gl_utils/render/resource/

draw3d.rs

use derive_more::From;
use glium::{self, uniform};
use strum::{EnumCount, EnumIter, FromRepr};
use vec_map::VecMap;

use math_utils as math;

use crate::{color, mesh, render, shader, vertex, Mesh, Render};

pub const MESH_GRID_DIMS          : u16 = 12;
/// A default scale used when rending 3D sprites
pub const DEFAULT_PIXELS_PER_UNIT : f32 = 64.0;

/// 3d drawing resources.
///
/// ```text
/// [                instance_vertices               ]
/// ```
pub struct Draw3d {
  /// Vertex buffer containing per-instance vertices. Any of the below instanced
  /// types can be rendered at one of these vertices.
  instance_vertices : glium::VertexBuffer <vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor>,

  // TODO: combine abbs with basis vectors as variants of a 'primitive'
  /// Range of per-instance vertices to draw AABB lines
  instanced_aabb_lines        : std::ops::Range <u32>,
  /// Range of per-instance vertices to draw AABB triangles
  instanced_aabb_triangles    : std::ops::Range <u32>,
  /// Range of per-instance vertices to draw raycast shaded spheres
  instanced_spheres_raycast   : std::ops::Range <u32>,
  instanced_billboards        : VecMap <InstancedBillboard>,
  instanced_meshes            : InstancedMeshes,
  pub user_buffers            : VecMap <glium::VertexBuffer <vertex::Vert3dColor>>,
  pub user_draw               : VecMap <UserDraw>,
  pub light_directional       : math::Unit3 <f32>,
  pub light_directional_color : color::Rgb <f32>
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct UserDraw {
  pub buffer_key        : UserBufferKey,
  /// Slice of the buffer to draw from
  pub range             : std::ops::Range <u32>,
  pub primitive_type    : glium::index::PrimitiveType,
  pub shader_program_id : shader::ProgramId,
  pub draw_pass         : DrawPass
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct UserBufferKey (pub u32);

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum DrawPass {
  Depth,
  NoDepth
}

/// Wireframe meshes matched to ranges of per-instance vertices
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct InstancedMesh {
  /// Slice of `instanced_meshes.line_indices` corresponding to this mesh: each
  /// instance of the mesh will draw an instance of the vertices mapped to by
  /// the range of indices
  pub line_indices_range : std::ops::Range <u32>,
  /// Range of `instance_vertices` corresponding to this mesh: each of these
  /// vertices will draw an instance of this mesh at that location
  pub instances_range    : std::ops::Range <u32>,
  pub shader_program_id  : shader::ProgramId,
  pub draw_pass          : DrawPass
}

/// 3D billboards mapped to ranges of per-instance vertices
pub struct InstancedBillboard {
  pub texture         : glium::Texture2d,
  /// Billboard will be drawn at this range of the `instance_vertices`
  pub instances_range : std::ops::Range <u32>
}

/// Used to initialize per-instance vertex buffers
#[derive(Default)]
pub struct InstancesInit <'a> {
  pub aabb_lines               : Option <&'a [vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor]>,
  pub aabb_triangles           : Option <&'a [vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor]>,
  pub aabb_lines_and_triangles : Option <&'a [vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor]>,
  pub spheres_raycast          : Option <&'a [vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor]>,
  pub meshes                   : VecMap <&'a [vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor]>,
  pub billboards               : VecMap <&'a [vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor]>
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, From)]
pub struct MeshKey (pub u32);

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd, EnumCount, EnumIter,
  FromRepr)]
#[repr(u16)]
pub enum MeshId {
  Grid,
  Hemisphere,
  Capsule,
  Cube,
  Cylinder,
  Sphere
}

//
//  private
//

struct InstancedMeshes {
  /// 3D vertices for instanced drawing.
  ///
  /// Multiple instanced meshes are stored here, indexed by slices of
  /// `line_indices`.
  pub vertices     : glium::VertexBuffer <vertex::Vert3dInstanced>,
  /// Indices for drawing instanced 3D meshes in `instanced_vertices`.
  ///
  /// Each separate mesh has a corresponding slice of indices in this index
  /// buffer, with ranges stored in the `instanced_indices_lines_ranges`
  /// field.
  pub line_indices : glium::IndexBuffer <u32>,
  /// Each instanced mesh defines a range of instanced line indices, a shader
  /// program ID, and a range of instance vertices at which to draw an instance
  pub meshes       : VecMap <InstancedMesh>,
  // some uniforms for the capsule shader
  pub capsule_vertex_id_offset : u32,
  pub hemisphere_vertex_count  : u32
}

struct InstancedMeshInit {
  pub instanced_vertex_data     : Vec <vertex::Vert3dInstanced>,
  pub instanced_line_index_data : Vec <u32>,
  pub line_indices_ranges       : VecMap <std::ops::Range <u32>>,
  pub shader_program_ids        : VecMap <shader::ProgramId>,
  pub draw_passes               : VecMap <DrawPass>,
  pub capsule_vertex_id_offset  : u32,
  pub hemisphere_vertex_count   : u32
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//  impls
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

impl Draw3d {
  pub fn new (glium_display : &glium::Display <glutin::surface::WindowSurface>) -> Self {
    use color::{Normalize, WithAlphaOpaque};
    let instanced_aabb_lines      = 0..0;   // empty
    let instanced_aabb_triangles  = 0..0;   // empty
    let instanced_spheres_raycast = 0..0;   // empty
    let instanced_billboards      = VecMap::new();
    let instanced_meshes          = InstancedMeshes::new (glium_display, vec![]);
    let instance_vertices         = glium::VertexBuffer::dynamic (
      glium_display,
      // origin vertex
      &[ vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor {
          position:    [0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
          orientation: math::Matrix3::identity().into_col_arrays(),
          scale:       [1.0, 1.0, 1.0],
          color:       color::DEBUG_CHARTREUSE.normalize().rgba().into()
        }
      ]
    ).unwrap();
    let user_buffers            = VecMap::new();
    let user_draw               = VecMap::new();
    let light_directional       = -math::Unit3::axis_z();
    let light_directional_color = color::NOON_SUN.normalize();
    Draw3d {
      instance_vertices,
      instanced_aabb_lines,
      instanced_aabb_triangles,
      instanced_spheres_raycast,
      instanced_billboards,
      instanced_meshes,
      user_buffers,
      user_draw,
      light_directional,
      light_directional_color
    }
  }

  pub fn draw (
    render      : &Render <render::resource::Default>,
    glium_frame : &mut glium::Frame
  ) {
    use color::{IntoArray, Normalize, WithAlphaOpaque};
    let draw3d = &render.resource.draw3d;
    // draw each viewport 3d
    for (_, viewport) in render.viewports.iter() {
      if let Some (camera3d) = viewport.camera3d() {
        use glium::Surface;
        // draw parameters: viewport
        let draw_parameters_viewport = viewport.draw_parameters();
        // draw parameters: depth test
        let draw_parameters_write_depth = glium::DrawParameters {
          depth: glium::Depth {
            test:  glium::DepthTest::IfLess,
            write: true,
            .. glium::Depth::default()
          },
          .. draw_parameters_viewport.clone()
        };
        // draw parameters: polygon offset
        let draw_parameters_polygon_offset = glium::DrawParameters {
          polygon_offset: glium::draw_parameters::PolygonOffset {
            factor: 1.0,
            units:  1.0 / 1024.0,
            fill:   true,
            .. Default::default()
          },
          backface_culling:
            glium::draw_parameters::BackfaceCullingMode::CullCounterClockwise,
          .. draw_parameters_write_depth.clone()
        };
        // uniforms
        let (transform_mat_world_to_view, projection_mat_perspective) =
          camera3d.view_mats();
        let projection_mat_perspective_inverse = camera3d.projection().as_matrix()
          .inverted().into_col_arrays();
        let light_directional_view = (camera3d.transform_mat_world_to_view()
          * math::Vector4::from_direction (draw3d.light_directional)
        ).xyz().into_array();
        let uniforms = uniform!{
          uni_transform_mat_view:       transform_mat_world_to_view,
          uni_projection_mat_perspective: projection_mat_perspective,
          uni_projection_mat_perspective_inverse: projection_mat_perspective_inverse,
          uni_light_directional_view:   light_directional_view,
          uni_light_directional_color:  draw3d.light_directional_color.into_array(),
          // TODO: variable pixels per unit?
          uni_pixels_per_unit:          DEFAULT_PIXELS_PER_UNIT,
          uni_capsule_vertex_id_offset: draw3d.instanced_meshes.capsule_vertex_id_offset,
          uni_hemisphere_vertex_count:  draw3d.instanced_meshes.hemisphere_vertex_count,
          uni_color:                    color::BLACK.normalize().rgba().into_array()
        };

        // draw aabbs lines
        if !draw3d.instanced_aabb_lines.is_empty() {
          let instances_range =
            draw3d.instanced_aabb_lines.start as usize..
            draw3d.instanced_aabb_lines.end   as usize;
          glium_frame.draw (
            draw3d.instance_vertices.slice (instances_range).unwrap(),
            glium::index::IndicesSource::NoIndices {
              primitives: glium::index::PrimitiveType::Points
            },
            &render.resource.shader_programs [
              shader::ProgramId::WorldSpace3dAabbLines as usize
            ],
            &uniforms,
            &draw_parameters_write_depth
          ).unwrap();
        }

        // draw aabbs triangles
        if !draw3d.instanced_aabb_triangles.is_empty() {
          let instances_range =
            draw3d.instanced_aabb_triangles.start as usize..
            draw3d.instanced_aabb_triangles.end   as usize;
          glium_frame.draw (
            draw3d.instance_vertices.slice (instances_range).unwrap(),
            glium::index::IndicesSource::NoIndices {
              primitives: glium::index::PrimitiveType::Points
            },
            &render.resource.shader_programs [
              shader::ProgramId::WorldSpace3dAabbTriangles as usize
            ],
            &uniforms,
            &draw_parameters_polygon_offset
          ).unwrap();
        }

        // draw spheres
        if !draw3d.instanced_spheres_raycast.is_empty() {
          let instances_range =
            draw3d.instanced_spheres_raycast.start as usize..
            draw3d.instanced_spheres_raycast.end   as usize;
          glium_frame.draw (
            draw3d.instance_vertices.slice (instances_range).unwrap(),
            glium::index::IndicesSource::NoIndices {
              primitives: glium::index::PrimitiveType::Points
            },
            &render.resource.shader_programs [
              shader::ProgramId::WorldSpace3dSphere as usize
            ],
            &uniforms,
            &draw_parameters_write_depth
          ).unwrap();
        }

        // draw instanced meshes with depth
        for (_mesh_key, instanced_mesh) in draw3d.instanced_meshes.meshes.iter() {
          if instanced_mesh.draw_pass != DrawPass::Depth {
            continue
          }
          if !instanced_mesh.instances_range.is_empty() {
            let (line_indices_range, instances_range) = (
              instanced_mesh.line_indices_range.start as usize..
              instanced_mesh.line_indices_range.end   as usize,
              instanced_mesh.instances_range.start as usize..
              instanced_mesh.instances_range.end   as usize
            );
            glium_frame.draw (
              (&draw3d.instanced_meshes.vertices,
                draw3d.instance_vertices.slice (instances_range).unwrap()
                  .per_instance().unwrap()
              ),
              draw3d.instanced_meshes.line_indices.slice (line_indices_range)
                .unwrap(),
              &render.resource.shader_programs [instanced_mesh.shader_program_id
                as usize],
              &uniforms,
              &draw_parameters_write_depth
            ).unwrap();
          }
        }

        // user draw calls with depth
        for user_draw in draw3d.user_draw.values() {
          if user_draw.draw_pass != DrawPass::Depth {
            continue
          }
          let vertex_buffer = draw3d.user_buffers
            .get (user_draw.buffer_key.index()).unwrap();
          let vertex_range  =
            user_draw.range.start as usize..
            user_draw.range.end   as usize;
          let uniforms = uniform!{
            uni_transform_mat_view:         transform_mat_world_to_view,
            uni_projection_mat_perspective: projection_mat_perspective,
            // TODO: variable pixels per unit?
            uni_pixels_per_unit:            DEFAULT_PIXELS_PER_UNIT,
            uni_capsule_vertex_id_offset:
              draw3d.instanced_meshes.capsule_vertex_id_offset,
            uni_hemisphere_vertex_count:
              draw3d.instanced_meshes.hemisphere_vertex_count
          };
          glium_frame.draw (
            vertex_buffer.slice (vertex_range).unwrap(),
            glium::index::NoIndices (user_draw.primitive_type),
            &render.resource.shader_programs [user_draw.shader_program_id.index()],
            &uniforms,
            &draw_parameters_write_depth
          ).unwrap();
        }

        // draw instanced meshes w/o depth
        for (_mesh_key, instanced_mesh) in draw3d.instanced_meshes.meshes.iter() {
          if instanced_mesh.draw_pass != DrawPass::NoDepth {
            continue
          }
          if !instanced_mesh.instances_range.is_empty() {
            let (line_indices_range, instances_range) = (
              instanced_mesh.line_indices_range.start as usize..
              instanced_mesh.line_indices_range.end   as usize,
              instanced_mesh.instances_range.start as usize..
              instanced_mesh.instances_range.end   as usize
            );
            glium_frame.draw (
              (&draw3d.instanced_meshes.vertices,
                draw3d.instance_vertices.slice (instances_range).unwrap()
                  .per_instance().unwrap()
              ),
              draw3d.instanced_meshes.line_indices.slice (line_indices_range)
                .unwrap(),
              &render.resource.shader_programs [instanced_mesh.shader_program_id
                as usize],
              &uniforms,
              &draw_parameters_viewport
            ).unwrap();
          }
        }

        // user draw calls with w/o depth
        for user_draw in draw3d.user_draw.values() {
          if user_draw.draw_pass != DrawPass::NoDepth {
            continue
          }
          let vertex_buffer = draw3d.user_buffers
            .get (user_draw.buffer_key.index()).unwrap();
          let vertex_range  =
            user_draw.range.start as usize..
            user_draw.range.end   as usize;
          glium_frame.draw (
            vertex_buffer.slice (vertex_range).unwrap(),
            glium::index::NoIndices (user_draw.primitive_type),
            &render.resource.shader_programs [user_draw.shader_program_id.index()],
            &uniforms,
            &draw_parameters_viewport
          ).unwrap();
        }

        // draw 3d billboards
        // TODO: draw some or all billboards with depth?
        for (_, instanced_billboard) in draw3d.instanced_billboards.iter() {
          let instances_range =
            instanced_billboard.instances_range.start as usize..
            instanced_billboard.instances_range.end   as usize;
          let uniforms = uniform!{
            uni_transform_mat_view:         transform_mat_world_to_view,
            uni_projection_mat_perspective: projection_mat_perspective,
            uni_sampler2d:                  instanced_billboard.texture.sampled()
              .magnify_filter (glium::uniforms::MagnifySamplerFilter::Nearest),
            // TODO: variable pixels per unit?
            uni_pixels_per_unit:            DEFAULT_PIXELS_PER_UNIT
          };
          glium_frame.draw (
            draw3d.instance_vertices.slice (instances_range).unwrap(),
            glium::index::IndicesSource::NoIndices {
              primitives: glium::index::PrimitiveType::Points
            },
            &render.resource.shader_programs [
              shader::ProgramId::WorldSpace3dSprite as usize
            ],
            &uniforms,
            &draw_parameters_viewport
          ).unwrap();
        }
      }
    } // end loop over viewports
  } // end draw

  #[inline]
  pub const fn instance_vertices (&self)
    -> &glium::VertexBuffer <vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor>
  {
    &self.instance_vertices
  }

  #[inline]
  pub const fn instanced_aabb_lines (&self) -> &std::ops::Range <u32> {
    &self.instanced_aabb_lines
  }

  #[inline]
  pub fn set_instanced_aabb_lines (&mut self, range : std::ops::Range <u32>) {
    debug_assert!(range.end <= self.instance_vertices.len() as u32);
    self.instanced_aabb_lines = range;
  }

  #[inline]
  pub const fn instanced_aabb_triangles (&self) -> &std::ops::Range <u32> {
    &self.instanced_aabb_triangles
  }

  #[inline]
  pub fn set_instanced_aabb_triangles (&mut self, range : std::ops::Range <u32>) {
    debug_assert!(range.end <= self.instance_vertices.len() as u32);
    self.instanced_aabb_triangles = range;
  }

  #[inline]
  pub const fn instanced_meshes (&self) -> &VecMap <InstancedMesh> {
    &self.instanced_meshes.meshes
  }

  #[inline]
  pub fn set_instanced_mesh (&mut self,
    mesh_key : MeshKey, mesh : InstancedMesh
  ) {
    let _ = self.instanced_meshes.meshes.insert (mesh_key.index(), mesh);
  }

  /// Re-builds instanced buffers to include given instanced meshes. The
  /// provided instanced mesh keys must not overlap with any of the built-in
  /// `MeshId`s.
  pub fn rebuild_instanced_meshes (&mut self,
    glium_display : &glium::Display <glutin::surface::WindowSurface>,
    user_meshes   : Vec <(MeshKey, Mesh, DrawPass)>
  ) {
    self.instanced_meshes = InstancedMeshes::new (glium_display, user_meshes);
  }

  /// Creates a new vertex buffer holding per-instance 3D vertices for various
  /// instanced meshes (grid, hemisphere, sphere, cylinder, capsule), AABBs, and
  /// tile billboards, and sets the instanced ranges corresponding to each
  pub fn instance_vertices_set (&mut self,
    glium_display  : &glium::Display <glutin::surface::WindowSurface>,
    instances_init : InstancesInit
  ) {
    let mut instance_vertices =
      Vec::with_capacity (instances_init.instance_count());

    self.instanced_aabb_lines     = 0..0;
    self.instanced_aabb_triangles = 0..0;
    for mesh in self.instanced_meshes.meshes.values_mut() {
      mesh.instances_range = 0..0;
    }
    // aabbs: we allow the ranges for lines and triangles to overlap so that
    // aabb_lines_and_triangles can be placed between the lines-only and
    // triangles-only ranges
    if let Some (instances) = instances_init.aabb_lines {
      // lines only
      let start = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      instance_vertices.extend_from_slice (instances);
      let end   = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      self.instanced_aabb_lines = start..end;
    }
    if let Some (instances) = instances_init.aabb_lines_and_triangles {
      // lines and triangles
      let start = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      instance_vertices.extend_from_slice (instances);
      let end   = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      if self.instanced_aabb_lines.end != 0 {
        debug_assert!(instances_init.aabb_lines.is_none());
        self.instanced_aabb_lines.start = start;
      }
      self.instanced_aabb_lines.end = end;
      self.instanced_aabb_triangles = start..end;
    }
    if let Some (instances) = instances_init.aabb_triangles {
      // triangles only
      let start = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      instance_vertices.extend_from_slice (instances);
      let end   = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      if self.instanced_aabb_triangles.end == 0 {
        debug_assert!(instances_init.aabb_lines_and_triangles.is_none());
        self.instanced_aabb_triangles.start = start;
      }
      self.instanced_aabb_triangles.end = end;
    }

    // shaded spheres
    if let Some (instances) = instances_init.spheres_raycast {
      let start = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      instance_vertices.extend_from_slice (instances);
      let end   = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      self.instanced_spheres_raycast = start..end;
    }

    // meshes
    for (mesh_key, instances) in instances_init.meshes.into_iter() {
      let start = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      instance_vertices.extend_from_slice (instances);
      let end   = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      self.instanced_meshes.meshes[mesh_key].instances_range = start..end;
    }

    // billboards
    for (billboard_key, instances) in instances_init.billboards.into_iter() {
      let start = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      instance_vertices.extend_from_slice (instances);
      let end   = instance_vertices.len() as u32;
      self.instanced_billboards[billboard_key].instances_range = start..end;
    }

    // create per instance vertex buffer
    self.instance_vertices = glium::VertexBuffer::dynamic (
      glium_display, instance_vertices.as_slice()
    ).unwrap();
  }

  #[inline]
  pub fn instance_vertices_aabb_lines_write (&self,
    vertex_data : &[vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor]
  ) {
    let range =
      self.instanced_aabb_lines.start as usize..
      self.instanced_aabb_lines.end   as usize;
    self.instance_vertices.slice (range).unwrap().write (vertex_data);
  }

  #[inline]
  pub fn instance_vertices_aabb_triangles_write (&self,
    vertex_data : &[vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor]
  ) {
    let range =
      self.instanced_aabb_triangles.start as usize..
      self.instanced_aabb_triangles.end   as usize;
    self.instance_vertices.slice (range).unwrap().write (vertex_data);
  }

  #[inline]
  pub fn instance_vertices_spheres_raycast_write (&self,
    vertex_data : &[vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor]
  ) {
    let range =
      self.instanced_spheres_raycast.start as usize..
      self.instanced_spheres_raycast.end   as usize;
    self.instance_vertices.slice (range).unwrap().write (vertex_data);
  }

  #[inline]
  pub fn instance_vertices_billboard_write (&self,
    billboard_key : usize,
    vertex_data   : &[vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor]
  ) {
    let range = {
      let range = self.instanced_billboards[billboard_key].instances_range.clone();
      range.start as usize..range.end as usize
    };
    self.instance_vertices.slice (range).unwrap().write (vertex_data);
  }

  #[inline]
  pub fn instance_vertices_mesh_write (&self,
    mesh_key    : usize,
    vertex_data : &[vertex::Vert3dOrientationScaleColor]
  ) {
    let range = {
      let range = self.instanced_meshes.meshes[mesh_key].instances_range.clone();
      range.start as usize..range.end as usize
    };
    self.instance_vertices.slice (range).unwrap().write (vertex_data);
  }

  /// Create a new instanced billboard by blitting a string of tiles to a new
  /// texture.
  ///
  /// Panics if billboard texture with key already exists.
  pub fn tile_billboard_create (&mut self,
    glium_display   : &glium::Display <glutin::surface::WindowSurface>,
    tileset_texture : &glium::Texture2d,
    billboard_key   : usize,
    instances_range : std::ops::Range <u32>,
    string          : &str
  ) {
    use glium::Surface;
    debug_assert_eq!(0, tileset_texture.width() %16);
    debug_assert_eq!(0, tileset_texture.height()%16);
    let tile_width  = tileset_texture.width()  / 16;
    let tile_height = tileset_texture.height() / 16;
    let texture = glium::Texture2d::empty_with_mipmaps (
      glium_display, glium::texture::MipmapsOption::NoMipmap,
      tile_width * string.len() as u32, tile_height
    ).unwrap();
    { // blit tiles from default tileset
      let source     = tileset_texture.as_surface();
      let mut target = texture.as_surface();
      target.clear_color (1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0);
      for (i,ch) in string.chars().enumerate() {
        let tile = ch as u32;
        // NB: (0,0) is bottom-left in texture pixel space
        let source_rect = glium::Rect {
          left:   tile_width  * (tile % 16),
          bottom: tile_height * (15 - tile / 16),
          width:  tile_width,
          height: tile_height
        };
        #[expect(clippy::identity_op)]
        let target_rect = glium::BlitTarget {
          left:   0 + i as u32 * tile_width,
          bottom: 0,
          width:  tile_width  as i32,
          height: tile_height as i32
        };
        target.blit_from_simple_framebuffer (
          &source, &source_rect, &target_rect,
          glium::uniforms::MagnifySamplerFilter::Linear);
      }
    }
    let instanced_billboard = InstancedBillboard { texture, instances_range };
    assert!(self.instanced_billboards.insert (
      billboard_key, instanced_billboard
    ).is_none());
  }
}

impl InstancesInit <'_> {
  pub fn instance_count (&self) -> usize {
    let mut count = 0;
    count += self.aabb_lines.map_or(0, <[_]>::len);
    count += self.aabb_triangles.map_or(0, <[_]>::len);
    for (_, mesh_data) in self.meshes.iter() {
      count += mesh_data.len();
    }
    for (_, billboard_data) in self.billboards.iter() {
      count += billboard_data.len();
    }
    count
  }
}

impl InstancedMeshes {
  fn new (
    glium_display : &glium::Display <glutin::surface::WindowSurface>,
    user_meshes   : Vec <(MeshKey, Mesh, DrawPass)>
  ) -> Self {
    let InstancedMeshInit {
      instanced_vertex_data,
      instanced_line_index_data,
      line_indices_ranges,
      shader_program_ids,
      draw_passes,
      capsule_vertex_id_offset,
      hemisphere_vertex_count
    } = InstancedMeshInit::new (user_meshes);
    let vertices     = glium::VertexBuffer::dynamic (
      glium_display, instanced_vertex_data.as_slice()
    ).unwrap();
    let line_indices = glium::IndexBuffer::dynamic (
      glium_display, glium::index::PrimitiveType::LinesList,
      instanced_line_index_data.as_slice()
    ).unwrap();
    let meshes       = {
      let mut v = VecMap::new();
      for (mesh_key, line_indices_range) in line_indices_ranges.into_iter() {
        let instanced_mesh = InstancedMesh {
          line_indices_range,
          instances_range: 0..0,  // empty
          shader_program_id: shader_program_ids[mesh_key],
          draw_pass:         draw_passes[mesh_key]
        };
        assert!(v.insert (mesh_key, instanced_mesh).is_none());
      }
      v
    };
    InstancedMeshes {
      vertices, line_indices, meshes, capsule_vertex_id_offset,
      hemisphere_vertex_count
    }
  }
}

impl InstancedMeshInit {
  fn new (user_meshes : Vec <(MeshKey, Mesh, DrawPass)>) -> Self {
    const GRID_DIMS                 : u16 = MESH_GRID_DIMS;
    const HEMISPHERE_LATITUDE_DIVS  : u16 = 6;
    const SPHERE_LATITUDE_DIVS      : u16 = 2 * HEMISPHERE_LATITUDE_DIVS;
    const LONGITUDE_DIVS            : u16 = 24;
    const CYLINDER_DIVS             : u16 = LONGITUDE_DIVS;
    let mut instanced_vertex_data     = Vec::new();
    let mut instanced_line_index_data = Vec::new();
    // constant value to shift all indices during mesh creation
    let mut index_offset      = 0;
    // the beginning of the range where indices begin for the next mesh
    let mut index_range_start = 0;

    let mut line_indices_ranges = VecMap::with_capacity (MeshId::COUNT);
    let mut shader_program_ids  = VecMap::with_capacity (MeshId::COUNT);
    let mut draw_passes         = VecMap::with_capacity (MeshId::COUNT);

    // grid
    let mesh::Lines3d {
      vertices: mut grid_vertex_data, indices: mut grid_index_data
    } = mesh::Lines3d::grid (index_offset, GRID_DIMS);
    assert!(line_indices_ranges.insert (
      MeshId::Grid as usize,
      index_range_start..index_range_start + grid_index_data.len() as u32
    ).is_none());
    assert!(shader_program_ids.insert (
      MeshId::Grid as usize,
      shader::ProgramId::ModelSpace3dInstancedOrientationScaleColor
    ).is_none());
    assert!(draw_passes.insert (MeshId::Grid as usize, DrawPass::Depth).is_none());
    instanced_vertex_data.append (&mut grid_vertex_data);
    instanced_line_index_data.append  (&mut grid_index_data);
    index_offset      = instanced_vertex_data.len() as u32;
    index_range_start = instanced_line_index_data.len() as u32;

    // capsule: vertex and index data will be shared with sphere and hemisphere
    // meshes
    let capsule_vertex_id_offset = index_offset; // uniform used by capsule shader
    let mesh::Lines3d {
      vertices: mut capsule_vertex_data,
      indices:  mut capsule_index_data
    } = mesh::Lines3d::capsule (index_offset, HEMISPHERE_LATITUDE_DIVS, LONGITUDE_DIVS);
    let capsule_line_indices_range =
      index_range_start..index_range_start + capsule_index_data.len() as u32;
    assert!(line_indices_ranges.insert (
      MeshId::Capsule as usize, capsule_line_indices_range.clone()
    ).is_none());
    assert!(shader_program_ids.insert (
      MeshId::Capsule as usize,
      shader::ProgramId::ModelSpace3dInstancedCapsule
    ).is_none());
    assert!(draw_passes.insert (MeshId::Capsule as usize, DrawPass::Depth).is_none());
    instanced_vertex_data.append (&mut capsule_vertex_data);
    instanced_line_index_data.append  (&mut capsule_index_data);

    index_offset      = instanced_vertex_data.len() as u32;
    index_range_start = instanced_line_index_data.len() as u32;

    // hemisphere: this is defined to share the top half of the vertices and
    // indices of the capsule mesh
    let (hemisphere_vertex_count, hemisphere_index_count) =
      mesh::hemisphere::lines3d_vertex_index_counts (
        HEMISPHERE_LATITUDE_DIVS, LONGITUDE_DIVS);
    assert!(line_indices_ranges.insert (
      MeshId::Hemisphere as usize,
      capsule_line_indices_range.start..
      capsule_line_indices_range.start + hemisphere_index_count
    ).is_none());
    assert!(shader_program_ids.insert (
      MeshId::Hemisphere as usize,
      shader::ProgramId::ModelSpace3dInstancedScaleColor
    ).is_none());
    assert!(draw_passes.insert (MeshId::Hemisphere as usize, DrawPass::Depth)
      .is_none());

    // sphere: defined to use part of the capsule mesh indices except for the
    // extra equator lines and cylinder lines
    let (_, sphere_index_count) = mesh::sphere::lines3d_vertex_index_counts (
      SPHERE_LATITUDE_DIVS, LONGITUDE_DIVS);
    assert!(line_indices_ranges.insert (
      MeshId::Sphere as usize,
      capsule_line_indices_range.start..
      capsule_line_indices_range.start + sphere_index_count
    ).is_none());
    assert!(shader_program_ids.insert (
      MeshId::Sphere as usize,
      shader::ProgramId::ModelSpace3dInstancedScaleColor
    ).is_none());
    assert!(draw_passes.insert (MeshId::Sphere as usize, DrawPass::Depth)
      .is_none());

    // cylinder
    let mesh::Lines3d {
      vertices: mut cylinder_vertex_data, indices: mut cylinder_index_data
    } = mesh::Lines3d::cylinder (index_offset, CYLINDER_DIVS);
    assert!(line_indices_ranges.insert (
      MeshId::Cylinder as usize,
      index_range_start..index_range_start + cylinder_index_data.len() as u32
    ).is_none());
    assert!(shader_program_ids.insert (
      MeshId::Cylinder as usize,
      shader::ProgramId::ModelSpace3dInstancedScaleColor
    ).is_none());
    assert!(draw_passes.insert (MeshId::Cylinder as usize, DrawPass::Depth)
      .is_none());
    instanced_vertex_data.append (&mut cylinder_vertex_data);
    instanced_line_index_data.append  (&mut cylinder_index_data);

    index_offset      = instanced_vertex_data.len()     as u32;
    index_range_start = instanced_line_index_data.len() as u32;

    // cube
    let mesh::Lines3d {
      vertices: mut cube_vertex_data, indices: mut cube_index_data
    } = mesh::Lines3d::cube (index_offset);
    assert!(line_indices_ranges.insert (
      MeshId::Cube as usize,
      index_range_start..index_range_start + cube_index_data.len() as u32
    ).is_none());
    assert!(shader_program_ids.insert (
      MeshId::Cube as usize,
      shader::ProgramId::ModelSpace3dInstancedOrientationScaleColor
    ).is_none());
    assert!(draw_passes.insert (MeshId::Cube as usize, DrawPass::Depth).is_none());
    instanced_vertex_data.append (&mut cube_vertex_data);
    instanced_line_index_data.append  (&mut cube_index_data);

    // NB: the following is not required between meshes that share all vertices
    // comment this out between each new mesh when adding more meshes here:
    //index_offset      = instanced_vertex_data.len()     as u32;
    //index_range_start = instanced_line_index_data.len() as u32;

    // user meshes
    let num_user_meshes = user_meshes.len();
    for (mesh_key, mut mesh, draw_pass) in user_meshes {
      debug_assert!(mesh_key.index() >= MeshId::COUNT);
      index_offset      = instanced_vertex_data.len()     as u32;
      index_range_start = instanced_line_index_data.len() as u32;
      let mut insert_mesh = |vertices : &mut Vec <_>, indices : &mut Vec <u32>| {
        indices.iter_mut().for_each (|ix| *ix += index_offset);
        assert!(line_indices_ranges.insert (
          mesh_key.index(),
          index_range_start..index_range_start + indices.len() as u32
        ).is_none());
        assert!(shader_program_ids.insert (
          mesh_key.index(),
          shader::ProgramId::ModelSpace3dInstancedOrientationScaleColor
        ).is_none());
        assert!(draw_passes.insert (mesh_key.index(), draw_pass).is_none());
        instanced_vertex_data.append (vertices);
        instanced_line_index_data.append (indices);
      };
      match mesh {
        Mesh::Points3d (mesh::Points3d { ref mut vertices, ref mut indices }) |
        Mesh::Lines3d (mesh::Lines3d { ref mut vertices, ref mut indices }) |
        Mesh::Triangles3d (mesh::Triangles3d { ref mut vertices, ref mut indices }) =>
          insert_mesh (vertices, indices)
      }
    }

    debug_assert_eq!(line_indices_ranges.len(), MeshId::COUNT + num_user_meshes);
    debug_assert_eq!(shader_program_ids.len(),  MeshId::COUNT + num_user_meshes);

    InstancedMeshInit {
      instanced_vertex_data,
      instanced_line_index_data,
      line_indices_ranges,
      shader_program_ids,
      draw_passes,
      capsule_vertex_id_offset,
      hemisphere_vertex_count
    }
  }
}

impl MeshKey {
  pub const fn index (self) -> usize {
    self.0 as usize
  }
}

impl UserBufferKey {
  pub const fn index (self) -> usize {
    self.0 as usize
  }
}