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ploit_malper/
msgpack.rs

1use std::collections::BTreeMap;
2
3use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
4
5#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
6pub enum MsgValue {
7    Nil,
8    Bool(bool),
9    Int(i64),
10    UInt(u64),
11    Float(f64),
12    String(String),
13    Array(Vec<MsgValue>),
14    Map(BTreeMap<String, MsgValue>),
15}
16
17impl MsgValue {
18    pub fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&MsgValue> {
19        match self {
20            MsgValue::Map(map) => map.get(key),
21            _ => None,
22        }
23    }
24
25    pub fn as_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
26        match self {
27            MsgValue::String(value) => Some(value.as_str()),
28            _ => None,
29        }
30    }
31
32    pub fn as_array(&self) -> Option<&[MsgValue]> {
33        match self {
34            MsgValue::Array(values) => Some(values.as_slice()),
35            _ => None,
36        }
37    }
38
39    pub fn as_map(&self) -> Option<&BTreeMap<String, MsgValue>> {
40        match self {
41            MsgValue::Map(map) => Some(map),
42            _ => None,
43        }
44    }
45
46    pub fn as_u64(&self) -> Option<u64> {
47        match self {
48            MsgValue::UInt(value) => Some(*value),
49            MsgValue::Int(value) if *value >= 0 => Some(*value as u64),
50            _ => None,
51        }
52    }
53}
54
55pub fn encode(value: &MsgValue) -> Vec<u8> {
56    let mut buffer = Vec::new();
57    encode_value(value, &mut buffer);
58    buffer
59}
60
61pub fn decode(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<MsgValue> {
62    let (value, consumed) = decode_value(bytes, 0)?;
63    if consumed != bytes.len() {
64        return Err(AppError::Msgpack(
65            "trailing bytes in msgpack payload".to_string(),
66        ));
67    }
68    Ok(value)
69}
70
71fn encode_value(value: &MsgValue, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>) {
72    match value {
73        MsgValue::Nil => buffer.push(0xc0),
74        MsgValue::Bool(false) => buffer.push(0xc2),
75        MsgValue::Bool(true) => buffer.push(0xc3),
76        MsgValue::Int(value) => encode_int(*value, buffer),
77        MsgValue::UInt(value) => encode_uint(*value, buffer),
78        MsgValue::Float(value) => {
79            buffer.push(0xcb);
80            buffer.extend_from_slice(&value.to_be_bytes());
81        }
82        MsgValue::String(value) => encode_str(value, buffer),
83        MsgValue::Array(values) => encode_array(values, buffer),
84        MsgValue::Map(map) => encode_map(map, buffer),
85    }
86}
87
88fn encode_uint(value: u64, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>) {
89    match value {
90        0..=127 => buffer.push(value as u8),
91        128..=255 => {
92            buffer.push(0xcc);
93            buffer.push(value as u8);
94        }
95        256..=65_535 => {
96            buffer.push(0xcd);
97            buffer.extend_from_slice(&(value as u16).to_be_bytes());
98        }
99        65_536..=4_294_967_295 => {
100            buffer.push(0xce);
101            buffer.extend_from_slice(&(value as u32).to_be_bytes());
102        }
103        _ => {
104            buffer.push(0xcf);
105            buffer.extend_from_slice(&value.to_be_bytes());
106        }
107    }
108}
109
110fn encode_int(value: i64, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>) {
111    if (-32..=127).contains(&value) {
112        if value >= 0 {
113            buffer.push(value as u8);
114        } else {
115            buffer.push((value as i8) as u8);
116        }
117        return;
118    }
119
120    if (-128..=-33).contains(&value) {
121        buffer.push(0xd0);
122        buffer.push(value as i8 as u8);
123    } else if (-32_768..=-129).contains(&value) {
124        buffer.push(0xd1);
125        buffer.extend_from_slice(&(value as i16).to_be_bytes());
126    } else if (-2_147_483_648..=-32_769).contains(&value) {
127        buffer.push(0xd2);
128        buffer.extend_from_slice(&(value as i32).to_be_bytes());
129    } else {
130        buffer.push(0xd3);
131        buffer.extend_from_slice(&value.to_be_bytes());
132    }
133}
134
135fn encode_str(value: &str, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>) {
136    let bytes = value.as_bytes();
137    let len = bytes.len();
138    if len <= 31 {
139        buffer.push(0xa0 | (len as u8));
140    } else if len <= 255 {
141        buffer.push(0xd9);
142        buffer.push(len as u8);
143    } else if len <= 65_535 {
144        buffer.push(0xda);
145        buffer.extend_from_slice(&(len as u16).to_be_bytes());
146    } else {
147        buffer.push(0xdb);
148        buffer.extend_from_slice(&(len as u32).to_be_bytes());
149    }
150    buffer.extend_from_slice(bytes);
151}
152
153fn encode_array(values: &[MsgValue], buffer: &mut Vec<u8>) {
154    let len = values.len();
155    if len <= 15 {
156        buffer.push(0x90 | (len as u8));
157    } else if len <= 65_535 {
158        buffer.push(0xdc);
159        buffer.extend_from_slice(&(len as u16).to_be_bytes());
160    } else {
161        buffer.push(0xdd);
162        buffer.extend_from_slice(&(len as u32).to_be_bytes());
163    }
164    for value in values {
165        encode_value(value, buffer);
166    }
167}
168
169fn encode_map(map: &BTreeMap<String, MsgValue>, buffer: &mut Vec<u8>) {
170    let len = map.len();
171    if len <= 15 {
172        buffer.push(0x80 | (len as u8));
173    } else if len <= 65_535 {
174        buffer.push(0xde);
175        buffer.extend_from_slice(&(len as u16).to_be_bytes());
176    } else {
177        buffer.push(0xdf);
178        buffer.extend_from_slice(&(len as u32).to_be_bytes());
179    }
180    for (key, value) in map {
181        encode_str(key, buffer);
182        encode_value(value, buffer);
183    }
184}
185
186fn decode_value(bytes: &[u8], index: usize) -> Result<(MsgValue, usize)> {
187    let prefix = *bytes
188        .get(index)
189        .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Msgpack("unexpected end of msgpack payload".to_string()))?;
190
191    match prefix {
192        0xc0 => Ok((MsgValue::Nil, index + 1)),
193        0xc2 => Ok((MsgValue::Bool(false), index + 1)),
194        0xc3 => Ok((MsgValue::Bool(true), index + 1)),
195        0xc4 => {
196            let len = read_u8(bytes, index + 1)? as usize;
197            let slice = bytes
198                .get(index + 2..index + 2 + len)
199                .ok_or_else(|| {
200                    AppError::Msgpack("unexpected end of msgpack binary data".to_string())
201                })?;
202            let value = String::from_utf8_lossy(slice).into_owned();
203            Ok((MsgValue::String(value), index + 2 + len))
204        }
205        0xc5 => {
206            let len = read_u16(bytes, index + 1)? as usize;
207            let slice = bytes
208                .get(index + 3..index + 3 + len)
209                .ok_or_else(|| {
210                    AppError::Msgpack("unexpected end of msgpack binary data".to_string())
211                })?;
212            let value = String::from_utf8_lossy(slice).into_owned();
213            Ok((MsgValue::String(value), index + 3 + len))
214        }
215        0xc6 => {
216            let len = read_u32(bytes, index + 1)? as usize;
217            let slice = bytes
218                .get(index + 5..index + 5 + len)
219                .ok_or_else(|| {
220                    AppError::Msgpack("unexpected end of msgpack binary data".to_string())
221                })?;
222            let value = String::from_utf8_lossy(slice).into_owned();
223            Ok((MsgValue::String(value), index + 5 + len))
224        }
225        0xca => {
226            let end = index + 5;
227            let slice = bytes
228                .get(index + 1..end)
229                .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Msgpack("unexpected end of msgpack payload".to_string()))?;
230            let value = f32::from_be_bytes([slice[0], slice[1], slice[2], slice[3]]);
231            Ok((MsgValue::Float(value as f64), end))
232        }
233        0xcb => {
234            let end = index + 9;
235            let slice = bytes
236                .get(index + 1..end)
237                .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Msgpack("unexpected end of msgpack payload".to_string()))?;
238            let value = f64::from_be_bytes([
239                slice[0], slice[1], slice[2], slice[3],
240                slice[4], slice[5], slice[6], slice[7],
241            ]);
242            Ok((MsgValue::Float(value), end))
243        }
244        0xcc => {
245            let value = read_u8(bytes, index + 1)? as u64;
246            Ok((MsgValue::UInt(value), index + 2))
247        }
248        0xcd => {
249            let value = read_u16(bytes, index + 1)? as u64;
250            Ok((MsgValue::UInt(value), index + 3))
251        }
252        0xce => {
253            let value = read_u32(bytes, index + 1)? as u64;
254            Ok((MsgValue::UInt(value), index + 5))
255        }
256        0xcf => {
257            let value = read_u64(bytes, index + 1)?;
258            Ok((MsgValue::UInt(value), index + 9))
259        }
260        0xd0 => {
261            let value = read_i8(bytes, index + 1)? as i64;
262            Ok((MsgValue::Int(value), index + 2))
263        }
264        0xd1 => {
265            let value = read_i16(bytes, index + 1)? as i64;
266            Ok((MsgValue::Int(value), index + 3))
267        }
268        0xd2 => {
269            let value = read_i32(bytes, index + 1)? as i64;
270            Ok((MsgValue::Int(value), index + 5))
271        }
272        0xd3 => {
273            let value = read_i64(bytes, index + 1)?;
274            Ok((MsgValue::Int(value), index + 9))
275        }
276        0xd9 => {
277            let len = read_u8(bytes, index + 1)? as usize;
278            decode_str(bytes, index + 2, len)
279        }
280        0xda => {
281            let len = read_u16(bytes, index + 1)? as usize;
282            decode_str(bytes, index + 3, len)
283        }
284        0xdb => {
285            let len = read_u32(bytes, index + 1)? as usize;
286            decode_str(bytes, index + 5, len)
287        }
288        0xdc => {
289            let len = read_u16(bytes, index + 1)? as usize;
290            decode_array(bytes, index + 3, len)
291        }
292        0xdd => {
293            let len = read_u32(bytes, index + 1)? as usize;
294            decode_array(bytes, index + 5, len)
295        }
296        0xde => {
297            let len = read_u16(bytes, index + 1)? as usize;
298            decode_map(bytes, index + 3, len)
299        }
300        0xdf => {
301            let len = read_u32(bytes, index + 1)? as usize;
302            decode_map(bytes, index + 5, len)
303        }
304        0x80..=0x8f => {
305            let len = (prefix & 0x0f) as usize;
306            decode_map(bytes, index + 1, len)
307        }
308        0x90..=0x9f => {
309            let len = (prefix & 0x0f) as usize;
310            decode_array(bytes, index + 1, len)
311        }
312        0xa0..=0xbf => {
313            let len = (prefix & 0x1f) as usize;
314            decode_str(bytes, index + 1, len)
315        }
316        0xe0..=0xff => Ok((MsgValue::Int((prefix as i8) as i64), index + 1)),
317        0x00..=0x7f => Ok((MsgValue::UInt(prefix as u64), index + 1)),
318        _ => Err(AppError::Msgpack(format!(
319            "unsupported msgpack prefix: 0x{prefix:02x}"
320        ))),
321    }
322}
323
324fn decode_str(bytes: &[u8], index: usize, len: usize) -> Result<(MsgValue, usize)> {
325    let end = index
326        .checked_add(len)
327        .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Msgpack("msgpack string length overflow".to_string()))?;
328    let slice = bytes
329        .get(index..end)
330        .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Msgpack("unexpected end of msgpack string".to_string()))?;
331    let value = String::from_utf8(slice.to_vec())
332        .map_err(|e| AppError::Msgpack(format!("invalid utf-8 string: {e}")))?;
333    Ok((MsgValue::String(value), end))
334}
335
336fn decode_array(bytes: &[u8], mut index: usize, len: usize) -> Result<(MsgValue, usize)> {
337    let mut values = Vec::with_capacity(len);
338    for _ in 0..len {
339        let (value, next) = decode_value(bytes, index)?;
340        values.push(value);
341        index = next;
342    }
343    Ok((MsgValue::Array(values), index))
344}
345
346fn decode_map(bytes: &[u8], mut index: usize, len: usize) -> Result<(MsgValue, usize)> {
347    let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
348    for _ in 0..len {
349        let (key_value, next_key) = decode_value(bytes, index)?;
350        index = next_key;
351        let key = key_value
352            .as_str()
353            .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Msgpack("msgpack map key was not a string".to_string()))?;
354        let (value, next_value) = decode_value(bytes, index)?;
355        index = next_value;
356        map.insert(key.to_string(), value);
357    }
358    Ok((MsgValue::Map(map), index))
359}
360
361fn read_u8(bytes: &[u8], index: usize) -> Result<u8> {
362    bytes
363        .get(index)
364        .copied()
365        .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Msgpack("unexpected end of msgpack payload".to_string()))
366}
367
368fn read_i8(bytes: &[u8], index: usize) -> Result<i8> {
369    Ok(read_u8(bytes, index)? as i8)
370}
371
372fn read_u16(bytes: &[u8], index: usize) -> Result<u16> {
373    let end = index + 2;
374    let slice = bytes
375        .get(index..end)
376        .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Msgpack("unexpected end of msgpack payload".to_string()))?;
377    Ok(u16::from_be_bytes([slice[0], slice[1]]))
378}
379
380fn read_i16(bytes: &[u8], index: usize) -> Result<i16> {
381    Ok(i16::from_be_bytes(read_u16(bytes, index)?.to_be_bytes()))
382}
383
384fn read_u32(bytes: &[u8], index: usize) -> Result<u32> {
385    let end = index + 4;
386    let slice = bytes
387        .get(index..end)
388        .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Msgpack("unexpected end of msgpack payload".to_string()))?;
389    Ok(u32::from_be_bytes([slice[0], slice[1], slice[2], slice[3]]))
390}
391
392fn read_i32(bytes: &[u8], index: usize) -> Result<i32> {
393    Ok(i32::from_be_bytes(read_u32(bytes, index)?.to_be_bytes()))
394}
395
396fn read_u64(bytes: &[u8], index: usize) -> Result<u64> {
397    let end = index + 8;
398    let slice = bytes
399        .get(index..end)
400        .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Msgpack("unexpected end of msgpack payload".to_string()))?;
401    Ok(u64::from_be_bytes([
402        slice[0], slice[1], slice[2], slice[3], slice[4], slice[5], slice[6], slice[7],
403    ]))
404}
405
406fn read_i64(bytes: &[u8], index: usize) -> Result<i64> {
407    Ok(i64::from_be_bytes(read_u64(bytes, index)?.to_be_bytes()))
408}
409
410#[cfg(test)]
411mod tests {
412    use super::*;
413
414    #[test]
415    fn roundtrip_nil() {
416        let v = MsgValue::Nil;
417        let bytes = encode(&v);
418        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
419        assert_eq!(v, decoded);
420    }
421
422    #[test]
423    fn roundtrip_bool() {
424        for b in [true, false] {
425            let v = MsgValue::Bool(b);
426            let bytes = encode(&v);
427            let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
428            assert_eq!(v, decoded);
429        }
430    }
431
432    #[test]
433    fn roundtrip_positive_fixint() {
434        for i in [0u64, 1, 127] {
435            let v = MsgValue::UInt(i);
436            let bytes = encode(&v);
437            let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
438            assert_eq!(v, decoded);
439        }
440    }
441
442    #[test]
443    fn roundtrip_u8() {
444        let v = MsgValue::UInt(200);
445        let bytes = encode(&v);
446        assert_eq!(bytes[0], 0xcc);
447        assert_eq!(bytes[1], 200);
448        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
449        assert_eq!(v, decoded);
450    }
451
452    #[test]
453    fn roundtrip_u16() {
454        let v = MsgValue::UInt(1000);
455        let bytes = encode(&v);
456        assert_eq!(bytes[0], 0xcd);
457        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
458        assert_eq!(v, decoded);
459    }
460
461    #[test]
462    fn roundtrip_u32() {
463        let v = MsgValue::UInt(100_000);
464        let bytes = encode(&v);
465        assert_eq!(bytes[0], 0xce);
466        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
467        assert_eq!(v, decoded);
468    }
469
470    #[test]
471    fn roundtrip_negative_fixint() {
472        for i in [-1i64, -32] {
473            let v = MsgValue::Int(i);
474            let bytes = encode(&v);
475            let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
476            assert_eq!(v, decoded);
477        }
478    }
479
480    #[test]
481    fn roundtrip_i8() {
482        let v = MsgValue::Int(-100);
483        let bytes = encode(&v);
484        assert_eq!(bytes[0], 0xd0);
485        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
486        assert_eq!(v, decoded);
487    }
488
489    #[test]
490    fn roundtrip_fixstr() {
491        let v = MsgValue::String("hello".to_string());
492        let bytes = encode(&v);
493        assert_eq!(bytes[0], 0xa5);
494        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
495        assert_eq!(v, decoded);
496    }
497
498    #[test]
499    fn roundtrip_str8() {
500        let s = "a".repeat(32);
501        let v = MsgValue::String(s);
502        let bytes = encode(&v);
503        assert_eq!(bytes[0], 0xd9);
504        assert_eq!(bytes[1], 32);
505        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
506        assert_eq!(v, decoded);
507    }
508
509    #[test]
510    fn roundtrip_fixarray() {
511        let v = MsgValue::Array(vec![
512            MsgValue::UInt(1),
513            MsgValue::String("two".to_string()),
514            MsgValue::Bool(true),
515        ]);
516        let bytes = encode(&v);
517        assert_eq!(bytes[0], 0x93);
518        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
519        assert_eq!(v, decoded);
520    }
521
522    #[test]
523    fn roundtrip_fixmap() {
524        let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
525        map.insert("key".to_string(), MsgValue::String("value".to_string()));
526        let v = MsgValue::Map(map);
527        let bytes = encode(&v);
528        assert_eq!(bytes[0], 0x81);
529        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
530        assert_eq!(v, decoded);
531    }
532
533    #[test]
534    fn decode_bin8() {
535        // bin 8 format: 0xc4 <len> <bytes>
536        let bytes = vec![0xc4, 0x05, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f];
537        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
538        assert_eq!(decoded, MsgValue::String("hello".to_string()));
539    }
540
541    #[test]
542    fn decode_bin16() {
543        // bin 16 format: 0xc5 <len_u16_be> <bytes>
544        let mut bytes = vec![0xc5, 0x00, 0x05, 0x77, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x6c, 0x64];
545        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
546        assert_eq!(decoded, MsgValue::String("world".to_string()));
547
548        // Larger string
549        let long = "x".repeat(300);
550        bytes = vec![0xc5, 0x01, 0x2c];
551        bytes.extend_from_slice(long.as_bytes());
552        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
553        assert_eq!(decoded, MsgValue::String(long));
554    }
555
556    #[test]
557    fn decode_bin32() {
558        let long = "z".repeat(70000);
559        let mut bytes = vec![0xc6, 0x00, 0x01, 0x11, 0x70];
560        bytes.extend_from_slice(long.as_bytes());
561        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
562        assert_eq!(decoded, MsgValue::String(long));
563    }
564
565    #[test]
566    fn decode_float32() {
567        let mut bytes = vec![0xca];
568        bytes.extend_from_slice(&3.14f32.to_be_bytes());
569        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
570        match decoded {
571            MsgValue::Float(f) => assert!((f - 3.14).abs() < 0.001),
572            _ => panic!("expected Float"),
573        }
574    }
575
576    #[test]
577    fn decode_float64() {
578        let mut bytes = vec![0xcb];
579        bytes.extend_from_slice(&std::f64::consts::PI.to_be_bytes());
580        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
581        match decoded {
582            MsgValue::Float(f) => assert!((f - std::f64::consts::PI).abs() < 1e-15),
583            _ => panic!("expected Float"),
584        }
585    }
586
587    #[test]
588    fn decode_msf_auth_response() {
589        // Simulated MSF-RPC auth.login response:
590        // {"result": "success", "token": "abcd1234"}
591        let mut bytes = Vec::new();
592        // fixmap with 2 elements
593        bytes.push(0x82);
594        // bin 8 "result"
595        bytes.extend_from_slice(&[0xc4, 0x06, 0x72, 0x65, 0x73, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x74]);
596        // bin 8 "success"
597        bytes.extend_from_slice(&[0xc4, 0x07, 0x73, 0x75, 0x63, 0x63, 0x65, 0x73, 0x73]);
598        // bin 8 "token"
599        bytes.extend_from_slice(&[0xc4, 0x05, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x6e]);
600        // bin 8 "abcd1234"
601        bytes.extend_from_slice(&[0xc4, 0x08, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34]);
602
603        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
604        let result = decoded.get("result").and_then(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap();
605        let token = decoded.get("token").and_then(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap();
606        assert_eq!(result, "success");
607        assert_eq!(token, "abcd1234");
608    }
609
610    #[test]
611    fn decode_msf_error_response() {
612        // Simulated MSF error response using bin 8 for error_string
613        // {"error": true, "error_string": "Invalid Message Format"}
614        let mut bytes = Vec::new();
615        bytes.push(0x82); // fixmap 2
616        bytes.extend_from_slice(&[0xc4, 0x05, 0x65, 0x72, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x72]); // bin8 "error"
617        bytes.push(0xc3); // true
618        bytes.extend_from_slice(&[0xc4, 0x0c, 0x65, 0x72, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x5f, 0x73, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67]); // bin8 "error_string"
619        bytes.extend_from_slice(&[0xc4, 0x16, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x64, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x65, 0x73, 0x73, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x20, 0x46, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x74]); // bin8 "Invalid Message Format"
620
621        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
622        let error = decoded.get("error").unwrap();
623        assert_eq!(error, &MsgValue::Bool(true));
624        let error_string = decoded.get("error_string").and_then(|v| v.as_str()).unwrap();
625        assert_eq!(error_string, "Invalid Message Format");
626    }
627
628    #[test]
629    fn decode_trailing_bytes_fails() {
630        let mut bytes = vec![0xa5, 0x68, 0x65, 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f]; // fixstr "hello"
631        bytes.push(0x00); // extra byte
632        let result = decode(&bytes);
633        assert!(result.is_err());
634        assert!(result.unwrap_err().to_string().contains("trailing bytes"));
635    }
636
637    #[test]
638    fn encode_array_format_auth_login() {
639        // Test encoding in the format the MSF server expects:
640        // ["auth.login", "Mithun", "Mithun@2806"]
641        let v = MsgValue::Array(vec![
642            MsgValue::String("auth.login".to_string()),
643            MsgValue::String("Mithun".to_string()),
644            MsgValue::String("Mithun@2806".to_string()),
645        ]);
646        let bytes = encode(&v);
647        // Should be 0x93 (fixarray 3) + 3 strings
648        assert_eq!(bytes[0], 0x93);
649        let decoded = decode(&bytes).unwrap();
650        assert_eq!(v, decoded);
651    }
652}