openapi_to_rust/

analysis.rs

use crate::openapi::{Discriminator, OpenApiSpec, Schema, SchemaType as OpenApiSchemaType};
use crate::type_mapping::TypeMapper;
use crate::{GeneratorError, Result};
use serde_json::Value;
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashSet};
use std::path::Path;

/// Q2.6 — pull `x-enum-varnames` / `x-enum-descriptions` arrays off
/// the schema's original JSON. Both extensions must be string arrays
/// matching the enum-value count; mismatched extensions are dropped
/// with a stderr warning so they can't subtly break codegen.
///
/// Returns `None` when neither extension is present.
fn extract_enum_extensions(
    original: &Value,
    enum_value_count: usize,
    schema_name: &str,
) -> Option<EnumExtensions> {
    let obj = original.as_object()?;

    let read_string_array = |key: &str| -> Option<Vec<String>> {
        let arr = obj.get(key)?.as_array()?;
        let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(arr.len());
        for v in arr {
            out.push(v.as_str()?.to_string());
        }
        Some(out)
    };

    let varnames_raw = read_string_array("x-enum-varnames");
    let descriptions_raw = read_string_array("x-enum-descriptions");

    if varnames_raw.is_none() && descriptions_raw.is_none() {
        return None;
    }

    let validate = |label: &str, vals: Option<Vec<String>>| -> Vec<String> {
        let Some(vals) = vals else {
            return Vec::new();
        };
        if vals.len() == enum_value_count {
            vals
        } else {
            eprintln!(
                "⚠️  {schema_name}: dropping {label} (expected {enum_value_count} entries, got {})",
                vals.len()
            );
            Vec::new()
        }
    };

    let varnames = validate("x-enum-varnames", varnames_raw);
    let descriptions = validate("x-enum-descriptions", descriptions_raw);

    if varnames.is_empty() && descriptions.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    Some(EnumExtensions {
        varnames,
        descriptions,
    })
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SchemaAnalysis {
    /// All schemas indexed by name
    pub schemas: BTreeMap<String, AnalyzedSchema>,
    /// Dependency graph for generation ordering
    pub dependencies: DependencyGraph,
    /// Detected patterns and transformations
    pub patterns: DetectedPatterns,
    /// OpenAPI operations and their request/response schemas
    pub operations: BTreeMap<String, OperationInfo>,
    /// Complete response contracts by emitted operation ID and response key.
    /// Unlike `OperationInfo::response_schemas`, this retains responses with
    /// no body as well as their selected JSON media type and SSE declaration.
    pub operation_responses: BTreeMap<String, BTreeMap<String, OperationResponse>>,
    /// Source operationId to emitted operation IDs. Duplicate or
    /// Rust-identifier-colliding IDs are renamed during analysis; retaining
    /// this mapping lets selector resolution report ambiguity or renaming.
    pub operation_id_aliases: BTreeMap<String, Vec<String>>,
    /// Optional crates the [`TypeMapper`] was asked to reference
    /// during analysis (e.g. chrono when a `format: date-time` field
    /// became `chrono::DateTime<Utc>`). The generator reads this to
    /// decide which helper modules (e.g. `base64_serde`) to emit. Complete
    /// dependency reporting is collected from retained emitted files so
    /// pruned schemas cannot leak stale requirements.
    ///
    /// [`TypeMapper`]: crate::type_mapping::TypeMapper
    pub used_type_features: crate::type_mapping::UsedFeatures,
    /// Q2.6: per-schema vendor enum extensions
    /// (`x-enum-varnames` / `x-enum-descriptions`). Populated during
    /// analysis when a StringEnum / ExtensibleEnum schema declares
    /// either extension; the generator uses these to override the
    /// default heuristic variant names and emit per-variant doc
    /// comments. Indexed by analyzed-schema name. Side-channel so we
    /// don't have to touch every StringEnum constructor.
    pub enum_extensions: BTreeMap<String, EnumExtensions>,
    /// Raw, unpruned schema material used to build offline server validators.
    /// This is deliberately independent of `schemas`, which model pruning may
    /// mutate before server artifacts are emitted.
    pub validation_context: ValidationContext,
}

/// Server-relevant semantics of one OpenAPI Response Object.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Serialize)]
pub struct OperationResponse {
    /// Generated Rust body type for the preferred JSON-compatible content.
    pub schema_name: Option<String>,
    /// Exact declared JSON-compatible media type selected for `schema_name`.
    pub media_type: Option<String>,
    /// Preferred buffered response representation for this status. JSON keeps
    /// its generated schema name; text and binary bodies are represented
    /// directly by the generated client/server runtime types.
    pub body: Option<OperationResponseBody>,
    /// Whether this response also declares `text/event-stream` content.
    pub supports_streaming: bool,
    /// Whether the Response Object declared at least one content entry.
    pub has_content: bool,
    /// Declared response media types the server generator cannot emit.
    pub unsupported_media_types: Vec<String>,
}

/// Buffered response representation selected from one OpenAPI Response Object.
/// SSE remains orthogonal on [`OperationResponse::supports_streaming`] because
/// a response may advertise both a buffered JSON representation and an event
/// stream.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Serialize)]
#[serde(tag = "kind", rename_all = "snake_case")]
pub enum OperationResponseBody {
    Json {
        schema_name: String,
        media_type: String,
    },
    Text {
        media_type: String,
    },
    Binary {
        media_type: String,
        wildcard: bool,
    },
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct ValidationContext {
    pub openapi_version: String,
    pub json_schema_dialect: Option<String>,
    pub component_schemas: BTreeMap<String, Value>,
}

/// Q2.6 — vendor extensions describing a string enum's variant
/// names and per-variant descriptions. Length must match the
/// schema's `enum` array; mismatched extensions are dropped at
/// analysis time with a warning.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct EnumExtensions {
    /// `x-enum-varnames`: Rust-friendly variant identifiers per
    /// enum value, in the same order as the spec's `enum` array.
    /// When present and length matches, the generator uses these
    /// instead of its default PascalCase heuristic.
    pub varnames: Vec<String>,
    /// `x-enum-descriptions`: one doc-comment per enum value.
    pub descriptions: Vec<String>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct AnalyzedSchema {
    pub name: String,
    pub original: Value,
    pub schema_type: SchemaType,
    pub dependencies: HashSet<String>,
    pub nullable: bool,
    pub description: Option<String>,
    pub default: Option<serde_json::Value>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum SchemaType {
    /// Simple primitive type. `serde_with` carries an optional
    /// `#[serde(with = "<path>")]` codec hint produced by the
    /// TypeMapper for typed scalars (e.g. `format: byte` →
    /// `Vec<u8>` + `base64_serde`); the generator wraps this in a
    /// field-level `with = ...` attribute.
    Primitive {
        rust_type: String,
        serde_with: Option<String>,
    },
    /// Object with properties
    Object {
        properties: BTreeMap<String, PropertyInfo>,
        required: HashSet<String>,
        additional_properties: ObjectAdditionalProperties,
    },
    /// Discriminated union (oneOf + discriminator)
    DiscriminatedUnion {
        discriminator_field: String,
        variants: Vec<UnionVariant>,
    },
    /// Simple union (anyOf without discriminator)
    Union { variants: Vec<SchemaRef> },
    /// Array type
    Array { item_type: Box<SchemaType> },
    /// String enum
    StringEnum { values: Vec<String> },
    /// Extensible enum with known values and custom variant
    ExtensibleEnum { known_values: Vec<String> },
    /// Schema composition (allOf)
    Composition { schemas: Vec<SchemaRef> },
    /// Reference to another schema
    Reference { target: String },
}

/// How an Object handles `additionalProperties`. Q2.3 split the
/// pre-existing `bool` into a three-way enum so the generator can
/// emit a typed `BTreeMap<String, T>` when the spec provides a
/// value-type schema instead of degrading to `serde_json::Value`.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum ObjectAdditionalProperties {
    /// `additionalProperties: false` or absent — extra keys are
    /// rejected and no extra field is emitted.
    Forbidden,
    /// `additionalProperties: true` — extra keys captured as
    /// `BTreeMap<String, serde_json::Value>`.
    Untyped,
    /// `additionalProperties: <schema>` — extra keys captured as
    /// `BTreeMap<String, T>` where T comes from the schema.
    Typed { value_type: Box<SchemaType> },
}

impl ObjectAdditionalProperties {
    /// True when extra keys are accepted (regardless of typing).
    /// Used by callers that only care whether the field exists.
    pub fn is_open(&self) -> bool {
        !matches!(self, Self::Forbidden)
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct PropertyInfo {
    pub schema_type: SchemaType,
    pub nullable: bool,
    pub description: Option<String>,
    pub default: Option<serde_json::Value>,
    pub serde_attrs: Vec<String>,
    /// Q2.4: OpenAPI constraint annotations captured from the
    /// property schema. Surfaced by the generator as `/// Constraint:
    /// …` doc lines and/or `#[validate(...)]` attributes depending on
    /// `[generator.types.constraints] mode`.
    pub constraints: PropertyConstraints,
}

/// Q2.4 — per-property OpenAPI constraint annotations
/// (`minimum`/`maximum`/`minLength`/`maxLength`/`pattern`/etc.).
/// Populated during analysis from `SchemaDetails`; consumed by the
/// generator to emit doc comments and/or `#[validate(...)]` attrs.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct PropertyConstraints {
    pub minimum: Option<f64>,
    pub maximum: Option<f64>,
    pub exclusive_minimum: Option<f64>,
    pub exclusive_maximum: Option<f64>,
    pub multiple_of: Option<f64>,
    pub min_length: Option<u64>,
    pub max_length: Option<u64>,
    pub pattern: Option<String>,
    pub min_items: Option<u64>,
    pub max_items: Option<u64>,
    pub unique_items: Option<bool>,
}

impl PropertyConstraints {
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.minimum.is_none()
            && self.maximum.is_none()
            && self.exclusive_minimum.is_none()
            && self.exclusive_maximum.is_none()
            && self.multiple_of.is_none()
            && self.min_length.is_none()
            && self.max_length.is_none()
            && self.pattern.is_none()
            && self.min_items.is_none()
            && self.max_items.is_none()
            && self.unique_items.is_none()
    }

    /// Capture the constraint-related fields off a `SchemaDetails`.
    /// Exclusive bounds in OpenAPI 3.1 are numeric (`exclusiveMinimum:
    /// 5`); we map the OAS-3.0 boolean flag form by leaving the
    /// exclusive field unset and letting `minimum`/`maximum` carry it.
    pub fn from_schema_details(details: &crate::openapi::SchemaDetails) -> Self {
        use crate::openapi::ExclusiveBound;
        let exclusive_minimum = match &details.exclusive_minimum {
            Some(ExclusiveBound::Number(v)) => Some(*v),
            _ => None,
        };
        let exclusive_maximum = match &details.exclusive_maximum {
            Some(ExclusiveBound::Number(v)) => Some(*v),
            _ => None,
        };
        Self {
            minimum: details.minimum,
            maximum: details.maximum,
            exclusive_minimum,
            exclusive_maximum,
            multiple_of: details.multiple_of,
            min_length: details.min_length,
            max_length: details.max_length,
            pattern: details.pattern.clone(),
            min_items: details.min_items,
            max_items: details.max_items,
            unique_items: details.unique_items,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct UnionVariant {
    pub rust_name: String,
    pub type_name: String,
    pub discriminator_value: String,
    pub schema_ref: String,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SchemaRef {
    pub target: String,
    pub nullable: bool,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct DependencyGraph {
    pub edges: BTreeMap<String, HashSet<String>>,
    /// Set of schemas that have recursive dependencies
    pub recursive_schemas: HashSet<String>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct DetectedPatterns {
    /// Schemas that should use tagged enums (discriminated unions)
    pub tagged_enum_schemas: HashSet<String>,
    /// Schemas that should use untagged enums (simple unions)  
    pub untagged_enum_schemas: HashSet<String>,
    /// Auto-detected type mappings for discriminated unions
    pub type_mappings: BTreeMap<String, BTreeMap<String, String>>,
}

/// Information about an OpenAPI operation
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, serde::Serialize)]
pub struct OperationInfo {
    /// Operation ID
    pub operation_id: String,
    /// HTTP method (GET, POST, etc.)
    pub method: String,
    /// Path template
    pub path: String,
    /// Short summary from OpenAPI spec
    pub summary: Option<String>,
    /// Longer description from OpenAPI spec
    pub description: Option<String>,
    /// Request body content type and schema (if any)
    pub request_body: Option<RequestBodyContent>,
    /// Whether `requestBody.required` was true. Drives whether the generated
    /// method takes a `Body` argument or `Option<Body>` (T11).
    pub request_body_required: bool,
    /// Response schemas by status code
    pub response_schemas: BTreeMap<String, String>,
    /// Parameters (path, query, header)
    pub parameters: Vec<ParameterInfo>,
    /// Whether this operation supports streaming
    pub supports_streaming: bool,
    /// Stream parameter name if applicable
    pub stream_parameter: Option<String>,
    /// Tags declared on the operation. Empty when the spec sets none.
    /// Used by the server codegen selector grammar (e.g. `tag:Chat`)
    /// and by `openapi-to-rust server list` for grouping.
    pub tags: Vec<String>,
}

/// Content type and schema for a request body
#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize)]
#[serde(tag = "kind")]
pub enum RequestBodyContent {
    Json {
        schema_name: String,
        media_type: String,
        #[serde(skip)]
        validation_schema: Value,
    },
    FormUrlEncoded {
        schema_name: String,
        media_type: String,
        #[serde(skip)]
        validation_schema: Value,
    },
    Multipart {
        schema_name: String,
        media_type: String,
        #[serde(skip)]
        validation_schema: Value,
    },
    OctetStream {
        media_type: String,
    },
    Binary {
        media_type: String,
    },
    TextPlain {
        media_type: String,
    },
    /// A declared request media type without a schema. Client generation
    /// preserves its historical no-body signature, while server generation
    /// rejects the operation because there is no contract to validate.
    SchemaLess {
        media_type: String,
    },
    Unsupported {
        media_types: Vec<String>,
    },
}

impl RequestBodyContent {
    /// Get the schema name if this content type has one
    pub fn schema_name(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        match self {
            Self::Json { schema_name, .. }
            | Self::FormUrlEncoded { schema_name, .. }
            | Self::Multipart { schema_name, .. } => Some(schema_name),
            Self::OctetStream { .. }
            | Self::Binary { .. }
            | Self::TextPlain { .. }
            | Self::SchemaLess { .. }
            | Self::Unsupported { .. } => None,
        }
    }
}

/// Compute the disambiguation-base for a parameter name. Mirrors
/// `ClientGenerator::sanitize_param_name` so analysis-time uniqueness
/// decisions and codegen-time emission agree on the final ident.
fn base_param_ident(name: &str) -> String {
    use heck::ToSnakeCase;
    let suffix = if name.ends_with("<=") {
        "_lte"
    } else if name.ends_with(">=") {
        "_gte"
    } else if name.ends_with('<') {
        "_lt"
    } else if name.ends_with('>') {
        "_gt"
    } else {
        ""
    };
    let stripped = name.trim_end_matches(['<', '>', '=']);
    let mut snake = stripped.to_snake_case();
    if snake.is_empty() {
        snake.push_str("parameter");
    } else if snake.starts_with(|character: char| character.is_ascii_digit()) {
        snake.insert(0, '_');
    }
    snake.push_str(suffix);
    snake
}

/// Information about an operation parameter
#[derive(Debug, Clone, serde::Serialize)]
pub struct ParameterInfo {
    /// Parameter name
    pub name: String,
    /// Parameter location (path, query, header, cookie)
    pub location: String,
    /// Whether the parameter is required
    pub required: bool,
    /// Schema reference for the parameter type
    pub schema_ref: Option<String>,
    /// Rust type for this parameter
    pub rust_type: String,
    /// Description from OpenAPI spec
    pub description: Option<String>,
    /// String enum values when the parameter's inline schema is a string with
    /// `enum` or `const`. When set, `rust_type` is the synthetic enum type
    /// name (e.g. `GetItemTheConstant`) and the client generator emits an
    /// inline enum so the parameter is constrained to the declared values.
    /// See issue #10 follow-up.
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub enum_values: Option<Vec<String>>,
    /// `x-enum-varnames` declared on the parameter's inline enum schema, when
    /// present and the same length as `enum_values`. Schema-level enums already
    /// honor this vendor extension through `SchemaAnalysis::enum_extensions`;
    /// parameter enums are inline and have no analyzed-schema name to key on,
    /// so their names ride along here instead.
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub enum_varnames: Option<Vec<String>>,
    /// Disambiguated Rust ident assigned by the analyzer at the operation
    /// scope. When two parameters in the same operation sanitize to the same
    /// snake_case name (e.g. `exclude_ids` + `exclude-ids` in vercel,
    /// `StartTime` + `StartTime>` in twilio), the analyzer suffixes
    /// later occurrences with `_2`, `_3`, … so the codegen function
    /// signature and body don't reuse the same binding.
    /// Empty/none = use sanitize from `name`.
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub rust_ident: Option<String>,
    /// Wire serialization for object/array query parameters, decided from
    /// the parameter's `style`/`explode` and schema shape (T14, GH #27).
    /// `None` = plain single `name=value` pair (scalars, string enums, and
    /// the ordinary scalar `name=value` representation. Unsupported complex
    /// shapes carry an explicit [`QuerySerialization::Unsupported`] reason so
    /// downstream client/server generators cannot silently drift.
    /// For the object modes, `schema_ref` holds the struct type
    /// generated/resolved for the object schema.
    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
    pub query_serialization: Option<QuerySerialization>,
    /// Original parameter schema retained for request validation. This is not
    /// exposed by serialized operation listings.
    #[serde(skip)]
    pub validation_schema: Option<Value>,
}

/// How generated clients serialize and generated servers extract an object-
/// or array-schema query parameter.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, serde::Serialize)]
pub enum QuerySerialization {
    /// style=form + explode=true object (the OAS 3.x defaults for query):
    /// each property is its own pair — `?color=red&size=big`. The parameter
    /// name never appears in the query string (RFC 6570 form-explosion).
    FormExplodedObject,
    /// AWS query-protocol form explosion for an object containing arrays:
    /// `Parameter.Prop.1=value` or `Parameter.Prop.1.Leaf=value`. Unlike
    /// ordinary RFC 6570 form explosion, AWS service models retain the outer
    /// parameter wire name; client and server generation intentionally mirror
    /// that protocol-specific representation.
    FormExplodedNestedObject {
        properties: Vec<QueryStructProperty>,
    },
    /// style=form + explode=false object: one comma-joined key,value list —
    /// `?filter=color,red,size,big`.
    FormObject,
    /// style=deepObject (explode=true) object: bracketed keys —
    /// `?filter[color]=red`.
    DeepObject,
    /// style=form + explode=true array: repeated pairs — `?tags=a&tags=b`.
    /// Parameter typed `Vec<item_type>`.
    FormExplodedArray { item_type: ArrayItemType },
    /// style=form + explode=false array: one comma-joined pair —
    /// `?tags=a,b,c`. Parameter typed `Vec<item_type>`.
    FormArray { item_type: ArrayItemType },
    /// Header `style=simple, explode=false` array: one physical header value
    /// containing comma-separated scalar items.
    SimpleHeaderArray { item_type: ArrayItemType },
    /// A complex query shape whose wire representation is undefined by
    /// OpenAPI or not implemented symmetrically. Clients retain the explicit
    /// opaque-string escape hatch; server generation rejects it with this
    /// actionable reason instead of emitting an impossible extractor.
    Unsupported { reason: String },
}

/// Item type of a typed array query parameter. The two variants need
/// different handling in codegen: scalars are already Rust type strings
/// (possibly paths like `rust_decimal::Decimal` from `[type_mappings]`),
/// while schema refs are raw *schema names* that must run through
/// `to_rust_type_name` sanitization (cloudflare:
/// `resource-sharing_resource_type`).
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, serde::Serialize)]
pub enum ArrayItemType {
    /// A Rust scalar type string from the TypeMapper (`String`, `i32`, …).
    Scalar(String),
    /// The schema name of a referenced scalar alias or string enum.
    SchemaRef(String),
    /// The schema name of a referenced *flat* structure — every property is
    /// scalar. Serialized AWS query-protocol style as
    /// `param.N.Prop=value` per item (e.g. `Tags.1.Key=k&Tags.1.Value=v`).
    /// Carries the wire property names so client and server emit identical
    /// keys without re-resolving the schema.
    FlatStructRef {
        schema_name: String,
        properties: Vec<QueryStructProperty>,
    },
    /// A referenced structure with scalar properties plus arrays whose items
    /// are scalar or flat structures. This is the deepest unambiguous shape
    /// used by AWS query protocols (`param.N.Prop.M.Leaf=value`).
    NestedStructRef {
        schema_name: String,
        properties: Vec<QueryStructProperty>,
    },
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, serde::Serialize)]
pub struct QueryStructProperty {
    pub wire_name: String,
    pub required: bool,
    pub value_type: QueryStructPropertyType,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, serde::Serialize)]
pub enum QueryStructPropertyType {
    Scalar(QueryScalarType),
    Array {
        item_type: ArrayItemType,
    },
    Object {
        properties: Vec<QueryStructProperty>,
    },
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, serde::Serialize)]
pub enum QueryScalarType {
    String,
    Integer,
    Number,
    Boolean,
}

impl Default for DependencyGraph {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl DependencyGraph {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            edges: BTreeMap::new(),
            recursive_schemas: HashSet::new(),
        }
    }

    pub fn add_dependency(&mut self, from: String, to: String) {
        self.edges.entry(from).or_default().insert(to);
    }

    /// Get topological sort order for generation
    pub fn topological_sort(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<String>> {
        // First, detect and handle recursive dependencies
        self.detect_recursive_schemas();

        // Create a temporary graph without self-referencing edges for sorting
        let mut temp_edges = self.edges.clone();
        for (schema, deps) in &mut temp_edges {
            deps.remove(schema); // Remove self-references
        }

        let mut visited = HashSet::new();
        let mut temp_visited = HashSet::new();
        let mut result = Vec::new();

        // Visit all nodes using the temporary graph in sorted order for deterministic output
        let mut all_nodes: Vec<_> = temp_edges.keys().collect();
        all_nodes.sort();
        for node in all_nodes {
            if !visited.contains(node) {
                self.visit_node_recursive(
                    node,
                    &temp_edges,
                    &mut visited,
                    &mut temp_visited,
                    &mut result,
                )?;
            }
        }

        result.reverse();
        Ok(result)
    }

    fn detect_recursive_schemas(&mut self) {
        for (schema, deps) in &self.edges {
            if deps.contains(schema) {
                // Direct self-reference
                self.recursive_schemas.insert(schema.clone());
            } else {
                // Check for indirect cycles
                if self.has_cycle_from(schema, schema, &mut HashSet::new()) {
                    self.recursive_schemas.insert(schema.clone());
                }
            }
        }

        // Also detect mutual recursion (like GraphNode <-> GraphEdge)
        for (schema, deps) in &self.edges {
            for dep in deps {
                if let Some(dep_deps) = self.edges.get(dep) {
                    if dep_deps.contains(schema) {
                        // Mutual recursion detected
                        self.recursive_schemas.insert(schema.clone());
                        self.recursive_schemas.insert(dep.clone());
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn has_cycle_from(&self, start: &str, current: &str, visited: &mut HashSet<String>) -> bool {
        if visited.contains(current) {
            return false; // Already checked this path
        }

        visited.insert(current.to_string());

        if let Some(deps) = self.edges.get(current) {
            for dep in deps {
                if dep == start {
                    return true; // Found cycle back to start
                }
                if self.has_cycle_from(start, dep, visited) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }

        false
    }

    #[allow(clippy::only_used_in_recursion)]
    fn visit_node_recursive(
        &self,
        node: &str,
        temp_edges: &BTreeMap<String, HashSet<String>>,
        visited: &mut HashSet<String>,
        temp_visited: &mut HashSet<String>,
        result: &mut Vec<String>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        if temp_visited.contains(node) {
            // This should not happen with cycle-free temp graph, but just in case
            return Ok(());
        }

        if visited.contains(node) {
            return Ok(());
        }

        temp_visited.insert(node.to_string());

        if let Some(dependencies) = temp_edges.get(node) {
            // Sort dependencies for deterministic topological order
            let mut sorted_deps: Vec<_> = dependencies.iter().collect();
            sorted_deps.sort();
            for dep in sorted_deps {
                self.visit_node_recursive(dep, temp_edges, visited, temp_visited, result)?;
            }
        }

        temp_visited.remove(node);
        visited.insert(node.to_string());
        result.push(node.to_string());

        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Merge schema extension files into the main OpenAPI specification
/// Uses simple recursive JSON object merging
pub fn merge_schema_extensions(
    main_spec: Value,
    extension_paths: &[impl AsRef<Path>],
) -> Result<Value> {
    let mut result = main_spec;

    for path in extension_paths {
        let extension = load_extension_file(path.as_ref())?;
        result = merge_json_objects_with_replacements(result, extension)?;
    }

    Ok(result)
}

/// AWS-style specs append query markers to their path templates
/// (`/tags/{resourceArn}#tagKeys`, `/2015-02-01/resource-tags/{ResourceId}#tagKeys`).
/// The fragment is not part of the route — those values are declared as
/// ordinary query parameters on the operation — so strip it before the path
/// reaches route generation. Axum (and every HTTP router) matches on the path
/// component only.
fn normalize_operation_path(path: &str) -> String {
    match path.split_once('#') {
        Some((route, _fragment)) if route.starts_with('/') => route.to_string(),
        _ => path.to_string(),
    }
}

/// See through an `allOf: [$ref, {annotation}]` wrapper around a schema, the
/// same shape `analyze_all_of` treats as a type alias. Returns the sole
/// reference target's schema when every other member is annotation-only;
/// otherwise the schema itself.
fn unwrap_annotation_allof(schema: &crate::openapi::Schema) -> &crate::openapi::Schema {
    let crate::openapi::Schema::AllOf { all_of, .. } = schema else {
        return schema;
    };
    let mut references = all_of.iter().filter(|s| s.reference().is_some());
    let (Some(first), None) = (references.next(), references.next()) else {
        return schema;
    };
    let others_annotation_only = all_of.iter().all(|member| {
        if member.reference().is_some() {
            return true;
        }
        serde_json::to_value(member)
            .ok()
            .and_then(|value| value.as_object().cloned())
            .is_some_and(|object| {
                object.keys().all(|key| {
                    matches!(
                        key.as_str(),
                        "title"
                            | "description"
                            | "deprecated"
                            | "readOnly"
                            | "writeOnly"
                            | "examples"
                            | "example"
                            | "externalDocs"
                            | "xml"
                            | "$comment"
                    ) || key.starts_with("x-")
                })
            })
    });
    if others_annotation_only {
        first
    } else {
        schema
    }
}

/// Load an extension file and parse it into the JSON representation used by
/// the analyzer. YAML extensions follow the same conversion policy as YAML
/// OpenAPI documents; every other extension is parsed as JSON.
fn load_extension_file(path: &Path) -> Result<Value> {
    let content = std::fs::read_to_string(path).map_err(|e| GeneratorError::FileError {
        message: format!("Failed to read file {}: {}", path.display(), e),
    })?;

    let is_yaml = path
        .extension()
        .and_then(|extension| extension.to_str())
        .is_some_and(|extension| {
            extension.eq_ignore_ascii_case("yaml") || extension.eq_ignore_ascii_case("yml")
        });

    if is_yaml {
        crate::spec_source::yaml_to_json_value(&content).map_err(|error| {
            GeneratorError::FileError {
                message: format!(
                    "Failed to parse schema extension {} as YAML: {}",
                    path.display(),
                    error
                ),
            }
        })
    } else {
        serde_json::from_str(&content).map_err(|error| GeneratorError::FileError {
            message: format!(
                "Failed to parse schema extension {} as JSON: {}",
                path.display(),
                error
            ),
        })
    }
}

/// Merge JSON objects with explicit replacement support
fn merge_json_objects_with_replacements(main: Value, extension: Value) -> Result<Value> {
    // Extract replacement rules from the extension
    let replacements = extract_replacement_rules(&extension);

    // Perform the merge with replacement awareness
    Ok(merge_json_objects_with_rules(
        main,
        extension,
        &replacements,
    ))
}

/// Extract x-replacements rules from extension
fn extract_replacement_rules(
    extension: &Value,
) -> std::collections::HashMap<String, (String, String)> {
    let mut rules = std::collections::HashMap::new();

    if let Some(x_replacements) = extension.get("x-replacements") {
        if let Some(x_replacements_obj) = x_replacements.as_object() {
            for (schema_name, replacement_rule) in x_replacements_obj {
                if let Some(rule_obj) = replacement_rule.as_object() {
                    if let (Some(replace), Some(with)) = (
                        rule_obj.get("replace").and_then(|v| v.as_str()),
                        rule_obj.get("with").and_then(|v| v.as_str()),
                    ) {
                        rules.insert(schema_name.clone(), (replace.to_string(), with.to_string()));
                        // println!("📋 Replacement rule: In {}, replace {} with {}", schema_name, replace, with);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    rules
}

/// Check if a variant should be replaced based on explicit replacement rules
fn should_replace_variant(
    schema_name: &str,
    extension_refs: &[String],
    replacements: &std::collections::HashMap<String, (String, String)>,
) -> bool {
    // Check all replacement rules
    for (replace_schema, with_schema) in replacements.values() {
        if schema_name == replace_schema {
            // This schema should be replaced - check if the replacement schema is in extensions
            let replacement_exists = extension_refs.iter().any(|ext_ref| {
                let ext_schema_name = ext_ref.split('/').next_back().unwrap_or("");
                ext_schema_name == with_schema
            });

            if replacement_exists {
                return true;
            }
        }
    }

    // Fallback to exact name match for complete replacement
    extension_refs.iter().any(|ext_ref| {
        let ext_schema_name = ext_ref.split('/').next_back().unwrap_or("");
        schema_name == ext_schema_name
    })
}

/// Recursively merge two JSON values with replacement rules
/// Objects are merged by combining properties
/// Arrays are merged by concatenating
/// Primitives in the extension override the main value
fn merge_json_objects_with_rules(
    main: Value,
    extension: Value,
    replacements: &std::collections::HashMap<String, (String, String)>,
) -> Value {
    match (main, extension) {
        // Both objects - merge properties
        (Value::Object(mut main_obj), Value::Object(ext_obj)) => {
            // Special handling for schema objects with oneOf/anyOf variants.
            // Detect which keyword the MAIN spec uses so we preserve it after merging.
            let main_union_keyword = if main_obj.contains_key("oneOf") {
                Some("oneOf")
            } else if main_obj.contains_key("anyOf") {
                Some("anyOf")
            } else {
                None
            };
            if let (Some(main_variants), Some(ext_variants)) = (
                extract_schema_variants(&Value::Object(main_obj.clone())),
                extract_schema_variants(&Value::Object(ext_obj.clone())),
            ) {
                let union_key = main_union_keyword.unwrap_or("oneOf");
                println!(
                    "🔍 Merging union schemas ({union_key}): {} main variants, {} extension variants",
                    main_variants.len(),
                    ext_variants.len()
                );
                // Merge the variant arrays, preserving the original union keyword
                // First, collect main variants, but filter out any that will be replaced by extension
                let mut merged_variants = Vec::new();
                let extension_refs: Vec<String> = ext_variants
                    .iter()
                    .filter_map(|v| v.get("$ref").and_then(|r| r.as_str()))
                    .map(|s| s.to_string())
                    .collect();

                // Add main variants that aren't being replaced
                for main_variant in main_variants {
                    if let Some(main_ref) = main_variant.get("$ref").and_then(|r| r.as_str()) {
                        // Check if this main variant should be replaced by an extension variant
                        let schema_name = main_ref.split('/').next_back().unwrap_or("");
                        let should_replace =
                            should_replace_variant(schema_name, &extension_refs, replacements);

                        if should_replace {
                            println!("🔄 REPLACING {} (explicit rule)", schema_name);
                        }

                        if !should_replace {
                            merged_variants.push(main_variant);
                        }
                    } else {
                        // Keep non-ref variants
                        merged_variants.push(main_variant);
                    }
                }

                // Add all extension variants
                for ext_variant in ext_variants {
                    merged_variants.push(ext_variant);
                }

                // Remove old oneOf/anyOf keys and add merged variants under the original keyword
                main_obj.remove("oneOf");
                main_obj.remove("anyOf");
                main_obj.insert(union_key.to_string(), Value::Array(merged_variants));

                // Merge other properties normally
                for (key, ext_value) in ext_obj {
                    if key != "oneOf" && key != "anyOf" {
                        match main_obj.get(&key) {
                            Some(main_value) => {
                                let merged_value = merge_json_objects_with_rules(
                                    main_value.clone(),
                                    ext_value,
                                    replacements,
                                );
                                main_obj.insert(key, merged_value);
                            }
                            None => {
                                main_obj.insert(key, ext_value);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                return Value::Object(main_obj);
            }

            // Normal object merging
            for (key, ext_value) in ext_obj {
                match main_obj.get(&key) {
                    Some(main_value) => {
                        // Key exists in both - recursively merge
                        let merged_value = merge_json_objects_with_rules(
                            main_value.clone(),
                            ext_value,
                            replacements,
                        );
                        main_obj.insert(key, merged_value);
                    }
                    None => {
                        // Key only in extension - add it
                        main_obj.insert(key, ext_value);
                    }
                }
            }
            Value::Object(main_obj)
        }

        // Both arrays - concatenate
        (Value::Array(mut main_arr), Value::Array(ext_arr)) => {
            main_arr.extend(ext_arr);
            Value::Array(main_arr)
        }

        // Extension overrides main for all other cases
        (_, extension) => extension,
    }
}

/// Extract schema variants from oneOf or anyOf properties
fn extract_schema_variants(obj: &Value) -> Option<Vec<Value>> {
    if let Value::Object(map) = obj {
        if let Some(Value::Array(variants)) = map.get("oneOf") {
            return Some(variants.clone());
        }
        if let Some(Value::Array(variants)) = map.get("anyOf") {
            return Some(variants.clone());
        }
    }
    None
}

pub struct SchemaAnalyzer {
    schemas: BTreeMap<String, Schema>,
    resolved_cache: BTreeMap<String, AnalyzedSchema>,
    openapi_spec: Value,
    current_schema_name: Option<String>,
    component_parameters: BTreeMap<String, crate::openapi::Parameter>,
    /// Single chokepoint for `(openapi_type, format)` → Rust-type
    /// decisions (Q2.0). Defaulted when the analyzer is built without a
    /// config; threaded from `GeneratorConfig.types` via
    /// [`Self::with_type_mapper`].
    type_mapper: TypeMapper,
}

impl SchemaAnalyzer {
    fn uses_aws_query_conventions(&self) -> bool {
        self.openapi_spec
            .pointer("/info/x-providerName")
            .and_then(Value::as_str)
            .is_some_and(|provider| provider.eq_ignore_ascii_case("amazonaws.com"))
    }

    /// Construct an analyzer with a default [`TypeMapper`]. Pre-Q2.0
    /// callers (tests, simple bins) use this and get bit-identical
    /// behavior to the pre-refactor code.
    pub fn new(openapi_spec: Value) -> Result<Self> {
        Self::with_type_mapper(openapi_spec, TypeMapper::default())
    }

    /// Construct an analyzer with a caller-supplied [`TypeMapper`]
    /// (built from `GeneratorConfig.types`). The CLI / library entry
    /// points use this so user TOML config drives type generation.
    pub fn with_type_mapper(openapi_spec: Value, type_mapper: TypeMapper) -> Result<Self> {
        let spec: OpenApiSpec =
            serde_json::from_value(openapi_spec.clone()).map_err(GeneratorError::ParseError)?;
        let schemas = Self::extract_schemas(&spec)?;

        let component_parameters = spec
            .components
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|c| c.parameters.as_ref())
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_default();
        Ok(Self {
            schemas,
            resolved_cache: BTreeMap::new(),
            openapi_spec,
            current_schema_name: None,
            component_parameters,
            type_mapper,
        })
    }

    /// Create a new analyzer with schema extensions merged in (default
    /// type mapper).
    pub fn new_with_extensions(
        openapi_spec: Value,
        extension_paths: &[std::path::PathBuf],
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let merged_spec = merge_schema_extensions(openapi_spec, extension_paths)?;
        Self::new(merged_spec)
    }

    /// Same as [`Self::new_with_extensions`] but with a caller-supplied
    /// type mapper.
    pub fn new_with_extensions_and_type_mapper(
        openapi_spec: Value,
        extension_paths: &[std::path::PathBuf],
        type_mapper: TypeMapper,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let merged_spec = merge_schema_extensions(openapi_spec, extension_paths)?;
        Self::with_type_mapper(merged_spec, type_mapper)
    }

    /// Borrow the analyzer's type mapper. Useful for downstream
    /// inspection (e.g. the dep advisory in Q2.8 reads
    /// `type_mapper().used_features()` after generation).
    pub fn type_mapper(&self) -> &TypeMapper {
        &self.type_mapper
    }

    /// Generate a context-aware name for inline types, arrays, and variants
    /// This provides better naming than generic names like UnionArray1, InlineVariant2, etc.
    fn generate_context_aware_name(
        &self,
        base_context: &str,
        type_hint: &str,
        index: usize,
        schema: Option<&Schema>,
    ) -> String {
        // First, try to infer a better name from the schema structure
        if let Some(schema) = schema {
            // For arrays, check if we can derive name from items
            if type_hint == "Array"
                && matches!(schema.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Array))
            {
                if let Some(items_schema) = &schema.details().items {
                    // Check for specific item types
                    if let Some(item_type) = items_schema.schema_type() {
                        match item_type {
                            OpenApiSchemaType::Object => {
                                return format!("{base_context}ItemArray");
                            }
                            OpenApiSchemaType::String => {
                                return format!("{base_context}StringArray");
                            }
                            _ => {}
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Generate context-aware name based on type hint
        match type_hint {
            "Array" => {
                // For arrays, always use context name instead of generic numbering
                format!("{base_context}Array")
            }
            "Variant" | "InlineVariant" => {
                // For variants, include index only if > 0 to keep first variant clean
                if index == 0 {
                    format!("{base_context}{type_hint}")
                } else {
                    format!("{}{}{}", base_context, type_hint, index + 1)
                }
            }
            _ => {
                // Default case
                format!("{base_context}{type_hint}{index}")
            }
        }
    }

    /// Convert a string to PascalCase, handling underscores and hyphens
    fn to_pascal_case(&self, s: &str) -> String {
        s.split(['_', '-'])
            .filter(|part| !part.is_empty())
            .map(|part| {
                let mut chars = part.chars();
                match chars.next() {
                    None => String::new(),
                    Some(first) => first.to_uppercase().collect::<String>() + chars.as_str(),
                }
            })
            .collect()
    }

    fn extract_schemas(spec: &OpenApiSpec) -> Result<BTreeMap<String, Schema>> {
        // OAS 3.1+ requires only one of `paths`, `webhooks`, or `components`.
        // A document may legitimately have no `components.schemas` (e.g. a
        // webhooks-only or paths-only spec). Return an empty map in that case
        // and let downstream codegen handle "no types to emit" gracefully.
        let schemas = spec.components.as_ref().and_then(|c| c.schemas.as_ref());
        Ok(schemas
            .map(|m| {
                m.iter()
                    .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), v.clone()))
                    .collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>()
            })
            .unwrap_or_default())
    }

    pub fn analyze(&mut self) -> Result<SchemaAnalysis> {
        let validation_context = ValidationContext {
            openapi_version: self
                .openapi_spec
                .get("openapi")
                .and_then(Value::as_str)
                .unwrap_or_default()
                .to_string(),
            json_schema_dialect: self
                .openapi_spec
                .get("jsonSchemaDialect")
                .and_then(Value::as_str)
                .map(str::to_string),
            component_schemas: self
                .openapi_spec
                .pointer("/components/schemas")
                .and_then(Value::as_object)
                .map(|schemas| {
                    schemas
                        .iter()
                        .map(|(name, schema)| (name.clone(), schema.clone()))
                        .collect()
                })
                .unwrap_or_default(),
        };
        let mut analysis = SchemaAnalysis {
            schemas: BTreeMap::new(),
            dependencies: DependencyGraph::new(),
            patterns: DetectedPatterns {
                tagged_enum_schemas: HashSet::new(),
                untagged_enum_schemas: HashSet::new(),
                type_mappings: BTreeMap::new(),
            },
            operations: BTreeMap::new(),
            operation_responses: BTreeMap::new(),
            operation_id_aliases: BTreeMap::new(),
            used_type_features: crate::type_mapping::UsedFeatures::default(),
            enum_extensions: BTreeMap::new(),
            validation_context,
        };

        // First pass: detect patterns
        self.detect_patterns(&mut analysis.patterns)?;

        // Second pass: analyze each schema
        let schema_names: Vec<String> = self.schemas.keys().cloned().collect();
        for schema_name in schema_names {
            let analyzed = self.analyze_schema(&schema_name)?;

            // Build dependency graph
            for dep in &analyzed.dependencies {
                analysis
                    .dependencies
                    .add_dependency(schema_name.clone(), dep.clone());
            }

            analysis.schemas.insert(schema_name, analyzed);
        }

        // Third pass: include any inline schemas that were generated during analysis
        // BTreeMap maintains sorted order, so iteration is deterministic
        for (inline_name, inline_schema) in &self.resolved_cache {
            if !analysis.schemas.contains_key(inline_name) {
                // Add the inline schema first
                analysis
                    .schemas
                    .insert(inline_name.clone(), inline_schema.clone());

                // Build dependency graph for inline schema's own dependencies
                for dep in &inline_schema.dependencies {
                    analysis
                        .dependencies
                        .add_dependency(inline_name.clone(), dep.clone());
                }

                // Check if any existing schemas depend on this inline schema
                // We need to check ALL schemas, not just the ones already in analysis.schemas,
                // because parent schemas might have been analyzed but their dependencies
                // on inline schemas might not have been added to the dependency graph yet
                let mut schemas_to_update = Vec::new();
                for (schema_name, schema) in &analysis.schemas {
                    // Skip self-reference
                    if schema_name == inline_name {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if schema.dependencies.contains(inline_name) {
                        // The parent schema depends on this inline schema
                        schemas_to_update.push(schema_name.clone());
                    }
                }

                // Add the dependencies to the graph
                for schema_name in schemas_to_update {
                    analysis
                        .dependencies
                        .add_dependency(schema_name, inline_name.clone());
                }
            }
        }

        // Fourth pass: analyze OpenAPI operations
        self.analyze_operations(&mut analysis)?;

        // Fifth pass: include any inline schemas generated during operation analysis
        // (e.g., inline response types)
        for (inline_name, inline_schema) in &self.resolved_cache {
            if !analysis.schemas.contains_key(inline_name) {
                analysis
                    .schemas
                    .insert(inline_name.clone(), inline_schema.clone());

                // Build dependency graph for inline schema's dependencies
                for dep in &inline_schema.dependencies {
                    analysis
                        .dependencies
                        .add_dependency(inline_name.clone(), dep.clone());
                }
            }
        }

        // Snapshot the type-mapper's used-features set so the
        // generator can decide which helper modules to emit
        // (e.g. base64_serde for `format: byte`).
        analysis.used_type_features = self.type_mapper.used_features();

        // Q2.6: capture x-enum-varnames / x-enum-descriptions from
        // each enum schema's original JSON. Side-channel keyed by
        // analyzed-schema name so we don't have to extend every
        // SchemaType::StringEnum constructor.
        for (name, analyzed) in &analysis.schemas {
            let enum_value_count = match &analyzed.schema_type {
                SchemaType::StringEnum { values } => values.len(),
                SchemaType::ExtensibleEnum { known_values } => known_values.len(),
                _ => continue,
            };
            if let Some(ext) = extract_enum_extensions(&analyzed.original, enum_value_count, name) {
                analysis.enum_extensions.insert(name.clone(), ext);
            }
        }

        Ok(analysis)
    }

    fn detect_patterns(&self, patterns: &mut DetectedPatterns) -> Result<()> {
        for (schema_name, schema) in &self.schemas {
            // Detect discriminated unions
            if self.is_discriminated_union(schema) {
                patterns.tagged_enum_schemas.insert(schema_name.clone());

                // Extract type mappings for this union
                if let Some(mappings) = self.extract_type_mappings(schema)? {
                    patterns.type_mappings.insert(schema_name.clone(), mappings);
                }
            }
            // Detect simple unions
            else if self.is_simple_union(schema) {
                patterns.untagged_enum_schemas.insert(schema_name.clone());
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn is_discriminated_union(&self, schema: &Schema) -> bool {
        // Check for explicit discriminator
        if schema.is_discriminated_union() {
            return true;
        }

        // Auto-detect from union patterns with any common const field
        if let Some(variants) = schema.union_variants() {
            return variants.len() > 2 && self.detect_discriminator_field(variants).is_some();
        }

        false
    }

    fn all_variants_have_const_field(&self, variants: &[Schema], field_name: &str) -> bool {
        variants.iter().all(|variant| {
            if let Some(ref_str) = variant.reference() {
                // $ref variant: resolve and check the referenced schema
                if let Some(schema_name) = self.extract_schema_name(ref_str) {
                    if let Some(schema) = self.schemas.get(schema_name) {
                        return self.has_const_discriminator_field(schema, field_name);
                    }
                }
            } else {
                // Inline variant: check properties directly
                return self.has_const_discriminator_field(variant, field_name);
            }
            false
        })
    }

    /// True when this branch of an anyOf/oneOf is (or resolves to) an
    /// object — the only kind of schema serde can deserialize via an
    /// internally-tagged enum. False for string/number/bool/array branches
    /// or refs to those, including string-enums.
    ///
    /// Used to detect the "hybrid string-or-object" union pattern (see bug
    /// openapi-generator-dpd) so we can downgrade those unions to
    /// `#[serde(untagged)]`.
    fn branch_resolves_to_object(&self, schema: &Schema) -> bool {
        // Follow $ref one hop, then ask the same question of the target.
        if let Some(ref_str) = schema.reference() {
            return match self
                .extract_schema_name(ref_str)
                .and_then(|n| self.schemas.get(n))
            {
                Some(target) => self.branch_resolves_to_object(target),
                None => false,
            };
        }
        // allOf compositions are object-shaped; same for anyOf/oneOf
        // wrappers (those will reduce to objects or to further unions).
        if matches!(
            schema,
            Schema::AllOf { .. } | Schema::AnyOf { .. } | Schema::OneOf { .. }
        ) {
            return true;
        }
        if matches!(schema.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Object)) {
            return true;
        }
        if schema.inferred_type() == Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Object) {
            return true;
        }
        // Anything else (string, integer, number, boolean, array, null,
        // string-enum, etc.) cannot carry a JSON tag field.
        false
    }

    /// Scan all variants to find any common property that has a const/single-enum value
    /// across all variants. Returns the field name if found.
    /// Prioritizes "type" if it matches (most common convention).
    fn detect_discriminator_field(&self, variants: &[Schema]) -> Option<String> {
        if variants.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }

        // Collect candidate field names from the first variant
        let first_variant = &variants[0];
        let first_schema = if let Some(ref_str) = first_variant.reference() {
            let schema_name = self.extract_schema_name(ref_str)?;
            self.schemas.get(schema_name)?
        } else {
            first_variant
        };

        let properties = first_schema.details().properties.as_ref()?;
        let mut candidates: Vec<String> = Vec::new();

        for (field_name, field_schema) in properties {
            let details = field_schema.details();
            let is_const = details.const_value.is_some()
                || details.enum_values.as_ref().is_some_and(|v| v.len() == 1)
                || details.extra.contains_key("const");
            if is_const {
                candidates.push(field_name.clone());
            }
        }

        if candidates.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }

        // Prioritize "type" if it's among candidates
        candidates.sort_by(|a, b| {
            if a == "type" {
                std::cmp::Ordering::Less
            } else if b == "type" {
                std::cmp::Ordering::Greater
            } else {
                a.cmp(b)
            }
        });

        // Check each candidate against all variants
        for candidate in &candidates {
            if self.all_variants_have_const_field(variants, candidate) {
                return Some(candidate.clone());
            }
        }

        None
    }

    fn has_const_discriminator_field(&self, schema: &Schema, field_name: &str) -> bool {
        if let Some(properties) = &schema.details().properties {
            if let Some(field) = properties.get(field_name) {
                // Check for const value (OpenAPI 3.1 style)
                if field.details().const_value.is_some() {
                    return true;
                }
                // Check if it's an enum field with a single value
                if let Some(enum_vals) = &field.details().enum_values {
                    return enum_vals.len() == 1;
                }
                // Fallback: check extra fields for const
                return field.details().extra.contains_key("const");
            }
        }
        false
    }

    fn is_simple_union(&self, schema: &Schema) -> bool {
        if let Some(variants) = schema.union_variants() {
            // Simple union: multiple types but not nullable pattern
            if variants.len() > 1 && !schema.is_nullable_pattern() {
                let has_refs = variants.iter().any(|v| v.is_reference());
                return has_refs;
            }
        }
        false
    }

    fn extract_type_mappings(&self, schema: &Schema) -> Result<Option<BTreeMap<String, String>>> {
        let variants = schema.union_variants().ok_or_else(|| {
            GeneratorError::InvalidSchema("No variants found for discriminated union".to_string())
        })?;

        // Get the discriminator field name from the schema
        let discriminator_field = if let Some(discriminator) = schema.discriminator() {
            discriminator.property_name.clone()
        } else if let Some(detected) = self.detect_discriminator_field(variants) {
            detected
        } else {
            "type".to_string() // fallback to "type" for auto-detected discriminated unions
        };

        let mut mappings = BTreeMap::new();

        for variant in variants {
            if let Some(ref_str) = variant.reference() {
                if let Some(type_name) = self.extract_schema_name(ref_str) {
                    if let Some(variant_schema) = self.schemas.get(type_name) {
                        if let Some(discriminator_value) = self
                            .extract_discriminator_value_for_field(
                                variant_schema,
                                &discriminator_field,
                            )
                        {
                            mappings.insert(type_name.to_string(), discriminator_value);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if mappings.is_empty() {
            Ok(None)
        } else {
            Ok(Some(mappings))
        }
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    fn extract_discriminator_value(&self, schema: &Schema) -> Option<String> {
        self.extract_discriminator_value_for_field(schema, "type")
    }

    fn extract_discriminator_value_for_field(
        &self,
        schema: &Schema,
        field_name: &str,
    ) -> Option<String> {
        if let Some(properties) = &schema.details().properties {
            if let Some(type_field) = properties.get(field_name) {
                // Check for const value first (highest priority)
                if let Some(const_value) = &type_field.details().const_value {
                    if let Some(value) = const_value.as_str() {
                        return Some(value.to_string());
                    }
                }
                // Check for enum with single value
                if let Some(enum_values) = &type_field.details().enum_values {
                    if enum_values.len() == 1 {
                        return enum_values[0].as_str().map(|s| s.to_string());
                    }
                }
                // Check for const value in extra fields
                if let Some(const_value) = type_field.details().extra.get("const") {
                    return const_value.as_str().map(|s| s.to_string());
                }
                // Check for x-stainless-const with default value
                if let Some(stainless_const) = type_field.details().extra.get("x-stainless-const") {
                    if stainless_const.as_bool() == Some(true) {
                        if let Some(default_value) = &type_field.details().default {
                            if let Some(value) = default_value.as_str() {
                                return Some(value.to_string());
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        None
    }

    fn get_any_reference<'a>(&self, schema: &'a Schema) -> Option<&'a str> {
        schema.reference().or_else(|| schema.recursive_reference())
    }

    fn extract_schema_name<'a>(&self, ref_str: &'a str) -> Option<&'a str> {
        if ref_str == "#" {
            return None; // Special case for self-reference
        }

        let parts: Vec<&str> = ref_str.split('/').collect();

        // Standard 3.x pattern: #/components/schemas/{SchemaName}[/deeper/path]
        if parts.len() >= 4 && parts[0] == "#" && parts[2] == "schemas" {
            return Some(parts[3]);
        }

        // Swagger 2.0 carry-over: some 3.x specs (Google) still use
        // `#/definitions/{SchemaName}`. Treat it as an alias.
        if parts.len() >= 3 && parts[0] == "#" && parts[1] == "definitions" {
            return Some(parts[2]);
        }

        // Last-segment fallback for other ref shapes — but only if the
        // segment plausibly names a top-level schema (PascalCase, no digits-
        // only, not a JSON-schema keyword like `schema`/`properties`/`items`).
        // pagerduty has `#/components/parameters/foo/schema`, where the last
        // segment "schema" is a sub-path indicator, not a schema name.
        let last = parts.last()?;
        if last.is_empty()
            || last.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit())
            || matches!(
                *last,
                "schema" | "properties" | "items" | "additionalProperties"
            )
        {
            return None;
        }
        let first = last.chars().next().unwrap_or(' ');
        if !first.is_ascii_alphabetic() || !first.is_ascii_uppercase() {
            return None;
        }
        Some(last)
    }

    fn analyze_schema(&mut self, schema_name: &str) -> Result<AnalyzedSchema> {
        // Check cache first
        if let Some(cached) = self.resolved_cache.get(schema_name) {
            return Ok(cached.clone());
        }

        // Set current schema name for context
        self.current_schema_name = Some(schema_name.to_string());

        let schema = self
            .schemas
            .get(schema_name)
            .ok_or_else(|| GeneratorError::UnresolvedReference(schema_name.to_string()))?
            .clone();

        // Prevent infinite recursion with placeholder
        self.resolved_cache.insert(
            schema_name.to_string(),
            AnalyzedSchema {
                name: schema_name.to_string(),
                original: serde_json::to_value(&schema).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                schema_type: SchemaType::Reference {
                    target: "placeholder".to_string(),
                },
                dependencies: HashSet::new(),
                nullable: false,
                description: None,
                default: None,
            },
        );

        let analyzed = self.analyze_schema_value(&schema, schema_name)?;

        // Update cache with real result
        self.resolved_cache
            .insert(schema_name.to_string(), analyzed.clone());

        Ok(analyzed)
    }

    fn analyze_schema_value(
        &mut self,
        schema: &Schema,
        schema_name: &str,
    ) -> Result<AnalyzedSchema> {
        let details = schema.details();
        let description = details.description.clone();
        // Combine 3.0-style `nullable: true` with 3.1's `type: ["X", "null"]`.
        let nullable = details.is_nullable() || schema.type_array_contains_null();
        let mut dependencies = HashSet::new();

        let schema_type = match schema {
            Schema::Reference { reference, .. } => {
                // For real-world refs we can't resolve to a known schema name
                // (e.g. pagerduty's `#/components/parameters/foo/schema`),
                // fall back to opaque JSON instead of failing whole-document
                // generation. The rest of the spec is usually unaffected.
                match self.extract_schema_name(reference) {
                    Some(name) => {
                        let target = name.to_string();
                        dependencies.insert(target.clone());
                        SchemaType::Reference { target }
                    }
                    None => {
                        eprintln!(
                            "⚠️  unresolvable $ref `{}` — typing as serde_json::Value",
                            reference
                        );
                        SchemaType::Primitive {
                            rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                            serde_with: None,
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            Schema::RecursiveRef { recursive_ref, .. }
            | Schema::DynamicRef {
                dynamic_ref: recursive_ref,
                ..
            } => {
                // Handle recursive / dynamic references. J1: full $dynamicRef
                // resolution against $dynamicAnchor scopes is a follow-up; for
                // now we treat them like recursive refs (self-reference when
                // it's a fragment to the same schema, otherwise resolve via
                // schema name).
                if recursive_ref == "#" {
                    dependencies.insert(schema_name.to_string());
                    SchemaType::Reference {
                        target: schema_name.to_string(),
                    }
                } else {
                    let target = self
                        .extract_schema_name(recursive_ref)
                        .unwrap_or(schema_name)
                        .to_string();
                    dependencies.insert(target.clone());
                    SchemaType::Reference { target }
                }
            }
            Schema::Typed { .. } | Schema::TypedMulti { .. } => {
                let primary = schema
                    .schema_type()
                    .cloned()
                    .unwrap_or(OpenApiSchemaType::Object);
                let format = details.format.as_deref();
                match primary {
                    OpenApiSchemaType::String => {
                        if let Some(values) = details.string_enum_values() {
                            SchemaType::StringEnum { values }
                        } else {
                            SchemaType::Primitive {
                                rust_type: self.type_mapper.string_format(format).rust_type,
                                serde_with: None,
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    OpenApiSchemaType::Integer => SchemaType::Primitive {
                        rust_type: self.type_mapper.integer_format(format).rust_type,
                        serde_with: None,
                    },
                    OpenApiSchemaType::Number => SchemaType::Primitive {
                        rust_type: self.type_mapper.number_format(format).rust_type,
                        serde_with: None,
                    },
                    OpenApiSchemaType::Boolean => SchemaType::Primitive {
                        rust_type: self.type_mapper.boolean().rust_type,
                        serde_with: None,
                    },
                    OpenApiSchemaType::Array => {
                        // Analyze array item type
                        self.analyze_array_schema(schema, schema_name, &mut dependencies)?
                    }
                    OpenApiSchemaType::Object => {
                        // Check if this is a dynamic JSON object
                        if self.should_use_dynamic_json(schema) {
                            SchemaType::Primitive {
                                rust_type: self.type_mapper.dynamic_json().rust_type,
                                serde_with: None,
                            }
                        } else {
                            // Analyze object properties
                            self.analyze_object_schema(schema, &mut dependencies)?
                        }
                    }
                    _ => SchemaType::Primitive {
                        rust_type: self.type_mapper.dynamic_json().rust_type,
                        serde_with: None,
                    },
                }
            }
            Schema::AnyOf {
                any_of,
                discriminator,
                ..
            } => {
                // Handle anyOf patterns (nullable vs flexible union vs discriminated)
                self.analyze_anyof_union(
                    any_of,
                    discriminator.as_ref(),
                    &mut dependencies,
                    schema_name,
                )?
            }
            Schema::OneOf {
                one_of,
                discriminator,
                ..
            } => {
                // Handle oneOf discriminated unions
                self.analyze_oneof_union(
                    one_of,
                    discriminator.as_ref(),
                    schema_name,
                    &mut dependencies,
                )?
            }
            Schema::AllOf { all_of, .. } => {
                // Handle allOf composition (schema inheritance)
                self.analyze_allof_composition(all_of, &mut dependencies)?
            }
            Schema::Untyped { .. } => {
                // Try to infer type from structure
                if let Some(inferred) = schema.inferred_type() {
                    match inferred {
                        OpenApiSchemaType::Object => {
                            if self.should_use_dynamic_json(schema) {
                                SchemaType::Primitive {
                                    rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                                    serde_with: None,
                                }
                            } else {
                                self.analyze_object_schema(schema, &mut dependencies)?
                            }
                        }
                        OpenApiSchemaType::String if details.is_string_enum() => {
                            SchemaType::StringEnum {
                                values: details.string_enum_values().unwrap_or_default(),
                            }
                        }
                        _ => SchemaType::Primitive {
                            rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                            serde_with: None,
                        },
                    }
                } else {
                    SchemaType::Primitive {
                        rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                        serde_with: None,
                    }
                }
            }
        };

        Ok(AnalyzedSchema {
            name: schema_name.to_string(),
            original: serde_json::to_value(schema).unwrap_or(Value::Null), // Convert back to Value for now
            schema_type,
            dependencies,
            nullable,
            description,
            default: details.default.clone(),
        })
    }

    fn analyze_object_schema(
        &mut self,
        schema: &Schema,
        dependencies: &mut HashSet<String>,
    ) -> Result<SchemaType> {
        let details = schema.details();
        let properties = &details.properties;
        let required = details
            .required
            .as_ref()
            .map(|req| req.iter().cloned().collect::<HashSet<String>>())
            .unwrap_or_default();

        let mut property_info = BTreeMap::new();

        if let Some(props) = properties {
            for (prop_name, prop_schema) in props {
                // Check if this property is a union that needs a named type
                let prop_type = if let Schema::AnyOf { any_of, .. } = prop_schema {
                    // First check if this should be a dynamic JSON pattern
                    if self.should_use_dynamic_json(prop_schema) {
                        // This is a dynamic JSON pattern, use serde_json::Value directly
                        SchemaType::Primitive {
                            rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                            serde_with: None,
                        }
                    } else if prop_schema.is_nullable_pattern()
                        && let Some(non_null) = prop_schema.non_null_variant()
                    {
                        // 3.1 idiom: `anyOf: [<schema>, {type: null}]`. The
                        // wrapper has no semantic value beyond nullability;
                        // unwrap to the inner type. Without this, the synthesized
                        // wrapper type collides with the inner $ref's name when
                        // the property name produces a colliding parent context
                        // (e.g. `Step.status` → `StepStatus`, which is also the
                        // referenced component).
                        self.analyze_property_schema_with_context(
                            non_null,
                            Some(prop_name),
                            dependencies,
                        )?
                    } else {
                        // This is an anyOf union in a property - create a named union type
                        // Use the current schema name as context to make the union name unique
                        let context_name = self
                            .current_schema_name
                            .clone()
                            .unwrap_or_else(|| "Unknown".to_string());

                        // Generate a name based on both the schema and property name
                        let prop_pascal = self.to_pascal_case(prop_name);
                        let mut union_type_name = format!("{context_name}{prop_pascal}");

                        // Avoid colliding with an existing component schema or
                        // an inline name that's already in resolved_cache.
                        if self.schemas.contains_key(&union_type_name)
                            || self.resolved_cache.contains_key(&union_type_name)
                        {
                            let mut suffix = 2;
                            loop {
                                let candidate = format!("{union_type_name}Union{suffix}");
                                if !self.schemas.contains_key(&candidate)
                                    && !self.resolved_cache.contains_key(&candidate)
                                {
                                    union_type_name = candidate;
                                    break;
                                }
                                suffix += 1;
                                if suffix > 1000 {
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }

                        // Analyze the union
                        let union_schema_type = self.analyze_anyof_union(
                            any_of,
                            prop_schema.discriminator(),
                            dependencies,
                            &union_type_name,
                        )?;

                        // Store the union as a named schema
                        self.resolved_cache.insert(
                            union_type_name.clone(),
                            AnalyzedSchema {
                                name: union_type_name.clone(),
                                original: serde_json::to_value(prop_schema).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                                schema_type: union_schema_type,
                                dependencies: HashSet::new(),
                                nullable: false,
                                description: prop_schema.details().description.clone(),
                                default: None,
                            },
                        );

                        // Return a reference to the named union type
                        dependencies.insert(union_type_name.clone());
                        SchemaType::Reference {
                            target: union_type_name,
                        }
                    }
                } else if let Schema::OneOf {
                    one_of,
                    discriminator,
                    ..
                } = prop_schema
                {
                    // 3.1 idiom: `oneOf: [<schema>, {type: null}]`. Same
                    // unwrap as anyOf above — without this, the synthesized
                    // wrapper type collides with the inner $ref's name
                    // (discord's `QuarantineUserAction.metadata` →
                    // `QuarantineUserActionMetadata` clashing with the
                    // referenced `QuarantineUserActionMetadata` schema).
                    if prop_schema.is_nullable_pattern()
                        && let Some(non_null) = prop_schema.non_null_variant()
                    {
                        let unwrapped = self.analyze_property_schema_with_context(
                            non_null,
                            Some(prop_name),
                            dependencies,
                        )?;
                        let prop_details = prop_schema.details();
                        let prop_nullable = true;
                        let prop_description = prop_details.description.clone();
                        let prop_default = prop_details.default.clone();
                        property_info.insert(
                            prop_name.clone(),
                            PropertyInfo {
                                schema_type: unwrapped,
                                nullable: prop_nullable,
                                description: prop_description,
                                default: prop_default,
                                serde_attrs: Vec::new(),
                                constraints: PropertyConstraints::from_schema_details(prop_details),
                            },
                        );
                        continue;
                    }

                    // Handle oneOf discriminated unions in properties
                    let context_name = self
                        .current_schema_name
                        .clone()
                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Unknown".to_string());
                    let prop_pascal = self.to_pascal_case(prop_name);
                    let mut union_type_name = format!("{context_name}{prop_pascal}");
                    // Same collision-suffix dance as the anyOf branch above.
                    if self.schemas.contains_key(&union_type_name)
                        || self.resolved_cache.contains_key(&union_type_name)
                    {
                        let mut suffix = 2;
                        loop {
                            let candidate = format!("{union_type_name}Union{suffix}");
                            if !self.schemas.contains_key(&candidate)
                                && !self.resolved_cache.contains_key(&candidate)
                            {
                                union_type_name = candidate;
                                break;
                            }
                            suffix += 1;
                            if suffix > 1000 {
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    // Analyze the discriminated union
                    let union_schema_type = self.analyze_oneof_union(
                        one_of,
                        discriminator.as_ref(),
                        &union_type_name,
                        dependencies,
                    )?;

                    // Store the union as a named schema
                    self.resolved_cache.insert(
                        union_type_name.clone(),
                        AnalyzedSchema {
                            name: union_type_name.clone(),
                            original: serde_json::to_value(prop_schema).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                            schema_type: union_schema_type,
                            dependencies: HashSet::new(),
                            nullable: false,
                            description: prop_schema.details().description.clone(),
                            default: None,
                        },
                    );

                    // Return a reference to the named union type
                    dependencies.insert(union_type_name.clone());
                    SchemaType::Reference {
                        target: union_type_name,
                    }
                } else {
                    // Regular property schema analysis - pass property name for context
                    self.analyze_property_schema_with_context(
                        prop_schema,
                        Some(prop_name),
                        dependencies,
                    )?
                };

                let prop_details = prop_schema.details();
                // Every nullability form, via one helper — see is_nullable_any.
                let prop_nullable = prop_schema.is_nullable_any();
                let prop_description = prop_details.description.clone();
                let prop_default = prop_details.default.clone();

                property_info.insert(
                    prop_name.clone(),
                    PropertyInfo {
                        schema_type: prop_type,
                        nullable: prop_nullable,
                        description: prop_description,
                        default: prop_default,
                        serde_attrs: Vec::new(),
                        constraints: PropertyConstraints::from_schema_details(prop_details),
                    },
                );
            }
        }

        // Q2.3: classify additionalProperties three ways. When the
        // spec gives us a schema we analyze it and emit a typed
        // BTreeMap<String, T>; pre-Q2.3 collapsed both Schema and
        // Boolean(true) to the same untyped map. Toggle:
        //   [generator.types.shape] additional_properties_typed
        // Default true; setting false reverts the schema case to
        // Untyped (current pre-Q2.3 behavior).
        let typed_enabled = self
            .type_mapper
            .config()
            .shape
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|s| s.additional_properties_typed)
            .unwrap_or(true);

        let additional_properties = match &details.additional_properties {
            Some(crate::openapi::AdditionalProperties::Boolean(true)) => {
                ObjectAdditionalProperties::Untyped
            }
            Some(crate::openapi::AdditionalProperties::Boolean(false)) => {
                ObjectAdditionalProperties::Forbidden
            }
            Some(crate::openapi::AdditionalProperties::Schema(value_schema)) if typed_enabled => {
                let analyzed =
                    self.analyze_property_schema_with_context(value_schema, None, dependencies)?;
                ObjectAdditionalProperties::Typed {
                    value_type: Box::new(analyzed),
                }
            }
            Some(crate::openapi::AdditionalProperties::Schema(_)) => {
                // typed_enabled = false: degrade to the pre-Q2.3 behavior.
                ObjectAdditionalProperties::Untyped
            }
            None => ObjectAdditionalProperties::Forbidden,
        };

        Ok(SchemaType::Object {
            properties: property_info,
            required,
            additional_properties,
        })
    }

    fn analyze_property_schema_with_context(
        &mut self,
        schema: &Schema,
        property_name: Option<&str>,
        dependencies: &mut HashSet<String>,
    ) -> Result<SchemaType> {
        if let Some(ref_str) = self.get_any_reference(schema) {
            let target_opt = if ref_str == "#" {
                Some(
                    self.find_recursive_anchor_schema()
                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "UnknownRecursive".to_string()),
                )
            } else {
                self.extract_schema_name(ref_str).map(|s| s.to_string())
            };
            match target_opt {
                Some(target) => {
                    dependencies.insert(target.clone());
                    return Ok(SchemaType::Reference { target });
                }
                None => {
                    eprintln!(
                        "⚠️  unresolvable $ref `{}` — typing as serde_json::Value",
                        ref_str
                    );
                    return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                        rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                        serde_with: None,
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        if let Some(schema_type) = schema.schema_type() {
            match schema_type {
                OpenApiSchemaType::String => {
                    // Check if this string type has enum values
                    if let Some(enum_values) = schema.details().string_enum_values() {
                        // This is an inline enum in a property - create a named enum type
                        // Use the current schema name as context to make the enum name unique
                        let context_name = self
                            .current_schema_name
                            .clone()
                            .unwrap_or_else(|| "Unknown".to_string());

                        // Generate a candidate name based on both the schema and property context.
                        let primary_name = if let Some(prop_name) = property_name {
                            // We have property name context - use it for a unique name
                            let prop_pascal = self.to_pascal_case(prop_name);
                            format!("{context_name}{prop_pascal}")
                        } else {
                            // No property name context - generate a unique name using enum values
                            // Use the first enum value to help make the name unique
                            let suffix = if !enum_values.is_empty() {
                                let first_value = self.to_pascal_case(&enum_values[0]);
                                format!("{first_value}Enum")
                            } else {
                                "StringEnum".to_string()
                            };
                            format!("{context_name}{suffix}")
                        };

                        return Ok(self.hoist_inline_string_enum(
                            schema,
                            enum_values,
                            primary_name,
                            dependencies,
                        ));
                    } else {
                        // Property-level string with no enum values:
                        // route through TypeMapper so `format: date-time`
                        // / `uuid` / etc. surface as typed scalars
                        // (chrono::DateTime, uuid::Uuid, …) instead of
                        // collapsing to bare `String`.
                        let mapped = self
                            .type_mapper
                            .string_format(schema.details().format.as_deref());
                        return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                            rust_type: mapped.rust_type,
                            serde_with: mapped.serde_with,
                        });
                    }
                }
                OpenApiSchemaType::Integer | OpenApiSchemaType::Number => {
                    let details = schema.details();
                    let rust_type = self.get_number_rust_type(schema_type.clone(), details);
                    return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                        rust_type,
                        serde_with: None,
                    });
                }
                OpenApiSchemaType::Boolean => {
                    return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                        rust_type: "bool".to_string(),
                        serde_with: None,
                    });
                }
                OpenApiSchemaType::Array => {
                    // Analyze array property with context
                    let context_name = if let Some(prop_name) = property_name {
                        // Use property name for context
                        let prop_pascal = self.to_pascal_case(prop_name);
                        format!(
                            "{}{}",
                            self.current_schema_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("Unknown"),
                            prop_pascal
                        )
                    } else {
                        // Fallback to generic name
                        "ArrayItem".to_string()
                    };
                    return self.analyze_array_schema(schema, &context_name, dependencies);
                }
                OpenApiSchemaType::Object => {
                    // Check if this is a dynamic JSON object
                    if self.should_use_dynamic_json(schema) {
                        return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                            rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                            serde_with: None,
                        });
                    }
                    // Inline object in property - create a named schema for it
                    let object_type_name = if let Some(prop_name) = property_name {
                        // Use property name for context
                        let prop_pascal = self.to_pascal_case(prop_name);
                        format!(
                            "{}{}",
                            self.current_schema_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("Unknown"),
                            prop_pascal
                        )
                    } else {
                        // Fallback to generic name
                        format!(
                            "{}Object",
                            self.current_schema_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("Unknown")
                        )
                    };

                    // Analyze the object schema
                    let object_type = self.analyze_object_schema(schema, dependencies)?;

                    // Create an analyzed schema for the inline object
                    let inline_schema = AnalyzedSchema {
                        name: object_type_name.clone(),
                        original: serde_json::to_value(schema).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                        schema_type: object_type,
                        dependencies: dependencies.clone(),
                        nullable: false,
                        description: schema.details().description.clone(),
                        default: None,
                    };

                    // Add the inline object as a named schema
                    self.resolved_cache
                        .insert(object_type_name.clone(), inline_schema);
                    dependencies.insert(object_type_name.clone());

                    // Return a reference to the named schema
                    return Ok(SchemaType::Reference {
                        target: object_type_name,
                    });
                }
                _ => {
                    return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                        rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                        serde_with: None,
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        // Handle nullable patterns
        if schema.is_nullable_pattern() {
            if let Some(non_null) = schema.non_null_variant() {
                return self.analyze_property_schema_with_context(
                    non_null,
                    property_name,
                    dependencies,
                );
            }
        }

        // Check if this should be dynamic JSON before further analysis
        if self.should_use_dynamic_json(schema) {
            return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                serde_with: None,
            });
        }

        // Handle allOf composition patterns
        if let Schema::AllOf { all_of, .. } = schema {
            return self.analyze_allof_composition(all_of, dependencies);
        }

        // Handle union patterns (anyOf/oneOf) that weren't caught earlier
        if let Some(variants) = schema.union_variants() {
            match variants.len().cmp(&1) {
                std::cmp::Ordering::Equal => {
                    // Single variant - analyze it directly
                    return self.analyze_property_schema_with_context(
                        &variants[0],
                        property_name,
                        dependencies,
                    );
                }
                std::cmp::Ordering::Greater => {
                    // Multiple variants - try to analyze as a union
                    // Generate a context-aware name for the union type
                    let union_name = if let Some(prop_name) = property_name {
                        // We have property context - create a proper union name
                        let prop_pascal = self.to_pascal_case(prop_name);
                        format!(
                            "{}{}",
                            self.current_schema_name.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
                            prop_pascal
                        )
                    } else {
                        "UnionType".to_string()
                    };

                    // Check if this is a oneOf or anyOf
                    if let Schema::OneOf {
                        one_of,
                        discriminator,
                        ..
                    } = schema
                    {
                        // This is a oneOf - analyze it properly with potential discriminator
                        let oneof_result = self.analyze_oneof_union(
                            one_of,
                            discriminator.as_ref(),
                            &union_name,
                            dependencies,
                        )?;

                        // If we got a union type (not discriminated), we need to store it as a named type
                        if let SchemaType::Union {
                            variants: _union_variants,
                        } = &oneof_result
                        {
                            // Store the union as a named type in resolved_cache
                            self.resolved_cache.insert(
                                union_name.clone(),
                                AnalyzedSchema {
                                    name: union_name.clone(),
                                    original: serde_json::to_value(schema).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                                    schema_type: oneof_result.clone(),
                                    dependencies: dependencies.clone(),
                                    nullable: false,
                                    description: schema.details().description.clone(),
                                    default: None,
                                },
                            );

                            // Return a reference to the named union type
                            dependencies.insert(union_name.clone());
                            return Ok(SchemaType::Reference { target: union_name });
                        }

                        return Ok(oneof_result);
                    } else if let Schema::AnyOf {
                        any_of,
                        discriminator,
                        ..
                    } = schema
                    {
                        // This is anyOf - use existing logic with discriminator support
                        let union_analysis = self.analyze_anyof_union(
                            any_of,
                            discriminator.as_ref(),
                            dependencies,
                            &union_name,
                        )?;
                        return Ok(union_analysis);
                    } else {
                        // This shouldn't happen, but handle gracefully
                        // Create a simple union from variants
                        let mut union_variants = Vec::new();
                        for variant in variants {
                            if let Some(ref_str) = variant.reference() {
                                if let Some(target) = self.extract_schema_name(ref_str) {
                                    dependencies.insert(target.to_string());
                                    union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                        target: target.to_string(),
                                        nullable: false,
                                    });
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        return Ok(SchemaType::Union {
                            variants: union_variants,
                        });
                    }
                }
                std::cmp::Ordering::Less => {}
            }
        }

        // Handle untyped schemas by trying to infer from structure
        if let Some(inferred_type) = schema.inferred_type() {
            match inferred_type {
                OpenApiSchemaType::Object => {
                    // Double-check for dynamic JSON pattern even for inferred objects
                    if self.should_use_dynamic_json(schema) {
                        return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                            rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                            serde_with: None,
                        });
                    }
                    return self.analyze_object_schema(schema, dependencies);
                }
                OpenApiSchemaType::Array => {
                    let context_name = if let Some(prop_name) = property_name {
                        // Use property name for context
                        let prop_pascal = self.to_pascal_case(prop_name);
                        format!(
                            "{}{}",
                            self.current_schema_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("Unknown"),
                            prop_pascal
                        )
                    } else {
                        // Fallback to generic name
                        "ArrayItem".to_string()
                    };
                    return self.analyze_array_schema(schema, &context_name, dependencies);
                }
                OpenApiSchemaType::String => {
                    if let Some(enum_values) = schema.details().string_enum_values() {
                        return Ok(SchemaType::StringEnum {
                            values: enum_values,
                        });
                    } else {
                        return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                            rust_type: "String".to_string(),
                            serde_with: None,
                        });
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    // Handle other inferred types
                    let rust_type = self.openapi_type_to_rust_type(inferred_type, schema.details());
                    return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                        rust_type,
                        serde_with: None,
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
            rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
            serde_with: None,
        })
    }

    fn analyze_allof_composition(
        &mut self,
        all_of_schemas: &[Schema],
        dependencies: &mut HashSet<String>,
    ) -> Result<SchemaType> {
        // A reference plus annotation-only siblings is still a direct type
        // alias. AWS-style specs frequently encode property descriptions as
        // `allOf: [$ref, { description: ... }]`; recursively expanding a
        // self-reference in that shape can otherwise recurse forever.
        let referenced_targets = all_of_schemas
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|schema| schema.reference())
            .filter_map(|reference| self.extract_schema_name(reference))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let only_reference_and_annotations = all_of_schemas.iter().all(|schema| {
            if schema.reference().is_some() {
                return true;
            }
            serde_json::to_value(schema)
                .ok()
                .and_then(|value| value.as_object().cloned())
                .is_some_and(|object| {
                    object.keys().all(|key| {
                        matches!(
                            key.as_str(),
                            "title"
                                | "description"
                                | "deprecated"
                                | "readOnly"
                                | "writeOnly"
                                | "examples"
                                | "example"
                                | "externalDocs"
                                | "xml"
                                | "$comment"
                        ) || key.starts_with("x-")
                    })
                })
        });
        if referenced_targets.len() == 1 && only_reference_and_annotations {
            let target = referenced_targets[0];
            dependencies.insert(target.to_string());
            return Ok(SchemaType::Reference {
                target: target.to_string(),
            });
        }

        // AllOf represents schema composition - merge all schemas into one
        let mut merged_properties = BTreeMap::new();
        let mut merged_required = HashSet::new();
        let mut descriptions = Vec::new();

        // Save the current schema context to restore it when analyzing properties
        let current_context = self.current_schema_name.clone();

        for schema in all_of_schemas {
            match schema {
                Schema::Reference { reference, .. } => {
                    // Add dependency on referenced schema
                    if let Some(target) = self.extract_schema_name(reference) {
                        dependencies.insert(target.to_string());

                        // First ensure the referenced schema is analyzed
                        let analyzed_ref = self.analyze_schema(target)?;

                        // Now merge the analyzed schema's properties
                        match &analyzed_ref.schema_type {
                            SchemaType::Object {
                                properties,
                                required,
                                ..
                            } => {
                                // Merge properties from the analyzed schema
                                for (prop_name, prop_info) in properties {
                                    merged_properties.insert(prop_name.clone(), prop_info.clone());
                                }
                                // Merge required fields
                                for req in required {
                                    merged_required.insert(req.clone());
                                }
                            }
                            _ => {
                                // If the referenced schema is not an object, fall back to raw merge
                                if let Some(ref_schema) = self.schemas.get(target).cloned() {
                                    self.merge_schema_into_properties(
                                        &ref_schema,
                                        &mut merged_properties,
                                        &mut merged_required,
                                        dependencies,
                                    )?;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                Schema::Typed {
                    schema_type: OpenApiSchemaType::Object,
                    ..
                }
                | Schema::Untyped { .. } => {
                    // Restore the original context when analyzing inline properties
                    let saved_context = self.current_schema_name.clone();
                    self.current_schema_name = current_context.clone();

                    // Merge object properties directly
                    self.merge_schema_into_properties(
                        schema,
                        &mut merged_properties,
                        &mut merged_required,
                        dependencies,
                    )?;

                    // Restore the previous context
                    self.current_schema_name = saved_context;
                }
                _ => {
                    // For non-object typed schemas in allOf, try to merge them as well
                    // This handles cases like allOf with enum or string constraints
                    self.merge_schema_into_properties(
                        schema,
                        &mut merged_properties,
                        &mut merged_required,
                        dependencies,
                    )?;
                }
            }

            // Collect descriptions
            if let Some(desc) = &schema.details().description {
                descriptions.push(desc.clone());
            }
        }

        // If we successfully merged properties, return an object
        if !merged_properties.is_empty() {
            Ok(SchemaType::Object {
                properties: merged_properties,
                required: merged_required,
                additional_properties: ObjectAdditionalProperties::Forbidden,
            })
        } else {
            // Fall back to composition if we couldn't merge
            Ok(SchemaType::Composition {
                schemas: all_of_schemas
                    .iter()
                    .filter_map(|s| {
                        if let Some(ref_str) = s.reference() {
                            if let Some(target) = self.extract_schema_name(ref_str) {
                                dependencies.insert(target.to_string());
                                Some(SchemaRef {
                                    target: target.to_string(),
                                    nullable: false,
                                })
                            } else {
                                None
                            }
                        } else {
                            None
                        }
                    })
                    .collect(),
            })
        }
    }

    fn merge_schema_into_properties(
        &mut self,
        schema: &Schema,
        merged_properties: &mut BTreeMap<String, PropertyInfo>,
        merged_required: &mut HashSet<String>,
        dependencies: &mut HashSet<String>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let details = schema.details();

        // Merge properties
        if let Some(properties) = &details.properties {
            for (prop_name, prop_schema) in properties {
                let prop_type = self.analyze_property_schema_with_context(
                    prop_schema,
                    Some(prop_name),
                    dependencies,
                )?;
                let prop_details = prop_schema.details();

                // Properties merged through allOf composition must go through
                // the same nullability check as plain object properties.
                // Real hits: OpenAI Response.incomplete_details (anyOf-with-null,
                // openapi-generator-bgo) and RunPod Pod.startedAt / Pod.template
                // (3.1 type-array, openapi-generator-dsu) — the latter arrive
                // as `null` from the live API for any pod that hasn't started.
                let nullable = prop_schema.is_nullable_any();
                merged_properties.insert(
                    prop_name.clone(),
                    PropertyInfo {
                        schema_type: prop_type,
                        nullable,
                        description: prop_details.description.clone(),
                        default: prop_details.default.clone(),
                        serde_attrs: Vec::new(),
                        constraints: PropertyConstraints::from_schema_details(prop_details),
                    },
                );
            }
        }

        // Merge required fields
        if let Some(required) = &details.required {
            for field in required {
                merged_required.insert(field.clone());
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn analyze_oneof_union(
        &mut self,
        one_of_schemas: &[Schema],
        discriminator: Option<&crate::openapi::Discriminator>,
        parent_name: &str,
        dependencies: &mut HashSet<String>,
    ) -> Result<SchemaType> {
        // Pattern: nullable [Type, null] — return the non-null type directly.
        // The nullable bit is recorded at the property level via is_nullable_pattern().
        if one_of_schemas.len() == 2 {
            let null_count = one_of_schemas
                .iter()
                .filter(|s| matches!(s.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Null)))
                .count();
            if null_count == 1 {
                if let Some(non_null) = one_of_schemas
                    .iter()
                    .find(|s| !matches!(s.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Null)))
                {
                    return self
                        .analyze_schema_value(non_null, parent_name)
                        .map(|a| a.schema_type);
                }
            }
        }

        // If there's no discriminator, we should create an untagged union
        if discriminator.is_none() {
            // Handle untagged unions (oneOf without discriminator)
            return self.analyze_untagged_oneof_union(one_of_schemas, parent_name, dependencies);
        }

        // Bug openapi-generator-dpd: if any branch resolves to a non-object
        // schema (e.g. a string-enum like ToolChoiceOptions), serde cannot
        // deserialize it via an internally-tagged enum because there is no
        // JSON object to read the tag from. Fall back to an untagged union
        // so the scalar branch can still match.
        if one_of_schemas
            .iter()
            .any(|s| !self.branch_resolves_to_object(s))
        {
            return self.analyze_untagged_oneof_union(one_of_schemas, parent_name, dependencies);
        }

        // This is a discriminated union
        let discriminator_field = discriminator
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                GeneratorError::InvalidDiscriminator(
                    "expected discriminator after guard check".to_string(),
                )
            })?
            .property_name
            .clone();

        let mut variants = Vec::new();
        let mut used_variant_names = std::collections::HashSet::new();

        for variant_schema in one_of_schemas {
            // Check if this is a direct reference, recursive reference, or an allOf wrapper with a reference
            let ref_info = if let Some(ref_str) = variant_schema.reference() {
                Some((ref_str, false))
            } else if let Some(recursive_ref) = variant_schema.recursive_reference() {
                Some((recursive_ref, true))
            } else if let Schema::AllOf { all_of, .. } = variant_schema {
                // Check if this is an allOf with a single reference
                if all_of.len() == 1 {
                    if let Some(ref_str) = all_of[0].reference() {
                        Some((ref_str, false))
                    } else {
                        all_of[0]
                            .recursive_reference()
                            .map(|recursive_ref| (recursive_ref, true))
                    }
                } else {
                    None
                }
            } else {
                None
            };

            if let Some((ref_str, is_recursive)) = ref_info {
                let schema_name = if is_recursive && ref_str == "#" {
                    // Handle recursive reference to the schema with recursiveAnchor
                    self.find_recursive_anchor_schema()
                        .or_else(|| self.current_schema_name.clone())
                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "CompoundFilter".to_string())
                } else {
                    self.extract_schema_name(ref_str)
                        .map(|s| s.to_string())
                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "UnknownRef".to_string())
                };

                if !schema_name.is_empty() {
                    dependencies.insert(schema_name.clone());

                    // Determine discriminator value with priority order:
                    // 1. Explicit mapping in discriminator
                    // 2. Extract from referenced schema
                    // 3. Generate from schema name
                    let discriminator_value = if let Some(disc) = discriminator {
                        if let Some(mappings) = &disc.mapping {
                            // Find the mapping key that points to this schema reference
                            // Mapping format is: "discriminator_value" -> "#/components/schemas/SchemaName"
                            mappings
                                .iter()
                                .find(|(_, target_ref)| {
                                    // Check if this mapping target matches our reference
                                    target_ref.as_str() == ref_str
                                        || self
                                            .extract_schema_name(target_ref)
                                            .map(|s| s.to_string())
                                            == Some(schema_name.clone())
                                })
                                .map(|(key, _)| key.clone())
                                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                                    self.fallback_discriminator_value_for_field(
                                        &schema_name,
                                        &discriminator_field,
                                    )
                                })
                        } else {
                            self.fallback_discriminator_value_for_field(
                                &schema_name,
                                &discriminator_field,
                            )
                        }
                    } else {
                        self.fallback_discriminator_value_for_field(
                            &schema_name,
                            &discriminator_field,
                        )
                    };

                    // Generate Rust-friendly variant name and ensure uniqueness
                    let base_name = self.to_rust_variant_name(&schema_name);
                    let rust_name =
                        self.ensure_unique_variant_name(base_name, &mut used_variant_names);

                    // Use the discriminator value as-is from the schema
                    let final_discriminator_value = discriminator_value;

                    variants.push(UnionVariant {
                        rust_name,
                        type_name: schema_name,
                        discriminator_value: final_discriminator_value,
                        schema_ref: ref_str.to_string(),
                    });
                }
            } else {
                // Handle inline schemas in oneOf
                let variant_index = variants.len();
                let inline_type_name =
                    self.generate_inline_type_name(variant_schema, variant_index);

                // Try to extract discriminator value from inline schema
                let discriminator_value = if let Some(disc) = discriminator {
                    if let Some(mappings) = &disc.mapping {
                        // Look for mapping that points to this inline variant by index
                        mappings
                            .iter()
                            .find(|(_, target_ref)| {
                                target_ref.contains(&format!("variant_{variant_index}"))
                            })
                            .map(|(key, _)| key.clone())
                            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                                self.extract_inline_discriminator_value(
                                    variant_schema,
                                    &discriminator_field,
                                    variant_index,
                                )
                            })
                    } else {
                        self.extract_inline_discriminator_value(
                            variant_schema,
                            &discriminator_field,
                            variant_index,
                        )
                    }
                } else {
                    self.extract_inline_discriminator_value(
                        variant_schema,
                        &discriminator_field,
                        variant_index,
                    )
                };

                // Generate Rust-friendly variant name based on discriminator or fallback to generic
                let base_name = if discriminator_value.starts_with("variant_") {
                    format!("Variant{variant_index}")
                } else {
                    // Convert discriminator value to a meaningful Rust variant name
                    let clean_name = self.discriminator_to_variant_name(&discriminator_value);
                    self.to_rust_variant_name(&clean_name)
                };
                let rust_name = self.ensure_unique_variant_name(base_name, &mut used_variant_names);

                // Use the discriminator value as-is from the schema
                let final_discriminator_value = discriminator_value;

                variants.push(UnionVariant {
                    rust_name,
                    type_name: inline_type_name.clone(),
                    discriminator_value: final_discriminator_value,
                    schema_ref: format!("inline_{variant_index}"),
                });

                // Store inline schema for later analysis and generation
                self.add_inline_schema(&inline_type_name, variant_schema, dependencies)?;
            }
        }

        if variants.is_empty() {
            // If we couldn't create a discriminated union, fall back to an untagged union
            // This handles cases where oneOf contains references or inline schemas without proper discriminators
            let mut union_variants = Vec::new();

            for (variant_index, variant_schema) in one_of_schemas.iter().enumerate() {
                // First check if it's a reference or recursive reference
                if let Some(ref_str) = variant_schema.reference() {
                    if let Some(schema_name) = self.extract_schema_name(ref_str) {
                        dependencies.insert(schema_name.to_string());
                        union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                            target: schema_name.to_string(),
                            nullable: false,
                        });
                    }
                } else if let Some(recursive_ref) = variant_schema.recursive_reference() {
                    let schema_name = if recursive_ref == "#" {
                        // Handle recursive reference to the schema with recursiveAnchor
                        self.find_recursive_anchor_schema()
                            .or_else(|| self.current_schema_name.clone())
                            .unwrap_or_else(|| "CompoundFilter".to_string())
                    } else {
                        self.extract_schema_name(recursive_ref)
                            .map(|s| s.to_string())
                            .unwrap_or_else(|| "RecursiveType".to_string())
                    };
                    dependencies.insert(schema_name.clone());
                    union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                        target: schema_name,
                        nullable: false,
                    });
                } else {
                    // Handle inline schemas by creating type aliases or using primitive types directly
                    let inline_name = self.generate_context_aware_name(
                        parent_name,
                        "InlineVariant",
                        variant_index,
                        Some(variant_schema),
                    );
                    let analyzed = self.analyze_schema_value(variant_schema, &inline_name)?;
                    let variant_type = analyzed.schema_type;

                    // Add dependencies from the analyzed schema
                    for dep in &analyzed.dependencies {
                        dependencies.insert(dep.clone());
                    }

                    match &variant_type {
                        // For primitive types, we can use them directly in the union
                        SchemaType::Primitive { rust_type, .. } => {
                            union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                target: rust_type.clone(),
                                nullable: false,
                            });
                        }
                        // For arrays, check if we can determine the item type
                        SchemaType::Array { item_type } => {
                            match item_type.as_ref() {
                                SchemaType::Primitive { rust_type, .. } => {
                                    let type_name = format!("Vec<{rust_type}>");
                                    union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                        target: type_name,
                                        nullable: false,
                                    });
                                }
                                SchemaType::Reference { target } => {
                                    let type_name = format!("Vec<{target}>");
                                    union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                        target: type_name,
                                        nullable: false,
                                    });
                                }
                                _ => {
                                    // For other array types, create an inline type
                                    let inline_type_name = self.generate_context_aware_name(
                                        parent_name,
                                        "Variant",
                                        variant_index,
                                        None,
                                    );
                                    self.add_inline_schema(
                                        &inline_type_name,
                                        variant_schema,
                                        dependencies,
                                    )?;
                                    union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                        target: inline_type_name,
                                        nullable: false,
                                    });
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        // For reference types, use the reference target directly
                        SchemaType::Reference { target } => {
                            union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                target: target.clone(),
                                nullable: false,
                            });
                        }
                        // For other complex types, create an inline type
                        _ => {
                            let inline_type_name =
                                format!("{}Variant{}", parent_name, variant_index + 1);
                            self.add_inline_schema(
                                &inline_type_name,
                                variant_schema,
                                dependencies,
                            )?;
                            union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                target: inline_type_name,
                                nullable: false,
                            });
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if !union_variants.is_empty() {
                return Ok(SchemaType::Union {
                    variants: union_variants,
                });
            }

            // Only fall back to serde_json::Value if we truly can't analyze the union
            return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                serde_with: None,
            });
        }

        Ok(SchemaType::DiscriminatedUnion {
            discriminator_field,
            variants,
        })
    }

    fn analyze_untagged_oneof_union(
        &mut self,
        one_of_schemas: &[Schema],
        parent_name: &str,
        dependencies: &mut HashSet<String>,
    ) -> Result<SchemaType> {
        // Drop {"type": "null"} variants. They mean "may be null" and are surfaced
        // as Option<T> at the property level — including them here produces a junk
        // `SerdeJsonValue(serde_json::Value)` variant.
        let filtered: Vec<&Schema> = one_of_schemas
            .iter()
            .filter(|s| !matches!(s.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Null)))
            .collect();

        // If filtering leaves a single variant, return its analyzed type directly.
        if filtered.len() == 1 {
            return self
                .analyze_schema_value(filtered[0], parent_name)
                .map(|a| a.schema_type);
        }

        let mut union_variants = Vec::new();

        for (variant_index, variant_schema) in filtered.iter().copied().enumerate() {
            // First check if it's a reference or recursive reference
            if let Some(ref_str) = variant_schema.reference() {
                if let Some(schema_name) = self.extract_schema_name(ref_str) {
                    dependencies.insert(schema_name.to_string());
                    union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                        target: schema_name.to_string(),
                        nullable: false,
                    });
                }
            } else if let Some(recursive_ref) = variant_schema.recursive_reference() {
                let schema_name = if recursive_ref == "#" {
                    // Handle recursive reference to the schema with recursiveAnchor
                    self.find_recursive_anchor_schema()
                        .or_else(|| self.current_schema_name.clone())
                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "CompoundFilter".to_string())
                } else {
                    self.extract_schema_name(recursive_ref)
                        .map(|s| s.to_string())
                        .unwrap_or_else(|| "RecursiveType".to_string())
                };
                dependencies.insert(schema_name.clone());
                union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                    target: schema_name,
                    nullable: false,
                });
            } else {
                // Handle inline schemas by creating type aliases or using primitive types directly
                let inline_name = self.generate_context_aware_name(
                    parent_name,
                    "InlineVariant",
                    variant_index,
                    Some(variant_schema),
                );
                let analyzed = self.analyze_schema_value(variant_schema, &inline_name)?;
                let variant_type = analyzed.schema_type;

                // Add dependencies from the analyzed schema
                for dep in &analyzed.dependencies {
                    dependencies.insert(dep.clone());
                }

                match &variant_type {
                    // For primitive types, we can use them directly in the union
                    SchemaType::Primitive { rust_type, .. } => {
                        union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                            target: rust_type.clone(),
                            nullable: false,
                        });
                    }
                    // For arrays, check if we can determine the item type
                    SchemaType::Array { item_type } => {
                        match item_type.as_ref() {
                            SchemaType::Primitive { rust_type, .. } => {
                                let type_name = format!("Vec<{rust_type}>");
                                union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                    target: type_name,
                                    nullable: false,
                                });
                            }
                            SchemaType::Reference { target } => {
                                let type_name = format!("Vec<{target}>");
                                union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                    target: type_name,
                                    nullable: false,
                                });
                            }
                            // Handle arrays of arrays (e.g., Vec<Vec<i64>>)
                            SchemaType::Array {
                                item_type: inner_item_type,
                            } => {
                                match inner_item_type.as_ref() {
                                    SchemaType::Primitive { rust_type, .. } => {
                                        let type_name = format!("Vec<Vec<{rust_type}>>");
                                        union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                            target: type_name,
                                            nullable: false,
                                        });
                                    }
                                    SchemaType::Reference { target } => {
                                        let type_name = format!("Vec<Vec<{target}>>");
                                        union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                            target: type_name,
                                            nullable: false,
                                        });
                                    }
                                    _ => {
                                        // For deeper nesting, create an inline type
                                        let inline_type_name = self.generate_context_aware_name(
                                            parent_name,
                                            "Variant",
                                            variant_index,
                                            None,
                                        );
                                        self.add_inline_schema(
                                            &inline_type_name,
                                            variant_schema,
                                            dependencies,
                                        )?;
                                        union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                            target: inline_type_name,
                                            nullable: false,
                                        });
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            _ => {
                                // For other array types, create an inline type
                                let inline_type_name = self.generate_context_aware_name(
                                    parent_name,
                                    "Variant",
                                    variant_index,
                                    None,
                                );
                                self.add_inline_schema(
                                    &inline_type_name,
                                    variant_schema,
                                    dependencies,
                                )?;
                                union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                                    target: inline_type_name,
                                    nullable: false,
                                });
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    // For reference types, use the reference target directly
                    SchemaType::Reference { target } => {
                        union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                            target: target.clone(),
                            nullable: false,
                        });
                    }
                    // For other complex types, create an inline type
                    _ => {
                        let inline_type_name = self.generate_context_aware_name(
                            parent_name,
                            "Variant",
                            variant_index,
                            None,
                        );
                        self.add_inline_schema(&inline_type_name, variant_schema, dependencies)?;
                        union_variants.push(SchemaRef {
                            target: inline_type_name,
                            nullable: false,
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if !union_variants.is_empty() {
            return Ok(SchemaType::Union {
                variants: union_variants,
            });
        }

        // Only fall back to serde_json::Value if we truly can't analyze the union
        Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
            rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
            serde_with: None,
        })
    }

    fn add_inline_schema(
        &mut self,
        type_name: &str,
        schema: &Schema,
        dependencies: &mut HashSet<String>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        // For primitive types, we need to ensure they are stored as type aliases
        if let Some(schema_type) = schema.schema_type() {
            match schema_type {
                OpenApiSchemaType::String
                | OpenApiSchemaType::Integer
                | OpenApiSchemaType::Number
                | OpenApiSchemaType::Boolean => {
                    let rust_type =
                        self.openapi_type_to_rust_type(schema_type.clone(), schema.details());

                    // Store as a type alias
                    self.resolved_cache.insert(
                        type_name.to_string(),
                        AnalyzedSchema {
                            name: type_name.to_string(),
                            original: serde_json::to_value(schema).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                            schema_type: SchemaType::Primitive {
                                rust_type,
                                serde_with: None,
                            },
                            dependencies: HashSet::new(),
                            nullable: false,
                            description: schema.details().description.clone(),
                            default: None,
                        },
                    );
                    return Ok(());
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        // For non-primitive types, analyze the inline schema and add it to our collection
        // Set current_schema_name so nested inline properties (enums, unions, objects)
        // get named with the correct parent context instead of inheriting a stale name
        let previous_schema_name = self.current_schema_name.take();
        self.current_schema_name = Some(type_name.to_string());
        let analyzed = self.analyze_schema_value(schema, type_name)?;
        self.current_schema_name = previous_schema_name;

        // Add to resolved cache so it can be generated
        self.resolved_cache.insert(type_name.to_string(), analyzed);

        // Add dependencies
        if let Some(cached) = self.resolved_cache.get(type_name) {
            for dep in &cached.dependencies {
                dependencies.insert(dep.clone());
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn extract_inline_discriminator_value(
        &self,
        schema: &Schema,
        discriminator_field: &str,
        variant_index: usize,
    ) -> String {
        // Try to extract discriminator value from inline schema properties
        if let Some(properties) = &schema.details().properties {
            if let Some(discriminator_prop) = properties.get(discriminator_field) {
                // Check for enum with single value
                if let Some(enum_values) = &discriminator_prop.details().enum_values {
                    if enum_values.len() == 1 {
                        if let Some(value) = enum_values[0].as_str() {
                            return value.to_string();
                        }
                    }
                }
                // Check for const value in extra fields
                if let Some(const_value) = discriminator_prop.details().extra.get("const") {
                    if let Some(value) = const_value.as_str() {
                        return value.to_string();
                    }
                }
                // Check for const value in the discriminator_prop.details().const_value
                if let Some(const_value) = &discriminator_prop.details().const_value {
                    if let Some(value) = const_value.as_str() {
                        return value.to_string();
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Try to infer from schema structure and properties
        if let Some(inferred_name) = self.infer_variant_name_from_structure(schema, variant_index) {
            return inferred_name;
        }

        // Fall back to generic variant name
        format!("variant_{variant_index}")
    }

    fn infer_variant_name_from_structure(
        &self,
        schema: &Schema,
        _variant_index: usize,
    ) -> Option<String> {
        let details = schema.details();

        // Strategy 1: Look for unique property combinations that suggest the variant type
        if let Some(properties) = &details.properties {
            // Common patterns for content blocks
            if properties.contains_key("text") && properties.len() <= 3 {
                return Some("text".to_string());
            }
            if properties.contains_key("image") || properties.contains_key("source") {
                return Some("image".to_string());
            }
            if properties.contains_key("document") {
                return Some("document".to_string());
            }
            if properties.contains_key("tool_use_id") || properties.contains_key("tool_result") {
                return Some("tool_result".to_string());
            }
            if properties.contains_key("content") && properties.contains_key("is_error") {
                return Some("tool_result".to_string());
            }
            if properties.contains_key("partial_json") {
                return Some("partial_json".to_string());
            }

            // Strategy 2: Look for properties that hint at the variant purpose
            let property_names: Vec<&String> = properties.keys().collect();

            // Try to find the most descriptive property name
            for prop_name in &property_names {
                if prop_name.contains("result") {
                    return Some("result".to_string());
                }
                if prop_name.contains("error") {
                    return Some("error".to_string());
                }
                if prop_name.contains("content") && property_names.len() <= 2 {
                    return Some("content".to_string());
                }
            }

            // Strategy 3: Use the most significant unique property
            let significant_props = property_names
                .iter()
                .filter(|&name| !["type", "id", "cache_control"].contains(&name.as_str()))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();

            if significant_props.len() == 1 {
                return Some((*significant_props[0]).clone());
            }
        }

        // Strategy 4: Look at description for hints
        if let Some(description) = &details.description {
            let desc_lower = description.to_lowercase();
            if desc_lower.contains("text") && desc_lower.len() < 100 {
                return Some("text".to_string());
            }
            if desc_lower.contains("image") {
                return Some("image".to_string());
            }
            if desc_lower.contains("document") {
                return Some("document".to_string());
            }
            if desc_lower.contains("tool") && desc_lower.contains("result") {
                return Some("tool_result".to_string());
            }
        }

        None
    }

    fn discriminator_to_variant_name(&self, discriminator: &str) -> String {
        // Convert discriminator values to PascalCase variant names using general rules
        if discriminator.is_empty() {
            return "Variant".to_string();
        }

        let mut result = String::new();
        let mut next_upper = true;

        for c in discriminator.chars() {
            match c {
                'a'..='z' => {
                    if next_upper {
                        result.push(c.to_ascii_uppercase());
                        next_upper = false;
                    } else {
                        result.push(c);
                    }
                }
                'A'..='Z' => {
                    result.push(c);
                    next_upper = false;
                }
                '0'..='9' => {
                    result.push(c);
                    next_upper = false;
                }
                '_' | '-' | '.' | ' ' | '/' | '\\' => {
                    // Word separators - next char should be uppercase
                    next_upper = true;
                }
                _ => {
                    // Other special characters - treat as word boundary
                    next_upper = true;
                }
            }
        }

        // Ensure it starts with a letter
        if result.is_empty() || result.chars().next().is_some_and(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
            result = format!("Variant{result}");
        }

        result
    }

    fn ensure_unique_variant_name(
        &self,
        base_name: String,
        used_names: &mut std::collections::HashSet<String>,
    ) -> String {
        let mut candidate = base_name.clone();
        let mut counter = 1;

        while used_names.contains(&candidate) {
            counter += 1;
            candidate = format!("{base_name}{counter}");
        }

        used_names.insert(candidate.clone());
        candidate
    }

    fn generate_inline_type_name(&self, schema: &Schema, variant_index: usize) -> String {
        // Try to generate a meaningful name for inline schemas
        if let Some(meaningful_name) = self.infer_type_name_from_structure(schema) {
            return meaningful_name;
        }

        // Fallback to context-aware name
        let context = self.current_schema_name.as_deref().unwrap_or("Inline");
        self.generate_context_aware_name(context, "Variant", variant_index, Some(schema))
    }

    fn infer_type_name_from_structure(&self, schema: &Schema) -> Option<String> {
        let details = schema.details();

        // Strategy 1: Use description if it's short and descriptive
        if let Some(description) = &details.description {
            if let Some(name_from_desc) = self.extract_type_name_from_description(description) {
                return Some(name_from_desc);
            }
        }

        // Strategy 2: Use the most significant property name as the type identifier
        if let Some(properties) = &details.properties {
            if let Some(name_from_props) = self.extract_type_name_from_properties(properties) {
                return Some(format!("{name_from_props}Block"));
            }
        }

        None
    }

    fn extract_type_name_from_description(&self, description: &str) -> Option<String> {
        // Only use descriptions that are short and likely to be type identifiers
        if description.len() > 100 || description.contains('\n') {
            return None;
        }

        // Extract the first meaningful word(s) from the description
        let words: Vec<&str> = description
            .split_whitespace()
            .take(2) // Only take first 2 words to avoid long names
            .filter(|word| {
                let w = word.to_lowercase();
                word.len() > 2
                    && ![
                        "the", "and", "for", "with", "that", "this", "are", "can", "will", "was",
                    ]
                    .contains(&w.as_str())
            })
            .collect();

        if words.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }

        // Convert to PascalCase using our existing logic
        let combined = words.join("_");
        let pascal_name = self.discriminator_to_variant_name(&combined);

        // Add suffix if it doesn't already have one
        if !pascal_name.ends_with("Content")
            && !pascal_name.ends_with("Block")
            && !pascal_name.ends_with("Type")
        {
            Some(format!("{pascal_name}Content"))
        } else {
            Some(pascal_name)
        }
    }

    fn extract_type_name_from_properties(
        &self,
        properties: &std::collections::BTreeMap<String, crate::openapi::Schema>,
    ) -> Option<String> {
        // Get property names, excluding common structural properties
        let significant_props: Vec<&String> = properties
            .keys()
            .filter(|name| !["type", "id", "cache_control"].contains(&name.as_str()))
            .collect();

        if significant_props.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }

        // Strategy 1: If there's only one significant property, use it
        if significant_props.len() == 1 {
            let prop_name = significant_props[0];
            return Some(self.discriminator_to_variant_name(prop_name));
        }

        // Strategy 2: Use the first property alphabetically for consistency
        // This provides deterministic naming without hardcoded preferences
        let mut sorted_props = significant_props.clone();
        sorted_props.sort();
        if let Some(first_prop) = sorted_props.first() {
            return Some(self.discriminator_to_variant_name(first_prop));
        }

        None
    }

    fn openapi_type_to_rust_type(
        &self,
        openapi_type: OpenApiSchemaType,
        details: &crate::openapi::SchemaDetails,
    ) -> String {
        // Q2.0: route through the TypeMapper chokepoint. With the default
        // config this produces bit-identical output to the pre-refactor
        // match; later Q2.* issues add format-aware branches inside
        // TypeMapper without touching this function.
        self.type_mapper.map(openapi_type, details).rust_type
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    fn fallback_discriminator_value(&self, schema_name: &str) -> String {
        self.fallback_discriminator_value_for_field(schema_name, "type")
    }

    fn fallback_discriminator_value_for_field(
        &self,
        schema_name: &str,
        field_name: &str,
    ) -> String {
        // Try to extract from referenced schema first
        if let Some(ref_schema) = self.schemas.get(schema_name) {
            if let Some(extracted) =
                self.extract_discriminator_value_for_field(ref_schema, field_name)
            {
                return extracted;
            }
        }

        // Fall back to generating from name
        self.generate_discriminator_value_from_name(schema_name)
    }

    fn generate_discriminator_value_from_name(&self, schema_name: &str) -> String {
        // Convert schema names like "ResponseCreatedEvent" to "response.created"
        let mut result = String::new();
        let mut chars = schema_name.chars().peekable();
        let mut first = true;

        while let Some(c) = chars.next() {
            if c.is_uppercase()
                && !first
                && chars
                    .peek()
                    .map(|&next| next.is_lowercase())
                    .unwrap_or(false)
            {
                result.push('.');
            }
            result.push(c.to_ascii_lowercase());
            first = false;
        }

        // Remove common suffixes
        if result.ends_with("event") {
            result = result[..result.len() - 5].to_string();
        }

        // Add "response." prefix if it looks like a response event
        if schema_name.starts_with("Response") && !result.starts_with("response.") {
            result = format!("response.{}", result.trim_start_matches("response"));
        }

        result
    }

    fn to_rust_variant_name(&self, schema_name: &str) -> String {
        // Convert "ResponseCreatedEvent" to "Created", "UserStatus" to "UserStatus", etc.
        let mut name = schema_name;

        // Remove common prefixes for cleaner variant names
        if name.starts_with("Response") && name.len() > 8 {
            name = &name[8..]; // Remove "Response"
        }

        // Remove common suffixes
        if name.ends_with("Event") && name.len() > 5 {
            name = &name[..name.len() - 5]; // Remove "Event"
        }

        // Trim leading and trailing underscores
        name = name.trim_matches('_');

        // Convert underscores to camel case using our existing function
        if name.is_empty() {
            schema_name.to_string()
        } else {
            // Use discriminator_to_variant_name to properly handle underscores
            self.discriminator_to_variant_name(name)
        }
    }

    /// Register an inline string enum as a named `StringEnum` schema and
    /// return a `Reference` to it. Shared by property-level enums
    /// (`{Schema}{Prop}`) and array-item enums (`{Schema}{Prop}Item`).
    ///
    /// Resolves a name that either matches an existing same-valued
    /// enum (dedup) or doesn't collide with a different one.
    ///
    /// Two distinct inline enums can land on the same primary
    /// candidate when a parent schema has a property like
    /// `type` that recurs at multiple nesting levels — e.g.
    /// Latitude.sh's `plan_data.type = ["plans"]` (the
    /// JSON-API resource type) and
    /// `plan_data.attributes.specs.drives[].type =
    /// ["SSD","HDD","NVME"]` both want to become
    /// `PlanDataType`. We must NOT silently overwrite the
    /// first registration: that breaks deserialization
    /// because both fields end up referencing whichever
    /// enum was processed last.
    ///
    /// Disambiguation strategy: append the PascalCase first
    /// enum value (`PlanDataTypeNVME` vs `PlanDataTypePlans`)
    /// and, if that's also claimed with different values,
    /// fall back to a numeric `_2`, `_3`, … suffix.
    fn hoist_inline_string_enum(
        &mut self,
        schema: &Schema,
        enum_values: Vec<String>,
        primary_name: String,
        dependencies: &mut HashSet<String>,
    ) -> SchemaType {
        fn matches_values(existing: &AnalyzedSchema, values: &[String]) -> bool {
            matches!(
                &existing.schema_type,
                SchemaType::StringEnum { values: existing_values }
                    if existing_values == values
            )
        }

        let mut enum_type_name = primary_name.clone();
        let should_insert = match self.resolved_cache.get(&enum_type_name) {
            None => true,
            Some(existing) if matches_values(existing, &enum_values) => false,
            Some(_) => {
                // Collision with different values — try a
                // value-suffixed name first.
                let suffix = enum_values
                    .first()
                    .map(|v| self.to_pascal_case(v))
                    .unwrap_or_else(|| "Variant".to_string());
                let candidate = format!("{primary_name}{suffix}");

                let resolved = match self.resolved_cache.get(&candidate) {
                    None => Some((candidate.clone(), true)),
                    Some(existing) if matches_values(existing, &enum_values) => {
                        Some((candidate.clone(), false))
                    }
                    Some(_) => {
                        // Walk a numeric suffix until we find
                        // a slot that's free or matches.
                        let mut found = None;
                        for n in 2..1000 {
                            let numbered = format!("{candidate}_{n}");
                            match self.resolved_cache.get(&numbered) {
                                None => {
                                    found = Some((numbered, true));
                                    break;
                                }
                                Some(existing) if matches_values(existing, &enum_values) => {
                                    found = Some((numbered, false));
                                    break;
                                }
                                Some(_) => continue,
                            }
                        }
                        found
                    }
                };

                let (resolved_name, insert) = resolved.unwrap_or((candidate, true));
                enum_type_name = resolved_name;
                insert
            }
        };

        // Store the enum as a named schema if this is the
        // first time we've seen this exact (name, values) pair.
        if should_insert {
            self.resolved_cache.insert(
                enum_type_name.clone(),
                AnalyzedSchema {
                    name: enum_type_name.clone(),
                    original: serde_json::to_value(schema).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                    schema_type: SchemaType::StringEnum {
                        values: enum_values,
                    },
                    dependencies: HashSet::new(),
                    nullable: false,
                    description: schema.details().description.clone(),
                    default: schema.details().default.clone(),
                },
            );
        }

        // Return a reference to the named enum type
        dependencies.insert(enum_type_name.clone());
        SchemaType::Reference {
            target: enum_type_name,
        }
    }

    fn analyze_array_schema(
        &mut self,
        schema: &Schema,
        parent_schema_name: &str,
        dependencies: &mut HashSet<String>,
    ) -> Result<SchemaType> {
        let details = schema.details();

        // Check if items field is present
        if let Some(items_schema) = &details.items {
            // Analyze the item type
            let item_type = match items_schema.as_ref() {
                Schema::Reference { reference, .. } => {
                    // Array of referenced types
                    let target = self
                        .extract_schema_name(reference)
                        .ok_or_else(|| GeneratorError::UnresolvedReference(reference.to_string()))?
                        .to_string();
                    dependencies.insert(target.clone());
                    SchemaType::Reference { target }
                }
                Schema::RecursiveRef { recursive_ref, .. } => {
                    // Array of recursive references
                    if recursive_ref == "#" {
                        // Self-reference to the current schema
                        let target = self
                            .find_recursive_anchor_schema()
                            .unwrap_or_else(|| parent_schema_name.to_string());
                        dependencies.insert(target.clone());
                        SchemaType::Reference { target }
                    } else {
                        let target = self
                            .extract_schema_name(recursive_ref)
                            .unwrap_or("RecursiveType")
                            .to_string();
                        dependencies.insert(target.clone());
                        SchemaType::Reference { target }
                    }
                }
                Schema::Typed { schema_type, .. } => {
                    // Array of primitive types
                    match schema_type {
                        OpenApiSchemaType::String => {
                            // Inline string enum in array items — hoist to a
                            // named enum (`{Parent}Item`) instead of collapsing
                            // to `Vec<String>`.
                            match items_schema
                                .details()
                                .string_enum_values()
                                .filter(|values| !values.is_empty())
                            {
                                Some(values) => self.hoist_inline_string_enum(
                                    items_schema,
                                    values,
                                    format!("{parent_schema_name}Item"),
                                    dependencies,
                                ),
                                None => SchemaType::Primitive {
                                    rust_type: "String".to_string(),
                                    serde_with: None,
                                },
                            }
                        }
                        OpenApiSchemaType::Integer | OpenApiSchemaType::Number => {
                            let details = items_schema.details();
                            let rust_type = self.get_number_rust_type(schema_type.clone(), details);
                            SchemaType::Primitive {
                                rust_type,
                                serde_with: None,
                            }
                        }
                        OpenApiSchemaType::Boolean => SchemaType::Primitive {
                            rust_type: "bool".to_string(),
                            serde_with: None,
                        },
                        OpenApiSchemaType::Object => {
                            // Inline object in array - create a named schema for it
                            let object_type_name = format!("{parent_schema_name}Item");

                            // Analyze the object schema
                            let object_type =
                                self.analyze_object_schema(items_schema, dependencies)?;

                            // Create an analyzed schema for the inline object
                            let inline_schema = AnalyzedSchema {
                                name: object_type_name.clone(),
                                original: serde_json::to_value(items_schema).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                                schema_type: object_type,
                                dependencies: dependencies.clone(),
                                nullable: false,
                                description: items_schema.details().description.clone(),
                                default: None,
                            };

                            // Add the inline object as a named schema
                            self.resolved_cache
                                .insert(object_type_name.clone(), inline_schema);
                            dependencies.insert(object_type_name.clone());

                            // Return a reference to the named schema
                            SchemaType::Reference {
                                target: object_type_name,
                            }
                        }
                        OpenApiSchemaType::Array => {
                            // Array of arrays - recursively analyze
                            self.analyze_array_schema(
                                items_schema,
                                parent_schema_name,
                                dependencies,
                            )?
                        }
                        _ => SchemaType::Primitive {
                            rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                            serde_with: None,
                        },
                    }
                }
                Schema::OneOf { .. } | Schema::AnyOf { .. } => {
                    // Union types in arrays - analyze recursively
                    let analyzed = self.analyze_schema_value(items_schema, "ArrayItem")?;

                    // If we got a discriminated union or union, we need to create a separate schema for it
                    match &analyzed.schema_type {
                        SchemaType::DiscriminatedUnion { .. } | SchemaType::Union { .. } => {
                            // Generate a unique name for the union schema based on the parent context
                            // Use the parent context directly to maintain consistent naming
                            let union_name = format!("{parent_schema_name}ItemUnion");

                            // Create a new analyzed schema with the correct name
                            let mut union_schema = analyzed;
                            union_schema.name = union_name.clone();

                            // Add the union as a separate schema
                            self.resolved_cache.insert(union_name.clone(), union_schema);

                            // Add dependency
                            dependencies.insert(union_name.clone());

                            // Return a reference to the union schema
                            SchemaType::Reference { target: union_name }
                        }
                        _ => analyzed.schema_type,
                    }
                }
                Schema::Untyped { .. } => {
                    // Try to infer the type
                    if let Some(inferred) = items_schema.inferred_type() {
                        match inferred {
                            OpenApiSchemaType::Object => {
                                // Inline object in array - create a named schema for it
                                let object_type_name = format!("{parent_schema_name}Item");

                                // Analyze the object schema
                                let object_type =
                                    self.analyze_object_schema(items_schema, dependencies)?;

                                // Create an analyzed schema for the inline object
                                let inline_schema = AnalyzedSchema {
                                    name: object_type_name.clone(),
                                    original: serde_json::to_value(items_schema)
                                        .unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                                    schema_type: object_type,
                                    dependencies: dependencies.clone(),
                                    nullable: false,
                                    description: items_schema.details().description.clone(),
                                    default: None,
                                };

                                // Add the inline object as a named schema
                                self.resolved_cache
                                    .insert(object_type_name.clone(), inline_schema);
                                dependencies.insert(object_type_name.clone());

                                // Return a reference to the named schema
                                SchemaType::Reference {
                                    target: object_type_name,
                                }
                            }
                            OpenApiSchemaType::String => {
                                // Typeless (OpenAPI 3.1) enum in array items —
                                // same hoisting as the typed-string arm.
                                match items_schema
                                    .details()
                                    .string_enum_values()
                                    .filter(|values| !values.is_empty())
                                {
                                    Some(values) => self.hoist_inline_string_enum(
                                        items_schema,
                                        values,
                                        format!("{parent_schema_name}Item"),
                                        dependencies,
                                    ),
                                    None => SchemaType::Primitive {
                                        rust_type: "String".to_string(),
                                        serde_with: None,
                                    },
                                }
                            }
                            OpenApiSchemaType::Integer | OpenApiSchemaType::Number => {
                                let details = items_schema.details();
                                let rust_type = self.get_number_rust_type(inferred, details);
                                SchemaType::Primitive {
                                    rust_type,
                                    serde_with: None,
                                }
                            }
                            OpenApiSchemaType::Boolean => SchemaType::Primitive {
                                rust_type: "bool".to_string(),
                                serde_with: None,
                            },
                            _ => SchemaType::Primitive {
                                rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                                serde_with: None,
                            },
                        }
                    } else {
                        SchemaType::Primitive {
                            rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                            serde_with: None,
                        }
                    }
                }
                _ => SchemaType::Primitive {
                    rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                    serde_with: None,
                },
            };

            Ok(SchemaType::Array {
                item_type: Box::new(item_type),
            })
        } else {
            // No items specified, fall back to generic array
            Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                rust_type: "Vec<serde_json::Value>".to_string(),
                serde_with: None,
            })
        }
    }

    fn get_number_rust_type(
        &self,
        schema_type: OpenApiSchemaType,
        details: &crate::openapi::SchemaDetails,
    ) -> String {
        // Q2.0: delegate to the TypeMapper chokepoint. The fallback for
        // non-numeric inputs is preserved for backwards compatibility
        // (callers in 2025-era code path `Integer | Number` here).
        let format = details.format.as_deref();
        match schema_type {
            OpenApiSchemaType::Integer => self.type_mapper.integer_format(format).rust_type,
            OpenApiSchemaType::Number => self.type_mapper.number_format(format).rust_type,
            _ => self.type_mapper.dynamic_json().rust_type,
        }
    }

    fn analyze_anyof_union(
        &mut self,
        any_of_schemas: &[Schema],
        discriminator: Option<&Discriminator>,
        dependencies: &mut HashSet<String>,
        context_name: &str,
    ) -> Result<SchemaType> {
        // Drop {"type": "null"} variants. Nullability is surfaced as Option<T>
        // at the property level via is_nullable_pattern(); leaving the null
        // variant in here would produce a phantom `()` or `serde_json::Value`
        // type alias that the generator can't render.
        let filtered_owned: Vec<Schema>;
        let any_of_schemas: &[Schema] = if any_of_schemas
            .iter()
            .any(|s| matches!(s.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Null)))
        {
            filtered_owned = any_of_schemas
                .iter()
                .filter(|s| !matches!(s.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Null)))
                .cloned()
                .collect();
            if filtered_owned.is_empty() {
                return Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
                    rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
                    serde_with: None,
                });
            }
            if filtered_owned.len() == 1 {
                return self
                    .analyze_schema_value(&filtered_owned[0], context_name)
                    .map(|a| a.schema_type);
            }
            &filtered_owned
        } else {
            any_of_schemas
        };

        // Pattern 2: Multiple complex types or mixed primitive/complex = flexible union
        let has_refs = any_of_schemas.iter().any(|s| s.is_reference());
        let has_objects = any_of_schemas.iter().any(|s| {
            matches!(s.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Object))
                || s.inferred_type() == Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Object)
        });
        let has_arrays = any_of_schemas
            .iter()
            .any(|s| matches!(s.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Array)));

        // Handle mixed primitive and complex types (like string + array of objects)
        // Skip this pattern if all schemas are strings or const values (handle in pattern 3)
        let all_string_like = any_of_schemas.iter().all(|s| {
            matches!(s.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::String))
                || s.details().const_value.is_some()
        });

        if (has_refs || has_objects || has_arrays || any_of_schemas.len() > 1) && !all_string_like {
            // Check if this is a discriminated union
            if let Some(disc) = discriminator {
                // This is a discriminated anyOf union, analyze it the same way as oneOf
                return self.analyze_oneof_union(
                    any_of_schemas,
                    Some(disc),
                    context_name,
                    dependencies,
                );
            }

            // Auto-detect implicit discriminator from const fields across all variants
            if let Some(disc_field) = self.detect_discriminator_field(any_of_schemas) {
                return self.analyze_oneof_union(
                    any_of_schemas,
                    Some(&Discriminator {
                        property_name: disc_field,
                        mapping: None,
                        default_mapping: None,
                        extensions: crate::extensions::Extensions::default(),
                    }),
                    context_name,
                    dependencies,
                );
            }

            // Create an untagged union for flexible matching
            let mut variants = Vec::new();

            for schema in any_of_schemas {
                if let Some(ref_str) = schema.reference() {
                    if let Some(target) = self.extract_schema_name(ref_str) {
                        dependencies.insert(target.to_string());
                        variants.push(SchemaRef {
                            target: target.to_string(),
                            nullable: false,
                        });
                    }
                } else if matches!(schema.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Object))
                    || schema.inferred_type() == Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Object)
                {
                    // Generate inline object type for anyOf union
                    let inline_index = variants.len();
                    let inline_type_name = self.generate_inline_type_name(schema, inline_index);

                    // Store inline schema for later analysis and generation
                    self.add_inline_schema(&inline_type_name, schema, dependencies)?;

                    variants.push(SchemaRef {
                        target: inline_type_name,
                        nullable: false,
                    });
                } else if matches!(schema.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Array)) {
                    // Handle array types in unions by creating a type alias
                    let array_type =
                        self.analyze_array_schema(schema, context_name, dependencies)?;

                    // Create a unique name for this array type in the union
                    let array_type_name = if let Some(items_schema) = &schema.details().items {
                        if let Some(ref_str) = items_schema.reference() {
                            if let Some(item_type_name) = self.extract_schema_name(ref_str) {
                                dependencies.insert(item_type_name.to_string());
                                format!("{item_type_name}Array")
                            } else {
                                self.generate_context_aware_name(
                                    context_name,
                                    "Array",
                                    variants.len(),
                                    Some(schema),
                                )
                            }
                        } else {
                            self.generate_context_aware_name(
                                context_name,
                                "Array",
                                variants.len(),
                                Some(schema),
                            )
                        }
                    } else {
                        self.generate_context_aware_name(
                            context_name,
                            "Array",
                            variants.len(),
                            Some(schema),
                        )
                    };

                    // Store the array as a type alias
                    self.resolved_cache.insert(
                        array_type_name.clone(),
                        AnalyzedSchema {
                            name: array_type_name.clone(),
                            original: serde_json::to_value(schema).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                            schema_type: array_type,
                            dependencies: HashSet::new(),
                            nullable: false,
                            description: Some("Array variant in union".to_string()),
                            default: None,
                        },
                    );

                    // Add array type as a dependency
                    dependencies.insert(array_type_name.clone());

                    variants.push(SchemaRef {
                        target: array_type_name,
                        nullable: false,
                    });
                } else if let Some(schema_type) = schema.schema_type() {
                    // Q2.7: when `primitive_unions` is on (default),
                    // emit the Rust type directly as the variant
                    // target — matches `analyze_untagged_oneof_union`
                    // and produces a clean
                    //   #[serde(untagged)] pub enum Foo { String(String), Integer(i64) }
                    // Pre-Q2.7 / opt-out emits a type alias per
                    // primitive (`pub type FooString = String`) and
                    // references the alias in the variant — works
                    // but adds noise.
                    let primitive_unions = self
                        .type_mapper
                        .config_shape_primitive_unions()
                        .unwrap_or(true);

                    if primitive_unions {
                        let mapped = self.type_mapper.map(schema_type.clone(), schema.details());
                        variants.push(SchemaRef {
                            target: mapped.rust_type,
                            nullable: false,
                        });
                    } else {
                        let inline_index = variants.len();
                        let inline_type_name = match schema_type {
                            OpenApiSchemaType::String => {
                                if inline_index == 0 {
                                    format!("{context_name}String")
                                } else {
                                    format!("{context_name}StringVariant{inline_index}")
                                }
                            }
                            OpenApiSchemaType::Number => {
                                if inline_index == 0 {
                                    format!("{context_name}Number")
                                } else {
                                    format!("{context_name}NumberVariant{inline_index}")
                                }
                            }
                            OpenApiSchemaType::Integer => {
                                if inline_index == 0 {
                                    format!("{context_name}Integer")
                                } else {
                                    format!("{context_name}IntegerVariant{inline_index}")
                                }
                            }
                            OpenApiSchemaType::Boolean => {
                                if inline_index == 0 {
                                    format!("{context_name}Boolean")
                                } else {
                                    format!("{context_name}BooleanVariant{inline_index}")
                                }
                            }
                            _ => format!("{context_name}Variant{inline_index}"),
                        };

                        let rust_type =
                            self.openapi_type_to_rust_type(schema_type.clone(), schema.details());

                        self.resolved_cache.insert(
                            inline_type_name.clone(),
                            AnalyzedSchema {
                                name: inline_type_name.clone(),
                                original: serde_json::to_value(schema).unwrap_or(Value::Null),
                                schema_type: SchemaType::Primitive {
                                    rust_type,
                                    serde_with: None,
                                },
                                dependencies: HashSet::new(),
                                nullable: false,
                                description: schema.details().description.clone(),
                                default: None,
                            },
                        );

                        dependencies.insert(inline_type_name.clone());

                        variants.push(SchemaRef {
                            target: inline_type_name,
                            nullable: false,
                        });
                    }
                }
            }

            if !variants.is_empty() {
                return Ok(SchemaType::Union { variants });
            }
        }

        // Pattern 3: String enum pattern (mix of "type": "string" and const values)
        let all_strings = any_of_schemas.iter().all(|schema| {
            matches!(schema.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::String))
                || schema.details().const_value.is_some()
        });

        if all_strings {
            // Collect all constant values as enum variants
            let mut enum_values = Vec::new();
            let mut has_open_string = false;

            for schema in any_of_schemas {
                if let Some(const_val) = &schema.details().const_value {
                    if let Some(const_str) = const_val.as_str() {
                        enum_values.push(const_str.to_string());
                    }
                } else if matches!(schema.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::String)) {
                    has_open_string = true;
                }
            }

            if !enum_values.is_empty() {
                if has_open_string {
                    // Has both constants and open string - create an extensible enum
                    // This generates an enum with known variants plus a Custom(String) variant
                    return Ok(SchemaType::ExtensibleEnum {
                        known_values: enum_values,
                    });
                } else {
                    // All constants - create string enum
                    return Ok(SchemaType::StringEnum {
                        values: enum_values,
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        // Pattern 4: Mixed primitives = fall back to serde_json::Value
        Ok(SchemaType::Primitive {
            rust_type: "serde_json::Value".to_string(),
            serde_with: None,
        })
    }

    /// Find the schema with $recursiveAnchor: true for resolving $recursiveRef: "#"
    fn find_recursive_anchor_schema(&self) -> Option<String> {
        // Search through all schemas to find one with $recursiveAnchor: true
        for (schema_name, schema) in &self.schemas {
            let details = schema.details();
            if details.recursive_anchor == Some(true) {
                return Some(schema_name.clone());
            }
        }

        // If no schema has $recursiveAnchor: true, this might be an older spec
        // In that case, $recursiveRef: "#" typically refers to the root schema
        // For now, return None to indicate we couldn't resolve it
        None
    }

    /// Detect if a schema should use serde_json::Value for dynamic JSON
    /// Based on structural patterns identified in real-world APIs
    fn should_use_dynamic_json(&self, schema: &Schema) -> bool {
        // Pattern 1: anyOf with [object, null] where object has no properties
        if let Schema::AnyOf { any_of, .. } = schema {
            if any_of.len() == 2 {
                let has_null = any_of
                    .iter()
                    .any(|s| matches!(s.schema_type(), Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Null)));
                let has_empty_object = any_of.iter().any(|s| self.is_dynamic_object_pattern(s));

                if has_null && has_empty_object {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }

        // Pattern 2: Direct empty object pattern
        self.is_dynamic_object_pattern(schema)
    }

    /// Check if a schema represents a dynamic object pattern
    fn is_dynamic_object_pattern(&self, schema: &Schema) -> bool {
        // Must be object type or untyped with object inference
        let is_object = match schema.schema_type() {
            Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Object) => true,
            None => schema.inferred_type() == Some(OpenApiSchemaType::Object),
            _ => false,
        };

        if !is_object {
            return false;
        }

        let details = schema.details();

        // If it has explicit additionalProperties, it should remain as a typed object
        // that will be generated as BTreeMap<String, serde_json::Value> or similar
        if self.has_explicit_additional_properties(schema) {
            return false;
        }

        // Pattern 1: Object with no properties at all (and no additionalProperties)
        let no_properties = details
            .properties
            .as_ref()
            .map(|props| props.is_empty())
            .unwrap_or(true);

        if no_properties {
            // Check for constraints that would make this a structured type.
            // After J5–J8, these are typed fields rather than `extra` lookups.
            let has_structural_constraints = details
                .required
                .as_ref()
                .map(|req| req.iter().any(|r| r != "type"))
                .unwrap_or(false)
                || details.pattern_properties.is_some()
                || details.property_names.is_some()
                || details.min_properties.is_some()
                || details.max_properties.is_some()
                || details.dependent_required.is_some()
                || details.dependent_schemas.is_some()
                || details.if_schema.is_some()
                || details.then_schema.is_some()
                || details.else_schema.is_some();

            return !has_structural_constraints;
        }

        false
    }

    /// Check if this is an object that explicitly allows arbitrary additional properties
    fn has_explicit_additional_properties(&self, schema: &Schema) -> bool {
        let details = schema.details();

        // Check if additionalProperties is explicitly set to true or a schema
        matches!(
            &details.additional_properties,
            Some(crate::openapi::AdditionalProperties::Boolean(true))
                | Some(crate::openapi::AdditionalProperties::Schema(_))
        )
    }

    /// Analyze OpenAPI operations to extract request/response schemas
    fn analyze_operations(&mut self, analysis: &mut SchemaAnalysis) -> Result<()> {
        let spec: crate::openapi::OpenApiSpec = serde_json::from_value(self.openapi_spec.clone())
            .map_err(GeneratorError::ParseError)?;
        // Operation IDs are emitted into one Rust module, so collision
        // detection spans paths and webhooks. Index their canonical Rust type
        // names once instead of re-canonicalizing every previously analyzed
        // operation for every new endpoint.
        let mut canonical_operation_ids = HashSet::new();

        if let Some(paths) = &spec.paths {
            for (path, path_item) in paths {
                // H11: Path Item may be a $ref to components/pathItems. Resolve here.
                let resolved = self.resolve_path_item(path_item, &spec)?;
                let pi: &crate::openapi::PathItem = resolved.as_ref().unwrap_or(path_item);
                self.ingest_path_item_operations(path, pi, analysis, &mut canonical_operation_ids)?;
            }
        }
        // T4: walk webhooks the same way as paths. Per OAS 3.1+, webhooks are
        // server→consumer callbacks: their request bodies describe payloads
        // the *server* sends *to* the consumer. We currently emit them as
        // ordinary operations so their request/response types land in the
        // generated client; a future bead may add a typed Webhook enum and
        // dispatcher.
        if let Some(webhooks) = &spec.webhooks {
            for (name, path_item) in webhooks {
                let synthetic_path = format!("/__webhook__/{name}");
                self.ingest_path_item_operations(
                    &synthetic_path,
                    path_item,
                    analysis,
                    &mut canonical_operation_ids,
                )?;
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// H11: Resolve a Path Item's `$ref` (3.1+ allows them) against
    /// `components/pathItems`. Returns Some(resolved) when a ref was followed,
    /// or None when the input is already inline.
    fn resolve_path_item(
        &self,
        path_item: &crate::openapi::PathItem,
        spec: &crate::openapi::OpenApiSpec,
    ) -> Result<Option<crate::openapi::PathItem>> {
        let Some(reference) = &path_item.reference else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        let target_name = reference
            .strip_prefix("#/components/pathItems/")
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                GeneratorError::UnresolvedReference(format!(
                    "Path Item $ref must point at #/components/pathItems/{{name}}, got {reference}"
                ))
            })?;
        let pi = spec
            .components
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|c| c.path_items.as_ref())
            .and_then(|map| map.get(target_name))
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                GeneratorError::UnresolvedReference(format!(
                    "Path Item ref {reference} not found in components/pathItems"
                ))
            })?;
        Ok(Some(pi.clone()))
    }

    fn ingest_path_item_operations(
        &mut self,
        path: &str,
        path_item: &crate::openapi::PathItem,
        analysis: &mut SchemaAnalysis,
        canonical_operation_ids: &mut HashSet<String>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        for (method, operation) in path_item.operations() {
            // Generate operation ID if missing.
            let raw_operation_id = operation
                .operation_id
                .clone()
                .unwrap_or_else(|| Self::generate_operation_id(method, path));

            // T6: detect operationId collisions. Per the OAS spec these MUST
            // be unique, but real-world specs (arcade, cal-com, telnyx,
            // val-town, …) frequently aren't. Auto-disambiguate by suffixing
            // with the method, then a counter, and warn.
            //
            // The collision key is the PascalCased form so that case-only
            // differences (telnyx has `getMdrUsageReports` AND
            // `GetMdrUsageReports`) collide too — otherwise codegen would
            // produce two `GetMdrUsageReportsApiError` enums in the same
            // module.
            let operation_id = if canonical_operation_ids
                .contains(&Self::canonical_operation_id(&raw_operation_id))
            {
                let method_lower = method.to_lowercase();
                let mut candidate = format!("{}_{}", raw_operation_id, method_lower);
                let mut suffix = 2;
                while canonical_operation_ids.contains(&Self::canonical_operation_id(&candidate)) {
                    candidate = format!("{}_{}_{}", raw_operation_id, method_lower, suffix);
                    suffix += 1;
                }
                eprintln!(
                    "⚠️  duplicate operationId `{}` at `{} {}` — disambiguated to `{}`",
                    raw_operation_id, method, path, candidate
                );
                candidate
            } else {
                raw_operation_id.clone()
            };

            let (op_info, responses) = self.analyze_single_operation(
                &operation_id,
                method,
                path,
                operation,
                path_item.parameters.as_ref(),
                analysis,
            )?;
            analysis
                .operation_id_aliases
                .entry(raw_operation_id)
                .or_default()
                .push(operation_id.clone());
            canonical_operation_ids.insert(Self::canonical_operation_id(&operation_id));
            analysis
                .operation_responses
                .insert(operation_id.clone(), responses);
            analysis.operations.insert(operation_id, op_info);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn canonical_operation_id(operation_id: &str) -> String {
        use heck::ToPascalCase;
        operation_id.replace('.', "_").to_pascal_case()
    }

    /// Generate an operation ID from method and path when not provided
    /// Converts paths like "/v0/servers/{serverId}" + "get" to "getV0ServersServerId"
    fn generate_operation_id(method: &str, path: &str) -> String {
        // Start with the HTTP method in lowercase
        let mut operation_id = method.to_lowercase();

        // Process the path: remove leading slash, split by /, convert to camelCase
        let path_parts: Vec<&str> = path.trim_start_matches('/').split('/').collect();

        for part in path_parts {
            if part.is_empty() {
                continue;
            }

            // Handle path parameters: {serverId} -> ServerId
            let cleaned_part = if part.starts_with('{') && part.ends_with('}') {
                &part[1..part.len() - 1]
            } else {
                part
            };

            // Convert to PascalCase and append
            let pascal_case_part = cleaned_part
                .split(&['-', '_'][..])
                .map(|s| {
                    let mut chars = s.chars();
                    match chars.next() {
                        None => String::new(),
                        Some(first) => first.to_uppercase().collect::<String>() + chars.as_str(),
                    }
                })
                .collect::<String>();

            operation_id.push_str(&pascal_case_part);
        }

        operation_id
    }

    /// Analyze a single OpenAPI operation
    fn analyze_single_operation(
        &mut self,
        operation_id: &str,
        method: &str,
        path: &str,
        operation: &crate::openapi::Operation,
        path_item_parameters: Option<&Vec<crate::openapi::Parameter>>,
        _analysis: &mut SchemaAnalysis,
    ) -> Result<(OperationInfo, BTreeMap<String, OperationResponse>)> {
        let raw_path_item = self
            .openapi_spec
            .get("paths")
            .and_then(|paths| paths.get(path))
            .cloned();
        let raw_operation = raw_path_item
            .as_ref()
            .and_then(|path_item| path_item.get(method.to_ascii_lowercase()))
            .cloned();
        let request_body = operation
            .request_body
            .as_ref()
            .map(|request_body| self.resolve_request_body(request_body))
            .transpose()?;
        let mut op_info = OperationInfo {
            operation_id: operation_id.to_string(),
            method: method.to_uppercase(),
            path: normalize_operation_path(path),
            summary: operation.summary.clone(),
            description: operation.description.clone(),
            request_body: None,
            // Per OAS 3.x §"Request Body Object", `required` defaults to false.
            request_body_required: request_body
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|rb| rb.required)
                .unwrap_or(false),
            response_schemas: BTreeMap::new(),
            parameters: Vec::new(),
            supports_streaming: false, // Will be determined by StreamingConfig, not spec
            stream_parameter: None,    // Will be determined by StreamingConfig, not spec
            tags: operation.tags.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
        };
        let mut operation_responses = BTreeMap::new();

        // Extract request body schema with content-type awareness
        if let Some(request_body) = &request_body {
            use crate::openapi::{
                is_binary_media_type, is_form_urlencoded_media_type, is_json_media_type,
                media_type_essence,
            };
            if let Some((content_type, maybe_schema)) = request_body.best_content() {
                op_info.request_body = if is_json_media_type(content_type) {
                    match maybe_schema {
                        Some(s) => {
                            let validation_schema = self
                                .raw_request_body_schema(raw_operation.as_ref(), content_type)
                                .unwrap_or(
                                    serde_json::to_value(s).map_err(GeneratorError::ParseError)?,
                                );
                            Some(
                                self.resolve_or_inline_schema(s, operation_id, "Request")
                                    .map(|name| RequestBodyContent::Json {
                                        schema_name: name,
                                        media_type: content_type.to_string(),
                                        validation_schema,
                                    })?,
                            )
                        }
                        None => Some(RequestBodyContent::SchemaLess {
                            media_type: content_type.to_string(),
                        }),
                    }
                } else if is_form_urlencoded_media_type(content_type) {
                    match maybe_schema {
                        Some(s) => {
                            let validation_schema = self
                                .raw_request_body_schema(raw_operation.as_ref(), content_type)
                                .unwrap_or(
                                    serde_json::to_value(s).map_err(GeneratorError::ParseError)?,
                                );
                            Some(
                                self.resolve_or_inline_schema(s, operation_id, "Request")
                                    .map(|name| RequestBodyContent::FormUrlEncoded {
                                        schema_name: name,
                                        media_type: content_type.to_string(),
                                        validation_schema,
                                    })?,
                            )
                        }
                        None => Some(RequestBodyContent::SchemaLess {
                            media_type: content_type.to_string(),
                        }),
                    }
                } else if media_type_essence(content_type)
                    .eq_ignore_ascii_case("multipart/form-data")
                {
                    match maybe_schema {
                        Some(schema) => {
                            let validation_schema = self
                                .raw_request_body_schema(raw_operation.as_ref(), content_type)
                                .unwrap_or(
                                    serde_json::to_value(schema)
                                        .map_err(GeneratorError::ParseError)?,
                                );
                            Some(
                                self.resolve_or_inline_schema(schema, operation_id, "Request")
                                    .map(|schema_name| RequestBodyContent::Multipart {
                                        schema_name,
                                        media_type: content_type.to_string(),
                                        validation_schema,
                                    })?,
                            )
                        }
                        None => Some(RequestBodyContent::SchemaLess {
                            media_type: content_type.to_string(),
                        }),
                    }
                } else if is_binary_media_type(content_type, maybe_schema) {
                    if media_type_essence(content_type)
                        .eq_ignore_ascii_case("application/octet-stream")
                    {
                        Some(RequestBodyContent::OctetStream {
                            media_type: content_type.to_string(),
                        })
                    } else {
                        Some(RequestBodyContent::Binary {
                            media_type: content_type.to_string(),
                        })
                    }
                } else if crate::openapi::is_text_media_type(content_type) {
                    // Any character-data media type (text/plain, text/xml,
                    // application/xml, +xml suffixed) is buffered and handed
                    // to the handler as a lossless UTF-8 String; the server
                    // never parses the payload.
                    Some(RequestBodyContent::TextPlain {
                        media_type: content_type.to_string(),
                    })
                } else {
                    None
                };
            }
            if op_info.request_body.is_none() {
                let mut media_types = request_body
                    .content
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(|content| content.keys().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>())
                    .unwrap_or_default();
                media_types.sort();
                if !media_types.is_empty() {
                    op_info.request_body = Some(RequestBodyContent::Unsupported { media_types });
                }
            }
        }

        // Extract response schemas
        if let Some(responses) = &operation.responses {
            for (status_code, response) in responses {
                let response = self.resolve_response(response)?;
                // T15: SSE auto-detection. If any response declares
                // `text/event-stream`, mark the operation as streaming. The
                // user can still override via config; here we lift the spec
                // signal so a `stream: true` parameter and an event-stream
                // content type produce a streaming variant by default.
                let supports_streaming = response.content.as_ref().is_some_and(|content| {
                    content
                        .keys()
                        .any(|ct| crate::openapi::is_event_stream_media_type(ct))
                });
                if supports_streaming {
                    op_info.supports_streaming = true;
                }

                let mut response_info = OperationResponse {
                    supports_streaming,
                    has_content: response
                        .content
                        .as_ref()
                        .is_some_and(|content| !content.is_empty()),
                    ..Default::default()
                };
                if let Some((media_type, schema)) = response.json_content() {
                    if let Some(schema_ref) = schema.reference() {
                        // Named schema reference
                        if let Some(schema_name) = self.extract_schema_name(schema_ref) {
                            op_info
                                .response_schemas
                                .insert(status_code.clone(), schema_name.to_string());
                            response_info.schema_name = Some(schema_name.to_string());
                            response_info.media_type = Some(media_type.to_string());
                            response_info.body = Some(OperationResponseBody::Json {
                                schema_name: schema_name.to_string(),
                                media_type: media_type.to_string(),
                            });
                        }
                    } else {
                        // Inline schema - generate a synthetic type name and analyze it
                        let synthetic_name =
                            self.generate_inline_response_type_name(operation_id, status_code);

                        // Use the existing inline schema infrastructure
                        let mut deps = HashSet::new();
                        self.add_inline_schema(&synthetic_name, schema, &mut deps)?;

                        op_info
                            .response_schemas
                            .insert(status_code.clone(), synthetic_name.clone());
                        response_info.body = Some(OperationResponseBody::Json {
                            schema_name: synthetic_name.clone(),
                            media_type: media_type.to_string(),
                        });
                        response_info.schema_name = Some(synthetic_name);
                        response_info.media_type = Some(media_type.to_string());
                    }
                }
                if response_info.body.is_none()
                    && let Some(content) = response.content.as_ref()
                {
                    let selected = content
                        .iter()
                        .find(|(media_type, media)| {
                            matches!(
                                crate::openapi::classify_response_media_type(
                                    media_type,
                                    media.schema.as_ref()
                                ),
                                crate::openapi::ResponseMediaKind::Text
                            )
                        })
                        .or_else(|| {
                            content.iter().find(|(media_type, media)| {
                                matches!(
                                    crate::openapi::classify_response_media_type(
                                        media_type,
                                        media.schema.as_ref()
                                    ),
                                    crate::openapi::ResponseMediaKind::Binary
                                ) && !crate::openapi::is_wildcard_media_type(media_type)
                            })
                        })
                        .or_else(|| {
                            content.iter().find(|(media_type, media)| {
                                matches!(
                                    crate::openapi::classify_response_media_type(
                                        media_type,
                                        media.schema.as_ref()
                                    ),
                                    crate::openapi::ResponseMediaKind::Binary
                                )
                            })
                        });
                    if let Some((media_type, media)) = selected {
                        response_info.body = match crate::openapi::classify_response_media_type(
                            media_type,
                            media.schema.as_ref(),
                        ) {
                            crate::openapi::ResponseMediaKind::Text => {
                                Some(OperationResponseBody::Text {
                                    media_type: media_type.clone(),
                                })
                            }
                            crate::openapi::ResponseMediaKind::Binary => {
                                Some(OperationResponseBody::Binary {
                                    media_type: media_type.clone(),
                                    wildcard: crate::openapi::is_wildcard_media_type(media_type),
                                })
                            }
                            _ => None,
                        };
                    }
                }
                response_info.unsupported_media_types = response
                    .content
                    .as_ref()
                    .into_iter()
                    .flat_map(|content| content.iter())
                    .filter(|(media_type, content)| {
                        match crate::openapi::classify_response_media_type(
                            media_type,
                            content.schema.as_ref(),
                        ) {
                            crate::openapi::ResponseMediaKind::Json => content.schema.is_none(),
                            crate::openapi::ResponseMediaKind::Unsupported => true,
                            crate::openapi::ResponseMediaKind::EventStream
                            | crate::openapi::ResponseMediaKind::Text
                            | crate::openapi::ResponseMediaKind::Binary => false,
                        }
                    })
                    .map(|(media_type, _)| media_type.clone())
                    .collect();
                operation_responses.insert(status_code.clone(), response_info);
            }
        }

        // T15: detect a `stream` boolean parameter on the operation; pair it
        // with the SSE response signal above to populate stream_parameter.
        if op_info.supports_streaming
            && let Some(parameters) = &operation.parameters
        {
            for param in parameters {
                if let Some(name) = param.name.as_deref() {
                    if name.eq_ignore_ascii_case("stream") {
                        op_info.stream_parameter = Some(name.to_string());
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Extract parameters (operation-level first, then merge path-item-level)
        if let Some(parameters) = &operation.parameters {
            for (index, param) in parameters.iter().enumerate() {
                // into_owned: analyze_parameter needs `&mut self` (it may
                // register an inline object schema for form-exploded query
                // params), which can't coexist with the Cow's `&self` borrow.
                let resolved = self.resolve_parameter(param).into_owned();
                let validation_schema = raw_operation
                    .as_ref()
                    .and_then(|operation| operation.get("parameters"))
                    .and_then(Value::as_array)
                    .and_then(|parameters| parameters.get(index))
                    .and_then(|parameter| self.raw_parameter_schema(parameter));
                if let Some(param_info) =
                    self.analyze_parameter(&resolved, operation_id, validation_schema)?
                {
                    op_info.parameters.push(param_info);
                }
            }
        }

        // Merge path-item-level parameters (operation params take precedence per OpenAPI spec)
        if let Some(path_params) = path_item_parameters {
            let existing_keys: std::collections::HashSet<(String, String)> = op_info
                .parameters
                .iter()
                .map(|p| (p.name.clone(), p.location.clone()))
                .collect();
            for (index, param) in path_params.iter().enumerate() {
                let resolved = self.resolve_parameter(param).into_owned();
                let validation_schema = raw_path_item
                    .as_ref()
                    .and_then(|path_item| path_item.get("parameters"))
                    .and_then(Value::as_array)
                    .and_then(|parameters| parameters.get(index))
                    .and_then(|parameter| self.raw_parameter_schema(parameter));
                if let Some(param_info) =
                    self.analyze_parameter(&resolved, operation_id, validation_schema)?
                {
                    if !existing_keys
                        .contains(&(param_info.name.clone(), param_info.location.clone()))
                    {
                        op_info.parameters.push(param_info);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Synthesize path parameters that are referenced via `{var}` in the
        // path template but not declared as parameters in the spec.
        // langsmith/knocklabs/cloudflare hit this — `/repos/{owner}/{repo}/...`
        // declares `repo` but not `owner`. Without this, codegen emits
        // `format!("/repos/{owner}/...", repo)` and `owner` is undefined
        // (E0425). We synthesize each missing variable as a required
        // `String` path parameter.
        let mut declared_path_names: std::collections::HashSet<String> = op_info
            .parameters
            .iter()
            .filter(|p| p.location == "path")
            .map(|p| p.name.clone())
            .collect();
        let bytes = path.as_bytes().iter();
        let mut current = String::new();
        let mut in_brace = false;
        let mut synthesized: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
        for b in bytes {
            match *b {
                b'{' => {
                    in_brace = true;
                    current.clear();
                }
                b'}' if in_brace => {
                    in_brace = false;
                    if !current.is_empty() && !declared_path_names.contains(&current) {
                        synthesized.push(current.clone());
                        declared_path_names.insert(current.clone());
                    }
                }
                _ if in_brace => current.push(*b as char),
                _ => {}
            }
        }
        for name in synthesized {
            eprintln!(
                "⚠️  path `{}` references `{{{}}}` but the spec doesn't declare it as a parameter — synthesizing as required String",
                path, name
            );
            op_info.parameters.push(ParameterInfo {
                name,
                location: "path".to_string(),
                required: true,
                schema_ref: None,
                rust_type: "String".to_string(),
                description: None,
                enum_values: None,
                enum_varnames: None,
                rust_ident: None,
                query_serialization: None,
                validation_schema: None,
            });
        }

        // Disambiguate Rust idents across the operation. Real-world specs
        // sometimes use both `kebab-case` and `snake_case` for closely-related
        // filter parameters (vercel: `exclude_ids` + `exclude-ids`), or
        // operator-suffixed forms (twilio: `StartTime`, `StartTime<`,
        // `StartTime>`). Without disambiguation those parameters share a
        // single binding and the generated body fails E0382 (use of moved
        // value) or E0415 (binding declared twice).
        let mut used: std::collections::HashSet<String> = std::collections::HashSet::new();
        for p in op_info.parameters.iter_mut() {
            let raw = base_param_ident(&p.name);
            let mut chosen = raw.clone();
            let mut suffix = 2;
            while !used.insert(chosen.clone()) {
                chosen = format!("{raw}_{suffix}");
                suffix += 1;
            }
            p.rust_ident = Some(chosen);
        }

        Ok((op_info, operation_responses))
    }

    /// Resolve a local reusable Request Body Object through its JSON Pointer.
    fn resolve_request_body(
        &self,
        request_body: &crate::openapi::RequestBody,
    ) -> Result<crate::openapi::RequestBody> {
        let mut current = request_body.clone();
        let mut visited = HashSet::new();
        while let Some(reference) = current.reference.clone() {
            if !visited.insert(reference.clone()) {
                return Err(GeneratorError::CircularDependency(format!(
                    "request body reference {reference}"
                )));
            }

            let pointer = reference.strip_prefix('#').ok_or_else(|| {
                GeneratorError::UnresolvedReference(format!(
                    "external request body reference `{reference}` is not supported"
                ))
            })?;
            if !pointer.is_empty() && !pointer.starts_with('/') {
                return Err(GeneratorError::UnresolvedReference(format!(
                    "request body reference `{reference}` is not a local JSON Pointer"
                )));
            }
            let value = self.openapi_spec.pointer(pointer).ok_or_else(|| {
                GeneratorError::UnresolvedReference(format!(
                    "request body reference `{reference}` does not exist"
                ))
            })?;
            let object = value.as_object().ok_or_else(|| {
                GeneratorError::InvalidSchema(format!(
                    "request body reference `{reference}` must target an object"
                ))
            })?;
            if !["$ref", "description", "required", "content"]
                .iter()
                .any(|field| object.contains_key(*field))
            {
                return Err(GeneratorError::InvalidSchema(format!(
                    "request body reference `{reference}` does not target a structurally compatible OpenAPI Request Body Object"
                )));
            }
            current = serde_json::from_value(value.clone()).map_err(|error| {
                GeneratorError::InvalidSchema(format!(
                    "request body reference `{reference}` is not a valid OpenAPI Request Body Object: {error}"
                ))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(current)
    }

    /// Resolve a local reusable Response Object through its JSON Pointer.
    ///
    /// Real-world documents occasionally store a structurally valid Response
    /// Object under the wrong Components map. Resolving the pointer itself
    /// preserves compatibility with those documents while still validating
    /// that the target can be interpreted as a Response Object.
    fn resolve_response(
        &self,
        response: &crate::openapi::Response,
    ) -> Result<crate::openapi::Response> {
        let mut current = response.clone();
        let mut visited = HashSet::new();
        while let Some(reference) = current.reference.clone() {
            if !visited.insert(reference.clone()) {
                return Err(GeneratorError::CircularDependency(format!(
                    "response reference {reference}"
                )));
            }

            let pointer = reference.strip_prefix('#').ok_or_else(|| {
                GeneratorError::UnresolvedReference(format!(
                    "external response reference `{reference}` is not supported"
                ))
            })?;
            if !pointer.is_empty() && !pointer.starts_with('/') {
                return Err(GeneratorError::UnresolvedReference(format!(
                    "response reference `{reference}` is not a local JSON Pointer"
                )));
            }
            let value = self.openapi_spec.pointer(pointer).ok_or_else(|| {
                GeneratorError::UnresolvedReference(format!(
                    "response reference `{reference}` does not exist"
                ))
            })?;
            let object = value.as_object().ok_or_else(|| {
                GeneratorError::InvalidSchema(format!(
                    "response reference `{reference}` must target an object"
                ))
            })?;
            if !["$ref", "description", "headers", "content", "links"]
                .iter()
                .any(|field| object.contains_key(*field))
            {
                return Err(GeneratorError::InvalidSchema(format!(
                    "response reference `{reference}` does not target a structurally compatible OpenAPI Response Object"
                )));
            }
            current = serde_json::from_value(value.clone()).map_err(|error| {
                GeneratorError::InvalidSchema(format!(
                    "response reference `{reference}` is not a valid OpenAPI Response Object: {error}"
                ))
            })?;
        }
        Ok(current)
    }

    /// Generate a type name for an inline response schema.
    ///
    /// 200 (the canonical success status) keeps the unsuffixed `{Op}Response`
    /// name so simple specs and existing snapshots are unchanged. Every other
    /// status code is disambiguated by suffix so that multi-response operations
    /// (e.g. 200 + 400) don't collide in the schema registry — see issue #8.
    fn generate_inline_response_type_name(&self, operation_id: &str, status_code: &str) -> String {
        use heck::ToPascalCase;
        let base_name = operation_id.replace('.', "_").to_pascal_case();
        let suffix = Self::status_code_suffix(status_code);
        format!("{}Response{}", base_name, suffix)
    }

    /// Map an OpenAPI status code key to a suffix for generated type names.
    ///
    /// "200" → "" (unchanged, the dominant case)
    /// "201", "400", "404" → "201", "400", "404"
    /// "default" → "Default"
    /// "4XX" / "4xx" → "4xx" (lowercased range form)
    fn status_code_suffix(status_code: &str) -> String {
        match status_code {
            "" | "200" => String::new(),
            "default" | "Default" => "Default".to_string(),
            other if other.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) => other.to_string(),
            other => other.to_ascii_lowercase(),
        }
    }

    /// Generate a type name for an inline request body schema
    fn generate_inline_request_type_name(&self, operation_id: &str) -> String {
        use heck::ToPascalCase;
        // Convert operation_id to PascalCase and append Request
        // e.g., "session.prompt" -> "SessionPromptRequest"
        // e.g., "pty.create" -> "PtyCreateRequest"
        let base_name = operation_id.replace('.', "_").to_pascal_case();
        format!("{}Request", base_name)
    }

    /// Resolve a schema reference to a name, or inline it with a synthetic name.
    /// `suffix` controls the generated name (e.g. "Request" or "Response").
    fn resolve_or_inline_schema(
        &mut self,
        schema: &crate::openapi::Schema,
        operation_id: &str,
        suffix: &str,
    ) -> Result<String> {
        if let Some(schema_ref) = schema.reference()
            && let Some(schema_name) = self.extract_schema_name(schema_ref)
        {
            return Ok(schema_name.to_string());
        }
        // Inline schema - generate a synthetic type name and analyze it
        let synthetic_name = if suffix == "Request" {
            self.generate_inline_request_type_name(operation_id)
        } else {
            self.generate_inline_response_type_name(operation_id, "")
        };
        let mut deps = HashSet::new();
        self.add_inline_schema(&synthetic_name, schema, &mut deps)?;
        Ok(synthetic_name)
    }

    /// Resolve a parameter reference ($ref) to the actual parameter definition.
    /// Returns the resolved parameter, or the original if it's not a reference.
    fn resolve_parameter<'a>(
        &'a self,
        param: &'a crate::openapi::Parameter,
    ) -> std::borrow::Cow<'a, crate::openapi::Parameter> {
        if let Some(ref_str) = param.reference.as_deref() {
            if let Some(param_name) = ref_str.strip_prefix("#/components/parameters/") {
                if let Some(resolved) = self.component_parameters.get(param_name) {
                    return std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(resolved);
                }
            }
        }
        std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(param)
    }

    /// Analyze a parameter.
    ///
    /// `operation_id` is used to generate a unique synthetic enum type name
    /// when the parameter's inline schema is a string with `enum` or `const`
    /// (e.g. `GetItemTheConstant`). The client generator emits the enum
    /// alongside the operation methods. See issue #10 follow-up.
    /// Look up `#/components/schemas/{name}` in the raw OpenAPI document and
    /// decide whether it's a string with enum values. Used by analyze_parameter
    /// (T10). String-enum refs flow through to the codegen-typed parameter
    /// path; object refs are typed only when form-exploded (issue #27), and
    /// other struct refs stay `String` until deepObject / explode=false
    /// serialization is generated (T14).
    fn referenced_schema_is_string_enum(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
        if self.resolve_cached_schema(name).is_some_and(|schema| {
            matches!(
                schema.schema_type,
                SchemaType::StringEnum { .. } | SchemaType::ExtensibleEnum { .. }
            )
        }) {
            return true;
        }
        let Some(schema_value) = self
            .openapi_spec
            .get("components")
            .and_then(|c| c.get("schemas"))
            .and_then(|s| s.get(name))
        else {
            return false;
        };
        let is_string_type = schema_value
            .get("type")
            .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
            .map(|s| s == "string")
            .unwrap_or(false);
        let has_enum_or_const =
            schema_value.get("enum").is_some() || schema_value.get("const").is_some();
        is_string_type && has_enum_or_const
    }

    fn resolve_raw_local_reference(&self, value: &Value) -> Option<Value> {
        let Some(reference) = value.get("$ref").and_then(Value::as_str) else {
            return Some(value.clone());
        };
        let pointer = reference.strip_prefix('#')?;
        self.openapi_spec.pointer(pointer).cloned()
    }

    fn raw_request_body_schema(
        &self,
        operation: Option<&Value>,
        content_type: &str,
    ) -> Option<Value> {
        let request_body = operation?.get("requestBody")?;
        self.resolve_raw_local_reference(request_body)?
            .get("content")?
            .get(content_type)?
            .get("schema")
            .cloned()
    }

    fn raw_parameter_schema(&self, parameter: &Value) -> Option<Value> {
        self.resolve_raw_local_reference(parameter)?
            .get("schema")
            .cloned()
    }

    fn analyze_parameter(
        &mut self,
        param: &crate::openapi::Parameter,
        operation_id: &str,
        raw_validation_schema: Option<Value>,
    ) -> Result<Option<ParameterInfo>> {
        use heck::ToPascalCase;

        let name = param.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("");
        let location = param.location.as_deref().unwrap_or("");
        let required = param.required.unwrap_or(false);
        let validation_schema = match raw_validation_schema {
            Some(schema) => Some(schema),
            None => param
                .schema
                .as_ref()
                .map(serde_json::to_value)
                .transpose()
                .map_err(GeneratorError::ParseError)?,
        };

        let mut rust_type = "String".to_string();
        let mut schema_ref = None;
        let mut enum_values: Option<Vec<String>> = None;
        let mut enum_varnames: Option<Vec<String>> = None;
        let mut query_serialization: Option<QuerySerialization> = None;

        // OAS 3.x style/explode resolution for `in: query`. Defaults are
        // style=form and — for form only — explode=true, so an object/array
        // query parameter with nothing specified is already form-exploded
        // per spec (issue #27). deepObject is only defined with explode=true;
        // an explicit explode=false there is undefined and keeps the fallback.
        let is_query = location == "query";
        let is_simple_header = location == "header"
            && matches!(param.style.as_deref(), None | Some("simple"))
            && param.explode != Some(true);
        let form_style = matches!(param.style.as_deref(), None | Some("form"));
        let form_exploded = form_style && param.explode.unwrap_or(true);
        let deep_object =
            param.style.as_deref() == Some("deepObject") && param.explode != Some(false);

        let object_serialization = if !is_query {
            None
        } else if deep_object {
            Some(QuerySerialization::DeepObject)
        } else if form_exploded {
            Some(QuerySerialization::FormExplodedObject)
        } else if form_style {
            Some(QuerySerialization::FormObject)
        } else {
            None
        };

        if let Some(schema) = &param.schema {
            if let Some(ref_str) = schema.reference() {
                // T10: keep the resolved type when the target is a string-enum
                // (then `Display`/`as_str` are emitted, see generate_string_enum).
                // Object refs on query params with a generated wire style keep
                // the resolved struct type too (T14/issue #27); anything else
                // stays on the opaque `String` fallback.
                if let Some(name) = self.extract_schema_name(ref_str) {
                    if self.referenced_schema_is_string_enum(name) {
                        schema_ref = Some(name.to_string());
                    } else if object_serialization.is_some()
                        && self.referenced_schema_is_object(name)
                    {
                        schema_ref = Some(name.to_string());
                        query_serialization = if form_exploded && self.uses_aws_query_conventions()
                        {
                            match self.referenced_array_struct_item_type(name, 1) {
                                Some(ArrayItemType::NestedStructRef { properties, .. }) => {
                                    Some(QuerySerialization::FormExplodedNestedObject {
                                        properties,
                                    })
                                }
                                _ => object_serialization.clone(),
                            }
                        } else {
                            object_serialization.clone()
                        };
                    } else if (is_query && form_style || is_simple_header)
                        && let Some(item_type) = self.referenced_array_param_item_type(name)
                    {
                        // A parameter may reference a reusable array schema
                        // rather than declaring `type: array` inline. Preserve
                        // that component as a pruning root while projecting the
                        // public parameter type to the same Vec<T> used by
                        // inline arrays.
                        schema_ref = Some(name.to_string());
                        query_serialization = Some(if is_simple_header {
                            QuerySerialization::SimpleHeaderArray { item_type }
                        } else if form_exploded {
                            QuerySerialization::FormExplodedArray { item_type }
                        } else {
                            QuerySerialization::FormArray { item_type }
                        });
                    }
                }
            } else if object_serialization.is_some() && Self::schema_is_inline_object(schema) {
                // Inline object schema on a query parameter with a generated
                // wire style: synthesize a struct (e.g. `FindWidgetsFilter`)
                // so the caller passes typed fields instead of a pre-encoded
                // string.
                let op_pascal = operation_id.replace('.', "_").to_pascal_case();
                let param_pascal = name.to_pascal_case();
                let synthetic_name = format!("{op_pascal}{param_pascal}");
                let mut deps = HashSet::new();
                self.add_inline_schema(&synthetic_name, schema, &mut deps)?;
                schema_ref = Some(synthetic_name.clone());
                query_serialization = if form_exploded && self.uses_aws_query_conventions() {
                    match self.referenced_array_struct_item_type(&synthetic_name, 1) {
                        Some(ArrayItemType::NestedStructRef { properties, .. }) => {
                            Some(QuerySerialization::FormExplodedNestedObject { properties })
                        }
                        _ => object_serialization.clone(),
                    }
                } else {
                    object_serialization.clone()
                };
            } else if (is_query && form_style || is_simple_header)
                && matches!(
                    schema.schema_type(),
                    Some(crate::openapi::SchemaType::Array)
                )
                && let Some(item_type) = self.array_param_item_type(schema)
            {
                // Typed form-style array (openapi-generator-anu): the client
                // takes `Vec<item_type>` and emits repeated (explode=true) or
                // comma-joined (explode=false) pairs. `rust_type` deliberately
                // stays "String" because the shared query-serialization plan
                // is the authoritative Vec<T> projection. Arrays whose items
                // don't type (objects, nested arrays) fall through to the
                // explicit unsupported shape below.
                query_serialization = Some(if is_simple_header {
                    QuerySerialization::SimpleHeaderArray { item_type }
                } else if form_exploded {
                    QuerySerialization::FormExplodedArray { item_type }
                } else {
                    QuerySerialization::FormArray { item_type }
                });
            } else if let Some(schema_type) = schema.schema_type() {
                // Route integer/number through the same TypeMapper the schema
                // property path uses (see analyze_property), so `format: int32`
                // yields `i32` and `[type_mappings]`/strategy config applies to
                // parameters too. Hardcoding `i64`/`f64` here previously made
                // `format` and config impossible to honour for query/path params.
                let format = schema.details().format.clone();
                rust_type = match schema_type {
                    crate::openapi::SchemaType::Boolean => "bool".to_string(),
                    crate::openapi::SchemaType::Integer => {
                        self.type_mapper.integer_format(format.as_deref()).rust_type
                    }
                    crate::openapi::SchemaType::Number => {
                        self.type_mapper.number_format(format.as_deref()).rust_type
                    }
                    crate::openapi::SchemaType::String => "String".to_string(),
                    _ => "String".to_string(),
                };

                if matches!(schema_type, crate::openapi::SchemaType::String) {
                    let details = schema.details();
                    if details.is_string_enum() {
                        if let Some(values) = details.string_enum_values() {
                            if !values.is_empty() {
                                let op_pascal = operation_id.replace('.', "_").to_pascal_case();
                                let param_pascal = name.to_pascal_case();
                                rust_type = format!("{op_pascal}{param_pascal}");
                                // Honor `x-enum-varnames` here the same way
                                // schema-level enums do. A mismatched length is
                                // ambiguous about which value each name refers
                                // to, so drop it rather than guess.
                                enum_varnames = details
                                    .extra
                                    .get("x-enum-varnames")
                                    .and_then(Value::as_array)
                                    .map(|raw| {
                                        raw.iter()
                                            .filter_map(Value::as_str)
                                            .map(str::to_owned)
                                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                                    })
                                    .filter(|names| names.len() == values.len());
                                enum_values = Some(values);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            if is_query && query_serialization.is_none() {
                let referenced_name = schema
                    .reference()
                    .and_then(|reference| self.extract_schema_name(reference));
                let is_object = referenced_name
                    .is_some_and(|name| self.referenced_schema_is_object(name))
                    || Self::schema_is_inline_object(schema);
                let is_array = referenced_name
                    .is_some_and(|name| self.referenced_schema_is_array(name))
                    || matches!(
                        schema.schema_type(),
                        Some(crate::openapi::SchemaType::Array)
                    );
                let is_composed = referenced_name
                    .is_some_and(|name| self.referenced_schema_is_composed_query_shape(name));
                let reason = if param.style.as_deref() == Some("deepObject")
                    && param.explode == Some(false)
                {
                    Some("style=deepObject with explode=false is undefined by OpenAPI".to_string())
                } else if param.style.as_deref() == Some("deepObject") && !is_object {
                    Some("style=deepObject is defined only for object query parameters".to_string())
                } else if is_object {
                    Some(format!(
                        "object query parameters do not support style={}",
                        param.style.as_deref().unwrap_or("form")
                    ))
                } else if is_array && form_style {
                    Some(
                        "form array query parameter exceeds the supported nesting bound or contains a non-scalar leaf; supported shapes are scalar arrays, arrays of flat scalar objects, and one nested scalar-object array"
                            .to_string(),
                    )
                } else if is_array {
                    Some(format!(
                        "array query parameters do not yet support style={}",
                        param.style.as_deref().unwrap_or("form")
                    ))
                } else if is_composed {
                    Some(
                        "composed or union query schemas cannot be projected to an unambiguous flat wire shape"
                            .to_string(),
                    )
                } else {
                    None
                };
                if let Some(reason) = reason {
                    query_serialization = Some(QuerySerialization::Unsupported { reason });
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(Some(ParameterInfo {
            name: name.to_string(),
            location: location.to_string(),
            required,
            schema_ref,
            rust_type,
            description: param.description.clone(),
            enum_values,
            enum_varnames,
            rust_ident: None,
            query_serialization,
            validation_schema,
        }))
    }

    /// Rust item type for a typed array query parameter
    /// (openapi-generator-anu). Scalar items map through the TypeMapper;
    /// $ref items resolve when the target is a scalar alias or generated
    /// string enum (both support the client/server string wire projection).
    /// Anything else — objects, nested arrays — returns None and the
    /// parameter keeps the opaque-string fallback. Inline-enum'd string
    /// items stay plain `String`: the op-scoped enum synthesis (issue #10)
    /// is wired for scalar params only.
    fn array_param_item_type(&self, schema: &crate::openapi::Schema) -> Option<ArrayItemType> {
        let items = schema.details().items.as_deref()?;
        // AWS query-protocol specs wrap item refs in an annotation-only allOf
        // (`items: {allOf: [$ref, {xml: ...}]}`). See through the wrapper when
        // every sibling is annotation-only, mirroring the type-alias rule.
        let unwrapped = unwrap_annotation_allof(items);
        if let Some(ref_str) = unwrapped.reference() {
            let name = self.extract_schema_name(ref_str)?;
            return self
                .referenced_array_scalar_item_type(name)
                .or_else(|| self.referenced_array_struct_item_type(name, 1));
        }
        let format = unwrapped.details().format.clone();
        let scalar = match unwrapped.schema_type()? {
            crate::openapi::SchemaType::String => "String".to_string(),
            crate::openapi::SchemaType::Integer => {
                self.type_mapper.integer_format(format.as_deref()).rust_type
            }
            crate::openapi::SchemaType::Number => {
                self.type_mapper.number_format(format.as_deref()).rust_type
            }
            crate::openapi::SchemaType::Boolean => "bool".to_string(),
            _ => return None,
        };
        Some(ArrayItemType::Scalar(scalar))
    }

    /// Resolve a reusable component array (including `$ref` aliases) and
    /// apply the same item projection as an inline array parameter.
    fn referenced_array_param_item_type(&self, name: &str) -> Option<ArrayItemType> {
        let schema = self.resolve_cached_schema(name)?;
        let SchemaType::Array { item_type } = &schema.schema_type else {
            return None;
        };
        self.analyzed_array_item_type(item_type)
    }

    fn analyzed_array_item_type(&self, item_type: &SchemaType) -> Option<ArrayItemType> {
        self.analyzed_array_item_type_at_depth(item_type, 1)
    }

    /// Accept a referenced structure as a form-style array item when every
    /// property is scalar (AWS query-protocol flat structures such as
    /// `Tag { Key, Value }`). Nested objects, arrays, and maps are rejected
    /// because the wire shape below one level is service-specific.
    fn referenced_array_struct_item_type(
        &self,
        name: &str,
        nested_array_depth: usize,
    ) -> Option<ArrayItemType> {
        let resolved = self.resolve_cached_schema(name)?;
        let SchemaType::Object {
            properties,
            required,
            additional_properties,
        } = &resolved.schema_type
        else {
            return None;
        };
        if properties.is_empty()
            || !matches!(additional_properties, ObjectAdditionalProperties::Forbidden)
        {
            return None;
        }
        let mut projected = Vec::with_capacity(properties.len());
        let mut has_array = false;
        for (wire_name, property) in properties {
            let value_type = if let Some(scalar) = self.query_scalar_type(&property.schema_type) {
                QueryStructPropertyType::Scalar(scalar)
            } else {
                if nested_array_depth == 0 {
                    return None;
                }
                if let Some(array) = self.resolve_query_array_type(&property.schema_type) {
                    let item_type =
                        self.analyzed_array_item_type_at_depth(array, nested_array_depth - 1)?;
                    if matches!(item_type, ArrayItemType::NestedStructRef { .. }) {
                        return None;
                    }
                    has_array = true;
                    QueryStructPropertyType::Array { item_type }
                } else {
                    has_array = true;
                    QueryStructPropertyType::Object {
                        properties: self.query_flat_object_properties(&property.schema_type)?,
                    }
                }
            };
            projected.push(QueryStructProperty {
                wire_name: wire_name.clone(),
                required: required.contains(wire_name),
                value_type,
            });
        }
        if has_array {
            Some(ArrayItemType::NestedStructRef {
                schema_name: name.to_string(),
                properties: projected,
            })
        } else {
            Some(ArrayItemType::FlatStructRef {
                schema_name: name.to_string(),
                properties: projected,
            })
        }
    }

    fn analyzed_array_item_type_at_depth(
        &self,
        item_type: &SchemaType,
        nested_array_depth: usize,
    ) -> Option<ArrayItemType> {
        match item_type {
            SchemaType::Primitive { rust_type, .. } => {
                Some(ArrayItemType::Scalar(rust_type.clone()))
            }
            SchemaType::Reference { target } => self
                .referenced_array_scalar_item_type(target)
                .or_else(|| self.referenced_array_struct_item_type(target, nested_array_depth)),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    fn resolve_query_array_type<'a>(
        &'a self,
        schema_type: &'a SchemaType,
    ) -> Option<&'a SchemaType> {
        match schema_type {
            SchemaType::Array { item_type } => Some(item_type),
            SchemaType::Reference { target } => {
                let resolved = self.resolve_cached_schema(target)?;
                let SchemaType::Array { item_type } = &resolved.schema_type else {
                    return None;
                };
                Some(item_type)
            }
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    fn query_flat_object_properties(
        &self,
        schema_type: &SchemaType,
    ) -> Option<Vec<QueryStructProperty>> {
        let schema_type = match schema_type {
            SchemaType::Reference { target } => &self.resolve_cached_schema(target)?.schema_type,
            other => other,
        };
        let SchemaType::Object {
            properties,
            required,
            additional_properties,
        } = schema_type
        else {
            return None;
        };
        if properties.is_empty()
            || !matches!(additional_properties, ObjectAdditionalProperties::Forbidden)
        {
            return None;
        }
        properties
            .iter()
            .map(|(wire_name, property)| {
                Some(QueryStructProperty {
                    wire_name: wire_name.clone(),
                    required: required.contains(wire_name),
                    value_type: QueryStructPropertyType::Scalar(
                        self.query_scalar_type(&property.schema_type)?,
                    ),
                })
            })
            .collect()
    }

    fn query_scalar_type(&self, schema_type: &SchemaType) -> Option<QueryScalarType> {
        match schema_type {
            SchemaType::Primitive { rust_type, .. } => match rust_type.as_str() {
                "String" => Some(QueryScalarType::String),
                "bool" => Some(QueryScalarType::Boolean),
                value if value.starts_with('i') || value.starts_with('u') => {
                    Some(QueryScalarType::Integer)
                }
                value if value.starts_with('f') => Some(QueryScalarType::Number),
                "serde_json::Value" => None,
                _ => Some(QueryScalarType::String),
            },
            SchemaType::StringEnum { .. } | SchemaType::ExtensibleEnum { .. } => {
                Some(QueryScalarType::String)
            }
            SchemaType::Reference { target } => {
                let resolved = self.resolve_cached_schema(target)?;
                self.query_scalar_type(&resolved.schema_type)
            }
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Resolve a referenced array item through any alias chain while
    /// preserving the outer schema name used by the public `Vec<T>` type.
    ///
    /// `SchemaType::Primitive` also represents dynamic JSON/object fallbacks,
    /// so require an actual OpenAPI scalar `type` before accepting it as a
    /// form-style query item. Unresolved and cyclic chains are rejected by
    /// `resolve_cached_schema`.
    fn referenced_array_scalar_item_type(&self, name: &str) -> Option<ArrayItemType> {
        let resolved = self.resolve_cached_schema(name)?;
        let supported = match &resolved.schema_type {
            SchemaType::StringEnum { .. } | SchemaType::ExtensibleEnum { .. } => true,
            SchemaType::Primitive { .. } => resolved
                .original
                .get("type")
                .is_some_and(Self::query_scalar_type_value),
            _ => false,
        };
        supported.then(|| ArrayItemType::SchemaRef(name.to_string()))
    }

    fn query_scalar_type_value(value: &Value) -> bool {
        const SCALARS: [&str; 4] = ["string", "integer", "number", "boolean"];
        if let Some(value) = value.as_str() {
            return SCALARS.contains(&value);
        }
        let Some(values) = value.as_array() else {
            return false;
        };
        if !values.iter().all(Value::is_string) {
            return false;
        }
        let mut non_null = values
            .iter()
            .filter_map(Value::as_str)
            .filter(|value| *value != "null");
        let Some(scalar) = non_null.next() else {
            return false;
        };
        non_null.next().is_none() && SCALARS.contains(&scalar)
    }

    /// True when a component (following `$ref` aliases) analyzes to an object.
    /// Used to decide whether a referenced query parameter can use a typed
    /// object serialization plan (issue #27).
    fn referenced_schema_is_object(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
        self.resolve_cached_schema(name)
            .is_some_and(|schema| matches!(schema.schema_type, SchemaType::Object { .. }))
    }

    fn referenced_schema_is_array(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
        self.resolve_cached_schema(name)
            .is_some_and(|schema| matches!(schema.schema_type, SchemaType::Array { .. }))
    }

    fn referenced_schema_is_composed_query_shape(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
        self.resolve_cached_schema(name).is_some_and(|schema| {
            matches!(
                schema.schema_type,
                SchemaType::Composition { .. }
                    | SchemaType::Union { .. }
                    | SchemaType::DiscriminatedUnion { .. }
            )
        })
    }

    fn resolve_cached_schema(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&AnalyzedSchema> {
        let mut current = name;
        let mut visited = HashSet::new();
        loop {
            if !visited.insert(current) {
                return None;
            }
            let schema = self.resolved_cache.get(current)?;
            if let SchemaType::Reference { target } = &schema.schema_type {
                current = target;
            } else {
                return Some(schema);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Inline-schema counterpart of [`Self::referenced_schema_is_object`].
    fn schema_is_inline_object(schema: &crate::openapi::Schema) -> bool {
        match schema.schema_type() {
            Some(crate::openapi::SchemaType::Object) => true,
            None => schema.details().properties.is_some(),
            _ => false,
        }
    }
}