powerio_tx/

islands.rs

//! Electrical islands and one reference bus per island.
//!
//! A large case can hold several AC islands: asynchronous systems joined only
//! by HVDC, radial pockets behind an open breaker, and stranded equipment. A
//! power flow needs one reference bus in each island it solves, and an island
//! with no source cannot be solved at all. [`BalancedNetwork::calc_islands`]
//! partitions the energized buses; [`BalancedNetwork::assign_island_references`]
//! gives each supplied island one reference and de-energizes the rest, and
//! [`IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland`] applies the same rule during
//! normalization.

use std::collections::{BTreeSet, HashMap};
use std::fmt::Write as _;

use crate::diagnostics::{Diagnostic, codes};
use crate::network::{BalancedNetwork, BusId, BusType, Generator};

/// How normalization and [`BalancedNetwork::assign_island_references`] treat
/// the reference buses of a network with several islands.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub enum IslandReferencePolicy {
    /// Keep the reference buses the case states. Normalization designates
    /// one only when none survives anywhere, and
    /// [`BalancedNetwork::assign_island_references`] changes nothing.
    #[default]
    Stated,
    /// One reference per island, on a bus that hosts an in-service
    /// generator. A stated reference that hosts none is demoted first. An
    /// island left with no reference takes the bus of its in-service
    /// generator with the largest `pmax` (the smallest bus id breaking ties);
    /// an island left with several keeps the one with the most generation and
    /// demotes the others; an island with no in-service generator cannot be
    /// solved and is de-energized. Normalization under this policy picks the
    /// same reference buses.
    PerIsland,
}

/// One AC island: energized buses joined by in-service branches, closed
/// switches, and in-service three winding transformers.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub struct Island {
    /// The island's buses in ascending id order.
    pub buses: Vec<BusId>,
    /// Its reference (slack) buses, in ascending id order.
    pub references: Vec<BusId>,
    /// Rows of the in-service generators on its buses.
    pub generators: Vec<usize>,
    /// Rows of the in-service HVDC lines that tie it to another island: one
    /// terminal on its buses, the other on another island's.
    pub hvdc: Vec<usize>,
}

impl Island {
    /// Whether an in-service generator can supply the island.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_supplied(&self) -> bool {
        !self.generators.is_empty()
    }

    /// The one reference bus [`IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland`] gives this
    /// island, without changing the network. Only a stated reference that
    /// hosts an in-service generator counts: the island keeps it when it
    /// states one, takes the bus of its largest `pmax` in-service generator
    /// (the smallest bus id breaking ties) when it states none, and keeps the
    /// one hosting the most in-service `pmax` (the smallest id breaking ties)
    /// when it states several. `None` when no in-service generator supplies
    /// the island, which that policy de-energizes. `generators` is the
    /// network's generator table.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn calc_reference_choice(&self, generators: &[Generator]) -> Option<BusId> {
        match self.supplied_references(generators).as_slice() {
            [bus] => Some(*bus),
            [] => largest_generator_bus(generators, &self.generators),
            references => kept_reference(references, generators, &self.generators),
        }
    }

    /// The stated references that host one of the island's in-service
    /// generators, in ascending id order.
    fn supplied_references(&self, generators: &[Generator]) -> Vec<BusId> {
        self.references
            .iter()
            .copied()
            .filter(|&bus| {
                self.generators
                    .iter()
                    .any(|&row| generators[row].bus == bus)
            })
            .collect()
    }
}

/// The result of [`BalancedNetwork::calc_islands`].
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub struct IslandPartition {
    /// Every island, largest first; islands of one size come in ascending
    /// order of their smallest bus id.
    pub islands: Vec<Island>,
    /// Buses typed isolated, which belong to no island.
    pub isolated: Vec<BusId>,
    island_of: HashMap<BusId, usize>,
}

impl IslandPartition {
    /// The position in [`islands`](Self::islands) of the island holding
    /// `bus`, or `None` for an isolated or unknown bus.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn island_of(&self, bus: BusId) -> Option<usize> {
        self.island_of.get(&bus).copied()
    }
}

/// The result of [`BalancedNetwork::assign_island_references`].
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub struct IslandReferenceReport {
    /// The islands after the assignment.
    pub partition: IslandPartition,
    /// Buses made the reference of their island.
    pub designated: Vec<BusId>,
    /// Reference buses demoted, because they host no in-service generator
    /// or because their island kept another, in ascending id order.
    pub demoted: Vec<BusId>,
    /// Buses of the islands that were de-energized, now typed isolated.
    pub de_energized: Vec<BusId>,
    /// One finding per island the assignment changed.
    pub diagnostics: Vec<Diagnostic>,
}

/// The `pmax` order the reference choice uses: a NaN bound never wins, and an
/// unbounded `+Inf` wins as the largest capacity.
fn pmax_key(generator: &Generator) -> f64 {
    if generator.pmax.is_nan() {
        f64::NEG_INFINITY
    } else {
        generator.pmax
    }
}

/// The bus of the in-service generator with the largest `pmax` among `rows`,
/// the smallest bus id breaking ties, so the choice does not depend on row
/// order.
pub(crate) fn largest_generator_bus(generators: &[Generator], rows: &[usize]) -> Option<BusId> {
    rows.iter()
        .copied()
        .max_by(|&a, &b| {
            pmax_key(&generators[a])
                .total_cmp(&pmax_key(&generators[b]))
                .then(generators[b].bus.cmp(&generators[a].bus))
        })
        .map(|row| generators[row].bus)
}

/// Of several reference buses, the one hosting the most in-service `pmax`,
/// the smallest id breaking ties.
pub(crate) fn kept_reference(
    references: &[BusId],
    generators: &[Generator],
    rows: &[usize],
) -> Option<BusId> {
    let capacity = |bus: BusId| -> f64 {
        rows.iter()
            .map(|&row| &generators[row])
            .filter(|generator| generator.bus == bus && !generator.pmax.is_nan())
            .map(|generator| generator.pmax)
            .sum()
    };
    references
        .iter()
        .copied()
        .max_by(|&a, &b| capacity(a).total_cmp(&capacity(b)).then(b.cmp(&a)))
}

/// A short list of bus ids for a message: the first few, then a count.
pub(crate) fn bus_list(buses: &[BusId]) -> String {
    const SHOWN: usize = 5;
    let mut text = buses
        .iter()
        .take(SHOWN)
        .map(ToString::to_string)
        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        .join(", ");
    if buses.len() > SHOWN {
        let _ = write!(text, " and {} more", buses.len() - SHOWN);
    }
    text
}

impl BalancedNetwork {
    /// Partition the energized buses into AC islands.
    ///
    /// Two buses share an island when a path of in-service branches, closed
    /// switches, and in-service three winding transformers joins them. HVDC
    /// lines do not join islands: they tie asynchronous systems. Buses typed
    /// isolated belong to no island and are listed apart, and an element that
    /// touches one does not join anything through it. A three winding
    /// transformer joins the buses of its in-service windings
    /// ([`Transformer3W::winding_in_service`](crate::Transformer3W::winding_in_service)),
    /// so one whose tertiary sits on an isolated bus or is out of service
    /// still joins the other two. Carve an
    /// island out with [`subset_buses`](BalancedNetwork::subset_buses), which
    /// keeps such a transformer.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn calc_islands(&self) -> IslandPartition {
        let buses = self.buses();
        let index_of: HashMap<BusId, usize> = buses
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .filter(|(_, bus)| bus.kind != BusType::Isolated)
            .map(|(index, bus)| (bus.id, index))
            .collect();
        let mut sets = petgraph::unionfind::UnionFind::new(buses.len());
        let mut join = |a: BusId, b: BusId| {
            if let (Some(&i), Some(&j)) = (index_of.get(&a), index_of.get(&b)) {
                sets.union(i, j);
            }
        };
        for branch in self.branches().iter().filter(|branch| branch.in_service) {
            join(branch.from, branch.to);
        }
        for switch in self.switches().iter().filter(|switch| switch.closed) {
            join(switch.from, switch.to);
        }
        for transformer in self.transformers_3w().iter().filter(|t| t.in_service) {
            let connected: Vec<BusId> = transformer
                .windings
                .iter()
                .zip(transformer.winding_in_service())
                .filter(|(_, connected)| *connected)
                .map(|(winding, _)| winding.bus)
                .collect();
            for (i, &a) in connected.iter().enumerate() {
                for &b in &connected[i + 1..] {
                    join(a, b);
                }
            }
        }
        let labels = sets.into_labeling();

        let mut by_root: HashMap<usize, Island> = HashMap::new();
        let mut isolated = Vec::new();
        for (index, bus) in buses.iter().enumerate() {
            if bus.kind == BusType::Isolated {
                isolated.push(bus.id);
                continue;
            }
            let island = by_root.entry(labels[index]).or_insert_with(|| Island {
                buses: Vec::new(),
                references: Vec::new(),
                generators: Vec::new(),
                hvdc: Vec::new(),
            });
            island.buses.push(bus.id);
            if bus.kind == BusType::Ref {
                island.references.push(bus.id);
            }
        }
        self.attach_generators_and_hvdc(&mut by_root, &labels, &index_of);
        let mut islands: Vec<Island> = by_root.into_values().collect();
        for island in &mut islands {
            island.buses.sort_unstable();
            island.references.sort_unstable();
        }
        islands.sort_by(|a, b| {
            b.buses
                .len()
                .cmp(&a.buses.len())
                .then(a.buses[0].cmp(&b.buses[0]))
        });
        isolated.sort_unstable();
        let island_of = islands
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .flat_map(|(position, island)| island.buses.iter().map(move |&bus| (bus, position)))
            .collect();
        IslandPartition {
            islands,
            isolated,
            island_of,
        }
    }

    /// Record on each island, keyed by its union-find root, the rows of its
    /// in-service generators and of the in-service HVDC lines tying it to
    /// another island.
    fn attach_generators_and_hvdc(
        &self,
        by_root: &mut HashMap<usize, Island>,
        labels: &[usize],
        index_of: &HashMap<BusId, usize>,
    ) {
        for (row, generator) in self.generators().iter().enumerate() {
            if let Some(&index) = index_of.get(&generator.bus)
                && generator.in_service
                && let Some(island) = by_root.get_mut(&labels[index])
            {
                island.generators.push(row);
            }
        }
        for (row, line) in self.hvdc().iter().enumerate() {
            if let (Some(&from), Some(&to)) = (index_of.get(&line.from), index_of.get(&line.to))
                && line.in_service
                && labels[from] != labels[to]
            {
                for end in [from, to] {
                    if let Some(island) = by_root.get_mut(&labels[end]) {
                        island.hvdc.push(row);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Give every island one reference bus under `policy`, returning what
    /// changed.
    ///
    /// Under [`IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland`], in a supplied island:
    ///
    /// - A stated reference that hosts no in-service generator cannot balance
    ///   the island and is demoted to PQ first. What follows counts only the
    ///   references that remain.
    /// - An island with one reference keeps it.
    /// - An island with none gets the bus of its largest `pmax` in-service
    ///   generator (the smallest bus id breaking ties) as its reference.
    /// - An island with several keeps the one hosting the most in-service
    ///   `pmax` (the smallest id breaking ties) and demotes the others to PV.
    /// - An island with no in-service generator has no source to balance it,
    ///   so it is de-energized: its buses are typed isolated, and the
    ///   in-service loads, shunts, static var compensators, storage, and every
    ///   branch and HVDC line touching them are taken out of service. A three
    ///   winding transformer loses the windings on those buses and goes out
    ///   whole only when fewer than two windings remain.
    ///
    /// Each change records one finding. Normalization under the same policy
    /// picks the same reference buses. [`IslandReferencePolicy::Stated`]
    /// changes nothing and reports the partition.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)] // one stanza per island outcome
    pub fn assign_island_references(
        &mut self,
        policy: IslandReferencePolicy,
    ) -> IslandReferenceReport {
        let partition = self.calc_islands();
        if policy == IslandReferencePolicy::Stated {
            return IslandReferenceReport {
                partition,
                ..IslandReferenceReport::default()
            };
        }

        let mut designated = Vec::new();
        let mut demoted: Vec<(BusId, BusType)> = Vec::new();
        let mut dead: BTreeSet<BusId> = BTreeSet::new();
        let mut diagnostics = Vec::new();
        for island in &partition.islands {
            if !island.is_supplied() {
                let load: f64 = self
                    .loads()
                    .iter()
                    .filter(|load| load.in_service && island.buses.binary_search(&load.bus).is_ok())
                    .map(|load| load.p)
                    .sum();
                diagnostics.push(self.unsupplied_island_finding(
                    island,
                    &format!(
                        "was de-energized; its {load} MW of in-service load is no longer served"
                    ),
                ));
                dead.extend(island.buses.iter().copied());
                continue;
            }
            let supplied = island.supplied_references(self.generators());
            let unsupplied: Vec<BusId> = island
                .references
                .iter()
                .copied()
                .filter(|bus| !supplied.contains(bus))
                .collect();
            if !unsupplied.is_empty() {
                diagnostics.push(Diagnostic::of(
                    &codes::CANONICALIZE_ISLAND_REFERENCE_DEMOTED,
                    format!(
                        "the island of {} bus(es) ({}) states reference bus(es) {} that host no \
                         in-service generator and cannot balance it; they were demoted to PQ",
                        island.buses.len(),
                        bus_list(&island.buses),
                        bus_list(&unsupplied)
                    ),
                ));
                demoted.extend(unsupplied.iter().map(|&bus| (bus, BusType::Pq)));
            }
            let Some(kept) = island.calc_reference_choice(self.generators()) else {
                continue;
            };
            match supplied.as_slice() {
                [_] => {}
                [] => {
                    diagnostics.push(Diagnostic::of(
                        &codes::CANONICALIZE_ISLAND_REFERENCE_DESIGNATED,
                        format!(
                            "the island of {} bus(es) ({}) states no reference bus that hosts an \
                             in-service generator; bus {kept} hosts its largest pmax in-service \
                             generator and was designated the reference",
                            island.buses.len(),
                            bus_list(&island.buses)
                        ),
                    ));
                    designated.push(kept);
                }
                references => {
                    let others: Vec<BusId> = references
                        .iter()
                        .copied()
                        .filter(|&bus| bus != kept)
                        .collect();
                    diagnostics.push(Diagnostic::of(
                        &codes::CANONICALIZE_ISLAND_REFERENCE_DEMOTED,
                        format!(
                            "the island of {} bus(es) states {} reference buses that host \
                             generation; bus {kept} hosts the most and stays the reference, and \
                             bus(es) {} were demoted to PV",
                            island.buses.len(),
                            references.len(),
                            bus_list(&others)
                        ),
                    ));
                    demoted.extend(others.into_iter().map(|bus| (bus, BusType::Pv)));
                }
            }
        }

        if !designated.is_empty() || !demoted.is_empty() {
            let designated_set: BTreeSet<BusId> = designated.iter().copied().collect();
            let demoted_kind: HashMap<BusId, BusType> = demoted.iter().copied().collect();
            for bus in self.buses_mut() {
                if designated_set.contains(&bus.id) {
                    bus.kind = BusType::Ref;
                } else if let Some(&kind) = demoted_kind.get(&bus.id) {
                    bus.kind = kind;
                }
            }
        }
        if !dead.is_empty() {
            self.de_energize_buses(&dead);
        }

        let mut demoted: Vec<BusId> = demoted.into_iter().map(|(bus, _)| bus).collect();
        demoted.sort_unstable();
        IslandReferenceReport {
            partition: self.calc_islands(),
            designated,
            demoted,
            de_energized: dead.into_iter().collect(),
            diagnostics,
        }
    }

    /// The finding for an island no in-service generator supplies, whose
    /// `outcome` completes the sentence. An island an HVDC line still feeds
    /// gets its own code, naming the lines and the power they schedule into
    /// it, since supply counts generators only and that infeed goes too.
    pub(crate) fn unsupplied_island_finding(&self, island: &Island, outcome: &str) -> Diagnostic {
        let size = island.buses.len();
        let buses = bus_list(&island.buses);
        if island.hvdc.is_empty() {
            return Diagnostic::of(
                &codes::CANONICALIZE_ISLAND_DE_ENERGIZED,
                format!(
                    "the island of {size} bus(es) ({buses}) has no in-service generator and {outcome}"
                ),
            );
        }
        let inside = |bus: BusId| island.buses.binary_search(&bus).is_ok();
        let mut infeed = 0.0;
        let mut lines = Vec::with_capacity(island.hvdc.len());
        for &row in &island.hvdc {
            let line = &self.hvdc()[row];
            // MATPOWER's dcline convention: `pf` leaves the from bus and `pt`
            // arrives at the to bus.
            infeed += if inside(line.to) { line.pt } else { -line.pf };
            lines.push(format!("{}-{}", line.from, line.to));
        }
        Diagnostic::of(
            &codes::CANONICALIZE_ISLAND_HVDC_FED_DE_ENERGIZED,
            format!(
                "the island of {size} bus(es) ({buses}) has no in-service generator and {outcome}; \
                 {} in-service HVDC line(s) ({}) schedule {infeed} MW into it, and only \
                 generators count as supply, so they were taken out of service with it and the \
                 other island(s) no longer exchange that power. To keep the island, model the \
                 infeed as a generator at its converter bus",
                lines.len(),
                lines.join(", ")
            ),
        )
    }

    /// Keep `island` energized and de-energize every other bus not already
    /// typed isolated, with [`de_energize_buses`](Self::de_energize_buses),
    /// returning the buses de-energized in ascending order.
    ///
    /// This is the in-place counterpart of
    /// [`subset_buses`](BalancedNetwork::subset_buses): every table keeps all
    /// its rows, so a source row index still names the same element, and the
    /// elements outside `island` stay in the network out of service. Pass the
    /// buses of one [`Island`] of [`calc_islands`](Self::calc_islands), or
    /// the union of several.
    pub fn keep_island(&mut self, island: &BTreeSet<BusId>) -> Vec<BusId> {
        let others: BTreeSet<BusId> = self
            .buses()
            .iter()
            .filter(|bus| bus.kind != BusType::Isolated && !island.contains(&bus.id))
            .map(|bus| bus.id)
            .collect();
        if !others.is_empty() {
            self.de_energize_buses(&others);
        }
        others.into_iter().collect()
    }

    /// De-energize `buses`, as [`assign_island_references`] does to an island
    /// with no source.
    ///
    /// Each bus is typed isolated, and the loads, shunts, static var
    /// compensators, storage, and generators at them, and every branch and
    /// HVDC line touching them, are taken out of service. A three winding
    /// transformer loses the windings on those buses and goes out whole only
    /// when fewer than two windings remain. Switches keep their state: a
    /// closed switch joins nothing through an isolated bus. No row is added
    /// or removed, so data keyed by source rows stays valid. Ids the network
    /// does not declare are ignored, and only a table with an element to
    /// change is copied.
    ///
    /// [`assign_island_references`]: BalancedNetwork::assign_island_references
    pub fn de_energize_buses(&mut self, buses: &BTreeSet<BusId>) {
        let at = |bus: BusId| buses.contains(&bus);
        if self
            .buses()
            .iter()
            .any(|b| b.kind != BusType::Isolated && at(b.id))
        {
            for bus in self.buses_mut().iter_mut().filter(|b| at(b.id)) {
                bus.kind = BusType::Isolated;
            }
        }
        if self.generators().iter().any(|g| g.in_service && at(g.bus)) {
            for generator in self.generators_mut().iter_mut().filter(|g| at(g.bus)) {
                generator.in_service = false;
            }
        }
        if self.loads().iter().any(|l| l.in_service && at(l.bus)) {
            for load in self.loads_mut().iter_mut().filter(|l| at(l.bus)) {
                load.in_service = false;
            }
        }
        if self.shunts().iter().any(|s| s.in_service && at(s.bus)) {
            for shunt in self.shunts_mut().iter_mut().filter(|s| at(s.bus)) {
                shunt.in_service = false;
            }
        }
        if self
            .static_var_compensators()
            .iter()
            .any(|s| s.in_service && at(s.bus))
        {
            for svc in self
                .static_var_compensators_mut()
                .iter_mut()
                .filter(|s| at(s.bus))
            {
                svc.in_service = false;
            }
        }
        if self.storage().iter().any(|s| s.in_service && at(s.bus)) {
            for storage in self.storage_mut().iter_mut().filter(|s| at(s.bus)) {
                storage.in_service = false;
            }
        }
        let touches = |from: BusId, to: BusId| at(from) || at(to);
        if self
            .branches()
            .iter()
            .any(|b| b.in_service && touches(b.from, b.to))
        {
            for branch in self
                .branches_mut()
                .iter_mut()
                .filter(|b| touches(b.from, b.to))
            {
                branch.in_service = false;
            }
        }
        if self
            .hvdc()
            .iter()
            .any(|d| d.in_service && touches(d.from, d.to))
        {
            for line in self.hvdc_mut().iter_mut().filter(|d| touches(d.from, d.to)) {
                line.in_service = false;
            }
        }
        // A winding on a de-energized bus goes out; a transformer left with
        // fewer than two windings couples nothing and goes out whole.
        let live_after = |t: &crate::network::Transformer3W| -> [bool; 3] {
            let mut live = t.winding_in_service();
            for (state, winding) in live.iter_mut().zip(&t.windings) {
                *state &= !at(winding.bus);
            }
            live
        };
        if self
            .transformers_3w()
            .iter()
            .any(|t| t.in_service && live_after(t) != t.winding_in_service())
        {
            for transformer in self.transformers_3w_mut().iter_mut() {
                let live = live_after(transformer);
                if live == transformer.winding_in_service() {
                    continue;
                }
                if live.iter().filter(|&&on| on).count() < 2 {
                    transformer.in_service = false;
                } else {
                    transformer.set_winding_in_service(live);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::network::{Branch, Bus, Hvdc, Impedance, Load, Switch, Transformer3W, Winding};
    use crate::{ClosedSwitchPolicy, IslandReferencePolicy, NormalizeOptions, NormalizeSettings};

    fn generator(bus: usize, pmax: f64) -> Generator {
        let mut generator = Generator::new(BusId(bus));
        generator.pmax = pmax;
        generator.pg = pmax / 2.0;
        generator
    }

    /// Island A {1, 2, 9} holds the reference bus 1; island B {3, 4, 5}
    /// holds generation and no reference, bus 5 joined by a closed switch;
    /// island C {6, 7} holds only a load and an HVDC end; bus 8 is isolated.
    fn three_islands() -> BalancedNetwork {
        let mut buses: Vec<Bus> = (1..=9)
            .map(|id| Bus::new(BusId(id), BusType::Pq, 230.0))
            .collect();
        buses[0].kind = BusType::Ref;
        buses[7].kind = BusType::Isolated;
        let line = |from, to| Branch::new(BusId(from), BusId(to), 0.01, 0.1);
        let mut net = BalancedNetwork::in_memory(
            "islands",
            100.0,
            buses,
            vec![line(1, 2), line(2, 9), line(3, 4), line(6, 7), line(7, 8)],
        );
        net.switches_mut()
            .push(Switch::new(BusId(4), BusId(5), true));
        net.generators_mut()
            .extend([generator(1, 200.0), generator(4, 50.0), generator(5, 80.0)]);
        net.loads_mut().extend([
            Load::new(BusId(2), 60.0, 0.0),
            Load::new(BusId(3), 40.0, 0.0),
            Load::new(BusId(7), 25.0, 0.0),
        ]);
        // An HVDC line from island A feeds island C, which has no generator.
        let mut tie = Hvdc::new(BusId(1), BusId(6));
        tie.pf = 30.0;
        tie.pt = 29.0;
        // One inside island A ties nothing.
        let inside = Hvdc::new(BusId(1), BusId(2));
        net.hvdc_mut().extend([tie, inside]);
        net
    }

    fn kind(net: &BalancedNetwork, id: usize) -> BusType {
        net.buses().iter().find(|b| b.id == BusId(id)).unwrap().kind
    }

    fn codes(diagnostics: &[Diagnostic]) -> Vec<&str> {
        diagnostics.iter().map(Diagnostic::code).collect()
    }

    #[test]
    fn islands_follow_branches_closed_switches_and_not_hvdc() {
        let net = three_islands();
        let partition = net.calc_islands();
        let buses: Vec<Vec<usize>> = partition
            .islands
            .iter()
            .map(|island| island.buses.iter().map(|b| b.0).collect())
            .collect();
        assert_eq!(buses, [vec![1, 2, 9], vec![3, 4, 5], vec![6, 7]]);
        assert_eq!(partition.isolated, [BusId(8)]);
        assert_eq!(partition.islands[0].references, [BusId(1)]);
        assert_eq!(partition.islands[1].generators, [1, 2]);
        assert!(!partition.islands[2].is_supplied());
        assert_eq!(partition.island_of(BusId(5)), Some(1));
        assert_eq!(partition.island_of(BusId(8)), None);
        // The HVDC tie belongs to both islands it joins; the line inside
        // island A ties nothing.
        assert_eq!(partition.islands[0].hvdc, [0]);
        assert_eq!(partition.islands[1].hvdc, [] as [usize; 0]);
        assert_eq!(partition.islands[2].hvdc, [0]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_three_winding_transformer_joins_its_windings_while_in_service() {
        let buses = (1..=3)
            .map(|id| Bus::new(BusId(id), BusType::Pq, 230.0))
            .collect();
        let mut net = BalancedNetwork::in_memory("t3w", 100.0, buses, Vec::new());
        net.transformers_3w_mut().push(Transformer3W::new(
            [1, 2, 3].map(|bus| Winding::new(BusId(bus))),
            [Impedance::new(0.0, 0.1, 100.0); 3],
        ));
        assert_eq!(net.calc_islands().islands.len(), 1);
        net.transformers_3w_mut()[0].in_service = false;
        assert_eq!(net.calc_islands().islands.len(), 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_winding_on_an_isolated_bus_leaves_the_other_two_joined() {
        // Normalization takes the winding on the isolated bus out of service
        // and keeps the transformer, so the two other windings stay joined.
        let mut buses: Vec<Bus> = (1..=3)
            .map(|id| Bus::new(BusId(id), BusType::Pq, 230.0))
            .collect();
        buses[0].kind = BusType::Ref;
        buses[1].kind = BusType::Isolated;
        let mut net = BalancedNetwork::in_memory("t3w", 100.0, buses, Vec::new());
        net.transformers_3w_mut().push(Transformer3W::new(
            [1, 2, 3].map(|bus| Winding::new(BusId(bus))),
            [Impedance::new(0.0, 0.1, 100.0); 3],
        ));
        net.generators_mut().push(generator(1, 100.0));
        net.loads_mut().push(Load::new(BusId(3), 10.0, 0.0));
        let partition = net.calc_islands();
        assert_eq!(partition.islands.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(partition.islands[0].buses, [BusId(1), BusId(3)]);

        let settings =
            NormalizeSettings::default().with_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
        let (normalized, _) = net.to_normalized_with(&settings).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(normalized.network.buses().len(), 2);
        let transformer = &normalized.network.transformers_3w()[0];
        assert_eq!(transformer.winding_in_service(), [true, false, true]);
        assert!(transformer.in_service);
        assert_eq!(normalized.network.calc_islands().islands.len(), 1);
        let found = codes(&normalized.diagnostics);
        assert!(found.contains(&"CANONICALIZE.NORMALIZE.WINDING_TAKEN_OUT"));
        assert!(!found.contains(&"CANONICALIZE.ISLAND.DE_ENERGIZED"));
        crate::IndexedNetwork::new(&normalized.network)
            .check_reference_coverage()
            .unwrap();
        normalized.network.validate().unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn de_energizing_takes_out_the_windings_on_the_dead_island() {
        let mut net = three_islands();
        // A transformer inside the dead island {6, 7}, plus one joining the
        // live island B to a dead bus only through a winding already out.
        net.transformers_3w_mut().push(Transformer3W::new(
            [6, 7, 6].map(|bus| Winding::new(BusId(bus))),
            [Impedance::new(0.0, 0.1, 100.0); 3],
        ));
        let mut partial = Transformer3W::new(
            [3, 4, 7].map(|bus| Winding::new(BusId(bus))),
            [Impedance::new(0.0, 0.1, 100.0); 3],
        );
        partial.set_winding_in_service([true, true, false]);
        net.transformers_3w_mut().push(partial);
        net.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
        assert!(
            !net.transformers_3w()[0].in_service,
            "nothing left to couple"
        );
        let partial = &net.transformers_3w()[1];
        assert!(partial.in_service, "its live windings stay");
        assert_eq!(partial.winding_in_service(), [true, true, false]);
        net.validate().unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn each_island_gets_one_reference_and_an_unsupplied_one_is_de_energized() {
        let mut net = three_islands();
        let unchanged = net.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::Stated);
        assert_eq!(unchanged.diagnostics.as_slice(), []);
        assert_eq!(kind(&net, 5), BusType::Pq);

        let report = net.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
        // Island A keeps bus 1; island B takes bus 5, its largest generator.
        assert_eq!(report.designated, [BusId(5)]);
        assert_eq!(kind(&net, 1), BusType::Ref);
        assert_eq!(kind(&net, 5), BusType::Ref);
        // Island C has no generator: its buses are isolated and everything
        // on or touching them is out of service.
        assert_eq!(report.de_energized, [BusId(6), BusId(7)]);
        assert_eq!(kind(&net, 6), BusType::Isolated);
        assert!(!net.loads()[2].in_service);
        assert!(!net.branches()[3].in_service);
        assert!(!net.branches()[4].in_service, "the branch onto bus 8");
        assert!(!net.hvdc()[0].in_service);
        assert!(net.hvdc()[1].in_service, "the line inside island A");
        assert!(net.branches()[0].in_service && net.loads()[0].in_service);
        // Island C was fed over HVDC, so its finding has its own code and
        // names the line and the power it scheduled into the island.
        assert_eq!(
            codes(&report.diagnostics),
            [
                "CANONICALIZE.ISLAND.REFERENCE_DESIGNATED",
                "CANONICALIZE.ISLAND.HVDC_FED_DE_ENERGIZED"
            ]
        );
        let message = report.diagnostics[1].message();
        assert!(message.contains("25 MW of in-service load"), "{message}");
        assert!(
            message.contains("(1-6) schedule 29 MW into it"),
            "{message}"
        );
        assert_eq!(report.partition.islands.len(), 2);
        assert!(
            report
                .partition
                .islands
                .iter()
                .all(|island| island.references.len() == 1)
        );
        net.validate().unwrap();

        // A second pass has nothing left to do.
        let again = net.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
        assert_eq!(again.diagnostics.as_slice(), []);
    }

    #[test]
    fn of_two_references_in_one_island_the_larger_source_stays() {
        let mut net = three_references();
        let report = net.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
        assert_eq!(report.demoted, [BusId(1), BusId(3)]);
        assert_eq!(kind(&net, 2), BusType::Ref);
        assert_eq!(kind(&net, 1), BusType::Pv, "it hosts a generator");
        assert_eq!(kind(&net, 3), BusType::Pq);
        // Bus 3 hosts no generator and goes first; then bus 1 yields to bus 2.
        assert_eq!(
            codes(&report.diagnostics),
            [
                "CANONICALIZE.ISLAND.REFERENCE_DEMOTED",
                "CANONICALIZE.ISLAND.REFERENCE_DEMOTED"
            ]
        );
    }

    /// Buses 1-2-3-4 in a line, the reference on bus 1 with no generator,
    /// and generators of 50 MW on bus 3 and 120 MW on bus 4.
    fn lone_generator_less_reference() -> BalancedNetwork {
        let mut buses: Vec<Bus> = (1..=4)
            .map(|id| Bus::new(BusId(id), BusType::Pq, 230.0))
            .collect();
        buses[0].kind = BusType::Ref;
        let line = |from, to| Branch::new(BusId(from), BusId(to), 0.01, 0.1);
        let mut net = BalancedNetwork::in_memory(
            "generator-less-reference",
            100.0,
            buses,
            vec![line(1, 2), line(2, 3), line(3, 4)],
        );
        net.generators_mut()
            .extend([generator(3, 50.0), generator(4, 120.0)]);
        net.loads_mut().push(Load::new(BusId(2), 60.0, 0.0));
        net
    }

    /// Buses 1, 2, and 3 all stated references, generators on buses 1 and 2.
    fn three_references() -> BalancedNetwork {
        let buses = (1..=3)
            .map(|id| Bus::new(BusId(id), BusType::Ref, 230.0))
            .collect();
        let line = |from, to| Branch::new(BusId(from), BusId(to), 0.01, 0.1);
        let mut net =
            BalancedNetwork::in_memory("refs", 100.0, buses, vec![line(1, 2), line(2, 3)]);
        net.generators_mut()
            .extend([generator(1, 100.0), generator(2, 300.0)]);
        net
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_lone_generator_less_reference_yields_to_the_largest_generator() {
        let mut net = lone_generator_less_reference();
        let island = &net.calc_islands().islands[0];
        assert_eq!(island.references, [BusId(1)]);
        assert_eq!(
            island.calc_reference_choice(net.generators()),
            Some(BusId(4))
        );

        let report = net.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
        assert_eq!(report.demoted, [BusId(1)]);
        assert_eq!(report.designated, [BusId(4)]);
        assert_eq!(report.de_energized, []);
        assert_eq!(kind(&net, 1), BusType::Pq);
        assert_eq!(kind(&net, 4), BusType::Ref);
        assert_eq!(
            kind(&net, 3),
            BusType::Pq,
            "the smaller generator stays put"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            codes(&report.diagnostics),
            [
                "CANONICALIZE.ISLAND.REFERENCE_DEMOTED",
                "CANONICALIZE.ISLAND.REFERENCE_DESIGNATED"
            ]
        );
        assert_eq!(report.partition.islands[0].references, [BusId(4)]);
        net.validate().unwrap();
        let again = net.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
        assert_eq!(again.diagnostics.as_slice(), []);

        // Stated keeps the source's designation.
        let mut stated = lone_generator_less_reference();
        let report = stated.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::Stated);
        assert_eq!(report.diagnostics.as_slice(), []);
        assert_eq!(kind(&stated, 1), BusType::Ref);
    }

    #[test]
    fn equal_generators_go_to_the_smallest_bus_id() {
        let mut net = lone_generator_less_reference();
        // A second 120 MW generator, on a smaller bus but a later row.
        net.generators_mut().push(generator(2, 120.0));
        let report = net.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
        assert_eq!(report.designated, [BusId(2)]);
    }

    /// The raw assignment and normalization under the per island policy
    /// pick the same reference buses. Closed switches are kept so that bus
    /// ids survive normalization.
    #[test]
    fn raw_and_normalized_per_island_references_agree() {
        let references = |network: &BalancedNetwork| -> Vec<BusId> {
            let mut ids: Vec<BusId> = network
                .buses()
                .iter()
                .filter(|bus| bus.kind == BusType::Ref)
                .map(|bus| bus.id)
                .collect();
            ids.sort_unstable();
            ids
        };
        let settings = NormalizeSettings::default()
            .with_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland)
            .with_closed_switches(ClosedSwitchPolicy::Keep);
        let fixtures = [
            ("three islands", three_islands(), vec![1, 5]),
            (
                "dead tertiary",
                line_with_a_tertiary(BusType::Isolated),
                vec![1],
            ),
            ("live tertiary", line_with_a_tertiary(BusType::Pq), vec![1]),
            (
                "generator-less reference",
                lone_generator_less_reference(),
                vec![4],
            ),
            ("three references", three_references(), vec![2]),
        ];
        for (name, net, expected) in fixtures {
            let expected: Vec<BusId> = expected.into_iter().map(BusId).collect();
            let (normalized, _) = net.to_normalized_with(&settings).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(
                references(&normalized.network),
                expected,
                "{name}: normalized"
            );
            let mut raw = net.clone();
            raw.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
            assert_eq!(references(&raw), expected, "{name}: raw");
            let choices: Vec<BusId> = net
                .calc_islands()
                .islands
                .iter()
                .filter_map(|island| island.calc_reference_choice(net.generators()))
                .collect();
            let mut choices = choices;
            choices.sort_unstable();
            assert_eq!(choices, expected, "{name}: calc_reference_choice");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn normalization_per_island_references_every_island_and_drops_the_unsupplied() {
        let net = three_islands();
        let stated = net
            .to_normalized_with_options(&NormalizeOptions::default())
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            stated.network.buses().len(),
            7,
            "the typed isolated bus goes, and the closed switch merges bus 5 into bus 4"
        );
        let references: Vec<BusId> = stated
            .network
            .buses()
            .iter()
            .filter(|bus| bus.kind == BusType::Ref)
            .map(|bus| bus.id)
            .collect();
        assert_eq!(references, [BusId(1)]);
        assert!(
            codes(&stated.diagnostics).contains(&"CANONICALIZE.NORMALIZE.GENERATOR_BUS_RETYPED")
        );

        let settings =
            NormalizeSettings::default().with_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
        let references = |network: &BalancedNetwork| -> Vec<BusId> {
            network
                .buses()
                .iter()
                .filter(|bus| bus.kind == BusType::Ref)
                .map(|bus| bus.id)
                .collect()
        };
        // Kept as data, the closed switch still joins island B, whose largest
        // generator, on bus 5, becomes its reference.
        let (kept, _) = net
            .to_normalized_with(&settings.with_closed_switches(ClosedSwitchPolicy::Keep))
            .unwrap();
        let ids: Vec<usize> = kept.network.buses().iter().map(|b| b.id.0).collect();
        assert_eq!(ids, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]);
        assert_eq!(references(&kept.network), [BusId(1), BusId(5)]);
        // Merged by default, both of island B's generators sit on bus 4.
        let (per_island, _) = net.to_normalized_with(&settings).unwrap();
        let ids: Vec<usize> = per_island.network.buses().iter().map(|b| b.id.0).collect();
        assert_eq!(ids, [1, 2, 3, 4, 9]);
        assert_eq!(references(&per_island.network), [BusId(1), BusId(4)]);
        assert_eq!(
            per_island.network.hvdc().len(),
            1,
            "only the line inside island A"
        );
        let found = codes(&per_island.diagnostics);
        assert!(found.contains(&"CANONICALIZE.ISLAND.HVDC_FED_DE_ENERGIZED"));
        assert!(!found.contains(&"CANONICALIZE.ISLAND.DE_ENERGIZED"));
        assert!(found.contains(&"CANONICALIZE.ISLAND.REFERENCE_DESIGNATED"));
        crate::IndexedNetwork::new(&per_island.network)
            .check_reference_coverage()
            .unwrap();
    }

    /// Buses 1-2-3 in a line, the reference on bus 1, and a three winding
    /// transformer on buses 2, 4, and 5.
    fn line_with_a_tertiary(tertiary: BusType) -> BalancedNetwork {
        let mut buses: Vec<Bus> = (1..=5)
            .map(|id| Bus::new(BusId(id), BusType::Pq, 230.0))
            .collect();
        buses[0].kind = BusType::Ref;
        buses[4].kind = tertiary;
        let line = |from, to| Branch::new(BusId(from), BusId(to), 0.01, 0.1);
        let mut net =
            BalancedNetwork::in_memory("tertiary", 100.0, buses, vec![line(1, 2), line(2, 3)]);
        net.transformers_3w_mut().push(Transformer3W::new(
            [2, 4, 5].map(|bus| Winding::new(BusId(bus))),
            [Impedance::new(0.0, 0.1, 100.0); 3],
        ));
        net.generators_mut().push(generator(1, 100.0));
        net
    }

    #[test]
    fn an_island_joined_through_a_dead_tertiary_carves_out_whole() {
        let net = line_with_a_tertiary(BusType::Isolated);
        let partition = net.calc_islands();
        assert_eq!(partition.islands.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(
            partition.islands[0].buses,
            [BusId(1), BusId(2), BusId(3), BusId(4)]
        );
        assert_eq!(partition.isolated, [BusId(5)]);

        let island: BTreeSet<BusId> = partition.islands[0].buses.iter().copied().collect();
        let mut sub = net.subset_buses(&island).network;
        assert_eq!(sub.transformers_3w().len(), 1, "the transformer is kept");
        let stub = sub.buses().iter().find(|b| b.id == BusId(5)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(stub.kind, BusType::Isolated);
        assert_eq!(
            stub.extras.get("tie_bus"),
            Some(&serde_json::Value::Bool(true))
        );
        sub.validate().unwrap();
        let again = sub.calc_islands();
        assert_eq!(again.islands.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(again.islands[0].buses, partition.islands[0].buses);
        let report = sub.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
        assert_eq!(report.diagnostics.as_slice(), []);
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_winding_stated_out_of_service_joins_nothing() {
        let mut net = line_with_a_tertiary(BusType::Pq);
        net.transformers_3w_mut()[0].extras.insert(
            "winding_in_service".into(),
            serde_json::json!([true, true, false]),
        );
        let partition = net.calc_islands();
        assert_eq!(partition.islands.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(partition.islands[1].buses, [BusId(5)]);

        let island: BTreeSet<BusId> = partition.islands[0].buses.iter().copied().collect();
        let sub = net.subset_buses(&island).network;
        assert_eq!(sub.transformers_3w().len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(sub.calc_islands().islands.len(), 1);
        sub.validate().unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn one_island_carves_out_with_its_elements() {
        let net = three_islands();
        let partition = net.calc_islands();
        let island: BTreeSet<BusId> = partition.islands[1].buses.iter().copied().collect();
        let cut = net.subset_buses(&island);
        assert_eq!(cut.branch_rows, [None, None, Some(0), None, None]);
        assert_eq!(cut.switch_rows, [Some(0)]);
        assert_eq!(cut.generator_rows, [None, Some(0), Some(1)]);
        assert_eq!(cut.load_rows, [None, Some(0), None]);
        assert_eq!(cut.hvdc_rows, [None, None]);
        let sub = cut.network;
        assert_eq!(sub.buses().len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(sub.branches().len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(sub.switches().len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(sub.generators().len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(sub.loads().len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(sub.hvdc().as_slice(), []);
        sub.validate().unwrap();
    }

    /// Every source row of every table maps to its row in the cut, in order,
    /// or to `None` exactly when the cut leaves it out.
    #[test]
    fn island_cut_row_maps_agree_with_the_cut_network() {
        let fixtures = [
            three_islands(),
            line_with_a_tertiary(BusType::Isolated),
            line_with_a_tertiary(BusType::Pq),
        ];
        for net in fixtures {
            for island in net.calc_islands().islands {
                let island: BTreeSet<BusId> = island.buses.iter().copied().collect();
                let cut = net.subset_buses(&island);
                let kept: BTreeSet<BusId> = cut.network.buses().iter().map(|b| b.id).collect();
                assert!(island.is_subset(&kept));
                macro_rules! check {
                    ($map:ident, $table:ident, $kept:expr) => {{
                        let source = net.$table();
                        let result = cut.network.$table();
                        assert_eq!(cut.$map.len(), source.len(), stringify!($map));
                        let rows: Vec<usize> = cut.$map.iter().flatten().copied().collect();
                        assert_eq!(rows, (0..result.len()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
                        for (row, target) in cut.$map.iter().enumerate() {
                            let element = &source[row];
                            #[allow(clippy::redundant_closure_call)]
                            let expected = ($kept)(element);
                            assert_eq!(
                                target.is_some(),
                                expected,
                                "{} row {row}",
                                stringify!($map)
                            );
                            if let Some(target) = target {
                                assert_eq!(&result[*target], element);
                            }
                        }
                    }};
                }
                for (row, target) in cut.bus_rows.iter().enumerate() {
                    let id = net.buses()[row].id;
                    assert_eq!(target.is_some(), kept.contains(&id));
                    if let Some(target) = target {
                        assert_eq!(cut.network.buses()[*target].id, id);
                    }
                }
                let at = |bus: &BusId| island.contains(bus);
                let spans = |from: &BusId, to: &BusId| kept.contains(from) && kept.contains(to);
                check!(load_rows, loads, |e: &Load| at(&e.bus));
                check!(generator_rows, generators, |e: &Generator| at(&e.bus));
                check!(branch_rows, branches, |e: &Branch| spans(&e.from, &e.to));
                check!(switch_rows, switches, |e: &Switch| spans(&e.from, &e.to));
                check!(hvdc_rows, hvdc, |e: &Hvdc| spans(&e.from, &e.to));
                check!(transformer_3w_rows, transformers_3w, |e: &Transformer3W| e
                    .windings
                    .iter()
                    .all(|w| kept.contains(&w.bus))
                    && e.windings.iter().any(|w| at(&w.bus)));
                assert_eq!(cut.shunt_rows.len(), net.shunts().len());
                assert_eq!(cut.storage_rows.len(), net.storage().len());
                assert_eq!(
                    cut.static_var_compensator_rows.len(),
                    net.static_var_compensators().len()
                );
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn de_energizing_buses_keeps_every_row() {
        let mut net = three_islands();
        let rows = |net: &BalancedNetwork| {
            [
                net.buses().len(),
                net.branches().len(),
                net.switches().len(),
                net.generators().len(),
                net.loads().len(),
                net.hvdc().len(),
            ]
        };
        let before = rows(&net);
        // Island B {3, 4, 5} holds generation; de-energizing takes it out too.
        net.de_energize_buses(&[BusId(3), BusId(4), BusId(5), BusId(99)].into());
        assert_eq!(rows(&net), before, "no row is added or removed");
        for bus in [3, 4, 5] {
            assert_eq!(kind(&net, bus), BusType::Isolated);
        }
        assert_eq!(kind(&net, 2), BusType::Pq);
        assert!(!net.branches()[2].in_service, "the line 3-4");
        assert!(net.switches()[0].closed, "switches keep their state");
        assert!(net.generators()[0].in_service);
        assert!(!net.generators()[1].in_service && !net.generators()[2].in_service);
        assert!(!net.loads()[1].in_service && net.loads()[0].in_service);
        let partition = net.calc_islands();
        assert_eq!(partition.island_of(BusId(4)), None);
        assert_eq!(partition.islands.len(), 2);
        net.validate().unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn keeping_one_island_de_energizes_the_others_in_place() {
        let mut net = three_islands();
        let partition = net.calc_islands();
        let island: BTreeSet<BusId> = partition.islands[1].buses.iter().copied().collect();
        let cut = net.subset_buses(&island);
        let dead = net.keep_island(&island);
        // Bus 8 was already isolated; the buses of islands A and C go.
        assert_eq!(dead, [1, 2, 6, 7, 9].map(BusId));
        let after = net.calc_islands();
        assert_eq!(after.islands.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(after.islands[0].buses, partition.islands[1].buses);
        // The in-service elements are exactly the ones the cut keeps, at
        // their source rows.
        for (row, target) in cut.branch_rows.iter().enumerate() {
            assert_eq!(net.branches()[row].in_service, target.is_some());
        }
        for (row, target) in cut.generator_rows.iter().enumerate() {
            assert_eq!(net.generators()[row].in_service, target.is_some());
        }
        for (row, target) in cut.load_rows.iter().enumerate() {
            assert_eq!(net.loads()[row].in_service, target.is_some());
        }
        for (row, target) in cut.hvdc_rows.iter().enumerate() {
            assert_eq!(net.hvdc()[row].in_service, target.is_some());
        }
        assert_eq!(
            net.keep_island(&island),
            [],
            "a second call changes nothing"
        );
        let report = net.assign_island_references(IslandReferencePolicy::PerIsland);
        assert_eq!(report.de_energized, []);
        net.validate().unwrap();
    }
}