Function apply_op 

pub fn apply_op<E: ApplyEngine>(
    engine: &mut E,
    op: &ArrayOp,
) -> ArrayResult<ApplyOutcome>

Apply op to engine, returning an outcome without panicking.

Steps:

1. Shape validation — on error: Rejected(ShapeInvalid).
2. Schema HLC check — None → Rejected(ArrayUnknown); op.header.schema_hlc > local → Rejected(SchemaTooNew).
3. Idempotency — already seen → Idempotent.
4. Dispatch to apply_put/apply_delete/apply_erase. Engine errors that indicate corruption (SegmentCorruption, HlcLockPoisoned) are propagated; all others become Rejected(EngineRejected).
5. Tile-cache invalidation.
6. Return Applied.