nu_protocol/engine/

stack.rs

use crate::{
    Config, ENV_VARIABLE_ID, IntoValue, LAST_VARIABLE_ID, NU_VARIABLE_ID, OutDest, PipelineData,
    PipelineMetadata, ShellError, Span, Value, VarId,
    ast::PathMember,
    engine::{
        ArgumentStack, DEFAULT_OVERLAY_NAME, EngineState, EnvName, ErrorHandlerStack, Redirection,
        ScopeBindings, StackCallArgGuard, StackCollectValueGuard, StackIoGuard, StackOutDest,
        StackWithInvocation,
    },
    ir::ScopeRegion,
    record, report_shell_warning,
    shell_error::generic::GenericError,
    truncate_value_to_budget,
};
use std::{
    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
    fs::File,
    path::{Component, MAIN_SEPARATOR},
    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
};

/// Shared interactive last-result (`$ans`) storage.
///
/// Held in an [`Arc`] so REPL child stacks from [`Stack::with_parent`] see the same
/// payload and can clear `warn_pending` without mutating an immutable parent frame.
///
/// When [`Self::present`] is true, reading `$ans` yields a record with
/// `exit_code`, `duration`, and `command`. The `last` field is included only when a
/// payload is stored. When false (never snapshotted after a user command), `$ans`
/// is `nothing`.
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
struct LastResultSlot {
    /// Whether `$ans` should resolve to a record (vs `nothing`).
    present: bool,
    /// Pipeline payload for the `last` field (`None` when payload capture is off).
    last: Option<Value>,
    /// Pipeline metadata for replaying `last` (e.g. `ls` path_columns / colors).
    metadata: Option<PipelineMetadata>,
    truncated: bool,
    /// Exit code of the last REPL line (mirrors `$env.LAST_EXIT_CODE`).
    exit_code: i64,
    /// Duration of the last REPL line in nanoseconds (Nushell `Duration` value).
    duration_ns: i64,
    /// Exact REPL source of the last user line (same buffer reedline stores in history).
    command: String,
    /// Set when a store was truncated; moved to `warn_deferred` on first access.
    warn_pending: bool,
    /// Set when `$ans` was accessed after a truncated store; reported after output prints.
    warn_deferred: bool,
}

/// Environment variables per overlay
pub type EnvVars = HashMap<String, HashMap<EnvName, Value>>;

/// A runtime value stack used during evaluation
///
/// A note on implementation:
///
/// We previously set up the stack in a traditional way, where stack frames had parents which would
/// represent other frames that you might return to when exiting a function.
///
/// While experimenting with blocks, we found that we needed to have closure captures of variables
/// seen outside of the blocks, so that they blocks could be run in a way that was both thread-safe
/// and followed the restrictions for closures applied to iterators. The end result left us with
/// closure-captured single stack frames that blocks could see.
///
/// Blocks make up the only scope and stack definition abstraction in Nushell. As a result, we were
/// creating closure captures at any point we wanted to have a Block value we could safely evaluate
/// in any context. This meant that the parents were going largely unused, with captured variables
/// taking their place. The end result is this, where we no longer have separate frames, but instead
/// use the Stack as a way of representing the local and closure-captured state.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct Stack {
    /// Variables
    pub vars: Vec<(VarId, Value)>,
    /// Environment variables arranged as a stack to be able to recover values from parent scopes
    pub env_vars: Vec<Arc<EnvVars>>,
    /// Tells which environment variables from engine state are hidden, per overlay.
    pub env_hidden: Arc<HashMap<String, HashSet<EnvName>>>,
    /// Tracks env vars hidden in this stack context to report repeated `hide-env` calls.
    ///
    /// This is separate from `env_hidden`: `env_hidden` controls runtime visibility for engine
    /// state values, while `env_hide_history` preserves command semantics for repeated hides.
    pub env_hide_history: Arc<HashMap<String, HashSet<EnvName>>>,
    /// List of active overlays
    pub active_overlays: Vec<String>,
    /// Argument stack for IR evaluation
    pub arguments: ArgumentStack,
    /// Error handler stack for IR evaluation
    pub error_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack,
    /// Finally handler stack for IR evaluation
    pub finally_run_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack,
    pub recursion_count: u64,
    pub parent_stack: Option<Arc<Stack>>,
    /// Variables that have been deleted (this is used to hide values from parent stack lookups)
    pub parent_deletions: Vec<VarId>,
    /// Variables deleted in this stack
    pub deletions: Vec<VarId>,
    /// Locally updated config. Use [`.get_config()`](Self::get_config) to access correctly.
    pub config: Option<Arc<Config>>,
    pub(crate) out_dest: StackOutDest,
    /// When `true`, external processes spawned from this stack are detached from
    /// the controlling terminal, and empty stdin is `/dev/null` instead of inheriting
    /// the TTY. Used on completion threads so children cannot race reedline.
    pub suppress_stdin: bool,
    /// Active block-local scope bindings (commands/modules), outer → inner.
    ///
    /// Pushed when evaluating a whole block via `eval_ir_block` (closures, custom commands).
    /// Used by `scope` together with [`Self::ir_scope_regions`].
    pub active_scope_bindings: Vec<Arc<ScopeBindings>>,
    /// Scope regions of the IR block currently being evaluated (inlined keyword bodies).
    pub ir_scope_regions: Vec<ScopeRegion>,
    /// Current program counter while evaluating IR (for matching [`Self::ir_scope_regions`]).
    pub ir_instruction_index: Option<usize>,
    /// Interactive last-result payload for [`LAST_VARIABLE_ID`] (e.g. `$ans`).
    ///
    /// Shared across parent/child stacks so REPL iterations (which use
    /// [`Stack::with_parent`]) can store and clear truncation warnings correctly.
    last_result: Arc<Mutex<LastResultSlot>>,
}

impl Default for Stack {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl Stack {
    /// Create a new stack.
    ///
    /// stdout and stderr will be set to [`OutDest::Inherit`]. So, if the last command is an external command,
    /// then its output will be forwarded to the terminal/stdio streams.
    ///
    /// Use [`Stack::collect_value`] afterwards if you need to evaluate an expression to a [`Value`]
    /// (as opposed to a [`PipelineData`](crate::PipelineData)).
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            vars: Vec::new(),
            env_vars: Vec::new(),
            env_hidden: Arc::new(HashMap::new()),
            env_hide_history: Arc::new(HashMap::new()),
            active_overlays: vec![DEFAULT_OVERLAY_NAME.to_string()],
            arguments: ArgumentStack::new(),
            error_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
            finally_run_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
            recursion_count: 0,
            parent_stack: None,
            parent_deletions: vec![],
            deletions: vec![],
            config: None,
            out_dest: StackOutDest::new(),
            suppress_stdin: false,
            active_scope_bindings: vec![],
            ir_scope_regions: vec![],
            ir_instruction_index: None,
            last_result: Arc::new(Mutex::new(LastResultSlot::default())),
        }
    }

    /// Create a new child stack from a parent.
    ///
    /// Changes from this child can be merged back into the parent with
    /// [`Stack::with_changes_from_child`]
    pub fn with_parent(parent: Arc<Stack>) -> Stack {
        Stack {
            // here we are still cloning environment variable-related information
            env_vars: parent.env_vars.clone(),
            env_hidden: parent.env_hidden.clone(),
            env_hide_history: parent.env_hide_history.clone(),
            active_overlays: parent.active_overlays.clone(),
            arguments: ArgumentStack::new(),
            error_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
            finally_run_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
            recursion_count: parent.recursion_count,
            vars: vec![],
            parent_deletions: vec![],
            deletions: vec![],
            config: parent.config.clone(),
            out_dest: parent.out_dest.clone(),
            suppress_stdin: parent.suppress_stdin,
            // Child inherits outer block bindings so nested `scope` still sees them.
            active_scope_bindings: parent.active_scope_bindings.clone(),
            // Nested IR evaluation installs its own regions/pc.
            ir_scope_regions: vec![],
            ir_instruction_index: None,
            // Share last-result with the parent (REPL uses with_parent every iteration).
            last_result: parent.last_result.clone(),
            parent_stack: Some(parent),
        }
    }

    /// Push block-local scope bindings for the duration of evaluating a whole block.
    pub fn push_scope_bindings(&mut self, bindings: Arc<ScopeBindings>) {
        self.active_scope_bindings.push(bindings);
    }

    /// Pop the most recently pushed whole-block scope bindings.
    pub fn pop_scope_bindings(&mut self) {
        let popped = self.active_scope_bindings.pop();
        debug_assert!(
            popped.is_some(),
            "pop_scope_bindings with empty active_scope_bindings (unbalanced push/pop)"
        );
    }

    /// Take an [`Arc`] parent, and a child, and apply all the changes from a child back to the parent.
    ///
    /// Here it is assumed that `child` was created by a call to [`Stack::with_parent`] with `parent`.
    ///
    /// For this to be performant and not clone `parent`, `child` should be the only other
    /// referencer of `parent`.
    pub fn with_changes_from_child(parent: Arc<Stack>, child: Stack) -> Stack {
        // we're going to drop the link to the parent stack on our new stack
        // so that we can unwrap the Arc as a unique reference
        drop(child.parent_stack);
        let mut unique_stack = Arc::unwrap_or_clone(parent);

        unique_stack
            .vars
            .retain(|(var, _)| !child.parent_deletions.contains(var));
        for (var, value) in child.vars {
            unique_stack.add_var(var, value);
        }
        unique_stack.env_vars = child.env_vars;
        unique_stack.env_hidden = child.env_hidden;
        unique_stack.env_hide_history = child.env_hide_history;
        unique_stack.active_overlays = child.active_overlays;
        unique_stack.config = child.config;
        // last_result is Arc-shared with the child; no merge needed.
        unique_stack
    }

    pub fn with_env(
        &mut self,
        env_vars: &[Arc<EnvVars>],
        env_hidden: &Arc<HashMap<String, HashSet<EnvName>>>,
    ) {
        // Do not clone the environment if it hasn't changed
        if self.env_vars.iter().any(|scope| !scope.is_empty()) {
            env_vars.clone_into(&mut self.env_vars);
        }

        if !self.env_hidden.is_empty() {
            self.env_hidden.clone_from(env_hidden);
        }
    }

    /// Lookup a variable, returning None if it is not present
    fn lookup_var(&self, var_id: VarId) -> Option<Value> {
        if var_id == LAST_VARIABLE_ID {
            return self.assemble_ans_record(Span::unknown());
        }

        for (id, val) in &self.vars {
            if var_id == *id {
                return Some(val.clone());
            }
        }

        if let Some(stack) = &self.parent_stack
            && !self.parent_deletions.contains(&var_id)
        {
            return stack.lookup_var(var_id);
        }
        None
    }

    fn with_last_result_slot<R>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&LastResultSlot) -> R) -> R {
        match self.last_result.lock() {
            Ok(slot) => f(&slot),
            // Poison is rare; recover so `$ans` / capture do not hard-panic the REPL.
            Err(poisoned) => f(&poisoned.into_inner()),
        }
    }

    fn with_last_result_slot_mut<R>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut LastResultSlot) -> R) -> R {
        match self.last_result.lock() {
            Ok(mut slot) => f(&mut slot),
            Err(poisoned) => {
                let mut slot = poisoned.into_inner();
                // Drop potentially inconsistent state after a panic while locked.
                *slot = LastResultSlot::default();
                f(&mut slot)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Build the `$ans` record when the slot is present; otherwise `None` (→ `nothing`).
    ///
    /// Omits the `last` field entirely when no payload is stored (e.g. budget is `0`),
    /// so `$ans` is `{ exit_code, duration, command }` only. `command` is always included
    /// once the slot is present.
    fn assemble_ans_record(&self, span: Span) -> Option<Value> {
        self.with_last_result_slot(|slot| {
            if !slot.present {
                return None;
            }
            Some(match &slot.last {
                Some(last) => Value::record(
                    record! {
                        "last" => last.clone().with_span(span),
                        "exit_code" => Value::int(slot.exit_code, span),
                        "duration" => Value::duration(slot.duration_ns, span),
                        "command" => Value::string(slot.command.clone(), span),
                    },
                    span,
                ),
                None => Value::record(
                    record! {
                        "exit_code" => Value::int(slot.exit_code, span),
                        "duration" => Value::duration(slot.duration_ns, span),
                        "command" => Value::string(slot.command.clone(), span),
                    },
                    span,
                ),
            })
        })
    }

    /// Drop the entire `$ans` slot (full clear).
    pub fn clear_last_result(&mut self) {
        self.with_last_result_slot_mut(|slot| {
            if let Some(old) = slot.last.take() {
                drop(old);
            }
            *slot = LastResultSlot::default();
        });
    }

    /// Drop only `$ans.last` and its metadata/truncation flags, freeing payload memory.
    ///
    /// Leaves `present`, `exit_code`, `duration`, and `command` unchanged so a budget of
    /// `0` can still expose timing/exit status/source without retaining the pipeline value.
    pub fn clear_last_result_payload(&mut self) {
        self.with_last_result_slot_mut(|slot| {
            if let Some(old) = slot.last.take() {
                drop(old);
            }
            slot.metadata = None;
            slot.truncated = false;
            slot.warn_pending = false;
            slot.warn_deferred = false;
        });
    }

    /// Store `value` as `$ans.last`, enforcing `budget` via truncation.
    ///
    /// When `budget == 0`, payload capture is disabled (clears `.last` only; exit code,
    /// duration, and `command` stay). Preserves pipeline `metadata` (e.g. `path_columns` used for
    /// `ls` coloring) so replaying `$ans.last` can match the original display.
    pub fn set_last_result(
        &mut self,
        value: Value,
        metadata: Option<PipelineMetadata>,
        budget: usize,
    ) {
        if budget == 0 {
            self.clear_last_result_payload();
            return;
        }

        let (stored, truncated) = truncate_value_to_budget(value, budget);
        self.store_last_result_raw(stored, metadata, truncated);
    }

    /// Install an already-budgeted `$ans.last` value (caller handled truncation).
    ///
    /// Marks `$ans` present. Does not reset `exit_code` / `duration` / `command` (those are
    /// updated by [`Self::snapshot_ans_repl_metadata`] at end of each REPL line).
    pub fn store_last_result_raw(
        &mut self,
        value: Value,
        metadata: Option<PipelineMetadata>,
        truncated: bool,
    ) {
        self.with_last_result_slot_mut(|slot| {
            if let Some(old) = slot.last.replace(value) {
                drop(old);
            }
            slot.metadata = metadata;
            slot.truncated = truncated;
            slot.warn_pending = truncated;
            // Fresh store replaces any not-yet-shown deferred warning.
            slot.warn_deferred = false;
            slot.present = true;
        });
    }

    /// After a REPL user command finishes: refresh `$ans.exit_code`, `$ans.duration`,
    /// and `$ans.command`.
    ///
    /// `command` is the exact reedline buffer for this line (same text history stores).
    /// Always marks `$ans` present so every user-typed line gets exit code, duration,
    /// and source (empty Enter / auto-cd do not call this). When `budget == 0`, also
    /// drops `$ans.last` (and its memory) so the record is `{ exit_code, duration, command }`
    /// without a `last` field. When budget is positive, any `.last` already stored this
    /// line (or earlier) is kept.
    pub fn snapshot_ans_repl_metadata(
        &mut self,
        engine_state: &EngineState,
        duration: std::time::Duration,
        command: impl Into<String>,
    ) {
        let budget = self.get_config(engine_state).max_last_result_size_bytes();
        let exit_code = self
            .get_env_var(engine_state, "LAST_EXIT_CODE")
            .and_then(|v| v.as_int().ok())
            .unwrap_or(0);
        let duration_ns = i64::try_from(duration.as_nanos()).unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
        let command = command.into();

        if budget == 0 {
            // Payload off: free `.last` memory before refreshing metadata.
            self.clear_last_result_payload();
        }

        self.with_last_result_slot_mut(|slot| {
            slot.exit_code = exit_code;
            slot.duration_ns = duration_ns;
            slot.command = command;
            slot.present = true;
        });
    }

    /// Pipeline metadata associated with the stored `$ans.last`, if any.
    pub fn last_result_metadata(&self) -> Option<PipelineMetadata> {
        self.with_last_result_slot(|slot| slot.metadata.clone())
    }

    /// Estimated memory size of the stored `$ans.last` payload (`0` if unset).
    pub fn last_result_memory_size(&self) -> usize {
        self.with_last_result_slot(|slot| slot.last.as_ref().map(|v| v.memory_size()).unwrap_or(0))
    }

    /// Marker key in [`PipelineMetadata::custom`] identifying pipeline data loaded from `$ans`.
    ///
    /// Used so IR cell-path follow only reattaches last-result metadata for `$ans.last`,
    /// not every unrelated record field named `last`.
    pub const ANS_LAST_RESULT_METADATA_KEY: &str = "ans_last_result";

    /// Build [`PipelineData`] for `$ans`, restoring stored pipeline metadata on the record
    /// so `$ans.last` cell-path access can reattach it (see IR `FollowCellPath`).
    pub fn last_result_pipeline_data(&self, span: Span) -> PipelineData {
        let mut metadata = self.last_result_metadata().unwrap_or_default();
        // Mark so FollowCellPath can reattach payload metadata only for `$ans.*`.
        metadata
            .custom
            .insert(Self::ANS_LAST_RESULT_METADATA_KEY, Value::bool(true, span));
        let value = self
            .assemble_ans_record(span)
            .unwrap_or_else(|| Value::nothing(span));
        PipelineData::value(value, Some(metadata))
    }

    /// Whether the currently stored `$ans.last` was truncated.
    pub fn last_result_was_truncated(&self) -> bool {
        self.with_last_result_slot(|slot| slot.truncated)
    }

    /// On `$ans` access after a truncated store: schedule a warning for after output prints.
    ///
    /// Does not print anything. Call [`Self::take_last_result_warn_deferred`] after display
    /// so the truncated value is shown first, then the warning.
    pub fn defer_last_result_truncation_warning(&self) {
        self.with_last_result_slot_mut(|slot| {
            if slot.warn_pending {
                slot.warn_pending = false;
                slot.warn_deferred = true;
            }
        });
    }

    /// Whether a truncation warning is waiting to be shown after print (does not clear).
    pub fn last_result_warn_pending(&self) -> bool {
        self.with_last_result_slot(|slot| slot.warn_pending)
    }

    /// Take the deferred truncation warning flag (clears it).
    ///
    /// Returns `true` once after a truncated `$ans` was accessed; intended to be called
    /// after the pipeline has been printed so the warning appears below the data.
    pub fn take_last_result_warn_deferred(&self) -> bool {
        self.with_last_result_slot_mut(|slot| std::mem::take(&mut slot.warn_deferred))
    }

    /// Report a deferred last-result truncation warning, if any.
    ///
    /// Prefer calling this after printing so output is not scrolled away by the warning.
    pub fn flush_last_result_truncation_warning(&self, engine_state: &EngineState, span: Span) {
        if !self.take_last_result_warn_deferred() {
            return;
        }
        let limit_bytes = self.get_config(engine_state).max_last_result_size_bytes();
        report_shell_warning(
            Some(self),
            engine_state,
            &crate::ShellWarning::LastResultTruncated {
                span,
                limit_bytes,
                help: Some(format!(
                    "Increase $env.config.max_last_result_size or use a smaller command result. Variable name is `${}`.",
                    crate::LAST_RESULT_VAR_NAME
                )),
                // EveryUse: once-per-access is handled by warn_pending/warn_deferred flags.
                report_mode: crate::ReportMode::EveryUse,
            },
        );
    }

    /// Lookup a variable, erroring if it is not found
    ///
    /// The passed-in span will be used to tag the value
    pub fn get_var(&self, var_id: VarId, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match self.lookup_var(var_id) {
            Some(v) => Ok(v.with_span(span)),
            // Unset last-result behaves like `nothing` rather than a missing variable.
            None if var_id == LAST_VARIABLE_ID => Ok(Value::nothing(span)),
            None => Err(ShellError::VariableNotFoundAtRuntime { span }),
        }
    }

    /// Lookup a variable, erroring if it is not found
    ///
    /// While the passed-in span will be used for errors, the returned value
    /// has the span from where it was originally defined
    pub fn get_var_with_origin(&self, var_id: VarId, span: Span) -> Result<Value, ShellError> {
        match self.lookup_var(var_id) {
            Some(v) => Ok(v),
            None => {
                if var_id == NU_VARIABLE_ID || var_id == ENV_VARIABLE_ID {
                    return Err(ShellError::Generic(GenericError::new(
                        "Built-in variables `$env` and `$nu` have no metadata",
                        "no metadata available",
                        span,
                    )));
                }
                Err(ShellError::VariableNotFoundAtRuntime { span })
            }
        }
    }

    /// Get the local config if set, otherwise the config from the engine state.
    ///
    /// This is the canonical way to get [`Config`] when [`Stack`] is available.
    pub fn get_config(&self, engine_state: &EngineState) -> Arc<Config> {
        self.config
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| engine_state.config.clone())
    }

    /// Update the local config with the config stored in the `config` environment variable. Run
    /// this after assigning to `$env.config`.
    ///
    /// The config will be updated with successfully parsed values even if an error occurs.
    pub fn update_config(&mut self, engine_state: &EngineState) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        if let Some(value) = self.get_env_var(engine_state, "config") {
            let old = self.get_config(engine_state);
            let mut config = (*old).clone();
            let result = config.update_from_value_with_options(
                &old,
                value,
                engine_state.history_locked_after_startup,
            );
            // The config value is modified by the update, so we should add it again
            self.add_env_var("config".into(), config.clone().into_value(value.span()));
            self.config = Some(config.into());
            if let Some(warning) = result? {
                report_shell_warning(Some(self), engine_state, &warning);
            }
        } else {
            self.config = None;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn add_var(&mut self, var_id: VarId, value: Value) {
        //self.vars.insert(var_id, value);
        for (id, val) in &mut self.vars {
            if *id == var_id {
                *val = value;
                return;
            }
        }
        self.vars.push((var_id, value));
    }

    /// Return a mutable reference to a variable's value for in-place mutation.
    ///
    /// Looks up the variable in the current stack frame first. If not found, pulls it
    /// from the parent chain into the current frame (cloning it once). This enables
    /// zero-clone mutation for local `mut` variables: use `get_var_mut` + mutate instead
    /// of `lookup_var` (clone) + mutate + `add_var` (move back).
    pub fn get_var_mut(&mut self, var_id: VarId) -> Option<&mut Value> {
        // Use index-based access to avoid conflicting mutable borrows
        if let Some(pos) = self.vars.iter().position(|(id, _)| var_id == *id) {
            return Some(&mut self.vars[pos].1);
        }
        // Check parent chain
        if let Some(parent) = &self.parent_stack
            && !self.parent_deletions.contains(&var_id)
        {
            let value = parent.lookup_var(var_id)?;
            self.vars.push((var_id, value));
            return self.vars.last_mut().map(|(_, val)| val);
        }
        None
    }

    /// Upsert a cell path on a variable in place (shared by AST and IR assignment paths).
    ///
    /// Errors with [`ShellError::VariableNotFoundAtRuntime`] if the variable is not on
    /// this stack or its parent chain.
    pub fn upsert_var_cell_path(
        &mut self,
        var_id: VarId,
        members: &[PathMember],
        new_value: Value,
        span: Span,
    ) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        let value = self
            .get_var_mut(var_id)
            .ok_or(ShellError::VariableNotFoundAtRuntime { span })?;
        value.upsert_data_at_cell_path(members, new_value)
    }

    pub fn remove_var(&mut self, var_id: VarId) {
        for (idx, (id, _)) in self.vars.iter().enumerate() {
            if *id == var_id {
                self.vars.remove(idx);
                break;
            }
        }
        // even if we did have it in the original layer, we need to make sure to remove it here
        // as well (since the previous update might have simply hid the parent value)
        if self.parent_stack.is_some() {
            self.parent_deletions.push(var_id);
        }
        self.deletions.push(var_id);
    }

    pub fn add_env_var(&mut self, var: String, value: Value) {
        if let Some(last_overlay) = self.active_overlays.last().cloned() {
            let env_name = EnvName::from(var);
            self.clear_env_var_marks_in_active_overlay(&last_overlay, &env_name);

            if let Some(scope) = self.env_vars.last_mut() {
                let scope = Arc::make_mut(scope);
                if let Some(env_vars) = scope.get_mut(&last_overlay) {
                    env_vars.insert(env_name, value);
                } else {
                    scope.insert(last_overlay, [(env_name, value)].into_iter().collect());
                }
            } else {
                self.env_vars.push(Arc::new(
                    [(last_overlay, [(env_name, value)].into_iter().collect())]
                        .into_iter()
                        .collect(),
                ));
            }
        } else {
            // TODO: Remove panic
            panic!("internal error: no active overlay");
        }
    }

    fn clear_env_var_marks_in_active_overlay(&mut self, overlay: &str, env_name: &EnvName) {
        if let Some(env_hidden) = Arc::make_mut(&mut self.env_hidden).get_mut(overlay) {
            // Re-assigning re-activates a previously hidden env var in this overlay.
            env_hidden.remove(env_name);
        }

        if let Some(hide_history) = Arc::make_mut(&mut self.env_hide_history).get_mut(overlay) {
            hide_history.remove(env_name);
        }
    }

    pub fn set_last_exit_code(&mut self, code: i32, span: Span) {
        self.add_env_var("LAST_EXIT_CODE".into(), Value::int(code.into(), span));
    }

    pub fn set_last_error(&mut self, error: &ShellError) {
        if let Some(code) = error.external_exit_code() {
            self.set_last_exit_code(code.item, code.span);
        } else if let Some(code) = error.exit_code() {
            self.set_last_exit_code(code, Span::unknown());
        }
    }

    pub fn last_overlay_name(&self) -> Result<String, ShellError> {
        self.active_overlays
            .last()
            .cloned()
            .ok_or_else(|| ShellError::NushellFailed {
                msg: "No active overlay".into(),
            })
    }

    /// Like [`captures_to_stack_preserve_out_dest`], but sets the new scope up to collect output into a Value.
    pub fn captures_to_stack(&self, captures: Vec<(VarId, Value)>) -> Stack {
        self.captures_to_stack_preserve_out_dest(captures)
            .collect_value()
    }

    /// Creates a derived stack for a new scope, with the given captures.
    ///
    /// The caller is retained as [`Self::parent_stack`] so outer variables remain visible to
    /// `scope variables` (and other stack lookups that walk parents). Captured values are still
    /// copied onto this stack for isolation of the closure’s own locals.
    pub fn captures_to_stack_preserve_out_dest(&self, captures: Vec<(VarId, Value)>) -> Stack {
        let mut env_vars = self.env_vars.clone();
        env_vars.push(Arc::new(HashMap::new()));

        Stack {
            vars: captures,
            env_vars,
            env_hidden: self.env_hidden.clone(),
            env_hide_history: self.env_hide_history.clone(),
            active_overlays: self.active_overlays.clone(),
            arguments: ArgumentStack::new(),
            error_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
            finally_run_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
            recursion_count: self.recursion_count,
            // Keep the caller as parent so global/outer locals stay nameable for `scope`
            // (values are still resolved via the parent chain when not captured).
            parent_stack: Some(Arc::new(self.clone())),
            parent_deletions: vec![],
            deletions: vec![],
            config: self.config.clone(),
            out_dest: self.out_dest.clone(),
            suppress_stdin: self.suppress_stdin,
            // Inherit caller block bindings so nested closures still see outer local defs.
            active_scope_bindings: self.active_scope_bindings.clone(),
            ir_scope_regions: vec![],
            ir_instruction_index: None,
            // Share last-result so closures can still read `$ans`.
            last_result: self.last_result.clone(),
        }
    }

    pub fn gather_captures(&self, engine_state: &EngineState, captures: &[(VarId, Span)]) -> Stack {
        let mut vars = Vec::with_capacity(captures.len());

        let fake_span = Span::new(0, 0);

        for (capture, _) in captures {
            // Note: this assumes we have calculated captures correctly and that commands
            // that take in a var decl will manually set this into scope when running the blocks
            if let Ok(value) = self.get_var(*capture, fake_span) {
                vars.push((*capture, value));
            } else if let Some(const_val) = &engine_state.get_var(*capture).const_val {
                vars.push((*capture, const_val.clone()));
            }
        }

        let mut env_vars = self.env_vars.clone();
        env_vars.push(Arc::new(HashMap::new()));

        Stack {
            vars,
            env_vars,
            env_hidden: self.env_hidden.clone(),
            env_hide_history: self.env_hide_history.clone(),
            active_overlays: self.active_overlays.clone(),
            arguments: ArgumentStack::new(),
            error_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
            finally_run_handlers: ErrorHandlerStack::new(),
            recursion_count: self.recursion_count,
            parent_stack: Some(Arc::new(self.clone())),
            parent_deletions: vec![],
            deletions: vec![],
            config: self.config.clone(),
            out_dest: self.out_dest.clone(),
            suppress_stdin: self.suppress_stdin,
            // Inherit caller block bindings so nested closures still see outer local defs.
            active_scope_bindings: self.active_scope_bindings.clone(),
            ir_scope_regions: vec![],
            ir_instruction_index: None,
            // Share last-result so closures can still read `$ans`.
            last_result: self.last_result.clone(),
        }
    }

    /// Flatten the env var scope frames into one frame
    pub fn get_env_vars(&self, engine_state: &EngineState) -> HashMap<String, Value> {
        let mut result = HashMap::new();

        for active_overlay in self.active_overlays.iter() {
            if let Some(env_vars) = engine_state.env_vars.get(active_overlay) {
                result.extend(
                    env_vars
                        .iter()
                        .filter(|(k, _)| {
                            if let Some(env_hidden) = self.env_hidden.get(active_overlay) {
                                !env_hidden.contains(*k)
                            } else {
                                // nothing has been hidden in this overlay
                                true
                            }
                        })
                        .map(|(k, v)| (k.as_str().to_string(), v.clone()))
                        .collect::<HashMap<String, Value>>(),
                );
            }
        }

        result.extend(self.get_stack_env_vars());

        result
    }

    /// Get flattened environment variables only from the stack
    pub fn get_stack_env_vars(&self) -> HashMap<String, Value> {
        let mut result = HashMap::new();

        for scope in &self.env_vars {
            for active_overlay in self.active_overlays.iter() {
                if let Some(env_vars) = scope.get(active_overlay) {
                    result.extend(
                        env_vars
                            .iter()
                            .map(|(k, v)| (k.as_str().to_string(), v.clone())),
                    );
                }
            }
        }

        result
    }

    /// Get flattened environment variables only from the stack and one overlay
    pub fn get_stack_overlay_env_vars(&self, overlay_name: &str) -> HashMap<String, Value> {
        let mut result = HashMap::new();

        for scope in &self.env_vars {
            if let Some(active_overlay) = self.active_overlays.iter().find(|n| n == &overlay_name)
                && let Some(env_vars) = scope.get(active_overlay)
            {
                result.extend(
                    env_vars
                        .iter()
                        .map(|(k, v)| (k.as_str().to_string(), v.clone())),
                );
            }
        }

        result
    }

    /// Get hidden envs, but without envs defined previously in `excluded_overlay_name`.
    pub fn get_hidden_env_vars(
        &self,
        excluded_overlay_name: &str,
        engine_state: &EngineState,
    ) -> HashMap<String, Value> {
        let mut result = HashMap::new();

        for overlay_name in self.active_overlays.iter().rev() {
            if overlay_name == excluded_overlay_name {
                continue;
            }
            if let Some(env_names) = self.env_hidden.get(overlay_name) {
                for n in env_names {
                    if result.contains_key(n.as_str()) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    // get env value.
                    if let Some(Some(v)) = engine_state
                        .env_vars
                        .get(overlay_name)
                        .map(|env_vars| env_vars.get(n))
                    {
                        result.insert(n.as_str().to_string(), v.clone());
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        result
    }

    /// Same as get_env_vars, but returns only the names as a HashSet
    pub fn get_env_var_names(&self, engine_state: &EngineState) -> HashSet<String> {
        let mut result = HashSet::new();

        for active_overlay in self.active_overlays.iter() {
            if let Some(env_vars) = engine_state.env_vars.get(active_overlay) {
                result.extend(
                    env_vars
                        .keys()
                        .filter(|k| {
                            if let Some(env_hidden) = self.env_hidden.get(active_overlay) {
                                !env_hidden.contains(*k)
                            } else {
                                // nothing has been hidden in this overlay
                                true
                            }
                        })
                        .map(|k| k.as_str().to_string())
                        .collect::<HashSet<String>>(),
                );
            }
        }

        for scope in &self.env_vars {
            for active_overlay in self.active_overlays.iter() {
                if let Some(env_vars) = scope.get(active_overlay) {
                    result.extend(
                        env_vars
                            .keys()
                            .map(|k| k.as_str().to_string())
                            .collect::<HashSet<String>>(),
                    );
                }
            }
        }

        result
    }

    pub fn get_env_var<'a>(
        &'a self,
        engine_state: &'a EngineState,
        name: &str,
    ) -> Option<&'a Value> {
        let env_name = EnvName::from(name);

        for scope in self.env_vars.iter().rev() {
            for active_overlay in self.active_overlays.iter().rev() {
                if let Some(env_vars) = scope.get(active_overlay)
                    && let Some(v) = env_vars.get(&env_name)
                {
                    return Some(v);
                }
            }
        }

        for active_overlay in self.active_overlays.iter().rev() {
            if !self.is_env_hidden_in_overlay(active_overlay, &env_name)
                && let Some(env_vars) = engine_state.env_vars.get(active_overlay)
                && let Some(v) = env_vars.get(&env_name)
            {
                return Some(v);
            }
        }
        None
    }

    pub fn has_env_var(&self, engine_state: &EngineState, name: &str) -> bool {
        let env_name = EnvName::from(name);

        for scope in self.env_vars.iter().rev() {
            for active_overlay in self.active_overlays.iter().rev() {
                if let Some(env_vars) = scope.get(active_overlay)
                    && env_vars.contains_key(&env_name)
                {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }

        for active_overlay in self.active_overlays.iter().rev() {
            if !self.is_env_hidden_in_overlay(active_overlay, &env_name)
                && let Some(env_vars) = engine_state.env_vars.get(active_overlay)
                && env_vars.contains_key(&env_name)
            {
                return true;
            }
        }

        false
    }

    /// Removes `name` from the stack. If it was not on the stack and lives in `engine_state`,
    /// marks it hidden in `env_hidden`. Returns `true` if the variable was found and removed.
    ///
    /// Use this for temporary bookkeeping removals (e.g. `FILE_PWD`, canary variables) where
    /// the goal is to clean up a stack-level value without necessarily hiding the engine-state
    /// baseline. Use [`Self::hide_env_var`] when the intent is to make the variable invisible
    /// to subsequent lookups (e.g. `hide-env`).
    pub fn remove_env_var(&mut self, engine_state: &EngineState, name: &str) -> bool {
        let env_name = EnvName::from(name);

        self.remove_env_var_from_stack(&env_name)
            || self.hide_engine_state_env_var(engine_state, &env_name)
    }

    /// Removes `env_name` from all stack scopes and returns `true` if it was found.
    /// Does not affect `env_hidden`; use [`Self::hide_env_var`] for full hiding semantics.
    fn remove_env_var_from_stack(&mut self, env_name: &EnvName) -> bool {
        self.env_vars
            .iter_mut()
            .rev()
            .map(Arc::make_mut)
            .find_map(|scope| {
                self.active_overlays
                    .iter()
                    .rev()
                    .find_map(|active_overlay| scope.get_mut(active_overlay)?.remove(env_name))
            })
            .is_some()
    }

    /// Marks `env_name` as hidden in `env_hidden` for the active overlay where it exists in
    /// `engine_state`.
    ///
    /// Returns `true` only when the baseline variable exists and was newly hidden.
    fn hide_engine_state_env_var(
        &mut self,
        engine_state: &EngineState,
        env_name: &EnvName,
    ) -> bool {
        let overlay_containing_env_var = self.active_overlays.iter().rev().find(|active_overlay| {
            engine_state
                .env_vars
                .get(active_overlay.as_str())
                .is_some_and(|env_vars| env_vars.contains_key(env_name))
        });

        let Some(overlay_containing_env_var) = overlay_containing_env_var else {
            return false;
        };

        let env_hidden = Arc::make_mut(&mut self.env_hidden);

        if env_hidden
            .get(overlay_containing_env_var.as_str())
            .is_some_and(|hidden_vars| hidden_vars.contains(env_name))
        {
            return false;
        }

        env_hidden
            .entry(overlay_containing_env_var.clone())
            .or_default()
            .insert(env_name.clone());
        true
    }

    /// Records that `env_name` has been hidden in the active overlay and returns `false` if it
    /// was already recorded as hidden there.
    fn record_env_var_hide_in_active_overlay(&mut self, env_name: &EnvName) -> bool {
        let Some(active_overlay) = self.active_overlays.last().cloned() else {
            return false;
        };

        Arc::make_mut(&mut self.env_hide_history)
            .entry(active_overlay)
            .or_default()
            .insert(env_name.clone())
    }

    fn is_env_var_hide_recorded(&self, env_name: &EnvName) -> bool {
        self.active_overlays
            .iter()
            .rev()
            .filter_map(|overlay| self.env_hide_history.get(overlay))
            .any(|hidden_vars| hidden_vars.contains(env_name))
    }

    fn is_env_hidden_in_overlay(&self, overlay: &str, env_name: &EnvName) -> bool {
        self.env_hidden
            .get(overlay)
            .is_some_and(|hidden_vars| hidden_vars.contains(env_name))
    }

    /// Returns `true` if `name` was hidden in this stack context (e.g. by `hide-env`), either by
    /// masking an `engine_state` baseline value or by removing a stack-level value.
    ///
    /// A variable that was re-added after being hidden is still reported as hidden here, so only
    /// use this after a failed lookup to distinguish "hidden" from "never set".
    pub fn is_env_var_hidden(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
        let env_name = EnvName::from(name);

        self.active_overlays
            .iter()
            .rev()
            .any(|overlay| self.is_env_hidden_in_overlay(overlay, &env_name))
            || self.is_env_var_hide_recorded(&env_name)
    }

    /// Hides `name` so it is no longer visible to subsequent lookups. Removes it from the stack
    /// and, if no stack shadowing remains, also marks the `engine_state` baseline as hidden in
    /// `env_hidden`. Returns `true` if the variable was found.
    ///
    /// This is the correct method for `hide-env` and `redirect_env`; it ensures that a variable
    /// set in engine_state (from a previous REPL merge) cannot be seen after hiding even when a
    /// stack-level override (e.g. an empty-string assignment) was present at hide time.
    pub fn hide_env_var(&mut self, engine_state: &EngineState, name: &str) -> bool {
        let env_name = EnvName::from(name);

        // Re-hiding the same env var in the same scope should report not found.
        if self.is_env_var_hide_recorded(&env_name) {
            return false;
        }

        if self.remove_env_var_from_stack(&env_name) {
            self.record_env_var_hide_in_active_overlay(&env_name);

            if !self.has_env_var_in_stack(&env_name) {
                self.hide_engine_state_env_var(engine_state, &env_name);
            }
            return true;
        }

        if self.hide_engine_state_env_var(engine_state, &env_name) {
            self.record_env_var_hide_in_active_overlay(&env_name);
            return true;
        }

        false
    }

    /// Returns `true` if `name` exists in any stack scope (without consulting `engine_state`).
    fn has_env_var_in_stack(&self, name: &EnvName) -> bool {
        self.env_vars.iter().rev().any(|scope| {
            self.active_overlays
                .iter()
                .rev()
                .filter_map(|active_overlay| scope.get(active_overlay))
                .any(|env_vars| env_vars.contains_key(name))
        })
    }

    pub fn has_env_overlay(&self, name: &str, engine_state: &EngineState) -> bool {
        for scope in self.env_vars.iter().rev() {
            if scope.contains_key(name) {
                return true;
            }
        }

        engine_state.env_vars.contains_key(name)
    }

    pub fn is_overlay_active(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
        self.active_overlays.iter().any(|n| n == name)
    }

    pub fn add_overlay(&mut self, name: String) {
        self.active_overlays.retain(|o| o != &name);
        self.active_overlays.push(name);
    }

    pub fn remove_overlay(&mut self, name: &str) {
        self.active_overlays.retain(|o| o != name);
    }

    /// Returns the [`OutDest`] to use for the current command's stdout.
    ///
    /// This will be the pipe redirection if one is set,
    /// otherwise it will be the current file redirection,
    /// otherwise it will be the process's stdout indicated by [`OutDest::Inherit`].
    pub fn stdout(&self) -> &OutDest {
        self.out_dest.stdout()
    }

    /// Returns the [`OutDest`] to use for the current command's stderr.
    ///
    /// This will be the pipe redirection if one is set,
    /// otherwise it will be the current file redirection,
    /// otherwise it will be the process's stderr indicated by [`OutDest::Inherit`].
    pub fn stderr(&self) -> &OutDest {
        self.out_dest.stderr()
    }

    /// Returns the [`OutDest`] of the pipe redirection applied to the current command's stdout.
    pub fn pipe_stdout(&self) -> Option<&OutDest> {
        self.out_dest.pipe_stdout.as_ref()
    }

    /// Returns the [`OutDest`] of the pipe redirection applied to the current command's stderr.
    pub fn pipe_stderr(&self) -> Option<&OutDest> {
        self.out_dest.pipe_stderr.as_ref()
    }

    /// Returns the stdout destination of the innermost active custom-command invocation, if any.
    ///
    /// This is the destination of that command's *return value*. It stays stable even when
    /// intermediate expressions temporarily set [`OutDest::Value`] (e.g. `if (…)`), so callers
    /// can answer "where does *this command* go?" from anywhere in the body.
    ///
    /// See also [`Self::is_stdout_redirected`] and [`StackWithInvocation`].
    pub fn invocation_stdout(&self) -> Option<&OutDest> {
        self.out_dest.invocation_stdout.last()
    }

    /// Whether the current custom command's return value is redirected away from display.
    ///
    /// Uses the active [`Self::invocation_stdout`] frame when inside a custom command so the
    /// answer is stable across nested `if` / `let` collection. Outside a custom command, falls
    /// back to [`Self::stdout`].
    ///
    /// Semantics match [`OutDest::is_redirected`] (only [`OutDest::Print`] is not redirected).
    /// This is the engine-side helper behind the `is-redirected` command.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_stdout_redirected(&self) -> bool {
        self.invocation_stdout()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.stdout())
            .is_redirected()
    }

    /// Wrap this stack with an invocation-stdout frame for a custom command about to run.
    ///
    /// Push the destination of the call's *return value* (typically
    /// `caller_stack.stdout().clone()` after redirections are applied). The frame is popped when
    /// the returned [`StackWithInvocation`] is dropped.
    ///
    /// # Why a separate frame?
    ///
    /// Intermediate evaluation sets [`OutDest::Value`] via [`Self::start_collect_value`]. Without
    /// an invocation frame, queries like `is-redirected` inside `if (…)` would always see
    /// `Value` and report redirected—even when the enclosing custom command's result is printed.
    pub fn with_invocation_stdout(self, dest: OutDest) -> StackWithInvocation {
        StackWithInvocation::new(self, dest)
    }

    /// Temporarily set the pipe stdout redirection to [`OutDest::Value`].
    ///
    /// This is used before evaluating an expression into a `Value`.
    pub fn start_collect_value(&mut self) -> StackCollectValueGuard<'_> {
        StackCollectValueGuard::new(self)
    }

    /// Temporarily use the output redirections in the parent scope.
    ///
    /// This is used before evaluating an argument to a call.
    pub fn use_call_arg_out_dest(&mut self) -> StackCallArgGuard<'_> {
        StackCallArgGuard::new(self)
    }

    /// Temporarily apply redirections to stdout and/or stderr.
    pub fn push_redirection(
        &mut self,
        stdout: Option<Redirection>,
        stderr: Option<Redirection>,
    ) -> StackIoGuard<'_> {
        StackIoGuard::new(self, stdout, stderr)
    }

    /// Mark stdout for the last command as [`OutDest::Value`].
    ///
    /// This will irreversibly alter the output redirections, and so it only makes sense to use this on an owned `Stack`
    /// (which is why this function does not take `&mut self`).
    ///
    /// See [`Stack::start_collect_value`] which can temporarily set stdout as [`OutDest::Value`] for a mutable `Stack` reference.
    pub fn collect_value(mut self) -> Self {
        self.out_dest.pipe_stdout = Some(OutDest::Value);
        self.out_dest.pipe_stderr = None;
        self
    }

    /// Mark both stdout and stderr for the last command as [`OutDest::Value`].
    ///
    /// This captures all output (stdout and stderr) instead of letting it inherit
    /// to the process's terminal. Useful for programmatic contexts like MCP servers
    /// where all output must be captured and returned.
    ///
    /// This will irreversibly alter the output redirections, and so it only makes sense to use this on an owned `Stack`
    /// (which is why this function does not take `&mut self`).
    pub fn capture_all(mut self) -> Self {
        self.out_dest.pipe_stdout = Some(OutDest::Value);
        self.out_dest.pipe_stderr = Some(OutDest::Value);
        self
    }

    /// Clears any pipe and file redirections and resets stdout and stderr to [`OutDest::Inherit`].
    ///
    /// This will irreversibly reset the output redirections, and so it only makes sense to use this on an owned `Stack`
    /// (which is why this function does not take `&mut self`).
    pub fn reset_out_dest(mut self) -> Self {
        self.out_dest = StackOutDest::new();
        self
    }

    /// Redirects stdout and stderr to [`OutDest::Null`], discarding all output.
    ///
    /// Use this for background evaluation tasks (e.g., completion) that must
    /// never write to the terminal while reedline owns it.
    pub fn suppress_output(mut self) -> Self {
        self.out_dest.stdout = OutDest::Null;
        self.out_dest.stderr = OutDest::Null;
        self
    }

    /// Causes external processes spawned from this stack to detach from the
    /// controlling terminal. Empty input also receives `/dev/null` for stdin
    /// instead of inheriting the terminal.
    ///
    /// Use this together with [`suppress_output`](Self::suppress_output) for
    /// background tasks (e.g. completion threads).  Without it, subprocesses
    /// spawned by closure-based completers (carapace, fish_complete, etc.)
    /// inherit the live terminal fd and can race with reedline's reads,
    /// causing `Input/output error` (EIO). Piped stdin (candidate lists for
    /// `fzf`) is still detached so the child cannot open `/dev/tty`.
    pub fn suppress_stdin(mut self) -> Self {
        self.suppress_stdin = true;
        self
    }

    /// Error if this stack is detached from the controlling terminal (see
    /// [`suppress_stdin`](Self::suppress_stdin), set on completion threads). Commands that grab
    /// the terminal (`input`, `input list`, `input listen`, `term query`) call this first so
    /// they decline instead of racing reedline for it; completers turn the error into a
    /// fallback. `span` points at the offending call.
    pub fn require_stdin(&self, span: Span) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        if self.suppress_stdin {
            Err(ShellError::Generic(
                GenericError::new(
                    "Interactive input is unavailable in this context",
                    "this command reads from the terminal",
                    span,
                )
                .with_help(
                    "this stack is detached from the terminal (completion worker or MCP), so \
                     interactive commands like `input`, `input list`, `input listen`, and \
                     `term query` cannot run here",
                ),
            ))
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// Clears any pipe redirections, keeping the current stdout and stderr.
    ///
    /// This will irreversibly reset some of the output redirections, and so it only makes sense to use this on an owned `Stack`
    /// (which is why this function does not take `&mut self`).
    pub fn reset_pipes(mut self) -> Self {
        self.out_dest.pipe_stdout = None;
        self.out_dest.pipe_stderr = None;
        self
    }

    /// Replaces the default stdout of the stack with a given file.
    ///
    /// This method configures the default stdout to redirect to a specified file.
    /// It is primarily useful for applications using `nu` as a language, where the stdout of
    /// external commands that are not explicitly piped can be redirected to a file.
    ///
    /// # Using Pipes
    ///
    /// For use in third-party applications pipes might be very useful as they allow using the
    /// stdout of external commands for different uses.
    /// For example the [`os_pipe`](https://docs.rs/os_pipe) crate provides an elegant way to
    /// access the stdout.
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use std::{fs::File, io::{self, Read}, thread, error};
    /// # use nu_protocol::engine::Stack;
    /// #
    /// let (mut reader, writer) = os_pipe::pipe().unwrap();
    /// // Use a thread to avoid blocking the execution of the called command.
    /// let reader = thread::spawn(move || {
    ///     let mut buf: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
    ///     reader.read_to_end(&mut buf)?;
    ///     Ok::<_, io::Error>(buf)
    /// });
    ///
    /// #[cfg(windows)]
    /// let file = std::os::windows::io::OwnedHandle::from(writer).into();
    /// #[cfg(unix)]
    /// let file = std::os::unix::io::OwnedFd::from(writer).into();
    ///
    /// let stack = Stack::new().stdout_file(file);
    ///
    /// // Execute some nu code.
    ///
    /// drop(stack); // drop the stack so that the writer will be dropped too
    /// let buf = reader.join().unwrap().unwrap();
    /// // Do with your buffer whatever you want.
    /// ```
    pub fn stdout_file(mut self, file: File) -> Self {
        self.out_dest.stdout = OutDest::File(Arc::new(file));
        self
    }

    /// Replaces the default stderr of the stack with a given file.
    ///
    /// For more info, see [`stdout_file`](Self::stdout_file).
    pub fn stderr_file(mut self, file: File) -> Self {
        self.out_dest.stderr = OutDest::File(Arc::new(file));
        self
    }

    /// Set the PWD environment variable to `path`.
    ///
    /// This method accepts `path` with trailing slashes, but they're removed
    /// before writing the value into PWD.
    pub fn set_cwd(&mut self, path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
        // Helper function to create a simple generic error.
        // Its messages are not especially helpful, but these errors don't occur often, so it's probably fine.
        fn error(msg: &str) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
            Err(ShellError::Generic(GenericError::new_internal(
                msg.to_string(),
                "",
            )))
        }

        let path = path.as_ref();

        if !path.is_absolute() {
            if let Some(Component::Prefix(_)) = path.components().next() {
                return Err(ShellError::Generic(
                    GenericError::new_internal("Cannot set $env.PWD to a prefix-only path", "")
                        .with_help(format!(
                            "Try to use {}{MAIN_SEPARATOR} instead",
                            path.display()
                        )),
                ));
            }

            error("Cannot set $env.PWD to a non-absolute path")
        } else if !path.exists() {
            error("Cannot set $env.PWD to a non-existent directory")
        } else if !path.is_dir() {
            error("Cannot set $env.PWD to a non-directory")
        } else {
            // Strip trailing slashes, if any.
            let path = nu_path::strip_trailing_slash(path);
            let value = Value::string(path.to_string_lossy(), Span::unknown());
            self.add_env_var("PWD".into(), value);
            Ok(())
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use std::sync::Arc;

    use crate::{Span, Value, VarId, engine::EngineState};

    use super::Stack;

    #[test]
    fn test_children_see_inner_values() {
        let mut original = Stack::new();
        original.add_var(VarId::new(0), Value::test_string("hello"));

        let cloned = Stack::with_parent(Arc::new(original));
        assert_eq!(
            cloned.get_var(VarId::new(0), Span::test_data()),
            Ok(Value::test_string("hello"))
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_children_dont_see_deleted_values() {
        let mut original = Stack::new();
        original.add_var(VarId::new(0), Value::test_string("hello"));

        let mut cloned = Stack::with_parent(Arc::new(original));
        cloned.remove_var(VarId::new(0));

        assert_eq!(
            cloned.get_var(VarId::new(0), Span::test_data()),
            Err(crate::ShellError::VariableNotFoundAtRuntime {
                span: Span::test_data()
            })
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_children_changes_override_parent() {
        let mut original = Stack::new();
        original.add_var(VarId::new(0), Value::test_string("hello"));

        let mut cloned = Stack::with_parent(Arc::new(original));
        cloned.add_var(VarId::new(0), Value::test_string("there"));
        assert_eq!(
            cloned.get_var(VarId::new(0), Span::test_data()),
            Ok(Value::test_string("there"))
        );

        cloned.remove_var(VarId::new(0));
        // the underlying value shouldn't magically re-appear
        assert_eq!(
            cloned.get_var(VarId::new(0), Span::test_data()),
            Err(crate::ShellError::VariableNotFoundAtRuntime {
                span: Span::test_data()
            })
        );
    }
    #[test]
    fn test_children_changes_persist_in_offspring() {
        let mut original = Stack::new();
        original.add_var(VarId::new(0), Value::test_string("hello"));

        let mut cloned = Stack::with_parent(Arc::new(original));
        cloned.add_var(VarId::new(1), Value::test_string("there"));

        cloned.remove_var(VarId::new(0));
        let cloned = Stack::with_parent(Arc::new(cloned));

        assert_eq!(
            cloned.get_var(VarId::new(0), Span::test_data()),
            Err(crate::ShellError::VariableNotFoundAtRuntime {
                span: Span::test_data()
            })
        );

        assert_eq!(
            cloned.get_var(VarId::new(1), Span::test_data()),
            Ok(Value::test_string("there"))
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_merging_children_back_to_parent() {
        let mut original = Stack::new();
        let engine_state = EngineState::new();
        original.add_var(VarId::new(0), Value::test_string("hello"));

        let original_arc = Arc::new(original);
        let mut cloned = Stack::with_parent(original_arc.clone());
        cloned.add_var(VarId::new(1), Value::test_string("there"));

        cloned.remove_var(VarId::new(0));

        cloned.add_env_var(
            "ADDED_IN_CHILD".to_string(),
            Value::test_string("New Env Var"),
        );

        let original = Stack::with_changes_from_child(original_arc, cloned);

        assert_eq!(
            original.get_var(VarId::new(0), Span::test_data()),
            Err(crate::ShellError::VariableNotFoundAtRuntime {
                span: Span::test_data()
            })
        );

        assert_eq!(
            original.get_var(VarId::new(1), Span::test_data()),
            Ok(Value::test_string("there"))
        );

        assert_eq!(
            original
                .get_env_var(&engine_state, "ADDED_IN_CHILD")
                .cloned(),
            Some(Value::test_string("New Env Var")),
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_var_mut_local_in_place() {
        use crate::ast::PathMember;
        use crate::casing::Casing;
        use crate::record;

        let mut stack = Stack::new();
        let var_id = VarId::new(0);
        stack.add_var(
            var_id,
            Value::test_record(record! { "a" => Value::test_int(1) }),
        );

        let path = vec![PathMember::test_string("a", false, Casing::Sensitive)];
        stack
            .upsert_var_cell_path(var_id, &path, Value::test_int(2), Span::test_data())
            .expect("upsert should succeed");

        assert_eq!(
            stack.get_var(var_id, Span::test_data()),
            Ok(Value::test_record(record! { "a" => Value::test_int(2) }))
        );
        // Still a single local binding (no extra shadow entries).
        assert_eq!(stack.vars.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_var_mut_pulls_from_parent() {
        use crate::ast::PathMember;
        use crate::casing::Casing;
        use crate::record;

        let mut parent = Stack::new();
        let var_id = VarId::new(0);
        parent.add_var(
            var_id,
            Value::test_record(record! { "a" => Value::test_int(1) }),
        );

        let mut child = Stack::with_parent(Arc::new(parent));
        assert!(child.vars.is_empty());

        let path = vec![PathMember::test_string("a", false, Casing::Sensitive)];
        child
            .upsert_var_cell_path(var_id, &path, Value::test_int(9), Span::test_data())
            .expect("upsert should succeed");

        // Value was pulled into the child frame, then mutated.
        assert_eq!(child.vars.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(
            child.get_var(var_id, Span::test_data()),
            Ok(Value::test_record(record! { "a" => Value::test_int(9) }))
        );

        // Second mutation hits the local copy.
        child
            .upsert_var_cell_path(var_id, &path, Value::test_int(10), Span::test_data())
            .expect("second upsert should succeed");
        assert_eq!(child.vars.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(
            child.get_var(var_id, Span::test_data()),
            Ok(Value::test_record(record! { "a" => Value::test_int(10) }))
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_upsert_var_cell_path_missing_and_deleted() {
        use crate::ast::PathMember;
        use crate::casing::Casing;

        let mut stack = Stack::new();
        let var_id = VarId::new(0);
        let path = vec![PathMember::test_string("a", false, Casing::Sensitive)];

        assert!(matches!(
            stack.upsert_var_cell_path(var_id, &path, Value::test_int(1), Span::test_data()),
            Err(crate::ShellError::VariableNotFoundAtRuntime { .. })
        ));

        let mut parent = Stack::new();
        parent.add_var(var_id, Value::test_int(1));
        let mut child = Stack::with_parent(Arc::new(parent));
        child.remove_var(var_id);

        assert!(matches!(
            child.upsert_var_cell_path(var_id, &path, Value::test_int(2), Span::test_data()),
            Err(crate::ShellError::VariableNotFoundAtRuntime { .. })
        ));
        assert!(child.get_var_mut(var_id).is_none());
    }
}