orch/engine/runner/

fallback.rs

//! Error recovery and fallback strategies.
//!
//! Extracted from `runner/mod.rs`. Handles the `Err(agent_err)` arm of the
//! parse result: error classification, model failover, free-model fallback,
//! and agent rerouting.

use crate::store;
use crate::store::TaskStore;
use std::sync::Arc;

use super::{agents, response};

/// Summarizes a rate limit error by extracting key information from Claude's API retry JSON.
///
/// Looks for the last `{"type":"system","subtype":"api_retry",...}` line (or a partial
/// fragment containing `"subtype":"api_retry"`) and extracts `error_status`, `attempt`,
/// `retry_delay_ms` to return a compact summary.
/// Returns a compact fallback if no api_retry JSON is found.
///
/// Exposed `pub(crate)` so the review pipeline (`engine::review`) reuses the same
/// summariser as the task runner. Without this, review runs persisted raw
/// api_retry JSON fragments into `task_runs.error` (issue #3149).
pub(crate) fn summarize_rate_limit_error(raw_output: &str) -> String {
    // Byte cap for the first-line fallback summary below
    const FIRST_LINE_CAP: usize = 120;
    // Find the last line containing "subtype":"api_retry"
    // This handles both complete JSON objects and truncated fragments that begin
    // mid-object (e.g. `,"subtype":"api_retry","attempt":5...`).
    let last_api_retry_line = raw_output
        .lines()
        .rev()
        .find(|line| line.contains("\"subtype\":\"api_retry\""));

    if let Some(line) = last_api_retry_line {
        return summarise_api_retry_line(line);
    }

    // No `"subtype":"api_retry"` marker but the payload may still be a truncated
    // api_retry NDJSON fragment that lost the `"subtype"` key earlier in the
    // stream. If any line contains the characteristic numeric fields
    // (`error_status`, `attempt`, `retry_delay_ms`), summarise from that line
    // instead of echoing the raw JSON into `task_runs.error` (issue #3149).
    let api_retry_field_markers = ["\"error_status\":", "\"attempt\":", "\"retry_delay_ms\":"];
    let field_line = raw_output
        .lines()
        .rev()
        .find(|line| api_retry_field_markers.iter().any(|m| line.contains(m)));
    if let Some(line) = field_line {
        return summarise_api_retry_line(line);
    }

    // No api_retry JSON or field markers found — emit a compact first-line
    // summary, never raw passthrough. Truncate to a tight byte cap so even
    // long single-line provider payloads cannot bloat `task_runs.error`.
    let first_line = raw_output.lines().next().unwrap_or(raw_output);
    if first_line.len() > FIRST_LINE_CAP {
        let cutoff = agents::truncate_at_char_boundary(first_line, FIRST_LINE_CAP);
        let remaining = raw_output.len().saturating_sub(cutoff);
        format!("{}... (+{} more chars)", &first_line[..cutoff], remaining)
    } else {
        first_line.to_string()
    }
}

/// Extract `error_status`, `attempt`, and `retry_delay_ms` from a single
/// `api_retry`-shaped JSON line (or fragment) and return a compact summary
/// such as `"status=429 after 7 attempts (last delay 35s)"`. Falls back to
/// `"status=… (api_retry fragment)"` when no numeric field is recoverable.
fn summarise_api_retry_line(line: &str) -> String {
    let error_status =
        extract_json_field(line, "\"error_status\":").unwrap_or_else(|| "unknown".to_string());
    let attempt = extract_json_field(line, "\"attempt\":").unwrap_or_else(|| "unknown".to_string());
    let retry_delay_ms =
        extract_json_field(line, "\"retry_delay_ms\":").unwrap_or_else(|| "0".to_string());

    let has_field = error_status != "unknown"
        || attempt != "unknown"
        || (retry_delay_ms != "0" && retry_delay_ms != "unknown");

    if has_field {
        let retry_delay_s = retry_delay_ms.parse::<f64>().unwrap_or(0.0) / 1000.0;
        #[expect(
            clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
            clippy::cast_sign_loss,
            reason = "the saturating cast floors the delay to whole seconds"
        )]
        let retry_delay_s = retry_delay_s as u64;
        format!("status={error_status} after {attempt} attempts (last delay {retry_delay_s}s)")
    } else {
        let status_hint = extract_json_field(line, "\"status\":")
            .or_else(|| extract_json_field(line, "\"error\":"))
            .unwrap_or_else(|| "429".to_string());
        format!("status={status_hint} (api_retry fragment)")
    }
}

/// Extracts a JSON field value as a string, handling both quoted strings and raw numbers.
fn extract_json_field(json: &str, field: &str) -> Option<String> {
    json.find(field).and_then(|start| {
        let value_start = start + field.len();
        let value_str = &json[value_start..];

        // Handle quoted strings
        if let Some(rest) = value_str.strip_prefix('"') {
            let end = rest.find('"')?; // find closing quote
            Some(rest[..end].to_string())
        }
        // Handle raw numbers (integers or floats)
        else {
            let end = value_str
                .find(|c: char| !c.is_ascii_digit() && c != '.')
                .unwrap_or(value_str.len());
            let num_str = &value_str[..end];
            num_str
                .strip_suffix(',')
                .map(std::string::ToString::to_string)
                .or_else(|| Some(num_str.to_string()))
        }
    })
}

/// How `run()` should proceed after error handling.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum ErrorHandleResult {
    /// Task was rerouted — `run()` should record metrics then return early.
    EarlyReturn { status: String },
    /// Normal failover applied (or task marked needs_review) — proceed to cleanup + metrics.
    ///
    /// `error` is the current run's attributed error message (e.g. "kimi timed out after 1801s").
    /// Callers should pass this as `error_override` to `build_run_audit` so that stale
    /// `last_error` values from a previous agent's run are not mis-attributed.
    Continue { status: String, error: String },
}

/// Try to reroute the task to an untried free model.
///
/// Returns `Some(EarlyReturn { status: "new" })` if a free model was found and the
/// task was rerouted, `None` otherwise (caller should fall through to normal failover).
///
/// - `exclude_models`: models to skip in addition to already-tried ones
/// - `check_cooldowns`: whether to skip models currently in cooldown
/// - `set_agent`: if `Some`, also overwrite the task's `agent` field
/// - `apply_backoff`: whether to pace the reroute with `wait_for_fallback_backoff`
/// - `reason_prefix`: prefix for the `last_error` message (free model name is appended)
#[expect(
    clippy::too_many_arguments,
    reason = "each caller picks a different mix of reroute options"
)]
#[expect(
    clippy::ref_option,
    reason = "the store helpers it calls take the store as &Option"
)]
async fn try_free_model_reroute(
    task_id: &str,
    agent_name: &str,
    agent_runner: &dyn agents::AgentRunner,
    exclude_models: &[&str],
    check_cooldowns: bool,
    set_agent: Option<&str>,
    apply_backoff: bool,
    reason_prefix: &str,
    store: &Option<Arc<TaskStore>>,
    repo: &str,
) -> Option<ErrorHandleResult> {
    let free = agent_runner.free_models();
    if free.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    let tried_models: String = store::opt_store_get_task(store, repo, task_id)
        .await
        .map(|t| t.model_reroute_chain)
        .unwrap_or_default();
    let tried_set: std::collections::HashSet<&str> =
        tried_models.split(',').filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).collect();
    let next_free = free.iter().find(|m| {
        !exclude_models.contains(&m.as_str())
            && !tried_set.contains(m.as_str())
            && (!check_cooldowns
                || (!crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent_name)
                    && !response::is_model_in_cooldown(agent_name, m)))
    })?;
    tracing::info!(task_id, model = %next_free, "{}", reason_prefix);
    let new_tried = if tried_models.is_empty() {
        next_free.clone()
    } else {
        format!("{tried_models},{next_free}")
    };
    let msg = format!("{reason_prefix} {next_free}");
    let mut fields: Vec<(&str, serde_json::Value)> = vec![
        ("model", serde_json::json!(next_free.clone())),
        ("model_reroute_chain", serde_json::json!(new_tried)),
        ("last_error", serde_json::json!(msg)),
    ];
    if let Some(agent) = set_agent {
        fields.push(("agent", serde_json::json!(agent)));
    }
    if let Err(e) = store::store_set_result(store, repo, task_id, &fields).await {
        tracing::warn!(task_id, err = %e, "try_free_model_reroute: failed to persist model update — not rerouting");
        return None; // let caller fall through to normal failover
    }
    if apply_backoff {
        response::wait_for_fallback_backoff(task_id, store, repo).await;
    }
    Some(ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn {
        status: "new".to_string(),
    })
}

/// Apply a vendor-provided future reset date as the model cooldown.
///
/// Skipped for credit exhaustion reasons other than billing cycle, which keep their agent-wide cooldowns.
/// Returns true when the cooldown was set.
async fn apply_vendor_reset_date(
    agent_name: &str,
    model_name: Option<&str>,
    message: &str,
) -> bool {
    use crate::engine::cooldown::CreditExhaustionReason;
    let Some(model) = model_name else {
        return false;
    };
    match crate::engine::cooldown::detect_credit_exhaustion(message) {
        None | Some(CreditExhaustionReason::BillingCycleExhausted) => {}
        Some(_) => return false,
    }
    match crate::engine::cooldown::parse_retry_at(message) {
        Some(until) if until > chrono::Utc::now().timestamp() => {
            crate::engine::cooldown::set_model_cooldown_until(agent_name, model, until).await;
            true
        }
        _ => false,
    }
}

/// Handle an agent error: classify it, attempt recovery strategies, and update store.
///
/// Returns `Ok(ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn)` when the task was rerouted and
/// `run()` should record metrics and return immediately (skipping tmux cleanup).
/// Returns `Ok(ErrorHandleResult::Continue)` when `run()` should proceed to cleanup.
#[expect(
    clippy::too_many_arguments,
    reason = "the error path needs the task, agent, model and store context together"
)]
pub async fn handle_error(
    task_id: &str,
    agent_err: &agents::AgentError,
    agent_name: &str,
    agent_runner: &dyn agents::AgentRunner,
    model_name: Option<&str>,
    complexity: Option<&str>,
    new_attempts: u32,
    store: &Option<Arc<TaskStore>>,
    repo: &str,
) -> anyhow::Result<ErrorHandleResult> {
    tracing::warn!(
        task_id,
        agent = agent_name,
        error = %agent_err,
        "agent error, attempting recovery"
    );

    // Map AgentError to RetryableError for handle_failover(). credit_recorded
    // skips the generic failure_count bump for already-recorded credit errors
    let mut credit_recorded = false;
    let (retryable, error_msg) = match agent_err {
        agents::AgentError::RateLimit { message, .. } => {
            let is_provider_returned_error = message
                .to_ascii_lowercase()
                .contains("provider returned error");
            // Check for credit exhaustion - these require longer agent-wide cooldowns.
            // For all other rate limits, record both the agent-level and model-level
            // cooldowns immediately so the router can observe them before any concurrent
            // tasks start their runs. handle_failover() also records the cooldown later,
            // but setting it here means the in-memory map is updated right away — without
            // this, concurrent dispatches that check cooldowns between now and
            // handle_failover() will see no cooldown and waste another run against the
            // same rate-limited model.
            //
            // Setting BOTH cooldowns is critical: the router's model selection
            // (model_for_complexity) checks is_model_in_cooldown(agent, model) which
            // uses the agent:model key, so a model-level cooldown is needed to prevent
            // the same model from being re-selected even when the agent-level cooldown
            // is set. Without the model-level cooldown, the model continues to be
            // picked and fails repeatedly (issue #2153).
            // Track whether the quota is model-scoped (BillingCycleExhausted + known model).
            // When true we return ModelUnavailable so handle_failover skips the
            // agent-level failure counter — the agent itself is healthy, only the
            // specific model's plan quota was exhausted (issue #3382).
            let mut billing_cycle_model_scoped = false;

            if apply_vendor_reset_date(agent_name, model_name, message).await {
                let reason = crate::engine::cooldown::detect_credit_exhaustion(message);
                credit_recorded = reason.is_some();
                billing_cycle_model_scoped = reason
                    == Some(crate::engine::cooldown::CreditExhaustionReason::BillingCycleExhausted);
            } else if let Some(reason) = crate::engine::cooldown::detect_credit_exhaustion(message)
            {
                credit_recorded = true;
                // For billing cycle exhaustion where we know the specific model, apply
                // model-level persistent cooldown only. The quota is scoped to that
                // provider sub-model (e.g. github-copilot/gpt-5-mini), not the entire
                // agent account, so an agent-wide cooldown would incorrectly block
                // unrelated models on the same agent.
                if reason == crate::engine::cooldown::CreditExhaustionReason::BillingCycleExhausted
                {
                    if let Some(model) = model_name {
                        crate::engine::cooldown::record_persistent_model_failure(agent_name, model)
                            .await;
                        billing_cycle_model_scoped = true;
                    } else {
                        crate::engine::cooldown::record_credit_exhaustion(agent_name, reason).await;
                    }
                } else {
                    crate::engine::cooldown::record_credit_exhaustion(agent_name, reason).await;
                }
            } else if let (Some(model), Some(window_secs)) = (
                model_name,
                crate::engine::cooldown::parse_relative_usage_window(message),
            ) {
                // Vendor-advertised relative usage window (e.g. "weekly (7-day)
                // usage limit") is authoritative — apply a model-specific cooldown
                // for that exact duration instead of the generic exponential
                // backoff. This is the same window-detection the `needs_review`
                // call site (cooldown::record_rate_limit()) already applies; this
                // in-task failover path bypassed it entirely, undoing the
                // #3572/#3574 fix for the most common rate-limit path (issue #3580).
                crate::engine::cooldown::set_model_cooldown(
                    agent_name,
                    model,
                    window_secs,
                    "rate_limit_usage_window",
                )
                .await;
                tracing::info!(
                    task_id,
                    agent = agent_name,
                    model,
                    window_secs,
                    "relative usage window detected: applying model-specific cooldown"
                );
            } else {
                crate::engine::cooldown::record_agent_failure_with_message(agent_name, message)
                    .await;
                // Also record the model-specific cooldown so model_for_complexity skips it.
                if let Some(model) = model_name {
                    if is_provider_returned_error {
                        crate::engine::cooldown::record_transient_model_failure(agent_name, model)
                            .await;
                    } else {
                        response::record_model_failure(agent_name, model).await;
                    }
                }
            }
            // Use ModelUnavailable when billing cycle is exhausted for a known model so
            // handle_failover does not call record_agent_failure_with_message (which would
            // set an unwanted agent-level cooldown). The agent's other models remain available.
            let retryable = if billing_cycle_model_scoped {
                response::RetryableError::ModelUnavailable
            } else {
                response::RetryableError::UsageLimit
            };
            (
                retryable,
                format!(
                    "{agent_name} rate limit: {}",
                    summarize_rate_limit_error(message)
                ),
            )
        }
        agents::AgentError::Auth { message } => {
            // Check for credit exhaustion first — those need longer agent-wide cooldowns.
            // For plain auth failures (expired key, wrong token, etc.) record both the
            // agent-level and model-level cooldowns so the router can observe them before
            // concurrent tasks start another run against the same unavailable model.
            let mut billing_cycle_model_scoped = false;

            if apply_vendor_reset_date(agent_name, model_name, message).await {
                let reason = crate::engine::cooldown::detect_credit_exhaustion(message);
                credit_recorded = reason.is_some();
                billing_cycle_model_scoped = reason
                    == Some(crate::engine::cooldown::CreditExhaustionReason::BillingCycleExhausted);
            } else if let Some(reason) = crate::engine::cooldown::detect_credit_exhaustion(message)
            {
                credit_recorded = true;
                // Billing cycle exhaustion scoped to a known model gets model-level
                // persistent cooldown only — agent-wide cooldown would block unrelated models.
                if reason == crate::engine::cooldown::CreditExhaustionReason::BillingCycleExhausted
                {
                    if let Some(model) = model_name {
                        crate::engine::cooldown::record_persistent_model_failure(agent_name, model)
                            .await;
                        billing_cycle_model_scoped = true;
                    } else {
                        crate::engine::cooldown::record_credit_exhaustion(agent_name, reason).await;
                    }
                } else {
                    crate::engine::cooldown::record_credit_exhaustion(agent_name, reason).await;
                }
            } else {
                crate::engine::cooldown::record_agent_failure_with_message(agent_name, message)
                    .await;
                if let Some(model) = model_name {
                    response::record_model_failure(agent_name, model).await;
                }
            }
            // Use ModelUnavailable for model-scoped billing exhaustion so handle_failover
            // does not set an agent-level failure cooldown (issue #3382).
            let retryable = if billing_cycle_model_scoped {
                response::RetryableError::ModelUnavailable
            } else {
                response::RetryableError::AuthError
            };
            (retryable, format!("{agent_name} auth error: {message}"))
        }
        agents::AgentError::Timeout { elapsed } => {
            // A task time limit says the work was long, not that the model is
            // unavailable. Retry without a model cooldown or rate_limits row
            (
                response::RetryableError::Timeout,
                format!("{agent_name} timed out after {}s", elapsed.as_secs()),
            )
        }
        agents::AgentError::Interrupted { message } => (
            response::RetryableError::Interrupted,
            format!("{agent_name} interrupted: {message}"),
        ),
        agents::AgentError::MissingTool { tool } => (
            response::RetryableError::MissingTooling,
            format!("missing tool: {tool}"),
        ),
        agents::AgentError::ModelUnavailable { model, message } => {
            crate::engine::cooldown::record_model_unavailable(agent_name, model, message).await;

            // Try next model before switching agent, unless the agent is cooled
            // (an agent-wide cooldown must not be defeated by model substitution)
            let agent_cooled = crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent_name);
            let models = agent_runner.available_models();
            let current_model = model_name.unwrap_or("");
            let next_model = if agent_cooled {
                None
            } else {
                models.iter().find(|m| {
                    m.as_str() != current_model
                        && m.as_str() != model
                        && !response::is_model_in_cooldown(agent_name, m)
                })
            };
            if let Some(next) = next_model {
                tracing::info!(task_id, model = %next, "retrying with different model");
                let msg = format!("model {model} unavailable, trying {next}");
                if let Err(e) = store::store_set_result(
                    store,
                    repo,
                    task_id,
                    &[
                        ("model", serde_json::json!(next.clone())),
                        ("last_error", serde_json::json!(msg)),
                    ],
                )
                .await
                {
                    tracing::warn!(task_id, err = %e, "failed to write model failover to store");
                }
                // Skip normal failover — we're retrying same agent with different model.
                // Use "routed" (not "new") since agent/model are already stored;
                // this avoids a redundant LLM re-routing cycle.
                response::wait_for_fallback_backoff(task_id, store, repo).await;
                return Ok(ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn {
                    status: "routed".to_string(),
                });
            }

            // No other standard models available — try free models for simple tasks
            let is_simple = matches!(complexity, None | Some("simple"));
            if is_simple
                && let Some(result) = try_free_model_reroute(
                    task_id,
                    agent_name,
                    agent_runner,
                    &[current_model, model.as_str()],
                    true,
                    None,
                    true,
                    &format!("model {model} unavailable, trying free model"),
                    store,
                    repo,
                )
                .await
            {
                return Ok(result);
            }

            (
                response::RetryableError::ModelUnavailable,
                format!("model {model} unavailable"),
            )
        }
        agents::AgentError::ContextOverflow { message } => {
            // Context overflow is deterministic — the task's prompt/context is too large
            // for this model's context window. Cycling through other agents would hit the
            // same limit and waste API calls. Skip failover entirely and escalate
            // immediately to needs_review so a human can intervene (e.g., split the task,
            // reduce context, or manually assign a model with a larger context window).
            let msg = format!("{agent_name} context overflow: {message}");
            if let Err(e) = store::store_set_result(
                store,
                repo,
                task_id,
                &[("last_error", serde_json::json!(msg))],
            )
            .await
            {
                tracing::warn!(task_id, err = %e, "failed to write context_overflow last_error to store");
            }
            return Ok(ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn {
                status: "needs_review".to_string(),
            });
        }
        agents::AgentError::WaitingForInput { message } => {
            // Requires human — skip failover, go straight to needs_review
            let msg = format!("waiting for input: {message}");
            if let Err(e) = store::store_set_result(
                store,
                repo,
                task_id,
                &[("last_error", serde_json::json!(msg))],
            )
            .await
            {
                tracing::warn!(task_id, err = %e, "failed to write waiting_for_input last_error to store");
            }
            return Ok(ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn {
                status: "needs_review".to_string(),
            });
        }
        agents::AgentError::PermissionDenied { message } => (
            response::RetryableError::Failed,
            format!("permission denied: {message}"),
        ),
        agents::AgentError::InvalidResponse { .. } => {
            // Record model-specific cooldown so the same model that produced an
            // unparseable response isn't immediately retried on the next task.
            if let Some(model) = model_name {
                response::record_model_failure(agent_name, model).await;
            }
            (
                response::RetryableError::Failed,
                format!("{agent_name} invalid response"),
            )
        }
        agents::AgentError::AgentFailed { message } => {
            // "Provider returned error" (opencode) and similar upstream failures.
            // Record model+agent cooldowns so the router skips this model on retry,
            // then route through handle_failover() to get proper reroute-chain
            // tracking, exhaustion checks, and fallback pacing.
            // Credit-shaped errors that escaped the Auth/RateLimit classifiers still
            // need the credit cooldown and counter, not the generic 5 min backoff.
            if let Some(reason) = crate::engine::cooldown::detect_credit_exhaustion(message) {
                credit_recorded = true;
                match model_name {
                    Some(model)
                        if reason
                            == crate::engine::cooldown::CreditExhaustionReason::BillingCycleExhausted =>
                    {
                        crate::engine::cooldown::record_persistent_model_failure(agent_name, model)
                            .await;
                    }
                    _ => crate::engine::cooldown::record_credit_exhaustion(agent_name, reason).await,
                }
            } else {
                if let Some(model) = model_name {
                    response::record_model_failure(agent_name, model).await;
                }
                crate::engine::cooldown::record_agent_failure_with_message(agent_name, message)
                    .await;
            }
            (
                response::RetryableError::Failed,
                format!("{agent_name} failed: {message}"),
            )
        }
        agents::AgentError::NetworkError { message } => {
            // Transient connectivity failure — retry same agent without rerouting,
            // but grow a dedicated streak counter so backoff keeps increasing.
            // Use "routed" so it re-dispatches without a full re-routing cycle.
            // After MAX_NETWORK_RETRIES consecutive network errors, escalate to
            // needs_review so a human is notified rather than looping forever.
            const MAX_NETWORK_RETRIES: u64 = 8;
            let msg = format!("{agent_name} network error: {message}");
            let retry_count = match store::store_increment(store, repo, task_id, "network_retries")
                .await
            {
                Ok(count) => {
                    tracing::info!(
                        task_id,
                        retry_count = count,
                        agent = agent_name,
                        "network retry scheduled"
                    );
                    count
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    tracing::warn!(
                        task_id,
                        error = %e,
                        "failed to increment network_retries — escalating to needs_review"
                    );
                    return Ok(ErrorHandleResult::Continue {
                        status: "needs_review".to_string(),
                        error: format!("{agent_name} network error (store unavailable): {message}"),
                    });
                }
            };
            if let Err(e) = store::store_set_result(
                store,
                repo,
                task_id,
                &[("last_error", serde_json::json!(msg))],
            )
            .await
            {
                tracing::warn!(task_id, err = %e, "failed to write network_error last_error to store");
            }
            if retry_count >= MAX_NETWORK_RETRIES {
                tracing::warn!(
                    task_id,
                    retry_count,
                    agent = agent_name,
                    "network retries exhausted, escalating to needs_review"
                );
                return Ok(ErrorHandleResult::Continue {
                    status: "needs_review".to_string(),
                    error: msg,
                });
            }
            // Apply backoff to pace retries
            response::wait_for_fallback_backoff(task_id, store, repo).await;
            return Ok(ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn {
                status: "routed".to_string(),
            });
        }
        agents::AgentError::StaleSession { session_id } => {
            // Stale session errors only occur in the orch chat control session, not
            // in task runners (tasks don't use --session-id / --resume). Treat as a
            // generic agent failure so the task is retried from scratch.
            (
                response::RetryableError::Failed,
                format!("{agent_name} stale session: {session_id}"),
            )
        }
        agents::AgentError::ThinkingBlockConflict { message } => {
            // Transient Anthropic API 400 — thinking blocks modified in multi-turn
            // tool-use. Not a model capacity or rate-limit problem.
            // Do NOT record failure counts or model/agent cooldowns.
            // Pass ModelUnavailable so handle_failover skips agent failure recording
            // while still updating the reroute chain to avoid re-selecting claude.
            (
                response::RetryableError::ModelUnavailable,
                format!("{agent_name} thinking block conflict: {message}"),
            )
        }
        agents::AgentError::Unknown { exit_code, message } => {
            // Exit 0 with empty output is a silent failure (common with GitHub
            // Copilot models in opencode).  Record a model-specific cooldown so
            // the same model is not retried on every subsequent task.
            // Also matches when message == "empty-output-exit0" (from classify_from_text
            // or the direct empty-output branch in mod.rs).
            if *exit_code == 0
                && (message.is_empty()
                    || message == "empty-output-exit0"
                    || message.starts_with("empty-output-exit0:"))
            {
                if let Some(m) = model_name {
                    // A stopped session also exits 0 with no output, so the backoff stays short
                    crate::engine::cooldown::record_transient_model_failure(agent_name, m).await;
                }
                // Before falling through to handle_failover() (which tries claude/codex),
                // check whether this agent has any free models that haven't been tried yet.
                // Silent exit-0 is usually model/provider-specific; retrying other free
                // models first avoids wasting paid claude/codex failovers.
                let current = model_name.unwrap_or("");
                if let Some(result) = try_free_model_reroute(
                    task_id,
                    agent_name,
                    agent_runner,
                    &[current],
                    true,
                    Some("opencode"),
                    true,
                    "silent exit 0, retrying with free model",
                    store,
                    repo,
                )
                .await
                {
                    return Ok(result);
                }
            }

            // Handle JSON cost telemetry in stdout for non-zero exits
            // If the message looks like Claude's cost JSON, replace with a generic message
            let error_message = if *exit_code != 0 && message.contains("\"costUSD\":") {
                // Extract just the essential info: exit code and that cost telemetry was present
                format!(
                    "{agent_name} exited with non-zero status (cost telemetry in stdout, no error message)"
                )
            } else {
                format!("{agent_name} exit {exit_code}: {message}")
            };

            (response::RetryableError::Failed, error_message)
        }
    };

    // Timeouts and interrupts clear the agent and skip the rate_limits row
    if matches!(
        retryable,
        response::RetryableError::Timeout | response::RetryableError::Interrupted
    ) && let Err(e) = store::store_set_result(
        store,
        repo,
        task_id,
        &[
            ("agent", serde_json::json!("")),
            ("last_error", serde_json::json!(error_msg.clone())),
        ],
    )
    .await
    {
        tracing::warn!(task_id, err = %e, "failed to write timeout agent clear to store");
    }

    // Record rate limit in store (sqlx). Timeouts and interrupted runs are
    // not usage limits, so they must not write a row
    {
        let error_type_str = match retryable {
            response::RetryableError::UsageLimit => Some("rate"),
            response::RetryableError::AuthError => Some("auth"),
            response::RetryableError::Timeout | response::RetryableError::Interrupted => None,
            _ => Some("error"),
        };
        if let Some(limit_type) = error_type_str
            && let Some(s) = store
            && let Err(e) = s
                .record_rate_limit(agent_name, limit_type, Some(task_id))
                .await
        {
            tracing::warn!(task_id, agent = %agent_name, err = %e, "failed to persist rate_limit event — router health check may miss this signal");
        }
    }

    // Try free models as last resort before giving up
    let chain = response::get_reroute_chain(task_id, store, repo).await;
    let available: Vec<String> = crate::engine::configured_agents()
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|a| crate::cmd_cache::command_exists(a))
        .collect();

    let all_agents_tried = {
        let chain_set: std::collections::HashSet<&str> = if chain.is_empty() {
            std::collections::HashSet::new()
        } else {
            chain.split(',').collect()
        };
        !available
            .iter()
            .any(|a| a.as_str() != agent_name && !chain_set.contains(a.as_str()))
    };

    let is_simple = matches!(complexity, None | Some("simple"));
    if all_agents_tried && is_simple {
        // All agents exhausted — try free models via opencode (only for simple tasks)
        if let Some(result) = try_free_model_reroute(
            task_id,
            agent_name,
            agent_runner,
            &[],
            true, // fix: check cooldowns (was previously missing, inconsistent with other paths)
            Some("opencode"),
            false,
            "all agents exhausted, trying free model",
            store,
            repo,
        )
        .await
        {
            return Ok(result);
        }
    }

    let status = response::handle_failover(
        task_id,
        agent_name,
        retryable,
        &error_msg,
        credit_recorded,
        store,
        repo,
    )
    .await;
    match status.as_str() {
        "new" => tracing::warn!(task_id, "failover exhausted (retryable), task reset to new"),
        "blocked" => tracing::warn!(task_id, "failover exhausted (hard failure), task blocked"),
        _ => {}
    }

    // Store failure memory for retry learning
    response::store_failure_memory(
        task_id,
        new_attempts,
        agent_name,
        model_name,
        &error_msg,
        store,
        repo,
    )
    .await;

    Ok(ErrorHandleResult::Continue {
        status,
        error: error_msg,
    })
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::engine::runner::agents::{AgentError, AgentRunner, ParsedResponse, PermissionRules};
    use crate::parser::AgentResponse;
    use serial_test::serial;

    struct MockRunner {
        free: Vec<String>,
    }

    struct MockRunnerWithModels {
        models: Vec<String>,
    }

    impl AgentRunner for MockRunnerWithModels {
        fn stream_events(
            &self,
            _event: &serde_json::Value,
        ) -> Vec<crate::engine::runner::agents::StreamEvent> {
            vec![]
        }

        fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
            "opencode"
        }

        fn build_command(
            &self,
            _model: Option<&str>,
            _timeout_cmd: &str,
            _sys_file: &str,
            _msg_file: &str,
            _permissions: &PermissionRules,
        ) -> String {
            String::new()
        }

        fn parse_response(&self, _raw: &str) -> Result<ParsedResponse, AgentError> {
            Ok(ParsedResponse {
                response: AgentResponse {
                    status: "done".to_string(),
                    summary: String::new(),
                    accomplished: vec![],
                    remaining: vec![],
                    files: vec![],
                    error: None,
                    input_tokens: None,
                    output_tokens: None,
                    learnings: vec![],
                    delegations: vec![],
                },
                input_tokens: None,
                output_tokens: None,
                duration_ms: None,
            })
        }

        fn classify_error(&self, _exit_code: i32, _stdout: &str, _stderr: &str) -> AgentError {
            AgentError::Unknown {
                exit_code: 0,
                message: String::new(),
            }
        }

        fn available_models(&self) -> Vec<String> {
            self.models.clone()
        }

        fn router_command(
            &self,
            _prompt: &str,
            _model: Option<&str>,
        ) -> anyhow::Result<tokio::process::Command> {
            anyhow::bail!("not implemented")
        }
    }

    impl AgentRunner for MockRunner {
        fn stream_events(
            &self,
            _event: &serde_json::Value,
        ) -> Vec<crate::engine::runner::agents::StreamEvent> {
            vec![]
        }

        fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
            "opencode"
        }

        fn build_command(
            &self,
            _model: Option<&str>,
            _timeout_cmd: &str,
            _sys_file: &str,
            _msg_file: &str,
            _permissions: &PermissionRules,
        ) -> String {
            String::new()
        }

        fn parse_response(&self, _raw: &str) -> Result<ParsedResponse, AgentError> {
            Ok(ParsedResponse {
                response: AgentResponse {
                    status: "done".to_string(),
                    summary: String::new(),
                    accomplished: vec![],
                    remaining: vec![],
                    files: vec![],
                    error: None,
                    input_tokens: None,
                    output_tokens: None,
                    learnings: vec![],
                    delegations: vec![],
                },
                input_tokens: None,
                output_tokens: None,
                duration_ms: None,
            })
        }

        fn classify_error(&self, _exit_code: i32, _stdout: &str, _stderr: &str) -> AgentError {
            AgentError::Unknown {
                exit_code: 0,
                message: String::new(),
            }
        }

        fn free_models(&self) -> Vec<String> {
            self.free.clone()
        }

        fn router_command(
            &self,
            _prompt: &str,
            _model: Option<&str>,
        ) -> anyhow::Result<tokio::process::Command> {
            anyhow::bail!("not implemented")
        }
    }

    /// Verify that a generic (non-credit-exhaustion) rate limit error sets the agent
    /// cooldown immediately in `handle_error()`, before `handle_failover()` is called.
    ///
    /// This prevents concurrent dispatches from starting new runs against the same
    /// rate-limited agent while the first task is still in its error-handling path.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn rate_limit_sets_agent_cooldown_immediately() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "test-agent-1371-early-cooldown";

        // Confirm no cooldown before the error.
        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent),
            "agent should not be in cooldown before handle_error"
        );

        let err = AgentError::RateLimit {
            message: "429 Too Many Requests".to_string(),
        };

        // Run handle_error — no store so handle_failover will find no agents and return Continue.
        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-1371-a",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some("sonnet"),
            Some("medium"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        // Cooldown must be set immediately after handle_error returns, not deferred.
        assert!(
            crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent),
            "agent should be in cooldown immediately after handle_error for RateLimit"
        );
    }

    /// Verify that a rate limit error sets BOTH the agent-level and model-level cooldowns.
    ///
    /// This is critical: the router's model selection (model_for_complexity) checks
    /// is_model_in_cooldown(agent, model) which uses the agent:model key format.
    /// An agent-level cooldown alone does NOT prevent the same model from being
    /// re-selected, causing the rate-limited model to fail repeatedly (issue #2153).
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn rate_limit_sets_both_agent_and_model_cooldowns() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "test-agent-2153-model-cooldown";
        let model = "opencode/github-copilot/qwen3.6-plus-free";

        // Confirm no cooldowns before the error.
        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent),
            "agent should not be in cooldown before handle_error"
        );
        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, model),
            "model should not be in cooldown before handle_error"
        );

        let err = AgentError::RateLimit {
            message: "Upstream error from Alibaba: Request rate increased too quickly.".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-2153-a",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("simple"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        // Agent-level cooldown must be set immediately.
        assert!(
            crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent),
            "agent should be in agent-level cooldown after RateLimit"
        );
        // Model-level cooldown must ALSO be set immediately — this is the fix for issue #2153.
        // Without this, model_for_complexity would still pick the same model.
        assert!(
            crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, model),
            "model should be in model-level cooldown after RateLimit (fixes issue #2153)"
        );
    }

    /// Verify that rate limit for a specific model does NOT cool other models of the same agent.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn rate_limit_cooldown_is_model_specific() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "test-agent-2153-model-specific";
        let cooled_model = "opencode/github-copilot/qwen3.6-plus-free";
        let other_model = "opencode/minimax-m2.5-free";

        let err = AgentError::RateLimit {
            message: "rate limit exceeded".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-2153-b",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(cooled_model),
            Some("simple"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        // The specific model that hit the rate limit should be cooled.
        assert!(
            crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, cooled_model),
            "rate-limited model should be in cooldown"
        );
        // Other models of the same agent should NOT be cooled.
        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, other_model),
            "other models should not be cooled by a single model's rate limit"
        );
    }

    /**
     * Regression test for issue #3652: a credit-exhaustion error records its
     * own credit_failure_count cooldown, but handle_failover() used to also
     * bump the generic failure_count:<agent> counter. After a few credit
     * errors the next ordinary failure would start at the 24h/48h extended
     * backoff tier instead of the 5 minute base. The generic counter must be
     * untouched here while credit_failure_count is incremented. The agent
     * name is deliberately not a configured agent, so handle_failover() finds
     * it as a fallback and takes the recording path this test exercises
     **/
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn credit_exhaustion_does_not_bump_generic_failure_count() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let store = std::sync::Arc::new(
            crate::store::TaskStore::open_memory()
                .await
                .expect("in-memory store"),
        );
        crate::engine::cooldown::init_cooldown_store(std::sync::Arc::clone(&store)).await;

        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "test-agent-3652-credit-no-bump";

        let err = AgentError::RateLimit {
            message: "out of credits, please recharge your balance".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-3652-a",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            None,
            Some("simple"),
            1,
            &Some(std::sync::Arc::clone(&store)),
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        let credit_count = store
            .kv_get(&format!("credit_failure_count:{agent}"))
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert!(
            credit_count.is_some(),
            "credit_failure_count should be incremented by the credit error"
        );
        let generic_count = store
            .kv_get(&format!("failure_count:{agent}"))
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert!(
            generic_count.is_none(),
            "failure_count must not be bumped by credit errors, got {generic_count:?}"
        );
    }

    /// A timeout is a long task, not an unavailable model. Two timeouts in a
    /// row must leave the model routable and write no rate_limits row
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn two_timeouts_leave_model_routable() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let store = std::sync::Arc::new(
            crate::store::TaskStore::open_memory()
                .await
                .expect("in-memory store"),
        );
        crate::engine::cooldown::init_cooldown_store(std::sync::Arc::clone(&store)).await;

        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "opencode";
        let model = "opencode/nemotron-3-ultra-free";

        let err = AgentError::Timeout {
            elapsed: std::time::Duration::from_mins(30),
        };

        for i in 1..=2 {
            let _result = handle_error(
                &format!("test-3876-timeout-{i}"),
                &err,
                agent,
                &runner,
                Some(model),
                Some("simple"),
                i,
                &Some(std::sync::Arc::clone(&store)),
                "owner/repo",
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();
        }

        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, model),
            "timeouts must not cool the model"
        );
        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent),
            "timeouts must not cool the agent"
        );
        let counts = store.recent_rate_limit_counts(6).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            counts.get(agent).copied().unwrap_or(0),
            0,
            "timeouts must not write a rate_limits row"
        );
    }

    /// A run that exits without a result envelope retries without cooling the
    /// model or writing a rate_limits row
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn interrupted_run_does_not_write_rate_limit() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let store = std::sync::Arc::new(
            crate::store::TaskStore::open_memory()
                .await
                .expect("in-memory store"),
        );
        crate::engine::cooldown::init_cooldown_store(std::sync::Arc::clone(&store)).await;

        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "claude";
        let model = "sonnet";
        let err = AgentError::Interrupted {
            message: "exited without a result envelope".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-3876-interrupted",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("medium"),
            1,
            &Some(std::sync::Arc::clone(&store)),
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, model),
            "interrupted runs must not cool the model"
        );
        let counts = store.recent_rate_limit_counts(6).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            counts.get(agent).copied().unwrap_or(0),
            0,
            "interrupted runs must not write a rate_limits row"
        );
    }

    /// Regression test for issue #3580: the in-task failover path (this
    /// function) previously never called `parse_relative_usage_window()`, so a
    /// vendor-advertised window like "weekly (7-day) usage limit" fell through
    /// to the generic exponential backoff (5min base) instead of the ~7-day
    /// window the vendor advertised. Only the `needs_review` call site in
    /// `runner/mod.rs` applied the window fix from #3572/#3574 — this path did
    /// not. Verify the model-specific cooldown now matches the parsed window
    /// rather than the short exponential-backoff base.
    ///
    /// Note: `handle_failover()` still applies its own short agent-level
    /// cooldown when switching to a fallback agent — that bookkeeping is
    /// unrelated to and unaffected by this fix, so it isn't asserted here.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn rate_limit_with_relative_window_sets_window_length_model_cooldown() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "test-agent-3580-kimi";
        let model = "opus";
        let key = format!("{agent}:{model}");

        let err = AgentError::RateLimit {
            message: "You've reached your weekly (7-day) usage limit. Your quota will reset when the current 7-day window expires.".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-3580-a",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("medium"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
        let until = crate::engine::cooldown::cooldown_until(&key)
            .expect("relative usage window should set model cooldown");
        let remaining = until.saturating_sub(now);

        assert!(
            remaining >= 7 * 86400 - 30,
            "expected ~7-day model cooldown from the parsed window, got {remaining}s"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            crate::engine::cooldown::cooldown_reason(&key).as_deref(),
            Some("rate_limit_usage_window"),
            "relative usage-window cooldown must be labeled as a rate limit, not silence"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn provider_returned_error_sets_short_model_cooldown() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "opencode";
        let model = "opencode/nemotron-3-super-free";
        let key = format!("{agent}:{model}");

        let err = AgentError::RateLimit {
            message: "Provider returned error".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-2478-provider-cooldown",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("simple"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
        let until = crate::engine::cooldown::cooldown_until(&key)
            .expect("provider error should set model cooldown");
        let remaining = until.saturating_sub(now);

        assert!(
            remaining <= crate::engine::cooldown::TRANSIENT_MODEL_BACKOFF_BASE_SECS,
            "expected a 5 minute model cooldown, got {remaining}s"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn model_unavailable_sets_persistent_model_cooldown_for_codex_style() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "codex";
        let model = "gpt-5.3-codex";

        // Simulate Codex provider JSON error: message contains "model is not supported"
        let err = crate::engine::runner::agents::AgentError::ModelUnavailable {
            model: model.to_string(),
            message: "{\"detail\":\"The 'gpt-5.3-codex' model is not supported\"}".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-codex-model-unsupported",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("simple"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        // The persistent backoff base is ~4h; ensure cooldown exists and is at least that long minus a margin
        let key = format!("{agent}:{model}");
        let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
        let until =
            crate::engine::cooldown::cooldown_until(&key).expect("model cooldown should be set");
        let remaining = until.saturating_sub(now);

        assert!(
            remaining >= crate::engine::cooldown::PERSISTENT_MODEL_BACKOFF_BASE_SECS - 30,
            "expected persistent model cooldown (~4h) for codex model-unavailable, got {remaining}s"
        );
    }

    async fn vendor_reset_remaining(agent: &str, model: &str, message: &str) -> i64 {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let err = crate::engine::runner::agents::AgentError::RateLimit {
            message: message.to_string(),
        };
        let _ = handle_error(
            "test-3649",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("simple"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();
        let until = crate::engine::cooldown::cooldown_until(&format!("{agent}:{model}"))
            .expect("model cooldown should be set");
        until - chrono::Utc::now().timestamp()
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn vendor_reset_date_overrides_weekly_window() {
        use chrono::Datelike;
        let t = chrono::Local::now() + chrono::Duration::days(2);
        let msg = format!(
            "You've hit your weekly limit · resets {} {} at 1am (America/Sao_Paulo)",
            t.format("%b"),
            t.day()
        );
        let remaining = vendor_reset_remaining("claude", "sonnet", &msg).await;
        assert!(
            remaining > 3600 && remaining < 3 * 86400,
            "expected ~2d cooldown, got {remaining}s"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn vendor_reset_date_overrides_billing_cycle_backoff() {
        let t = chrono::Local::now() + chrono::Duration::days(3);
        let msg = format!(
            "You've hit your usage limit. Upgrade to Pro (https://x), or try again at {}.",
            t.format("%b %d, %Y %I:%M %p")
        );
        let remaining = vendor_reset_remaining("codex", "gpt-5.4", &msg).await;
        assert!(
            remaining > 2 * 86400 + 80000 - 3600 && remaining < 4 * 86400,
            "expected ~3d cooldown, got {remaining}s"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn agent_failed_insufficient_balance_sets_credit_cooldown() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "test-agent-3642-insufficient-balance";

        // Confirm no cooldown before the error.
        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent),
            "agent should not be in cooldown before handle_error"
        );

        let err = agents::AgentError::AgentFailed {
            message: "402 Payment Required: insufficient balance".to_string(),
        };

        // Run handle_error — no store so handle_failover will find no agents and return Continue.
        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-3642-a",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some("sonnet"),
            Some("medium"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        // The credit exhaustion path (from #3642) should set a cooldown of at least
        // CREDIT_BACKOFF_BASE_SECS (1h), not the generic 5-min backoff.
        // Without #3642, the AgentFailed arm would have gone to the else branch
        // and called record_agent_failure_with_message, setting a 5-min cooldown.
        assert!(
            crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent),
            "agent should be in cooldown after handle_error for AgentFailed with insufficient balance"
        );

        let until = crate::engine::cooldown::cooldown_until(agent)
            .expect("agent cooldown should be active");
        let remaining = until - chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
        assert!(
            remaining >= crate::engine::cooldown::CREDIT_BACKOFF_BASE_SECS - 30,
            "credit cooldown should be at least the 1h base, got {remaining}s"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn silent_exit0_retries_free_model_for_simple_complexity() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner {
            free: vec!["opencode/mimo-v2-omni-free".to_string()],
        };
        let err = AgentError::Unknown {
            exit_code: 0,
            message: String::new(),
        };

        // complexity=simple → free model retry is appropriate
        let result = handle_error(
            "test-1112-a",
            &err,
            "opencode",
            &runner,
            Some("opencode/gpt-5.4-mini"),
            Some("simple"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        assert!(
            matches!(result, ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn { ref status } if status == "new"),
            "expected EarlyReturn{{status: new}} for simple complexity — free model should be tried first"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn silent_exit0_retries_free_model_when_complexity_unknown() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner {
            free: vec!["opencode/mimo-v2-omni-free".to_string()],
        };
        let err = AgentError::Unknown {
            exit_code: 0,
            message: String::new(),
        };

        // complexity=None (unknown) → treated as simple → free model retry
        let result = handle_error(
            "test-1112-a2",
            &err,
            "opencode",
            &runner,
            Some("opencode/gpt-5.4-mini"),
            None,
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        assert!(
            matches!(result, ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn { ref status } if status == "new"),
            "expected EarlyReturn{{status: new}} for unknown complexity — free model should be tried first"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn silent_exit0_retries_free_model_for_medium_complexity() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner {
            free: vec!["opencode/mimo-v2-omni-free".to_string()],
        };
        let err = AgentError::Unknown {
            exit_code: 0,
            message: String::new(),
        };

        // complexity=medium → still retry free model before cross-agent failover
        let result = handle_error(
            "test-1195-medium",
            &err,
            "opencode",
            &runner,
            Some("opencode/copilot-gpt-5.4-mini"),
            Some("medium"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        assert!(
            matches!(result, ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn { ref status } if status == "new"),
            "expected EarlyReturn{{status: new}} for medium complexity — free model should be tried before failover"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn silent_exit0_retries_free_model_for_complex_complexity() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner {
            free: vec!["opencode/mimo-v2-omni-free".to_string()],
        };
        let err = AgentError::Unknown {
            exit_code: 0,
            message: String::new(),
        };

        // complexity=complex → still retry free model before cross-agent failover
        let result = handle_error(
            "test-1195-complex",
            &err,
            "opencode",
            &runner,
            Some("opencode/copilot-gpt-5.4-mini"),
            Some("complex"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        assert!(
            matches!(result, ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn { ref status } if status == "new"),
            "expected EarlyReturn{{status: new}} for complex complexity — free model should be tried before failover"
        );
    }

    /// Context overflow is deterministic — the same context will overflow every agent.
    /// Verify that it escalates directly to needs_review without cycling through fallback agents.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn context_overflow_escalates_to_needs_review_immediately() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let err = AgentError::ContextOverflow {
            message: "prompt is too long: 250000 tokens, max 200000".to_string(),
        };

        let result = handle_error(
            "test-2129-a",
            &err,
            "claude",
            &runner,
            Some("sonnet"),
            Some("medium"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        assert!(
            matches!(result, ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn { ref status } if status == "needs_review"),
            "context overflow must escalate directly to needs_review without cycling through fallback agents"
        );
    }

    /// When store is None, store_set_result returns Ok(()) — reroute proceeds normally.
    /// This verifies the happy path is not broken by the error-propagation change.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn free_model_reroute_succeeds_without_store() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner {
            free: vec!["opencode/mimo-v2-omni-free".to_string()],
        };
        let err = AgentError::Unknown {
            exit_code: 0,
            message: String::new(),
        };

        // store=None → store_set_result returns Ok(()) → reroute proceeds
        let result = handle_error(
            "test-2293-a",
            &err,
            "opencode",
            &runner,
            Some("opencode/gpt-5.4-mini"),
            Some("simple"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        assert!(
            matches!(result, ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn { ref status } if status == "new"),
            "expected EarlyReturn{{status: new}} — store_set_result with None store should not prevent reroute"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn silent_exit0_falls_through_when_no_free_models() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let err = AgentError::Unknown {
            exit_code: 0,
            message: String::new(),
        };

        let result = handle_error(
            "test-1112-b",
            &err,
            "opencode",
            &runner,
            Some("opencode/gpt-5.4-mini"),
            Some("simple"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        assert!(
            matches!(result, ErrorHandleResult::Continue { .. }),
            "expected Continue (fallthrough to failover) when no free models available"
        );
    }

    /// Verify that InvalidResponse applies model-level cooldown.
    ///
    /// This fixes issue #2750: InvalidResponse used to skip model-level cooldown,
    /// allowing models that produced unparseable responses to be immediately
    /// retried on the next task without any backoff.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn invalid_response_sets_model_cooldown() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "opencode";
        let model = "opencode/nemotron-3-super-free";

        // Confirm no model cooldown before the error.
        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, model),
            "model should not be in cooldown before handle_error"
        );

        let err = AgentError::InvalidResponse {
            raw: "invalid json output".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-2750-invalid-response",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("simple"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        // Model-level cooldown must be set after InvalidResponse.
        assert!(
            crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, model),
            "model should be in cooldown after InvalidResponse (fixes issue #2750)"
        );
    }

    /// BillingCycleExhausted with a known model must set ONLY the model-level cooldown.
    ///
    /// Regression test for issue #3382: "upgrade to pro" messages (added to
    /// billing_cycle_patterns in #3380) were triggering an agent-wide 24h cooldown
    /// when model_name was None, blocking all codex models even though only the
    /// specific model's plan quota was exhausted.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn billing_cycle_exhausted_with_known_model_sets_only_model_cooldown() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "codex-3382-billing-cycle";
        let model = "gpt-5.5";

        let err = AgentError::RateLimit {
            message: "rate limit: You've hit your usage limit. Upgrade to Pro (https://chatgpt.com/explore/pro).".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-3382-a",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("medium"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        // Agent-level credit cooldown must NOT be set — the quota is model-scoped.
        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent),
            "agent must NOT be in agent-level cooldown when BillingCycleExhausted has a known model (issue #3382)"
        );
        // Model-level cooldown MUST be set.
        assert!(
            crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, model),
            "model must be in cooldown after BillingCycleExhausted (issue #3382)"
        );
        // Other models on the same agent must NOT be cooled.
        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, "gpt-5.4"),
            "other models on the same agent must not be cooled by a single model's billing exhaustion"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn summarize_rate_limit_error_extracts_api_retry_info() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let raw_output = r#"some log lines
{"type":"system","subtype":"api_retry","attempt":6,"max_retries":10,"retry_delay_ms":17266.789,"error_status":429,"error":"rate_limit","session_id":"331c099b-..."}
{"type":"system","subtype":"api_retry","attempt":7,"max_retries":10,"retry_delay_ms":35162.66,"error_status":429,"error":"rate_limit","session_id":"331c099b-..."}
more logs"#;

        let summarized = super::summarize_rate_limit_error(raw_output);
        assert_eq!(summarized, "status=429 after 7 attempts (last delay 35s)");
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn summarize_rate_limit_error_returns_original_when_no_api_retry() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let raw_output = "some regular error message without api_retry JSON";

        let summarized = super::summarize_rate_limit_error(raw_output);
        assert_eq!(summarized, raw_output);
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn summarize_rate_limit_error_handles_malformed_json_gracefully() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let raw_output = r#"some logs
{"type":"system","subtype":"api_retry","attempt":"not_a_number","retry_delay_ms":invalid,"error_status":429}
more logs"#;

        let summarized = super::summarize_rate_limit_error(raw_output);
        // Should still return a formatted string even with invalid numbers
        assert!(summarized.starts_with("status="));
        assert!(summarized.contains("after"));
        assert!(summarized.contains("attempts"));
        assert!(summarized.contains("(last delay"));
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn summarize_rate_limit_error_works_with_single_line() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let raw_output = r#"{"type":"system","subtype":"api_retry","attempt":3,"max_retries":10,"retry_delay_ms":5000,"error_status":429,"error":"rate_limit"}"#;

        let summarized = super::summarize_rate_limit_error(raw_output);
        assert_eq!(summarized, "status=429 after 3 attempts (last delay 5s)");
    }

    /// Verify extract_json_field correctly handles quoted string values.
    /// Previously it stripped from the wrong end (strip_suffix), returning None for
    /// any field that isn't the last one in the JSON object (fixes issue #2817).
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn extract_json_field_handles_quoted_strings() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let json = r#"{"error_status":429,"attempt":7,"retry_delay_ms":35162.66,"error":"rate_limit","session_id":"331c099b-..."}"#;

        assert_eq!(
            super::extract_json_field(json, "\"error\":"),
            Some("rate_limit".to_string()),
            "quoted string field mid-object should be extracted correctly"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            super::extract_json_field(json, "\"session_id\":"),
            Some("331c099b-...".to_string()),
            "quoted string field at end of object (no trailing comma) should be extracted"
        );
        // Numeric fields should still work (regression check)
        assert_eq!(
            super::extract_json_field(json, "\"error_status\":"),
            Some("429".to_string())
        );
        assert_eq!(
            super::extract_json_field(json, "\"attempt\":"),
            Some("7".to_string())
        );
        assert_eq!(
            super::extract_json_field(json, "\"retry_delay_ms\":"),
            Some("35162.66".to_string())
        );
    }

    /// Truncated fragment starting mid-object with ,"subtype":"api_retry"...
    /// Should NOT return raw JSON blob (regression test for issue #2839).
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn summarize_rate_limit_error_handles_truncated_fragment_with_subtype() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        // Real-world truncated fragment from GLM runs (no "type":"system" prefix)
        let raw_output = r#"some log context
,"subtype":"api_retry","attempt":5,"retry_delay_ms":20000,"error_status":429,"error":"rate_limit"
more context"#;

        let summarized = super::summarize_rate_limit_error(raw_output);
        assert!(
            !summarized.contains("subtype"),
            "summarized output must not contain raw 'subtype' JSON fragment"
        );
        assert!(
            !summarized.contains('{'),
            "summarized output must not contain JSON braces"
        );
        assert!(
            summarized.starts_with("status="),
            "summarized output should start with 'status=' — got: {summarized}"
        );
        // Note: "api_retry" is only included when fields are not extractable
        // (the fragment fallback path). When attempt/delay are extractable,
        // the summary is "status=X after N attempts (last delay Ys)" with no "api_retry".
    }

    /// Fragment with attempt and delay fields extractable from mid-fragment.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn summarize_rate_limit_error_handles_fragment_with_extractable_fields() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let raw_output = r#"log output
,"subtype":"api_retry","attempt":5,"retry_delay_ms":20000,"error_status":429,"error":"rate_limit","session_id":"abc123","max_retries":10}
rest of output"#;

        let summarized = super::summarize_rate_limit_error(raw_output);
        assert_eq!(summarized, "status=429 after 5 attempts (last delay 20s)");
    }

    /// Complete JSON (no truncation) still works after removing "type":"system" requirement.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn summarize_rate_limit_error_complete_json_still_works() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let raw_output = r#"some log lines
{"type":"system","subtype":"api_retry","attempt":6,"max_retries":10,"retry_delay_ms":17266.789,"error_status":429,"error":"rate_limit","session_id":"331c099b-..."}
{"type":"system","subtype":"api_retry","attempt":7,"max_retries":10,"retry_delay_ms":35162.66,"error_status":429,"error":"rate_limit","session_id":"331c099b-..."}
more logs"#;

        let summarized = super::summarize_rate_limit_error(raw_output);
        assert_eq!(summarized, "status=429 after 7 attempts (last delay 35s)");
    }

    /// When no api_retry JSON is found at all, should NOT return raw passthrough.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn summarize_rate_limit_error_no_api_retry_no_raw_passthrough() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let raw_output = "some regular error message without api_retry JSON that is quite long and should be truncated";

        let summarized = super::summarize_rate_limit_error(raw_output);
        // Should be truncated to first line, not the full raw_output
        assert!(
            summarized.len() <= 140,
            "expected truncated first-line, got: {summarized}"
        );
    }

    /// Short error without api_retry: should return the line as-is (no truncation needed).
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn summarize_rate_limit_error_no_api_retry_short() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let raw_output = "rate limit exceeded";

        let summarized = super::summarize_rate_limit_error(raw_output);
        assert_eq!(summarized, raw_output);
    }

    /// "Model not found" is a permanent failure — verify it applies the persistent (4h base)
    /// cooldown rather than the standard transient (5min base) cooldown.
    ///
    /// Regression test for issue #2941: dead models were retried every 4h indefinitely
    /// because "not found" was treated the same as a transient unavailability.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn model_not_found_applies_persistent_cooldown() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "opencode-2941-not-found";
        let model = "github-copilot/claude-opus-4.6";
        let key = format!("{agent}:{model}");

        let err = AgentError::ModelUnavailable {
            model: model.to_string(),
            message: "Model not found: github-copilot/claude-opus-4.6".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-2941-a",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("complex"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
        let until = crate::engine::cooldown::cooldown_until(&key)
            .expect("model not found should set model cooldown");
        let remaining = until.saturating_sub(now);

        // Persistent cooldown starts at 4h; transient starts at 5min.
        // Verify we applied the persistent (4h base) path, not the short one.
        assert!(
            remaining >= crate::engine::cooldown::PERSISTENT_MODEL_BACKOFF_BASE_SECS - 30,
            "expected ~4h (persistent) cooldown for 'Model not found', got {remaining}s — \
             may have applied transient 5min cooldown instead"
        );
    }

    /// "Model not supported" is a permanent account-type mismatch — verify it applies the
    /// persistent (4h base → 7d max) cooldown, same as "not found".
    ///
    /// Regression test for issue #3215: "not supported" was not matched by the
    /// `is_permanently_gone` check, so it fell through to the 5min→4h transient backoff
    /// and the model kept being retried every ~4h indefinitely.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn model_not_supported_applies_persistent_cooldown() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "codex-3215-not-supported";
        let model = "gpt-5.2-codex";
        let key = format!("{agent}:{model}");

        let err = AgentError::ModelUnavailable {
            model: model.to_string(),
            message: "The 'gpt-5.2-codex' model is not supported when using Codex with a ChatGPT account.".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-3215-a",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("medium"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
        let until = crate::engine::cooldown::cooldown_until(&key)
            .expect("model not supported should set model cooldown");
        let remaining = until.saturating_sub(now);

        assert!(
            remaining >= crate::engine::cooldown::PERSISTENT_MODEL_BACKOFF_BASE_SECS - 30,
            "expected ~4h (persistent) cooldown for 'not supported', got {remaining}s — \
             may have applied transient 5min cooldown instead (issue #3215)"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn model_not_available_in_country_applies_persistent_cooldown() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "opencode-3650-country";
        let model = "some-region-locked-model";
        let key = format!("{agent}:{model}");

        // issue #3650: region/country blocks need the persistent backoff, not the 5min one
        for message in [
            "This model is not available in your country.",
            "This model is not available in your region.",
        ] {
            crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
            let err = AgentError::ModelUnavailable {
                model: model.to_string(),
                message: message.to_string(),
            };

            let _result = handle_error(
                "test-3650",
                &err,
                agent,
                &runner,
                Some(model),
                Some("medium"),
                1,
                &None,
                "owner/repo",
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();

            let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
            let until = crate::engine::cooldown::cooldown_until(&key)
                .expect("region block should set model cooldown");
            let remaining = until.saturating_sub(now);

            assert!(
                remaining >= crate::engine::cooldown::PERSISTENT_MODEL_BACKOFF_BASE_SECS - 30,
                "expected ~4h (persistent) cooldown for '{message}', got {remaining}s — \
                 may have applied transient 5min cooldown instead (issue #3650)"
            );
        }
    }

    /// ThinkingBlockConflict must NOT set any agent or model cooldown.
    ///
    /// This error is a transient Claude CLI 400 (thinking blocks modified in multi-turn
    /// tool-use) — not a model capacity problem. Penalising claude:opus with failure
    /// counts would prematurely push it into extended-backoff for unrelated reasons.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn thinking_block_conflict_does_not_set_cooldown() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "claude-3204-thinking-block";
        let model = "opus";

        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent),
            "agent must not be in cooldown before handle_error"
        );
        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, model),
            "model must not be in cooldown before handle_error"
        );

        let err = AgentError::ThinkingBlockConflict {
            message: "`thinking` or `redacted_thinking` blocks in the latest assistant message cannot be modified.".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-3204-thinking",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("complex"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_agent_in_cooldown(agent),
            "agent must NOT be in cooldown after ThinkingBlockConflict (fixes issue #3204)"
        );
        assert!(
            !crate::engine::cooldown::is_model_in_cooldown(agent, model),
            "model must NOT be in cooldown after ThinkingBlockConflict (fixes issue #3204)"
        );
    }

    /// Transient model unavailability (not "not found") should use the standard short cooldown.
    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn model_unavailable_transient_applies_short_cooldown() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let runner = MockRunner { free: vec![] };
        let agent = "opencode-2941-transient";
        let model = "github-copilot/gpt-4o";
        let key = format!("{agent}:{model}");

        let err = AgentError::ModelUnavailable {
            model: model.to_string(),
            message: "No endpoints found for github-copilot/gpt-4o.".to_string(),
        };

        let _result = handle_error(
            "test-2941-b",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(model),
            Some("medium"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        let now = chrono::Utc::now().timestamp();
        let until = crate::engine::cooldown::cooldown_until(&key)
            .expect("transient model unavailability should set model cooldown");
        let remaining = until.saturating_sub(now);

        // Standard (transient) backoff base is 5min. Persistent base is 4h.
        // Confirm we did NOT apply the long 4h cooldown for a transient error.
        assert!(
            remaining < crate::engine::cooldown::PERSISTENT_MODEL_BACKOFF_BASE_SECS,
            "transient unavailability should use short cooldown (<4h), got {remaining}s"
        );
    }

    #[serial(cooldown_state)]
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn model_unavailable_does_not_reuse_same_agent_when_agent_cooled() {
        crate::engine::cooldown::reset_global_state().await;
        let agent = "codex-3620";
        let failing_model = "gpt-5.4";
        let other_model = "gpt-5.5";
        let runner = MockRunnerWithModels {
            models: vec![failing_model.to_string(), other_model.to_string()],
        };

        crate::engine::cooldown::set_agent_cooldown(agent, 3600).await;

        let err = AgentError::ModelUnavailable {
            model: failing_model.to_string(),
            message: "model gpt-5.4 unavailable".to_string(),
        };

        let result = handle_error(
            "test-3620",
            &err,
            agent,
            &runner,
            Some(failing_model),
            Some("medium"),
            1,
            &None,
            "owner/repo",
        )
        .await
        .unwrap();

        if let ErrorHandleResult::EarlyReturn { status } = result {
            assert_ne!(
                status, "routed",
                "agent-wide cooldown was defeated by same-agent model substitution"
            );
        }
    }
}