
            Some((with_span.join_span(&no_span).join_span(&data_span), false))
        } else {
            let data_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::DATA)?;
            Some((with_span.join_span(&data_span), true))
        }
    } else {
        None
    };
    Ok(RefreshMaterializedView {
        refresh_span,
        concurrently,
        view_name,
        with_data,
    })
}

/// PostgreSQL PREPARE statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Prepare<'a> {
    pub prepare_span: Span,
    pub name: crate::Identifier<'a>,
    pub param_types: Vec<crate::DataType<'a>>,
    pub as_span: Span,
    pub statement: Box<Statement<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for Prepare<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.prepare_span.join_span(&self.statement)
    }
}

fn parse_prepare<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Result<Prepare<'a>, ParseError> {
    use crate::data_type::{DataTypeContext, parse_data_type};
    let prepare_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::PREPARE)?;
    parser.postgres_only(&prepare_span);
    let name = parser.consume_plain_identifier_unreserved()?;
    // Optional (type, ...) parameter type list
    let mut param_types = Vec::new();
    if matches!(parser.token, Token::LParen) {
        parser.consume_token(Token::LParen)?;
        loop {
            parser.recovered(
                "')' or ','",
                &|t| matches!(t, Token::RParen | Token::Comma),
                |parser| {
                    param_types.push(parse_data_type(parser, DataTypeContext::TypeRef)?);
                    Ok(())
                },
            )?;
            if parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_none() {
                break;
            }
        }
        parser.consume_token(Token::RParen)?;
    }
    let as_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::AS)?;
    let statement = match parse_statement(parser)? {
        Some(s) => s,
        None => parser.expected_failure("Statement after AS")?,
    };
    Ok(Prepare {
        prepare_span,
        name,
        param_types,
        as_span,
        statement: Box::new(statement),
    })
}

/// When part of case statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct WhenStatement<'a> {
    /// Span of "WHEN"
    pub when_span: Span,
    /// Expression who's match yields execution `then`
    pub when: Expression<'a>,
    /// Span of "THEN"
    pub then_span: Span,
    /// Statements to execute if `when` matches
    pub then: Vec<Statement<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for WhenStatement<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.when_span
            .join_span(&self.when)
            .join_span(&self.then_span)
            .join_span(&self.then)
    }
}

/// Case statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct CaseStatement<'a> {
    /// Span of "CASE"
    pub case_span: Span,
    /// Value to match against
    pub value: Option<Expression<'a>>,
    /// List of whens
    pub whens: Vec<WhenStatement<'a>>,
    /// Span of "ELSE" and statement to execute if specified
    pub else_: Option<(Span, Vec<Statement<'a>>)>,
    /// Span of "END"
    pub end_span: Span,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for CaseStatement<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.case_span
            .join_span(&self.value)
            .join_span(&self.whens)
            .join_span(&self.else_)
            .join_span(&self.end_span)
    }
}

pub(crate) fn parse_case_statement<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
) -> Result<CaseStatement<'a>, ParseError> {
    let case_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::CASE)?;
    let value = if !matches!(parser.token, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::WHEN)) {
        Some(parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?)
    } else {
        None
    };

    let mut whens = Vec::new();
    let mut else_ = None;
    parser.recovered(
        "'END'",
        &|t| matches!(t, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::END)),
        |parser| {
            loop {
                let when_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::WHEN)?;
                let when = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
                let then_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::THEN)?;
                let mut then = Vec::new();
                parse_statement_list(parser, &mut then)?;
                whens.push(WhenStatement {
                    when_span,
                    when,
                    then_span,
                    then,
                });
                if !matches!(parser.token, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::WHEN)) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            if let Some(span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::ELSE) {
                let mut e = Vec::new();
                parse_statement_list(parser, &mut e)?;
                else_ = Some((span, e))
            };
            Ok(())
        },
    )?;
    let end_span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::END)?;
    Ok(CaseStatement {
        case_span,
        value,
        whens,
        else_,
        end_span,
    })
}

pub(crate) fn parse_compound_query_bottom<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
) -> Result<Statement<'a>, ParseError> {
    match &parser.token {
        Token::LParen => {
            let lp = parser.consume_token(Token::LParen)?;
            let s = parser.recovered("')'", &|t| t == &Token::RParen, |parser| {
                Ok(Some(parse_compound_query(parser)?))
            })?;
            parser.consume_token(Token::RParen)?;
            Ok(s.unwrap_or(Statement::Invalid(Box::new(Invalid { span: lp }))))
        }
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::SELECT) => Ok(Statement::Select(Box::new(parse_select(parser)?))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::VALUES) => Ok(Statement::Values(Box::new(parse_values(parser)?))),
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::WITH) => {
            Ok(Statement::WithQuery(Box::new(parse_with_query(parser)?)))
        }
        _ => parser.expected_failure("'SELECT' or '('")?,
    }
}

/// Quantifier for a compound-query operator
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub enum CompoundQuantifier {
    All(Span),
    Distinct(Span),
    Default,
}

impl OptSpanned for CompoundQuantifier {
    fn opt_span(&self) -> Option<Span> {
        match &self {
            CompoundQuantifier::All(v) => v.opt_span(),
            CompoundQuantifier::Distinct(v) => v.opt_span(),
            CompoundQuantifier::Default => None,
        }
    }
}

/// Set operator used between compound query branches
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum CompoundOperator {
    Union,
    Intersect,
    Except,
}

/// Right hand side branch of a compound query
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct CompoundQueryBranch<'a> {
    /// Operator used to combine this branch with the left side
    pub operator: CompoundOperator,
    /// Span of operator keyword (UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT)
    pub operator_span: Span,
    /// Optional quantifier (ALL / DISTINCT)
    pub quantifier: CompoundQuantifier,
    /// Statement for this branch
    pub statement: Box<Statement<'a>>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for CompoundQueryBranch<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.operator_span
            .join_span(&self.quantifier)
            .join_span(&self.statement)
    }
}

/// Compound query statement
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct CompoundQuery<'a> {
    /// Left side of compound query
    pub left: Box<Statement<'a>>,
    /// Branches combined with the left side
    pub with: Vec<CompoundQueryBranch<'a>>,
    /// Span of "ORDER BY", and list of ordering expressions and directions if specified
    pub order_by: Option<(Span, Vec<(Expression<'a>, OrderFlag)>)>,
    /// Span of "LIMIT", offset and count expressions if specified
    pub limit: Option<(Span, Option<Expression<'a>>, Expression<'a>)>,
}

impl<'a> Spanned for CompoundQuery<'a> {
    fn span(&self) -> Span {
        self.left
            .join_span(&self.with)
            .join_span(&self.order_by)
            .join_span(&self.limit)
    }
}

pub(crate) fn parse_compound_query<'a>(
    parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>,
) -> Result<Statement<'a>, ParseError> {
    let q = parse_compound_query_bottom(parser)?;
    if !matches!(
        parser.token,
        Token::Ident(_, Keyword::UNION | Keyword::INTERSECT | Keyword::EXCEPT)
    ) {
        return Ok(q);
    };
    let mut with = Vec::new();
    loop {
        let (operator, operator_span) = match &parser.token {
            Token::Ident(_, Keyword::UNION) => (
                CompoundOperator::Union,
                parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::UNION)?,
            ),
            Token::Ident(_, Keyword::INTERSECT) => (
                CompoundOperator::Intersect,
                parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::INTERSECT)?,
            ),
            Token::Ident(_, Keyword::EXCEPT) => (
                CompoundOperator::Except,
                parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::EXCEPT)?,
            ),
            _ => parser.expected_failure("'UNION' | 'INTERSECT' | 'EXCEPT'")?,
        };
        let quantifier = match &parser.token {
            Token::Ident(_, Keyword::ALL) => {
                CompoundQuantifier::All(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::ALL)?)
            }
            Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DISTINCT) => {
                CompoundQuantifier::Distinct(parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::DISTINCT)?)
            }
            _ => CompoundQuantifier::Default,
        };
        let statement = Box::new(parse_compound_query_bottom(parser)?);
        with.push(CompoundQueryBranch {
            operator,
            operator_span,
            quantifier,
            statement,
        });
        if !matches!(
            parser.token,
            Token::Ident(_, Keyword::UNION | Keyword::INTERSECT | Keyword::EXCEPT)
        ) {
            break;
        }
    }

    let order_by = if let Some(span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::ORDER) {
        let span = parser.consume_keyword(Keyword::BY)?.join_span(&span);
        let mut order = Vec::new();
        loop {
            let e = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
            let f = match &parser.token {
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::ASC) => OrderFlag::Asc(parser.consume()),
                Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DESC) => OrderFlag::Desc(parser.consume()),
                _ => OrderFlag::None,
            };
            order.push((e, f));
            if parser.skip_token(Token::Comma).is_none() {
                break;
            }
        }
        Some((span, order))
    } else {
        None
    };

    let limit = if let Some(span) = parser.skip_keyword(Keyword::LIMIT) {
        let n = parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?;
        match parser.token {
            Token::Comma => {
                parser.consume();
                Some((
                    span,
                    Some(n),
                    parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?,
                ))
            }
            Token::Ident(_, Keyword::OFFSET) => {
                parser.consume();
                Some((
                    span,
                    Some(parse_expression_unreserved(parser, PRIORITY_MAX)?),
                    n,
                ))
            }
            _ => Some((span, None, n)),
        }
    } else {
        None
    };

    Ok(Statement::CompoundQuery(Box::new(CompoundQuery {
        left: Box::new(q),
        with,
        order_by,
        limit,
    })))
}

pub(crate) fn parse_statements<'a>(parser: &mut Parser<'a, '_>) -> Vec<Statement<'a>> {
    let mut ans = Vec::new();
    loop {
        match &parser.token {
            Token::Delimiter => {
                parser.consume();
                continue;
            }
            Token::Eof => return ans,
            _ => (),
        }

        if matches!(parser.token, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DELIMITER)) {
            if let Err(e) = parser.lexer.update_mysql_delimitor() {
                parser.err("Invalid delimiter", &e);
            }
            parser.consume();
            continue;
        }

        // PL/pgSQL DECLARE section: single DECLARE keyword introduces multiple variable
        // declarations (each terminated by `;`) before the BEGIN block.
        if parser.permit_compound_statements
            && parser.options.dialect.is_postgresql()
            && matches!(&parser.token, Token::Ident(_, Keyword::DECLARE))
        {
            match parse_plpgsql_declare_section(parser, &mut ans) {
                Ok(_) => {}
                Err(_) => {
                    // Error already recorded; recover to next delimiter
                    while !matches!(parser.token, Token::Delimiter | Token::Eof) {
                        parser.next();
                    }
                }
            }
            continue;
        }

        let stmt = match parse_statement(parser) {
            Ok(Some(v)) => Ok(v),
            Ok(None) => parser.expected_failure("Statement"),
            Err(e) => Err(e),
        };
        let err = stmt.is_err();
        let mut from_stdin = false;
        if let Ok(stmt) = stmt {
            from_stdin = stmt.reads_from_stdin();
            ans.push(stmt);
        }

        match &parser.token {
            Token::Delimiter => (),
            Token::Eof => return ans,
            _ => {
                if !err {
                    parser.expected_error(parser.lexer.delimiter_name());
                }
                // We use a custom recovery here as ; is not allowed in sub expressions, it always terminates outer most statements
                loop {
                    parser.next();
                    match &parser.token {
                        Token::Delimiter => break,
                        Token::Eof => return ans,
                        _ => (),
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if from_stdin {
            let (s, span) = parser.read_from_stdin_and_next();
            ans.push(Statement::Stdin(Box::new(Stdin { span, input: s })));
        } else {
            parser
                .consume_token(Token::Delimiter)
                .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("{}", parser.lexer.delimiter_name()));
        }
    }
}