Module expressions

Expand description

SQL Expression AST (Abstract Syntax Tree).

This module defines all the AST node types used to represent parsed SQL statements and expressions. The design follows Python sqlglot’s expression hierarchy, ported to a Rust enum-based AST.

§Architecture

The central type is Expression, a large tagged enum with one variant per SQL construct. Inner structs carry the fields for each variant. Most heap-allocated variants are wrapped in Box to keep the enum size small.

§Variant Groups

Group	Examples	Purpose
Queries	`Select`, `Union`, `Intersect`, `Except`, `Subquery`	Top-level query structures
DML	`Insert`, `Update`, `Delete`, `Merge`, `Copy`	Data manipulation
DDL	`CreateTable`, `AlterTable`, `DropView`, `CreateIndex`	Schema definition
Clauses	`From`, `Join`, `Where`, `GroupBy`, `OrderBy`, `With`	Query clauses
Operators	`And`, `Or`, `Add`, `Eq`, `Like`, `Not`	Binary and unary operations
Functions	`Function`, `AggregateFunction`, `WindowFunction`, `Count`, `Sum`	Scalar, aggregate, and window functions
Literals	`Literal`, `Boolean`, `Null`, `Interval`	Constant values
Types	`DataType`, `Cast`, `TryCast`, `SafeCast`	Data types and casts
Identifiers	`Identifier`, `Column`, `Table`, `Star`	Name references

§SQL Generation

Every Expression can be rendered back to SQL via Expression::sql() (generic dialect) or Expression::sql_for() (specific dialect). The actual generation logic lives in the generator module.

Structs§

AIAgg: AIAgg
AIClassify: AIClassify
AddPartition: AddPartition
AggFunc: Generic aggregate function base type
AggregateFunction: Represent a named aggregate function call with optional FILTER, ORDER BY, and LIMIT.
AlgorithmProperty: AlgorithmProperty
Alias: Represent an aliased expression (expr AS name).
Aliases: Aliases
AllowedValuesProperty: AllowedValuesProperty
AlterColumn: AlterColumn
AlterIndex: ALTER INDEX statement
AlterSequence: ALTER SEQUENCE statement
AlterSession: AlterSession
AlterSet: AlterSet
AlterSortKey: AlterSortKey
AlterTable: ALTER TABLE statement
AlterView: ALTER VIEW statement
Analyze: Analyze
AnalyzeDelete: AnalyzeDelete
AnalyzeHistogram: AnalyzeHistogram
AnalyzeListChainedRows: AnalyzeListChainedRows
AnalyzeSample: AnalyzeSample
AnalyzeStatistics: AnalyzeStatistics
AnalyzeValidate: AnalyzeValidate
AnalyzeWith: AnalyzeWith
Annotated: Expression annotated with trailing comments (for round-trip preservation)
Anonymous: Anonymous
AnonymousAggFunc: AnonymousAggFunc
Apply: Apply
ApproxPercentileEstimate: ApproxPercentileEstimate
ApproxPercentileFunc: APPROX_PERCENTILE function
ApproxQuantile: ApproxQuantile
ApproxQuantiles: ApproxQuantiles
ApproxTopK: ApproxTopK
ApproxTopKAccumulate: ApproxTopKAccumulate
ApproxTopKCombine: ApproxTopKCombine
ApproxTopKEstimate: ApproxTopKEstimate
ApproxTopSum: ApproxTopSum
ArgMax: ArgMax
ArgMin: ArgMin
Array: Array expression
ArrayAll: ArrayAll
ArrayAny: ArrayAny
ArrayConstructCompact: ArrayConstructCompact
ArrayConstructor: ARRAY constructor
ArrayFilterFunc: ARRAY_FILTER function (with lambda)
ArrayJoinFunc: ARRAY_JOIN / ARRAY_TO_STRING function
ArraySlice: Array slice (array[start:end])
ArraySortFunc: ARRAY_SORT function
ArraySum: ArraySum
ArrayTransformFunc: ARRAY_TRANSFORM / TRANSFORM function (with lambda)
AtIndex: AtIndex
AtTimeZone: AT TIME ZONE expression for timezone conversion
Attach: Attach
AttachOption: AttachOption
AutoIncrementColumnConstraint: AutoIncrementColumnConstraint - MySQL/TSQL auto-increment marker TSQL: outputs “IDENTITY”
AutoIncrementProperty: AutoIncrementProperty
AutoRefreshProperty: AutoRefreshProperty
BackupProperty: BackupProperty
Base64DecodeBinary: Base64DecodeBinary
Base64DecodeString: Base64DecodeString
Base64Encode: Base64Encode
Between: Represent a BETWEEN predicate (x BETWEEN low AND high).
BinaryFunc: Generic binary function (takes two arguments)
BinaryOp: Represent a binary operation (two operands separated by an operator).
BlockCompressionProperty: BlockCompressionProperty
Booland: Booland
BooleanLiteral: Boolean literal
Boolor: Boolor
BuildProperty: BuildProperty
ByteString: ByteString
Cache: CACHE TABLE statement (Spark)
Case: Represent a CASE expression (both simple and searched forms).
CaseSpecificColumnConstraint: CaseSpecificColumnConstraint
Cast: Represent a type cast expression.
CastToStrType: CastToStrType
CeilFunc: CEIL function with optional decimals and time unit (Druid: CEIL(time TO unit))
Changes: Changes
CharFunc: CHAR/CHR function with multiple args and optional USING charset e.g., CHAR(77, 77.3, ‘77.3’ USING utf8mb4) e.g., CHR(187 USING NCHAR_CS) – Oracle
CharacterSetColumnConstraint: CharacterSetColumnConstraint
CharacterSetProperty: CharacterSetProperty
CheckColumnConstraint: CheckColumnConstraint
CheckJson: CheckJson
CheckXml: CheckXml
ChecksumProperty: ChecksumProperty
Clone: Clone
ClusterBy: CLUSTER BY clause (Hive/Spark) Combines DISTRIBUTE BY and SORT BY on the same columns
ClusteredByProperty: ClusteredByProperty
CollateProperty: CollateProperty
CollationExpr
Column: Represent a column reference, optionally qualified by a table name.
ColumnDef: Column definition in CREATE TABLE
ColumnPrefix: ColumnPrefix
Columns: Columns
CombinedAggFunc: CombinedAggFunc
CombinedParameterizedAgg: CombinedParameterizedAgg
Command: SQL Command (COMMIT, ROLLBACK, BEGIN, etc.)
Comment: COMMENT ON statement
CommentColumnConstraint: CommentColumnConstraint - Column comment marker
Commit: Commit
Comprehension: Comprehension
Compress: Compress
CompressColumnConstraint: CompressColumnConstraint
ComputedColumn: Computed/generated column constraint
ComputedColumnConstraint: ComputedColumnConstraint
ConcatWs: CONCAT_WS function
ConditionalInsert: ConditionalInsert
Connect: Oracle CONNECT BY clause for hierarchical queries
ConnectByRoot: Oracle CONNECT_BY_ROOT function - returns root row’s column value
Constraint: Constraint
ConstraintModifiers: Constraint modifiers (shared between table-level constraints)
ConvertFunc: CONVERT function (SQL Server style)
ConvertTimezone: ConvertTimezone
ConvertToCharset: ConvertToCharset
CopyParameter: COPY parameter (e.g., FILE_FORMAT = CSV or FORMAT PARQUET)
CopyStmt: COPY statement (Snowflake, PostgreSQL, DuckDB, TSQL)
Corr: Corr
CosineDistance: CosineDistance
CountFunc: COUNT function with optional star
CovarPop: CovarPop
CovarSamp: CovarSamp
CreateDatabase: CREATE DATABASE statement
CreateFunction: CREATE FUNCTION statement
CreateIndex: CREATE INDEX statement
CreateProcedure: CREATE PROCEDURE statement
CreateSchema: CREATE SCHEMA statement
CreateSequence: CREATE SEQUENCE statement
CreateTable: CREATE TABLE statement
CreateTrigger: CREATE TRIGGER statement
CreateType: CREATE TYPE statement
CreateView: CREATE VIEW statement
Credentials: Credentials for external access (S3, Azure, etc.)
CredentialsProperty: CredentialsProperty
Cte: Represent a single Common Table Expression definition.
Cube: Cube
CumeDist: CUME_DIST function (DuckDB allows ORDER BY inside, Oracle allows hypothetical args with WITHIN GROUP)
CurrentDate: CURRENT_DATE (no arguments)
CurrentDatetime: CurrentDatetime
CurrentSchema: CurrentSchema
CurrentSchemas: CurrentSchemas
CurrentTime: CURRENT_TIME
CurrentTimestamp: CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CurrentTimestampLTZ: CURRENT_TIMESTAMP_LTZ - Snowflake local timezone timestamp
CurrentUser: CurrentUser
DPipe: DPipe
DataBlocksizeProperty: DataBlocksizeProperty
DataDeletionProperty: DataDeletionProperty
DateAddFunc: DATE_ADD / DATE_SUB function
DateBin: DateBin
DateDiffFunc: DATEDIFF function
DateFormatColumnConstraint: DateFormatColumnConstraint
DateFormatFunc: DATE_FORMAT / FORMAT_DATE function
DateFromParts: DateFromParts
DateTruncFunc: DATE_TRUNC function
Datetime: Datetime
DatetimeAdd: DatetimeAdd
DatetimeDiff: DatetimeDiff
DatetimeSub: DatetimeSub
DatetimeTrunc: DatetimeTrunc
Dayname: Dayname
Declare: Declare
DeclareItem: DeclareItem
DecodeCase: DecodeCase
DecodeFunc: DECODE function (Oracle style)
DecompressBinary: DecompressBinary
DecompressString: DecompressString
Decrypt: Decrypt
DecryptRaw: DecryptRaw
DefaultColumnConstraint: DefaultColumnConstraint - DEFAULT value for a column
DefinerProperty: DefinerProperty
Delete: DELETE statement
DenseRank: DENSE_RANK function (Oracle allows hypothetical args with WITHIN GROUP)
Describe: DESCRIBE statement - shows table structure or query plan
Detach: Detach
DictProperty: DictProperty
DictRange: DictRange
Directory: Directory
DirectoryInsert: Directory insert for INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY (Hive/Spark)
DistKeyProperty: DistKeyProperty
DistStyleProperty: DistStyleProperty
DistributeBy: DISTRIBUTE BY clause (Hive/Spark) Controls how rows are distributed across reducers
DistributedByProperty: DistributedByProperty
DomainConstraint: Domain constraint
DotAccess: Dot access (struct.field)
DotProduct: DotProduct
DropDatabase: DROP DATABASE statement
DropFunction: DROP FUNCTION statement
DropIndex: DROP INDEX statement
DropNamespace: DROP NAMESPACE statement (Spark/Databricks - alias for DROP SCHEMA)
DropPartition: DropPartition
DropProcedure: DROP PROCEDURE statement
DropSchema: DROP SCHEMA statement
DropSequence: DROP SEQUENCE statement
DropTable: DROP TABLE statement
DropTrigger: DROP TRIGGER statement
DropType: DROP TYPE statement
DropView: DROP VIEW statement
DuplicateKeyProperty: DuplicateKeyProperty
Elt: Elt
Encode: Encode
EncodeProperty: EncodeProperty
Encrypt: Encrypt
EncryptRaw: EncryptRaw
EngineProperty: EngineProperty
EnviromentProperty: EnviromentProperty
EphemeralColumnConstraint: EphemeralColumnConstraint
EqualNull: EqualNull
EuclideanDistance: EuclideanDistance
Except: Represent an EXCEPT (MINUS) set operation between two query expressions.
ExcludeElement: Element in an EXCLUDE constraint: expression WITH operator
ExecuteAsProperty: ExecuteAsProperty
ExecuteParameter: Named parameter in EXEC statement: @name=value
ExecuteStatement: EXEC/EXECUTE statement (TSQL stored procedure call) Syntax: EXEC [schema.]procedure_name [@param=value, …]
Exists: Represent an EXISTS predicate (EXISTS (SELECT ...) or NOT EXISTS (...)).
Export: Export
ExternalProperty: ExternalProperty
ExtractFunc: EXTRACT function
FallbackProperty: FallbackProperty
FarmFingerprint: FarmFingerprint
FeaturesAtTime: FeaturesAtTime
Fetch: FETCH FIRST/NEXT clause (SQL standard)
FileFormatProperty: FileFormatProperty
Filter: Filter
Float64: Float64
FloorFunc: FLOOR function with optional scale and time unit (Druid: FLOOR(time TO unit))
ForIn: ForIn
ForeignKey: ForeignKey
ForeignKeyRef: Foreign key reference
Format: Format
FormatPhrase: Format override for a column in Teradata
FreespaceProperty: FreespaceProperty
From: Represent the FROM clause of a SELECT statement.
FromBase: FromBase
FromTimeZone: FromTimeZone
FromUnixtimeFunc: FROM_UNIXTIME function
Function: Represent a scalar function call (e.g. UPPER(name), COALESCE(a, b)).
FunctionParameter: Function parameter
FunctionSetOption: A SET option in CREATE FUNCTION (PostgreSQL)
GapFill: GapFill
GenerateDateArray: GenerateDateArray
GenerateEmbedding: GenerateEmbedding
GenerateSeries: GenerateSeries
GenerateTimestampArray: GenerateTimestampArray
GeneratedAsIdentity: Generated identity column constraint
GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
GeneratedAsRow: TSQL temporal column constraint: GENERATED ALWAYS AS ROW START|END [HIDDEN]
GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint: GeneratedAsRowColumnConstraint
Get: Get
GetExtract: GetExtract
Getbit: Getbit
Grant: GRANT statement
GrantPrincipal: Principal in GRANT/REVOKE (user, role, etc.)
GrantPrivilege: GrantPrivilege
Group: Group
GroupBy: Represent a GROUP BY clause with optional ALL/DISTINCT and WITH TOTALS modifiers.
GroupConcatFunc: GROUP_CONCAT function (MySQL style)
Grouping: Grouping
GroupingId: GroupingId
GroupingSets: GroupingSets
HashAgg: HashAgg
Having: Represent a HAVING clause containing a predicate over aggregate results.
HavingMax: HavingMax
Heredoc: Heredoc
HexEncode: HexEncode
HexStringExpr: HexStringExpr - Hex string expression (not literal) BigQuery: converts to FROM_HEX(this)
Hint: Query hint
HistoricalData: Historical data / Time travel (Snowflake) - BEFORE (STATEMENT => …) or AT (TIMESTAMP => …)
Hll: Hll
Identifier: Represent a SQL identifier (table name, column name, alias, keyword-as-name, etc.).
IfFunc: IF function
In: Represent an IN predicate (x IN (1, 2, 3) or x IN (SELECT ...)).
InOutColumnConstraint: InOutColumnConstraint
IncludeProperty: IncludeProperty
Index: Index
IndexColumn: Index column specification
IndexColumnConstraint: IndexColumnConstraint
IndexConstraintOption: IndexConstraintOption
IndexParameters: IndexParameters
IndexTableHint: IndexTableHint
InheritsProperty: InheritsProperty
InputModelProperty: InputModelProperty
InputOutputFormat: InputOutputFormat
Insert: INSERT statement
Install: Install
Intersect: Represent an INTERSECT set operation between two query expressions.
Interval: Interval expression
IntervalOp: IntervalOp
IntervalSpan: Interval span for ranges like HOUR TO SECOND
IntervalSpanExpr: Expression-based interval span for Oracle (e.g., DAY(9) TO SECOND(3)) Unlike IntervalSpan, this uses expressions to represent units with optional precision
IntoClause: Into
Introducer: Introducer
IsJson: IS JSON predicate (SQL standard) Checks if a value is valid JSON
IsNull: IS NULL predicate
IsTrueFalse: IS TRUE / IS FALSE predicate
IsolatedLoadingProperty: IsolatedLoadingProperty
JSON: JSON
JSONArray: JSONArray
JSONArrayAgg: JSONArrayAgg
JSONArrayAppend: JSONArrayAppend
JSONArrayContains: JSONArrayContains
JSONArrayInsert: JSONArrayInsert
JSONBExists: JSONBExists
JSONBExtractScalar: JSONBExtractScalar
JSONBObjectAgg: JSONBObjectAgg
JSONCast: JSONCast
JSONColumnDef: JSONColumnDef
JSONExists: JSONExists
JSONExtract: JSONExtract
JSONExtractArray: JSONExtractArray
JSONExtractQuote: JSONExtractQuote
JSONExtractScalar: JSONExtractScalar
JSONFormat: JSONFormat
JSONKeyValue: JSONKeyValue
JSONKeys: JSONKeys
JSONKeysAtDepth: JSONKeysAtDepth
JSONObject: JSONObject
JSONObjectAgg: JSONObjectAgg
JSONPath: JSONPath
JSONPathFilter: JSONPathFilter
JSONPathKey: JSONPathKey
JSONPathRecursive: JSONPathRecursive
JSONPathRoot: JSONPathRoot - Represents $ in JSON path expressions
JSONPathScript: JSONPathScript
JSONPathSelector: JSONPathSelector
JSONPathSlice: JSONPathSlice
JSONPathSubscript: JSONPathSubscript
JSONPathUnion: JSONPathUnion
JSONRemove: JSONRemove
JSONSchema: JSONSchema
JSONSet: JSONSet
JSONStripNulls: JSONStripNulls
JSONTable: JSONTable
JSONType: JSONType
JSONValue: JSONValue
JSONValueArray: JSONValueArray
JarowinklerSimilarity: JarowinklerSimilarity
Join: Represent a JOIN clause between two table sources.
JoinHint: JoinHint
JoinedTable: Parenthesized table expression with joins Represents: (tbl1 CROSS JOIN tbl2) or ((SELECT 1) CROSS JOIN (SELECT 2))
JournalProperty: JournalProperty
JsonArrayAggFunc: JSON_ARRAYAGG function
JsonExtractFunc: JSON_EXTRACT / JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR function
JsonModifyFunc: JSON_SET / JSON_INSERT function
JsonObjectAggFunc: JSON_OBJECTAGG function
JsonObjectFunc: JSON_OBJECT function
JsonPathFunc: JSON path extraction
Keep: Oracle KEEP clause for aggregate functions Syntax: aggregate_function KEEP (DENSE_RANK FIRST|LAST ORDER BY column [ASC|DESC])
Kill: KILL statement (MySQL/MariaDB) KILL [CONNECTION | QUERY]
LambdaExpr: Lambda expression
LanguageProperty: LanguageProperty
LastDayFunc: LAST_DAY function with optional date part (for BigQuery granularity like WEEK(SUNDAY))
Lateral: Lateral
LateralView: LATERAL VIEW clause (Hive/Spark) Used for unnesting arrays/maps with EXPLODE, POSEXPLODE, etc.
LeadLagFunc: LEAD / LAG function
LeftRightFunc: LEFT/RIGHT function
LikeOp: LIKE/ILIKE operation with optional ESCAPE clause and quantifier (ANY/ALL)
LikeProperty: LikeProperty
Limit: Represent a LIMIT clause that restricts the number of returned rows.
LimitOptions: LimitOptions
List: List
ListAggFunc: LISTAGG function (Oracle style)
LoadData: LOAD DATA statement (Hive)
Localtime: Localtime
Localtimestamp: Localtimestamp
LocationProperty: LocationProperty
Lock: Lock
LockProperty: LockProperty
LockingProperty: LockingProperty
LockingStatement: LockingStatement
LogFunc: LOG function
LogProperty: LogProperty
MD5Digest: MD5Digest
MLForecast: MLForecast
MLTranslate: MLTranslate
MakeDateFunc: MAKE_DATE function
MakeInterval: MakeInterval
MakeTimestampFunc: MAKE_TIMESTAMP function
ManhattanDistance: ManhattanDistance
Map: Map
MapCat: MapCat
MapConstructor: MAP constructor
MapDelete: MapDelete
MapInsert: MapInsert
MapPick: MapPick
MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint: MaskingPolicyColumnConstraint
MatchAgainst: MatchAgainst
MatchRecognize: MATCH_RECOGNIZE clause for row pattern matching (Oracle/Snowflake/Presto/Trino)
MatchRecognizeMeasure: MEASURES expression with optional RUNNING/FINAL semantics
MaterializedProperty: MaterializedProperty
Merge: Merge
MergeBlockRatioProperty: MergeBlockRatioProperty
MergeTreeTTL: MergeTreeTTL
MergeTreeTTLAction: MergeTreeTTLAction
MethodCall: Method call (expr.method(args))
Minhash: Minhash
ModelAttribute: ModelAttribute
Monthname: Monthname
MultitableInserts: MultitableInserts
NTileFunc: NTILE function (DuckDB allows ORDER BY inside)
NamedArgument: Named argument in function call: name => value or name := value
NamedStructFunc: NAMED_STRUCT function
NamedWindow: Named window definition (WINDOW w AS (…))
NextValueFor: NextValueFor
Normal: Normal
Normalize: Normalize
NotNullColumnConstraint: NotNullColumnConstraint
NthValueFunc: NTH_VALUE function
Ntile: Ntile
Null: NULL literal
Nullif: Nullif
NumberToStr: NumberToStr
Nvl2Func: NVL2 function
ObjectAgg: ObjectAgg
ObjectIdentifier: ObjectIdentifier
ObjectInsert: ObjectInsert
Offset: OFFSET clause
OnCluster: OnCluster
OnCommitProperty: OnCommitProperty
OnCondition: OnCondition
OnConflict: OnConflict
OnProperty: OnProperty
Opclass: Opclass
OpenJSON: OpenJSON
OpenJSONColumnDef: OpenJSONColumnDef
Operator: Operator
OrderBy: Represent an ORDER BY clause containing one or more sort specifications.
Ordered: Represent an expression with sort direction and null ordering.
OutputClause: OUTPUT clause (TSQL) - used in INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
OutputModelProperty: OutputModelProperty
Over: OVER clause
OverflowTruncateBehavior: OverflowTruncateBehavior
OverlapsExpr: OVERLAPS expression Supports two forms:
OverlayFunc: OVERLAY function - OVERLAY(string PLACING replacement FROM position [FOR length])
Pad: Pad
PadFunc: LPAD/RPAD function
Parameter: Parameter (parameterized queries)
ParameterizedAgg: ParameterizedAgg
Paren: Represent an explicit parenthesized expression for grouping precedence.
ParseDatetime: ParseDatetime
ParseIp: ParseIp
ParseJSON: ParseJSON
ParseTime: ParseTime
ParseUrl: ParseUrl
Partition: Partition - represents PARTITION/SUBPARTITION clause
PartitionBoundSpec: PartitionBoundSpec
PartitionByListProperty: PartitionByListProperty
PartitionByRangeProperty: PartitionByRangeProperty
PartitionByRangePropertyDynamic: PartitionByRangePropertyDynamic
PartitionByTruncate: PartitionByTruncate
PartitionList: PartitionList
PartitionRange: PartitionRange
PartitionedByBucket: PartitionedByBucket
PartitionedByProperty: PartitionedByProperty
PartitionedOfProperty: PartitionedOfProperty
PathColumnConstraint: PathColumnConstraint - PATH ‘xpath’ for XMLTABLE/JSON_TABLE columns
PercentRank: PERCENT_RANK function (DuckDB allows ORDER BY inside, Oracle allows hypothetical args with WITHIN GROUP)
PercentileFunc: PERCENTILE_CONT / PERCENTILE_DISC function
PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint: PeriodForSystemTimeConstraint
Pi: PI function (no arguments)
Pivot: PIVOT operation - supports both standard and DuckDB simplified syntax
PivotAlias: PIVOT alias for aliasing pivot expressions The alias can be an identifier or an expression (for Oracle/BigQuery string concatenation aliases)
PivotAny: PivotAny
Placeholder: Placeholder expression
PositionFunc: POSITION/INSTR function
Pragma: PRAGMA statement (SQLite)
PreWhere: PREWHERE clause (ClickHouse) - early filtering before WHERE
Predict: Predict
PreviousDay: PreviousDay
PrimaryKey: PrimaryKey
PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint: PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint
Prior: Oracle PRIOR expression - references parent row’s value in CONNECT BY
Privilege: A privilege with optional column list for GRANT/REVOKE Examples: SELECT, UPDATE(col1, col2), ALL(col1, col2, col3)
ProjectionDef: ProjectionDef
Properties: Properties
Property: Property
PseudoType: PseudoType
Pseudocolumn: Pseudocolumn expression (Oracle ROWNUM, ROWID, LEVEL, etc.) These are special identifiers that should not be quoted
PutStmt: PUT statement (Snowflake)
Qualify: Represent a QUALIFY clause for filtering on window function results.
QuantifiedExpr: ANY / ALL quantified expression
Quantile: Quantile
QueryBand: QueryBand
QueryOption: QueryOption
QueryTransform: QueryTransform
Rand: RAND function (optional seed, or Teradata RANDOM(lower, upper))
Randn: Randn
Random: RANDOM function (no arguments)
Randstr: Randstr
RangeBucket: RangeBucket
RangeN: RangeN
Rank: RANK function (DuckDB allows ORDER BY inside, Oracle allows hypothetical args with WITHIN GROUP)
Raw: Raw/unparsed SQL
ReadCSV: ReadCSV
ReadParquet: ReadParquet
RecursiveWithSearch: RecursiveWithSearch
Reduce: Reduce
Reference: Reference
Refresh: Refresh
RefreshTriggerProperty: RefreshTriggerProperty - Doris REFRESH clause for materialized views e.g., REFRESH COMPLETE ON MANUAL, REFRESH AUTO ON SCHEDULE EVERY 5 MINUTE
RegexpCount: RegexpCount
RegexpExtractAll: RegexpExtractAll
RegexpExtractFunc: REGEXP_EXTRACT function
RegexpFullMatch: RegexpFullMatch
RegexpFunc: REGEXP_LIKE function
RegexpILike: RegexpILike
RegexpInstr: RegexpInstr
RegexpReplaceFunc: REGEXP_REPLACE function
RegexpSplit: RegexpSplit
RegrAvgx: RegrAvgx
RegrAvgy: RegrAvgy
RegrCount: RegrCount
RegrIntercept: RegrIntercept
RegrR2: RegrR2
RegrSlope: RegrSlope
RegrSxx: RegrSxx
RegrSxy: RegrSxy
RegrSyy: RegrSyy
RegrValx: RegrValx
RegrValy: RegrValy
RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty: RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty
RenameColumn: RenameColumn
RepeatFunc: REPEAT function
ReplaceFunc: REPLACE function
ReplacePartition: ReplacePartition
Returning: Returning
ReturnsProperty: ReturnsProperty
Revoke: REVOKE statement
Rollback: Rollback
Rollup: Rollup
RollupIndex: RollupIndex - A single rollup index: name(col1, col2)
RollupProperty: RollupProperty - StarRocks ROLLUP (index_name(col1, col2), …)
RoundFunc: ROUND function
RowFormat: ROW FORMAT clause for Hive/Spark
RowFormatDelimitedProperty: RowFormatDelimitedProperty
RowFormatProperty: RowFormatProperty
RowFormatSerdeProperty: RowFormatSerdeProperty
RowNumber: ROW_NUMBER function (no arguments)
RowsFrom: RowsFrom - PostgreSQL ROWS FROM (func1(args) AS alias1(…), func2(args) AS alias2(…)) syntax Used for set-returning functions with typed column definitions
SHA2: SHA2
SHA2Digest: SHA2Digest
SafeAdd: SafeAdd
SafeDivide: SafeDivide
SafeMultiply: SafeMultiply
SafeSubtract: SafeSubtract
Sample: SAMPLE / TABLESAMPLE clause
SampleProperty: SampleProperty
Schema: Schema
SchemaCommentProperty: SchemaCommentProperty
ScopeResolution: ScopeResolution
Search: Search
SearchIp: SearchIp
SecurityProperty: SecurityProperty
Select: Represent a complete SELECT statement.
SelectInto: INTO clause for SELECT INTO statements
SemanticView: SemanticView
SequenceFunc: SEQUENCE / GENERATE_SERIES function
SequenceProperties: SequenceProperties
SerdeProperties: SerdeProperties
SessionParameter: SessionParameter
SessionUser: SessionUser - MySQL/PostgreSQL SESSION_USER function
Set: Set
SetConfigProperty: SetConfigProperty
SetItem: A single SET item (variable assignment)
SetOperation: SetOperation
SetProperty: SetProperty
SetStatement: SET variable statement
SettingsProperty: SettingsProperty
SharingProperty: SharingProperty
Show: SHOW statement - displays database objects
SimilarToExpr: SIMILAR TO expression
Slice: Slice
SortArray: SortArray
SortBy: SORT BY clause (Hive/Spark) Sorts data within each reducer (local sort, not global)
SortKeyProperty: SortKeyProperty
SplitFunc: SPLIT function
SplitPart: SplitPart
SqlComment: SQL Comment preservation
SqlReadWriteProperty: SqlReadWriteProperty
SqlSecurityProperty: SqlSecurityProperty
StDistance: StDistance
StPoint: StPoint
StabilityProperty: StabilityProperty
StageReference: Stage reference (Snowflake) - @stage_name or @namespace.stage/path
StandardHash: StandardHash
Star: Represent a wildcard star expression (*, table.*).
StorageHandlerProperty: StorageHandlerProperty
StrPosition: StrPosition
StrToDate: StrToDate
StrToMap: StrToMap
StrToTime: StrToTime
StrToUnix: StrToUnix
Stream: STREAM definition (Snowflake) - for change data capture
StringAggFunc: STRING_AGG function (PostgreSQL/Standard SQL)
StringFunc: StringFunc - String type conversion function (BigQuery STRING)
StringToArray: StringToArray
Struct: Struct expression
StructConstructor: STRUCT constructor
StructExtractFunc: STRUCT_EXTRACT function
StructField: Struct field with optional OPTIONS clause (BigQuery) and COMMENT (Spark/Databricks)
Stuff: Stuff
Subquery: Represent a parenthesized subquery expression.
Subscript: Subscript access (array[index] or map[key])
SubstringFunc: SUBSTRING function
SubstringIndex: SUBSTRING_INDEX(str, delim, count)
SumIfFunc: SUM_IF / COUNT_IF function
Summarize: Summarize
Systimestamp: Systimestamp
TableAlias: TableAlias
TableArgument: TABLE ref or MODEL ref used as a function argument (BigQuery) e.g., GAP_FILL(TABLE device_data, …) or ML.PREDICT(MODEL mydataset.mymodel, …)
TableFromRows: TableFromRows
TableRef: Represent a table reference with optional schema and catalog qualifiers.
TableSample: TableSample - wraps an expression with a TABLESAMPLE clause Used when TABLESAMPLE follows a non-Table expression (subquery, function, etc.)
Tag: Tags are used for generating arbitrary sql like SELECT x.
Tags: Tags
TemporaryProperty: TemporaryProperty
TeradataIndex: Teradata index specification for CREATE TABLE
TimeAdd: TimeAdd
TimeDiff: TimeDiff
TimeFromParts: TimeFromParts
TimeSlice: TimeSlice
TimeStrToTime: TimeStrToTime
TimeSub: TimeSub
TimeToStr: TimeToStr
TimeTrunc: TimeTrunc
TimeUnit: Automatically converts unit arg into a var.
TimestampAdd: TimestampAdd
TimestampDiff: TimestampDiff
TimestampFromParts: TimestampFromParts
TimestampFunc: TimestampFunc - TIMESTAMP constructor function
TimestampSub: TimestampSub
TimestampTzFromParts: TimestampTzFromParts
ToBinary: ToBinary
ToBoolean: ToBoolean
ToChar: ToChar
ToDateFunc: TO_DATE function
ToDecfloat: ToDecfloat
ToDouble: ToDouble
ToFile: ToFile
ToMap: ToMap - Materialize-style map constructor Can hold either:
ToNumber: ToNumber
ToTableProperty: ToTableProperty
ToTimestampFunc: TO_TIMESTAMP function
Top: TOP clause (SQL Server)
Transaction: Transaction
Transform: Transform
TransformFunc: TRANSFORM_KEYS / TRANSFORM_VALUES function
TransformModelProperty: TransformModelProperty
TransientProperty: TransientProperty
Translate: Translate
TranslateCharacters: TranslateCharacters
TriggerReferencing: Trigger REFERENCING clause
TrimFunc: TRIM function
Truncate: TRUNCATE TABLE statement
TruncateFunc: TRUNCATE / TRUNC function
TruncateTable: TruncateTable
TruncateTableEntry: A table entry in a TRUNCATE statement, with optional ONLY modifier and * suffix
TryBase64DecodeBinary: TryBase64DecodeBinary
TryBase64DecodeString: TryBase64DecodeString
TryToDecfloat: TryToDecfloat
TsOrDsAdd: TsOrDsAdd
TsOrDsDiff: TsOrDsDiff
TsOrDsToDate: TsOrDsToDate
TsOrDsToTime: TsOrDsToTime
Tuple: Tuple expression
TypeAttribute: Type attribute for composite types
UnaryFunc: Generic unary function (takes a single argument)
UnaryOp: Represent a unary operation (single operand with a prefix operator).
Uncache: UNCACHE TABLE statement (Spark)
Unhex: Unhex
UnicodeString: UnicodeString
Uniform: Uniform
Union: Represent a UNION set operation between two query expressions.
UniqueColumnConstraint: UniqueColumnConstraint
UniqueKeyProperty: UniqueKeyProperty
UnixTimestampFunc: UNIX_TIMESTAMP function
UnixToStr: UnixToStr
UnixToTime: UnixToTime
UnnestFunc: UNNEST function
Unpivot: UNPIVOT operation
UnpivotColumns: UnpivotColumns
Update: UPDATE statement
Use: USE statement (USE database, USE ROLE, USE WAREHOUSE, USE CATALOG, USE SCHEMA)
UserDefinedFunction: UserDefinedFunction
UsingData: USING DATA clause for data import statements
UsingTemplateProperty: UsingTemplateProperty
UtcTime: UtcTime
UtcTimestamp: UtcTimestamp
Uuid: Uuid
ValueFunc: FIRST_VALUE / LAST_VALUE function
Values: VALUES table constructor: VALUES (1, ‘a’), (2, ‘b’)
Var: Var - Simple variable reference (for SQL variables, keywords as values)
VarArgFunc: Variable argument function
VarMap: VarMap
VectorSearch: VectorSearch
Version: Version
ViewAttributeProperty: ViewAttributeProperty
ViewColumn: View column definition with optional COMMENT and OPTIONS (BigQuery)
VolatileProperty: VolatileProperty
WatermarkColumnConstraint: WatermarkColumnConstraint
Week: Week
When: When
Whens: Wraps around one or more WHEN [NOT] MATCHED […] clauses.
Where: Represent a WHERE clause containing a boolean filter predicate.
WidthBucket: WidthBucket
WindowFrame: Window frame
WindowFunction: Represent a window function call with its OVER clause.
WindowSpec: Window specification
With: Represent a WITH clause containing one or more Common Table Expressions (CTEs).
WithDataProperty: WithDataProperty
WithFill: WithFill
WithJournalTableProperty: WithJournalTableProperty
WithOperator: WithOperator
WithProcedureOptions: WithProcedureOptions
WithSchemaBindingProperty: WithSchemaBindingProperty
WithSystemVersioningProperty: WithSystemVersioningProperty
WithTableHint: WithTableHint
WithinGroup: WITHIN GROUP clause (for ordered-set aggregate functions)
XMLElement: XMLElement
XMLGet: XMLGet
XMLKeyValueOption: XMLKeyValueOption
XMLTable: XMLTable
XmlNamespace: XML Namespace declaration
Xor: Xor
Zipf: Zipf

Enums§

AlterColumnAction: Actions for ALTER COLUMN
AlterIndexAction: Actions for ALTER INDEX
AlterTableAction: Actions for ALTER TABLE
AlterViewAction: Actions for ALTER VIEW
ColumnConstraint: Column-level constraint
ColumnPosition: Column position for ADD COLUMN (MySQL/MariaDB)
ConstraintType: Type of column constraint for tracking order
DataType: Enumerate all SQL data types recognized by the parser.
DatabaseOption: Database option
DateTimeField
Expression: Represent any SQL expression or statement as a single, recursive AST node.
FunctionBody: Function body
FunctionPropertyKind: Types of properties in CREATE FUNCTION for tracking their original order
FunctionSecurity: Function security (DEFINER, INVOKER, or NONE)
FunctionSetValue: The value of a SET option
HintExpression: Individual hint expression
IntervalUnit
IntervalUnitSpec: Specification for interval unit - can be a simple unit, a span (HOUR TO SECOND), or an expression
JoinKind: Enumerate all supported SQL join types.
JsonNullHandling: JSON null handling options
JsonUniqueKeys: JSON unique keys constraint variants
LikeOptionAction: Action for LIKE clause options
ListAggOverflow: LISTAGG ON OVERFLOW behavior
Literal: Represent a SQL literal value.
MatchRecognizeAfter: AFTER MATCH SKIP behavior
MatchRecognizeRows: Row output semantics for MATCH_RECOGNIZE
MatchRecognizeSemantics: Semantics for MEASURES in MATCH_RECOGNIZE
MatchType: MATCH type for foreign keys
NamedArgSeparator: Separator style for named arguments
OnCommit: ON COMMIT behavior for temporary tables
ParameterMode: Parameter mode (IN, OUT, INOUT)
ParameterStyle: Parameter placeholder styles
PseudocolumnType: Pseudocolumn type
QuantifiedOp: Comparison operator for quantified expressions
ReferentialAction: Referential action for foreign keys
SampleMethod: Sample method
SeqPropKind: Sequence property tag for ordering
SequenceBound: Sequence bound (value or NO MINVALUE/NO MAXVALUE)
SortOrder: Sort order for PRIMARY KEY ASC/DESC
SqlDataAccess: SQL data access characteristics for functions
TableConstraint: Table-level constraint
TeradataIndexKind: Kind of Teradata index
TriggerBody: Trigger body
TriggerEvent: Trigger event (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, TRUNCATE)
TriggerForEach: Trigger FOR EACH clause
TriggerTiming: Trigger timing (BEFORE, AFTER, INSTEAD OF)
TrimPosition
TruncateIdentity: TRUNCATE identity option
TruncateTarget: TRUNCATE target type
TypeDefinition: Type definition
UseKind: Kind of USE statement
WindowFrameBound
WindowFrameExclude: EXCLUDE clause for window frames
WindowFrameKind