next_plaid/

index.rs

//! Index creation and management for PLAID

use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::fs::{self, File};
use std::io::{BufReader, BufWriter, Write};
use std::path::Path;

use ndarray::{s, Array1, Array2, Axis};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

use crate::codec::ResidualCodec;
use crate::error::{Error, Result};
use crate::kmeans::{compute_kmeans, ComputeKmeansConfig};
use crate::utils::{quantile, quantiles};

/// CPU implementation of fused compress_into_codes + residual computation.
fn compress_and_residuals_cpu(
    embeddings: &Array2<f32>,
    codec: &ResidualCodec,
) -> (Array1<usize>, Array2<f32>) {
    use rayon::prelude::*;

    // Use CPU-only version to ensure no CUDA is called
    let codes = codec.compress_into_codes_cpu(embeddings);
    let mut residuals = embeddings.clone();

    let centroids = &codec.centroids;
    residuals
        .axis_iter_mut(Axis(0))
        .into_par_iter()
        .zip(codes.as_slice().unwrap().par_iter())
        .for_each(|(mut row, &code)| {
            let centroid = centroids.row(code);
            row.iter_mut()
                .zip(centroid.iter())
                .for_each(|(r, c)| *r -= c);
        });

    (codes, residuals)
}

/// Configuration for index creation
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct IndexConfig {
    /// Number of bits for quantization (typically 2 or 4)
    pub nbits: usize,
    /// Batch size for processing
    pub batch_size: usize,
    /// Random seed for reproducibility
    pub seed: Option<u64>,
    /// Number of K-means iterations (default: 4)
    #[serde(default = "default_kmeans_niters")]
    pub kmeans_niters: usize,
    /// Maximum number of points per centroid for K-means (default: 256)
    #[serde(default = "default_max_points_per_centroid")]
    pub max_points_per_centroid: usize,
    /// Number of samples for K-means training.
    /// If None, uses heuristic: min(1 + 16 * sqrt(120 * num_documents), num_documents)
    #[serde(default)]
    pub n_samples_kmeans: Option<usize>,
    /// Threshold for start-from-scratch mode (default: 999).
    /// When the number of documents is <= this threshold, raw embeddings are saved
    /// to embeddings.npy for potential rebuilds during updates.
    #[serde(default = "default_start_from_scratch")]
    pub start_from_scratch: usize,
    /// Force CPU execution for K-means even when CUDA feature is enabled.
    /// Useful for small batches where GPU initialization overhead exceeds benefits.
    #[serde(default)]
    pub force_cpu: bool,
    /// FTS5 tokenizer for full-text search over metadata.
    /// Default: `Unicode61` (word-level). Use `Trigram` for code / substring search.
    #[serde(default)]
    pub fts_tokenizer: crate::text_search::FtsTokenizer,
}

fn default_start_from_scratch() -> usize {
    999
}

fn default_kmeans_niters() -> usize {
    4
}

fn default_max_points_per_centroid() -> usize {
    256
}

impl Default for IndexConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            nbits: 4,
            batch_size: 50_000,
            seed: Some(42),
            kmeans_niters: 4,
            max_points_per_centroid: 256,
            n_samples_kmeans: None,
            start_from_scratch: 999,
            force_cpu: false,
            fts_tokenizer: crate::text_search::FtsTokenizer::default(),
        }
    }
}

/// Metadata for the index
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Metadata {
    /// Number of chunks in the index
    pub num_chunks: usize,
    /// Number of bits for quantization
    pub nbits: usize,
    /// Number of partitions (centroids)
    pub num_partitions: usize,
    /// Total number of embeddings
    pub num_embeddings: usize,
    /// Average document length
    pub avg_doclen: f64,
    /// Total number of documents
    #[serde(default)]
    pub num_documents: usize,
    /// Embedding dimension (columns of centroids matrix)
    #[serde(default)]
    pub embedding_dim: usize,
    /// Whether the index has been converted to next-plaid compatible format.
    /// If false or missing, the index may need fast-plaid to next-plaid conversion.
    #[serde(default)]
    pub next_plaid_compatible: bool,
}

impl Metadata {
    /// Load metadata from a JSON file, inferring num_documents from doclens if not present.
    pub fn load_from_path(index_path: &Path) -> Result<Self> {
        let metadata_path = index_path.join("metadata.json");
        let mut metadata: Metadata = serde_json::from_reader(BufReader::new(
            File::open(&metadata_path)
                .map_err(|e| Error::IndexLoad(format!("Failed to open metadata: {}", e)))?,
        ))?;

        // If num_documents is 0 (default), infer from doclens files
        if metadata.num_documents == 0 {
            let mut total_docs = 0usize;
            for chunk_idx in 0..metadata.num_chunks {
                let doclens_path = index_path.join(format!("doclens.{}.json", chunk_idx));
                if let Ok(file) = File::open(&doclens_path) {
                    if let Ok(chunk_doclens) =
                        serde_json::from_reader::<_, Vec<i64>>(BufReader::new(file))
                    {
                        total_docs += chunk_doclens.len();
                    }
                }
            }
            metadata.num_documents = total_docs;
        }

        Ok(metadata)
    }
}

/// Chunk metadata
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct ChunkMetadata {
    pub num_documents: usize,
    pub num_embeddings: usize,
    #[serde(default)]
    pub embedding_offset: usize,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct EncodedIndexChunk {
    pub codes: Array1<i64>,
    pub residuals: Array2<u8>,
    pub doclens: Vec<i64>,
}

pub struct PreparedCodecArtifacts {
    pub codec: ResidualCodec,
    pub cluster_threshold: f32,
    pub bucket_cutoffs: Array1<f32>,
    pub bucket_weights: Array1<f32>,
    pub avg_res_per_dim: Array1<f32>,
}

pub fn prepare_codec_artifacts(
    embeddings: &[Array2<f32>],
    centroids: Array2<f32>,
    config: &IndexConfig,
) -> Result<PreparedCodecArtifacts> {
    let embedding_dim = centroids.ncols();
    let total_embeddings: usize = embeddings.iter().map(|e| e.nrows()).sum();
    let num_documents = embeddings.len();

    if num_documents == 0 {
        return Err(Error::IndexCreation("No documents provided".into()));
    }

    let sample_count = ((16.0 * (120.0 * num_documents as f64).sqrt()) as usize)
        .min(num_documents)
        .max(1);

    let mut rng = if let Some(seed) = config.seed {
        use rand::SeedableRng;
        rand_chacha::ChaCha8Rng::seed_from_u64(seed)
    } else {
        use rand::SeedableRng;
        rand_chacha::ChaCha8Rng::from_entropy()
    };

    use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
    let mut indices: Vec<usize> = (0..num_documents).collect();
    indices.shuffle(&mut rng);
    let sample_indices: Vec<usize> = indices.into_iter().take(sample_count).collect();

    let heldout_size = (0.05 * total_embeddings as f64).min(50000.0) as usize;
    let mut heldout_embeddings: Vec<f32> = Vec::with_capacity(heldout_size * embedding_dim);
    let mut collected = 0;

    for &idx in sample_indices.iter().rev() {
        if collected >= heldout_size {
            break;
        }
        let emb = &embeddings[idx];
        let take = (heldout_size - collected).min(emb.nrows());
        for row in emb.axis_iter(Axis(0)).take(take) {
            heldout_embeddings.extend(row.iter());
        }
        collected += take;
    }

    let heldout = Array2::from_shape_vec((collected, embedding_dim), heldout_embeddings)
        .map_err(|e| Error::IndexCreation(format!("Failed to create heldout array: {}", e)))?;

    let avg_residual = Array1::zeros(embedding_dim);
    let initial_codec =
        ResidualCodec::new(config.nbits, centroids.clone(), avg_residual, None, None)?;

    let heldout_codes = if config.force_cpu {
        initial_codec.compress_into_codes_cpu(&heldout)
    } else {
        initial_codec.compress_into_codes(&heldout)
    };

    let mut residuals = heldout.clone();
    for i in 0..heldout.nrows() {
        let centroid = initial_codec.centroids.row(heldout_codes[i]);
        for j in 0..embedding_dim {
            residuals[[i, j]] -= centroid[j];
        }
    }

    let distances: Array1<f32> = residuals
        .axis_iter(Axis(0))
        .map(|row| row.dot(&row).sqrt())
        .collect();
    let cluster_threshold = quantile(&distances, 0.75);

    let avg_res_per_dim: Array1<f32> = residuals
        .axis_iter(Axis(1))
        .map(|col| col.iter().map(|x| x.abs()).sum::<f32>() / col.len() as f32)
        .collect();

    let n_options = 1 << config.nbits;
    let quantile_values: Vec<f64> = (1..n_options)
        .map(|i| i as f64 / n_options as f64)
        .collect();
    let weight_quantile_values: Vec<f64> = (0..n_options)
        .map(|i| (i as f64 + 0.5) / n_options as f64)
        .collect();

    let flat_residuals: Array1<f32> = residuals.iter().copied().collect();
    let bucket_cutoffs = Array1::from_vec(quantiles(&flat_residuals, &quantile_values));
    let bucket_weights = Array1::from_vec(quantiles(&flat_residuals, &weight_quantile_values));

    let codec = ResidualCodec::new(
        config.nbits,
        centroids,
        avg_res_per_dim.clone(),
        Some(bucket_cutoffs.clone()),
        Some(bucket_weights.clone()),
    )?;

    Ok(PreparedCodecArtifacts {
        codec,
        cluster_threshold,
        bucket_cutoffs,
        bucket_weights,
        avg_res_per_dim,
    })
}

pub fn encode_index_chunk(
    embeddings: &[Array2<f32>],
    codec: &ResidualCodec,
    force_cpu: bool,
) -> Result<EncodedIndexChunk> {
    let embedding_dim = codec.embedding_dim();
    let packed_dim = embedding_dim * codec.nbits / 8;
    let doclens: Vec<i64> = embeddings.iter().map(|d| d.nrows() as i64).collect();
    let total_tokens: usize = doclens.iter().sum::<i64>() as usize;

    #[cfg(not(feature = "cuda"))]
    let _ = force_cpu;

    let mut batch_embeddings = Array2::<f32>::zeros((total_tokens, embedding_dim));
    let mut offset = 0;
    for doc in embeddings {
        let n = doc.nrows();
        batch_embeddings
            .slice_mut(s![offset..offset + n, ..])
            .assign(doc);
        offset += n;
    }

    let (batch_codes, batch_residuals) = {
        #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
        {
            let force_gpu = crate::is_force_gpu();
            if !force_cpu {
                if let Some(ctx) = crate::cuda::get_global_context() {
                    match crate::cuda::compress_and_residuals_cuda_batched(
                        &ctx,
                        &batch_embeddings.view(),
                        &codec.centroids_view(),
                        None,
                    ) {
                        Ok(result) => result,
                        Err(e) => {
                            if force_gpu {
                                panic!(
                                    "FORCE_GPU is set but CUDA compress_and_residuals failed: {}",
                                    e
                                );
                            }
                            println!(
                                "[next-plaid] CUDA compress_and_residuals failed: {}, falling back to CPU",
                                e
                            );
                            compress_and_residuals_cpu(&batch_embeddings, codec)
                        }
                    }
                } else if force_gpu {
                    panic!("FORCE_GPU is set but CUDA context is unavailable");
                } else {
                    compress_and_residuals_cpu(&batch_embeddings, codec)
                }
            } else {
                compress_and_residuals_cpu(&batch_embeddings, codec)
            }
        }
        #[cfg(not(feature = "cuda"))]
        {
            compress_and_residuals_cpu(&batch_embeddings, codec)
        }
    };

    let batch_packed = codec.quantize_residuals(&batch_residuals)?;
    let (raw_residuals, residuals_offset) = batch_packed.into_raw_vec_and_offset();
    if residuals_offset != Some(0) {
        return Err(Error::Shape(format!(
            "Unexpected residual packing offset: {:?}",
            residuals_offset
        )));
    }
    let residuals = Array2::from_shape_vec((batch_codes.len(), packed_dim), raw_residuals)
        .map_err(|e| Error::Shape(format!("Failed to reshape residuals: {}", e)))?;
    let codes: Array1<i64> = batch_codes.iter().map(|&x| x as i64).collect();

    Ok(EncodedIndexChunk {
        codes,
        residuals,
        doclens,
    })
}

pub fn write_index_from_encoded_chunks(
    chunks: &[EncodedIndexChunk],
    codec_artifacts: &PreparedCodecArtifacts,
    index_path: &str,
    config: &IndexConfig,
) -> Result<Metadata> {
    use ndarray_npy::WriteNpyExt;

    let index_dir = Path::new(index_path);
    fs::create_dir_all(index_dir)?;

    let embedding_dim = codec_artifacts.codec.embedding_dim();
    let num_centroids = codec_artifacts.codec.num_centroids();
    let total_embeddings: usize = chunks.iter().map(|c| c.codes.len()).sum();
    let num_documents: usize = chunks.iter().map(|c| c.doclens.len()).sum();
    let avg_doclen = if num_documents > 0 {
        total_embeddings as f64 / num_documents as f64
    } else {
        0.0
    };

    let centroids_path = index_dir.join("centroids.npy");
    codec_artifacts
        .codec
        .centroids_view()
        .to_owned()
        .write_npy(File::create(&centroids_path)?)?;
    codec_artifacts
        .bucket_cutoffs
        .write_npy(File::create(index_dir.join("bucket_cutoffs.npy"))?)?;
    codec_artifacts
        .bucket_weights
        .write_npy(File::create(index_dir.join("bucket_weights.npy"))?)?;
    codec_artifacts
        .avg_res_per_dim
        .write_npy(File::create(index_dir.join("avg_residual.npy"))?)?;
    Array1::from_vec(vec![codec_artifacts.cluster_threshold])
        .write_npy(File::create(index_dir.join("cluster_threshold.npy"))?)?;

    let n_chunks = chunks.len();
    let plan = serde_json::json!({
        "nbits": config.nbits,
        "num_chunks": n_chunks,
    });
    let mut plan_file = File::create(index_dir.join("plan.json"))?;
    writeln!(plan_file, "{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&plan)?)?;

    let mut all_codes: Vec<usize> = Vec::with_capacity(total_embeddings);
    let mut doc_lengths: Vec<i64> = Vec::with_capacity(num_documents);
    let mut current_offset = 0usize;

    for (chunk_idx, chunk) in chunks.iter().enumerate() {
        let chunk_meta = ChunkMetadata {
            num_documents: chunk.doclens.len(),
            num_embeddings: chunk.codes.len(),
            embedding_offset: current_offset,
        };
        current_offset += chunk.codes.len();

        serde_json::to_writer_pretty(
            BufWriter::new(File::create(
                index_dir.join(format!("{}.metadata.json", chunk_idx)),
            )?),
            &chunk_meta,
        )?;
        serde_json::to_writer(
            BufWriter::new(File::create(
                index_dir.join(format!("doclens.{}.json", chunk_idx)),
            )?),
            &chunk.doclens,
        )?;
        chunk.codes.write_npy(File::create(
            index_dir.join(format!("{}.codes.npy", chunk_idx)),
        )?)?;
        chunk.residuals.write_npy(File::create(
            index_dir.join(format!("{}.residuals.npy", chunk_idx)),
        )?)?;

        doc_lengths.extend_from_slice(&chunk.doclens);
        all_codes.extend(chunk.codes.iter().map(|&x| x as usize));
    }

    let mut code_to_docs: BTreeMap<usize, Vec<i64>> = BTreeMap::new();
    let mut emb_idx = 0;
    for (doc_id, &len) in doc_lengths.iter().enumerate() {
        for _ in 0..len {
            let code = all_codes[emb_idx];
            code_to_docs.entry(code).or_default().push(doc_id as i64);
            emb_idx += 1;
        }
    }

    let mut ivf_data: Vec<i64> = Vec::new();
    let mut ivf_lengths: Vec<i32> = vec![0; num_centroids];
    for (centroid_id, ivf_len) in ivf_lengths.iter_mut().enumerate() {
        if let Some(docs) = code_to_docs.get(&centroid_id) {
            let mut unique_docs = docs.clone();
            unique_docs.sort_unstable();
            unique_docs.dedup();
            *ivf_len = unique_docs.len() as i32;
            ivf_data.extend(unique_docs);
        }
    }

    Array1::from_vec(ivf_data).write_npy(File::create(index_dir.join("ivf.npy"))?)?;
    Array1::from_vec(ivf_lengths).write_npy(File::create(index_dir.join("ivf_lengths.npy"))?)?;

    let metadata = Metadata {
        num_chunks: n_chunks,
        nbits: config.nbits,
        num_partitions: num_centroids,
        num_embeddings: total_embeddings,
        avg_doclen,
        num_documents,
        embedding_dim,
        next_plaid_compatible: true,
    };
    serde_json::to_writer_pretty(
        BufWriter::new(File::create(index_dir.join("metadata.json"))?),
        &metadata,
    )?;

    Ok(metadata)
}

// ============================================================================
// Standalone Index Creation Functions
// ============================================================================

/// Create index files on disk from embeddings and centroids.
///
/// This is a standalone function that creates all necessary index files
/// without constructing an in-memory Index object. Both Index and MmapIndex
/// can use this function to create their files, then load them in their
/// preferred format.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `embeddings` - List of document embeddings
/// * `centroids` - Pre-computed centroids from K-means
/// * `index_path` - Directory to save the index
/// * `config` - Index configuration
///
/// # Returns
///
/// Metadata about the created index
pub fn create_index_files(
    embeddings: &[Array2<f32>],
    centroids: Array2<f32>,
    index_path: &str,
    config: &IndexConfig,
) -> Result<Metadata> {
    let index_dir = Path::new(index_path);
    fs::create_dir_all(index_dir)?;

    let num_documents = embeddings.len();
    let embedding_dim = centroids.ncols();
    let num_centroids = centroids.nrows();

    if num_documents == 0 {
        return Err(Error::IndexCreation("No documents provided".into()));
    }

    // Calculate statistics
    let total_embeddings: usize = embeddings.iter().map(|e| e.nrows()).sum();
    let avg_doclen = total_embeddings as f64 / num_documents as f64;

    // Sample documents for codec training
    let sample_count = ((16.0 * (120.0 * num_documents as f64).sqrt()) as usize)
        .min(num_documents)
        .max(1);

    let mut rng = if let Some(seed) = config.seed {
        use rand::SeedableRng;
        rand_chacha::ChaCha8Rng::seed_from_u64(seed)
    } else {
        use rand::SeedableRng;
        rand_chacha::ChaCha8Rng::from_entropy()
    };

    use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
    let mut indices: Vec<usize> = (0..num_documents).collect();
    indices.shuffle(&mut rng);
    let sample_indices: Vec<usize> = indices.into_iter().take(sample_count).collect();

    // Collect sample embeddings for training
    let heldout_size = (0.05 * total_embeddings as f64).min(50000.0) as usize;
    let mut heldout_embeddings: Vec<f32> = Vec::with_capacity(heldout_size * embedding_dim);
    let mut collected = 0;

    for &idx in sample_indices.iter().rev() {
        if collected >= heldout_size {
            break;
        }
        let emb = &embeddings[idx];
        let take = (heldout_size - collected).min(emb.nrows());
        for row in emb.axis_iter(Axis(0)).take(take) {
            heldout_embeddings.extend(row.iter());
        }
        collected += take;
    }

    let heldout = Array2::from_shape_vec((collected, embedding_dim), heldout_embeddings)
        .map_err(|e| Error::IndexCreation(format!("Failed to create heldout array: {}", e)))?;

    // Train codec: compute residuals and quantization parameters
    let avg_residual = Array1::zeros(embedding_dim);
    let initial_codec =
        ResidualCodec::new(config.nbits, centroids.clone(), avg_residual, None, None)?;

    // Compute codes for heldout samples
    // Use CPU-only version when force_cpu is set to avoid CUDA initialization overhead
    let heldout_codes = if config.force_cpu {
        initial_codec.compress_into_codes_cpu(&heldout)
    } else {
        initial_codec.compress_into_codes(&heldout)
    };

    // Compute residuals
    let mut residuals = heldout.clone();
    for i in 0..heldout.nrows() {
        let centroid = initial_codec.centroids.row(heldout_codes[i]);
        for j in 0..embedding_dim {
            residuals[[i, j]] -= centroid[j];
        }
    }

    // Compute cluster threshold from residual distances
    let distances: Array1<f32> = residuals
        .axis_iter(Axis(0))
        .map(|row| row.dot(&row).sqrt())
        .collect();
    #[allow(unused_variables)]
    let cluster_threshold = quantile(&distances, 0.75);

    // Compute average residual per dimension
    let avg_res_per_dim: Array1<f32> = residuals
        .axis_iter(Axis(1))
        .map(|col| col.iter().map(|x| x.abs()).sum::<f32>() / col.len() as f32)
        .collect();

    // Compute quantization buckets
    let n_options = 1 << config.nbits;
    let quantile_values: Vec<f64> = (1..n_options)
        .map(|i| i as f64 / n_options as f64)
        .collect();
    let weight_quantile_values: Vec<f64> = (0..n_options)
        .map(|i| (i as f64 + 0.5) / n_options as f64)
        .collect();

    // Flatten residuals for quantile computation
    let flat_residuals: Array1<f32> = residuals.iter().copied().collect();
    let bucket_cutoffs = Array1::from_vec(quantiles(&flat_residuals, &quantile_values));
    let bucket_weights = Array1::from_vec(quantiles(&flat_residuals, &weight_quantile_values));

    let codec = ResidualCodec::new(
        config.nbits,
        centroids.clone(),
        avg_res_per_dim.clone(),
        Some(bucket_cutoffs.clone()),
        Some(bucket_weights.clone()),
    )?;

    // Save codec components
    use ndarray_npy::WriteNpyExt;

    let centroids_path = index_dir.join("centroids.npy");
    codec
        .centroids_view()
        .to_owned()
        .write_npy(File::create(&centroids_path)?)?;

    let cutoffs_path = index_dir.join("bucket_cutoffs.npy");
    bucket_cutoffs.write_npy(File::create(&cutoffs_path)?)?;

    let weights_path = index_dir.join("bucket_weights.npy");
    bucket_weights.write_npy(File::create(&weights_path)?)?;

    let avg_res_path = index_dir.join("avg_residual.npy");
    avg_res_per_dim.write_npy(File::create(&avg_res_path)?)?;

    let threshold_path = index_dir.join("cluster_threshold.npy");
    Array1::from_vec(vec![cluster_threshold]).write_npy(File::create(&threshold_path)?)?;

    // Process documents in chunks
    let n_chunks = (num_documents as f64 / config.batch_size as f64).ceil() as usize;

    // Save plan
    let plan_path = index_dir.join("plan.json");
    let plan = serde_json::json!({
        "nbits": config.nbits,
        "num_chunks": n_chunks,
    });
    let mut plan_file = File::create(&plan_path)?;
    writeln!(plan_file, "{}", serde_json::to_string_pretty(&plan)?)?;

    let mut all_codes: Vec<usize> = Vec::with_capacity(total_embeddings);
    let mut doc_lengths: Vec<i64> = Vec::with_capacity(num_documents);

    for chunk_idx in 0..n_chunks {
        let start = chunk_idx * config.batch_size;
        let end = (start + config.batch_size).min(num_documents);
        let chunk_docs = &embeddings[start..end];

        // Collect document lengths
        let chunk_doclens: Vec<i64> = chunk_docs.iter().map(|d| d.nrows() as i64).collect();
        let total_tokens: usize = chunk_doclens.iter().sum::<i64>() as usize;

        // Concatenate all embeddings in the chunk for batch processing
        let mut batch_embeddings = Array2::<f32>::zeros((total_tokens, embedding_dim));
        let mut offset = 0;
        for doc in chunk_docs {
            let n = doc.nrows();
            batch_embeddings
                .slice_mut(s![offset..offset + n, ..])
                .assign(doc);
            offset += n;
        }

        // BATCH: Compress embeddings and compute residuals
        // Try CUDA fused operation first, fall back to CPU (skip CUDA if force_cpu is set)
        let (batch_codes, batch_residuals) = {
            #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
            {
                let force_gpu = crate::is_force_gpu();
                if !config.force_cpu {
                    if let Some(ctx) = crate::cuda::get_global_context() {
                        match crate::cuda::compress_and_residuals_cuda_batched(
                            &ctx,
                            &batch_embeddings.view(),
                            &codec.centroids_view(),
                            None,
                        ) {
                            Ok(result) => result,
                            Err(e) => {
                                if force_gpu {
                                    panic!("FORCE_GPU is set but CUDA compress_and_residuals failed: {}", e);
                                }
                                eprintln!(
                                    "[next-plaid] CUDA compress_and_residuals failed: {}, falling back to CPU",
                                    e
                                );
                                compress_and_residuals_cpu(&batch_embeddings, &codec)
                            }
                        }
                    } else if force_gpu {
                        panic!("FORCE_GPU is set but CUDA context is unavailable");
                    } else {
                        compress_and_residuals_cpu(&batch_embeddings, &codec)
                    }
                } else {
                    compress_and_residuals_cpu(&batch_embeddings, &codec)
                }
            }
            #[cfg(not(feature = "cuda"))]
            {
                compress_and_residuals_cpu(&batch_embeddings, &codec)
            }
        };

        // BATCH: Quantize all residuals at once
        let batch_packed = codec.quantize_residuals(&batch_residuals)?;

        // Track codes for IVF building
        for &len in &chunk_doclens {
            doc_lengths.push(len);
        }
        all_codes.extend(batch_codes.iter().copied());

        // Save chunk metadata
        let chunk_meta = ChunkMetadata {
            num_documents: end - start,
            num_embeddings: batch_codes.len(),
            embedding_offset: 0, // Will be updated later
        };

        let chunk_meta_path = index_dir.join(format!("{}.metadata.json", chunk_idx));
        serde_json::to_writer_pretty(BufWriter::new(File::create(&chunk_meta_path)?), &chunk_meta)?;

        // Save chunk doclens
        let doclens_path = index_dir.join(format!("doclens.{}.json", chunk_idx));
        serde_json::to_writer(BufWriter::new(File::create(&doclens_path)?), &chunk_doclens)?;

        // Save chunk codes
        let chunk_codes_arr: Array1<i64> = batch_codes.iter().map(|&x| x as i64).collect();
        let codes_path = index_dir.join(format!("{}.codes.npy", chunk_idx));
        chunk_codes_arr.write_npy(File::create(&codes_path)?)?;

        // Save chunk residuals
        let residuals_path = index_dir.join(format!("{}.residuals.npy", chunk_idx));
        batch_packed.write_npy(File::create(&residuals_path)?)?;
    }

    // Update chunk metadata with global offsets
    let mut current_offset = 0usize;
    for chunk_idx in 0..n_chunks {
        let chunk_meta_path = index_dir.join(format!("{}.metadata.json", chunk_idx));
        let mut meta: serde_json::Value =
            serde_json::from_reader(BufReader::new(File::open(&chunk_meta_path)?))?;

        if let Some(obj) = meta.as_object_mut() {
            obj.insert("embedding_offset".to_string(), current_offset.into());
            let num_emb = obj["num_embeddings"].as_u64().unwrap_or(0) as usize;
            current_offset += num_emb;
        }

        serde_json::to_writer_pretty(BufWriter::new(File::create(&chunk_meta_path)?), &meta)?;
    }

    // Build IVF (Inverted File)
    let mut code_to_docs: BTreeMap<usize, Vec<i64>> = BTreeMap::new();
    let mut emb_idx = 0;

    for (doc_id, &len) in doc_lengths.iter().enumerate() {
        for _ in 0..len {
            let code = all_codes[emb_idx];
            code_to_docs.entry(code).or_default().push(doc_id as i64);
            emb_idx += 1;
        }
    }

    // Deduplicate document IDs per centroid
    let mut ivf_data: Vec<i64> = Vec::new();
    let mut ivf_lengths: Vec<i32> = vec![0; num_centroids];

    for (centroid_id, ivf_len) in ivf_lengths.iter_mut().enumerate() {
        if let Some(docs) = code_to_docs.get(&centroid_id) {
            let mut unique_docs: Vec<i64> = docs.clone();
            unique_docs.sort_unstable();
            unique_docs.dedup();
            *ivf_len = unique_docs.len() as i32;
            ivf_data.extend(unique_docs);
        }
    }

    let ivf = Array1::from_vec(ivf_data);
    let ivf_lengths = Array1::from_vec(ivf_lengths);

    let ivf_path = index_dir.join("ivf.npy");
    ivf.write_npy(File::create(&ivf_path)?)?;

    let ivf_lengths_path = index_dir.join("ivf_lengths.npy");
    ivf_lengths.write_npy(File::create(&ivf_lengths_path)?)?;

    // Save global metadata
    let metadata = Metadata {
        num_chunks: n_chunks,
        nbits: config.nbits,
        num_partitions: num_centroids,
        num_embeddings: total_embeddings,
        avg_doclen,
        num_documents,
        embedding_dim,
        next_plaid_compatible: true, // Created by next-plaid, always compatible
    };

    let metadata_path = index_dir.join("metadata.json");
    serde_json::to_writer_pretty(BufWriter::new(File::create(&metadata_path)?), &metadata)?;

    Ok(metadata)
}

/// Create index files with automatic K-means centroid computation.
///
/// This is a standalone function that runs K-means to compute centroids,
/// then creates all index files on disk.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `embeddings` - List of document embeddings
/// * `index_path` - Directory to save the index
/// * `config` - Index configuration
///
/// # Returns
///
/// Metadata about the created index
pub fn create_index_with_kmeans_files(
    embeddings: &[Array2<f32>],
    index_path: &str,
    config: &IndexConfig,
) -> Result<Metadata> {
    if embeddings.is_empty() {
        return Err(Error::IndexCreation("No documents provided".into()));
    }

    // Pre-initialize CUDA if available (first init can take 10-20s due to driver initialization)
    // Skip if force_cpu is set to avoid unnecessary initialization overhead
    #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
    if !config.force_cpu {
        if crate::is_force_gpu() {
            crate::cuda::get_global_context()
                .expect("FORCE_GPU is set but CUDA context failed to initialize");
        } else {
            let _ = crate::cuda::get_global_context();
        }
    }

    // Build K-means configuration from IndexConfig
    let kmeans_config = ComputeKmeansConfig {
        kmeans_niters: config.kmeans_niters,
        max_points_per_centroid: config.max_points_per_centroid,
        seed: config.seed.unwrap_or(42),
        n_samples_kmeans: config.n_samples_kmeans,
        num_partitions: None, // Let the heuristic decide
        force_cpu: config.force_cpu,
    };

    // Compute centroids using fast-plaid's approach
    let centroids = compute_kmeans(embeddings, &kmeans_config)?;

    // Create the index files
    let metadata = create_index_files(embeddings, centroids, index_path, config)?;

    // If below start_from_scratch threshold, save raw embeddings for potential rebuilds
    if embeddings.len() <= config.start_from_scratch {
        let index_dir = std::path::Path::new(index_path);
        crate::update::save_embeddings_npy(index_dir, embeddings)?;
    }

    Ok(metadata)
}
// ============================================================================
// Memory-Mapped Index for Low Memory Usage
// ============================================================================

/// A memory-mapped PLAID index for multi-vector search.
///
/// This struct uses memory-mapped files for the large arrays (codes and residuals)
/// instead of loading them entirely into RAM. Only small tensors (centroids,
/// bucket weights, IVF) are loaded into memory.
///
/// # Memory Usage
///
/// Only small tensors (~50 MB for SciFact 5K docs) are loaded into RAM,
/// with code and residual data accessed via OS-managed memory mapping.
///
/// # Usage
///
/// ```ignore
/// use next_plaid::MmapIndex;
///
/// let index = MmapIndex::load("/path/to/index")?;
/// let results = index.search(&query, &params, None)?;
/// ```
pub struct MmapIndex {
    /// Path to the index directory
    pub path: String,
    /// Index metadata
    pub metadata: Metadata,
    /// Residual codec for quantization/decompression
    pub codec: ResidualCodec,
    /// IVF data (concatenated passage IDs per centroid)
    pub ivf: Array1<i64>,
    /// IVF lengths (number of passages per centroid)
    pub ivf_lengths: Array1<i32>,
    /// IVF offsets (cumulative offsets into ivf array)
    pub ivf_offsets: Array1<i64>,
    /// Document lengths (number of tokens per document)
    pub doc_lengths: Array1<i64>,
    /// Cumulative document offsets for indexing into codes/residuals
    pub doc_offsets: Array1<usize>,
    /// Memory-mapped codes array (public for search access)
    pub mmap_codes: crate::mmap::MmapNpyArray1I64,
    /// Memory-mapped residuals array (public for search access)
    pub mmap_residuals: crate::mmap::MmapNpyArray2U8,
}

impl MmapIndex {
    /// Load a memory-mapped index from disk.
    ///
    /// This creates merged files for codes and residuals if they don't exist,
    /// then memory-maps them for efficient access.
    ///
    /// If the index was created by fast-plaid, it will be automatically converted
    /// to next-plaid compatible format on first load.
    pub fn load(index_path: &str) -> Result<Self> {
        use ndarray_npy::ReadNpyExt;

        let index_dir = Path::new(index_path);

        // Load metadata (infers num_documents from doclens if not present)
        let mut metadata = Metadata::load_from_path(index_dir)?;

        // Check if conversion from fast-plaid format is needed
        if !metadata.next_plaid_compatible {
            eprintln!("Checking index format compatibility...");
            let converted = crate::mmap::convert_fastplaid_to_nextplaid(index_dir)?;
            if converted {
                eprintln!("Index converted to next-plaid compatible format.");
                // Delete any existing merged files since the source files changed
                let merged_codes = index_dir.join("merged_codes.npy");
                let merged_residuals = index_dir.join("merged_residuals.npy");
                let codes_manifest = index_dir.join("merged_codes.manifest.json");
                let residuals_manifest = index_dir.join("merged_residuals.manifest.json");
                for path in [
                    &merged_codes,
                    &merged_residuals,
                    &codes_manifest,
                    &residuals_manifest,
                ] {
                    if path.exists() {
                        let _ = fs::remove_file(path);
                    }
                }
            }

            // Mark as compatible and save metadata
            metadata.next_plaid_compatible = true;
            let metadata_path = index_dir.join("metadata.json");
            let file = File::create(&metadata_path)
                .map_err(|e| Error::IndexLoad(format!("Failed to update metadata: {}", e)))?;
            serde_json::to_writer_pretty(BufWriter::new(file), &metadata)?;
            eprintln!("Metadata updated with next_plaid_compatible: true");
        }

        // Load codec with memory-mapped centroids for reduced RAM usage.
        // Other small tensors (bucket weights, etc.) are still loaded into memory.
        let codec = ResidualCodec::load_mmap_from_dir(index_dir)?;

        // Load IVF (small tensor)
        let ivf_path = index_dir.join("ivf.npy");
        let ivf: Array1<i64> = Array1::read_npy(
            File::open(&ivf_path)
                .map_err(|e| Error::IndexLoad(format!("Failed to open ivf.npy: {}", e)))?,
        )
        .map_err(|e| Error::IndexLoad(format!("Failed to read ivf.npy: {}", e)))?;

        let ivf_lengths_path = index_dir.join("ivf_lengths.npy");
        let ivf_lengths: Array1<i32> = Array1::read_npy(
            File::open(&ivf_lengths_path)
                .map_err(|e| Error::IndexLoad(format!("Failed to open ivf_lengths.npy: {}", e)))?,
        )
        .map_err(|e| Error::IndexLoad(format!("Failed to read ivf_lengths.npy: {}", e)))?;

        // Compute IVF offsets
        let num_centroids = ivf_lengths.len();
        let mut ivf_offsets = Array1::<i64>::zeros(num_centroids + 1);
        for i in 0..num_centroids {
            ivf_offsets[i + 1] = ivf_offsets[i] + ivf_lengths[i] as i64;
        }

        // Load document lengths from all chunks
        let mut doc_lengths_vec: Vec<i64> = Vec::with_capacity(metadata.num_documents);
        for chunk_idx in 0..metadata.num_chunks {
            let doclens_path = index_dir.join(format!("doclens.{}.json", chunk_idx));
            let chunk_doclens: Vec<i64> =
                serde_json::from_reader(BufReader::new(File::open(&doclens_path)?))?;
            doc_lengths_vec.extend(chunk_doclens);
        }
        let doc_lengths = Array1::from_vec(doc_lengths_vec);

        // Compute document offsets for indexing
        let mut doc_offsets = Array1::<usize>::zeros(doc_lengths.len() + 1);
        for i in 0..doc_lengths.len() {
            doc_offsets[i + 1] = doc_offsets[i] + doc_lengths[i] as usize;
        }

        // Compute padding needed for StridedTensor compatibility
        let max_len = doc_lengths.iter().cloned().max().unwrap_or(0) as usize;
        let last_len = *doc_lengths.last().unwrap_or(&0) as usize;
        let padding_needed = max_len.saturating_sub(last_len);

        let merged_codes_path =
            crate::mmap::merge_codes_chunks(index_dir, metadata.num_chunks, padding_needed)?;
        let merged_residuals_path =
            crate::mmap::merge_residuals_chunks(index_dir, metadata.num_chunks, padding_needed)?;

        let (mmap_codes, mmap_residuals) = (
            crate::mmap::MmapNpyArray1I64::from_npy_file(&merged_codes_path)?,
            crate::mmap::MmapNpyArray2U8::from_npy_file(&merged_residuals_path)?,
        );

        Ok(Self {
            path: index_path.to_string(),
            metadata,
            codec,
            ivf,
            ivf_lengths,
            ivf_offsets,
            doc_lengths,
            doc_offsets,
            mmap_codes,
            mmap_residuals,
        })
    }

    /// Get candidate documents from IVF for given centroid indices.
    pub fn get_candidates(&self, centroid_indices: &[usize]) -> Vec<i64> {
        let mut candidates: Vec<i64> = Vec::new();

        for &idx in centroid_indices {
            if idx < self.ivf_lengths.len() {
                let start = self.ivf_offsets[idx] as usize;
                let len = self.ivf_lengths[idx] as usize;
                candidates.extend(self.ivf.slice(s![start..start + len]).iter());
            }
        }

        candidates.sort_unstable();
        candidates.dedup();
        candidates
    }

    /// Get document embeddings by decompressing codes and residuals.
    pub fn get_document_embeddings(&self, doc_id: usize) -> Result<Array2<f32>> {
        if doc_id >= self.doc_lengths.len() {
            return Err(Error::Search(format!("Invalid document ID: {}", doc_id)));
        }

        let start = self.doc_offsets[doc_id];
        let end = self.doc_offsets[doc_id + 1];

        // Get codes and residuals from mmap
        let codes_slice = self.mmap_codes.slice(start, end);
        let residuals_view = self.mmap_residuals.slice_rows(start, end);

        // Convert codes to Array1<usize>
        let codes: Array1<usize> = Array1::from_iter(codes_slice.iter().map(|&c| c as usize));

        // Convert residuals to owned Array2
        let residuals = residuals_view.to_owned();

        // Decompress
        self.codec.decompress(&residuals, &codes.view())
    }

    /// Get codes for a batch of document IDs (for approximate scoring).
    pub fn get_document_codes(&self, doc_ids: &[usize]) -> Vec<Vec<i64>> {
        doc_ids
            .iter()
            .map(|&doc_id| {
                if doc_id >= self.doc_lengths.len() {
                    return vec![];
                }
                let start = self.doc_offsets[doc_id];
                let end = self.doc_offsets[doc_id + 1];
                self.mmap_codes.slice(start, end).to_vec()
            })
            .collect()
    }

    /// Decompress embeddings for a batch of document IDs.
    pub fn decompress_documents(&self, doc_ids: &[usize]) -> Result<(Array2<f32>, Vec<usize>)> {
        // Compute total tokens
        let mut total_tokens = 0usize;
        let mut lengths = Vec::with_capacity(doc_ids.len());
        for &doc_id in doc_ids {
            if doc_id >= self.doc_lengths.len() {
                lengths.push(0);
            } else {
                let len = self.doc_offsets[doc_id + 1] - self.doc_offsets[doc_id];
                lengths.push(len);
                total_tokens += len;
            }
        }

        if total_tokens == 0 {
            return Ok((Array2::zeros((0, self.codec.embedding_dim())), lengths));
        }

        // Gather all codes and residuals
        let packed_dim = self.mmap_residuals.ncols();
        let mut all_codes = Vec::with_capacity(total_tokens);
        let mut all_residuals = Array2::<u8>::zeros((total_tokens, packed_dim));
        let mut offset = 0;

        for &doc_id in doc_ids {
            if doc_id >= self.doc_lengths.len() {
                continue;
            }
            let start = self.doc_offsets[doc_id];
            let end = self.doc_offsets[doc_id + 1];
            let len = end - start;

            // Append codes
            let codes_slice = self.mmap_codes.slice(start, end);
            all_codes.extend(codes_slice.iter().map(|&c| c as usize));

            // Copy residuals
            let residuals_view = self.mmap_residuals.slice_rows(start, end);
            all_residuals
                .slice_mut(s![offset..offset + len, ..])
                .assign(&residuals_view);
            offset += len;
        }

        let codes_arr = Array1::from_vec(all_codes);
        let embeddings = self.codec.decompress(&all_residuals, &codes_arr.view())?;

        Ok((embeddings, lengths))
    }

    /// Search for similar documents.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `query` - Query embedding matrix [num_tokens, dim]
    /// * `params` - Search parameters
    /// * `subset` - Optional subset of document IDs to search within
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// Search result containing top-k document IDs and scores.
    pub fn search(
        &self,
        query: &Array2<f32>,
        params: &crate::search::SearchParameters,
        subset: Option<&[i64]>,
    ) -> Result<crate::search::SearchResult> {
        crate::search::search_one_mmap(self, query, params, subset)
    }

    /// Search for multiple queries in batch.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `queries` - Slice of query embedding matrices
    /// * `params` - Search parameters
    /// * `parallel` - If true, process queries in parallel using rayon
    /// * `subset` - Optional subset of document IDs to search within
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// Vector of search results, one per query.
    pub fn search_batch(
        &self,
        queries: &[Array2<f32>],
        params: &crate::search::SearchParameters,
        parallel: bool,
        subset: Option<&[i64]>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<crate::search::SearchResult>> {
        crate::search::search_many_mmap(self, queries, params, parallel, subset)
    }

    /// Get the number of documents in the index.
    pub fn num_documents(&self) -> usize {
        self.doc_lengths.len()
    }

    /// Get the total number of embeddings in the index.
    pub fn num_embeddings(&self) -> usize {
        self.metadata.num_embeddings
    }

    /// Get the number of partitions (centroids).
    pub fn num_partitions(&self) -> usize {
        self.metadata.num_partitions
    }

    /// Get the average document length.
    pub fn avg_doclen(&self) -> f64 {
        self.metadata.avg_doclen
    }

    /// Get the embedding dimension.
    pub fn embedding_dim(&self) -> usize {
        self.codec.embedding_dim()
    }

    /// Release all memory-mapped file handles.
    ///
    /// On Windows, files that are memory-mapped cannot be deleted, renamed, or
    /// truncated (OS error 1224 / ERROR_USER_MAPPED_FILE). This method replaces
    /// file-backed mmaps with anonymous (non-file) mmaps so that subsequent
    /// file operations on the index directory can proceed.
    ///
    /// After calling this, the index is not usable for search — it must be
    /// reloaded via `Self::load()`.
    fn release_mmaps(&mut self) {
        self.mmap_codes = crate::mmap::MmapNpyArray1I64::empty();
        self.mmap_residuals = crate::mmap::MmapNpyArray2U8::empty();
        self.codec.centroids = crate::codec::CentroidStore::Owned(Array2::zeros((0, 0)));
    }

    /// Reconstruct embeddings for specific documents.
    ///
    /// This method retrieves the compressed codes and residuals for each document
    /// from memory-mapped files and decompresses them to recover the original embeddings.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `doc_ids` - Slice of document IDs to reconstruct (0-indexed)
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// A vector of 2D arrays, one per document. Each array has shape `[num_tokens, dim]`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// use next_plaid::MmapIndex;
    ///
    /// let index = MmapIndex::load("/path/to/index")?;
    /// let embeddings = index.reconstruct(&[0, 1, 2])?;
    ///
    /// for (i, emb) in embeddings.iter().enumerate() {
    ///     println!("Document {}: {} tokens x {} dim", i, emb.nrows(), emb.ncols());
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn reconstruct(&self, doc_ids: &[i64]) -> Result<Vec<Array2<f32>>> {
        crate::embeddings::reconstruct_embeddings(self, doc_ids)
    }

    /// Reconstruct a single document's embeddings.
    ///
    /// Convenience method for reconstructing a single document.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `doc_id` - Document ID to reconstruct (0-indexed)
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// A 2D array with shape `[num_tokens, dim]`.
    pub fn reconstruct_single(&self, doc_id: i64) -> Result<Array2<f32>> {
        crate::embeddings::reconstruct_single(self, doc_id)
    }

    /// Create a new index from document embeddings with automatic centroid computation.
    ///
    /// This method:
    /// 1. Computes centroids using K-means
    /// 2. Creates index files on disk
    /// 3. Loads the index using memory-mapped I/O
    ///
    /// Note: During creation, data is temporarily held in RAM for processing,
    /// then written to disk and loaded as mmap.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `embeddings` - List of document embeddings, each of shape `[num_tokens, dim]`
    /// * `index_path` - Directory to save the index
    /// * `config` - Index configuration
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// The created MmapIndex
    pub fn create_with_kmeans(
        embeddings: &[Array2<f32>],
        index_path: &str,
        config: &IndexConfig,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        // Use standalone function to create files
        create_index_with_kmeans_files(embeddings, index_path, config)?;

        // Load as memory-mapped index
        Self::load(index_path)
    }

    /// Update the index with new documents, matching fast-plaid behavior.
    ///
    /// This method adds new documents to an existing index with three possible paths:
    ///
    /// 1. **Start-from-scratch mode** (num_documents <= start_from_scratch):
    ///    - Loads existing embeddings from `embeddings.npy` if available
    ///    - Combines with new embeddings
    ///    - Rebuilds the entire index from scratch with fresh K-means
    ///    - Clears `embeddings.npy` if total exceeds threshold
    ///
    /// 2. **Buffer mode** (total_new < buffer_size):
    ///    - Adds new documents to the index without centroid expansion
    ///    - Saves embeddings to buffer for later centroid expansion
    ///
    /// 3. **Centroid expansion mode** (total_new >= buffer_size):
    ///    - Deletes previously buffered documents
    ///    - Expands centroids with outliers from combined buffer + new embeddings
    ///    - Re-indexes all combined embeddings with expanded centroids
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `embeddings` - New document embeddings to add
    /// * `config` - Update configuration
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// Vector of document IDs assigned to the new embeddings
    pub fn update(
        &mut self,
        embeddings: &[Array2<f32>],
        config: &crate::update::UpdateConfig,
    ) -> Result<Vec<i64>> {
        use crate::codec::ResidualCodec;
        use crate::update::{
            clear_buffer, clear_embeddings_npy, embeddings_npy_exists, load_buffer,
            load_buffer_info, load_cluster_threshold, load_embeddings_npy, save_buffer,
            update_centroids, update_index,
        };

        let path_str = self.path.clone();
        let index_path = std::path::Path::new(&path_str);
        let num_new_docs = embeddings.len();

        // Release mmap handles before any file operations (delete, rename,
        // truncate). On Windows, files that are memory-mapped cannot be
        // modified, causing OS error 1224 (ERROR_USER_MAPPED_FILE).
        // The index will be fully reloaded from disk at the end of this method.
        self.release_mmaps();

        // ==================================================================
        // Start-from-scratch mode (fast-plaid update.py:312-346)
        // ==================================================================
        if self.metadata.num_documents <= config.start_from_scratch {
            // Load existing embeddings if available
            let existing_embeddings = load_embeddings_npy(index_path)?;

            // Check if embeddings.npy is in sync with the index.
            // If not (e.g., after delete when index was above threshold), we can't do
            // start-from-scratch mode because we don't have all the old embeddings.
            // Fall through to buffer mode instead.
            if existing_embeddings.len() == self.metadata.num_documents {
                // New documents start after existing documents
                let start_doc_id = existing_embeddings.len() as i64;

                // Combine existing + new embeddings
                let combined_embeddings: Vec<Array2<f32>> = existing_embeddings
                    .into_iter()
                    .chain(embeddings.iter().cloned())
                    .collect();

                // Build IndexConfig from UpdateConfig for create_with_kmeans
                let index_config = IndexConfig {
                    nbits: self.metadata.nbits,
                    batch_size: config.batch_size,
                    seed: Some(config.seed),
                    kmeans_niters: config.kmeans_niters,
                    max_points_per_centroid: config.max_points_per_centroid,
                    n_samples_kmeans: config.n_samples_kmeans,
                    start_from_scratch: config.start_from_scratch,
                    force_cpu: config.force_cpu,
                    ..Default::default()
                };

                // Rebuild index from scratch with fresh K-means
                *self = Self::create_with_kmeans(&combined_embeddings, &path_str, &index_config)?;

                // If we've crossed the threshold, clear embeddings.npy
                if combined_embeddings.len() > config.start_from_scratch
                    && embeddings_npy_exists(index_path)
                {
                    clear_embeddings_npy(index_path)?;
                }

                // Return the document IDs assigned to the new embeddings
                return Ok((start_doc_id..start_doc_id + num_new_docs as i64).collect());
            }
            // else: embeddings.npy is out of sync, fall through to buffer mode
        }

        // Load buffer
        let buffer = load_buffer(index_path)?;
        let buffer_len = buffer.len();
        let total_new = embeddings.len() + buffer_len;

        // Track the starting document ID for the new embeddings
        let start_doc_id: i64;

        // Load codec for update operations
        let mut codec = ResidualCodec::load_from_dir(index_path)?;

        // Check buffer threshold
        if total_new >= config.buffer_size {
            // Centroid expansion path (matches fast-plaid update.py:376-422)

            // 1. Get number of buffered docs that were previously indexed
            let num_buffered = load_buffer_info(index_path)?;

            // 2. Delete buffered docs from index (they were indexed without centroid expansion)
            if num_buffered > 0 && self.metadata.num_documents >= num_buffered {
                let start_del_idx = self.metadata.num_documents - num_buffered;
                let docs_to_delete: Vec<i64> = (start_del_idx..self.metadata.num_documents)
                    .map(|i| i as i64)
                    .collect();
                crate::delete::delete_from_index_keep_buffer(&docs_to_delete, &path_str)?;
                // Reload metadata after delete
                self.metadata = Metadata::load_from_path(index_path)?;
            }

            // New embeddings start after buffer is re-indexed
            start_doc_id = (self.metadata.num_documents + buffer_len) as i64;

            // 3. Combine buffer + new embeddings
            let combined: Vec<Array2<f32>> = buffer
                .into_iter()
                .chain(embeddings.iter().cloned())
                .collect();

            // 4. Expand centroids with outliers from combined embeddings
            if let Ok(cluster_threshold) = load_cluster_threshold(index_path) {
                let new_centroids =
                    update_centroids(index_path, &combined, cluster_threshold, config)?;
                if new_centroids > 0 {
                    // Reload codec with new centroids
                    codec = ResidualCodec::load_from_dir(index_path)?;
                }
            }

            // 5. Clear buffer
            clear_buffer(index_path)?;

            // 6. Update index with ALL combined embeddings (buffer + new)
            update_index(
                &combined,
                &path_str,
                &codec,
                Some(config.batch_size),
                true,
                config.force_cpu,
            )?;
        } else {
            // Small update: add to buffer and index without centroid expansion
            // New documents start at current num_documents
            start_doc_id = self.metadata.num_documents as i64;

            // Accumulate buffer: combine existing buffer with new embeddings
            let combined_buffer: Vec<Array2<f32>> = buffer
                .into_iter()
                .chain(embeddings.iter().cloned())
                .collect();
            save_buffer(index_path, &combined_buffer)?;

            // Update index without threshold update
            update_index(
                embeddings,
                &path_str,
                &codec,
                Some(config.batch_size),
                false,
                config.force_cpu,
            )?;
        }

        // Reload self as mmap
        *self = Self::load(&path_str)?;

        // Return the document IDs assigned to the new embeddings
        Ok((start_doc_id..start_doc_id + num_new_docs as i64).collect())
    }

    /// Update the index with new documents and optional metadata.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `embeddings` - New document embeddings to add
    /// * `config` - Update configuration
    /// * `metadata` - Optional metadata for new documents
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// Vector of document IDs assigned to the new embeddings
    pub fn update_with_metadata(
        &mut self,
        embeddings: &[Array2<f32>],
        config: &crate::update::UpdateConfig,
        metadata: Option<&[serde_json::Value]>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<i64>> {
        // Validate metadata length if provided
        if let Some(meta) = metadata {
            if meta.len() != embeddings.len() {
                return Err(Error::Config(format!(
                    "Metadata length ({}) must match embeddings length ({})",
                    meta.len(),
                    embeddings.len()
                )));
            }
        }

        // Perform the update and get document IDs
        let doc_ids = self.update(embeddings, config)?;

        // Add metadata if provided, using the assigned document IDs
        if let Some(meta) = metadata {
            crate::filtering::update(&self.path, meta, &doc_ids)?;
        }

        Ok(doc_ids)
    }

    /// Update an existing index or create a new one if it doesn't exist.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `embeddings` - Document embeddings to add
    /// * `index_path` - Directory for the index
    /// * `index_config` - Configuration for index creation
    /// * `update_config` - Configuration for updates
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// A tuple of (MmapIndex, `Vec<i64>`) containing the index and document IDs
    pub fn update_or_create(
        embeddings: &[Array2<f32>],
        index_path: &str,
        index_config: &IndexConfig,
        update_config: &crate::update::UpdateConfig,
    ) -> Result<(Self, Vec<i64>)> {
        let index_dir = std::path::Path::new(index_path);
        let metadata_path = index_dir.join("metadata.json");

        if metadata_path.exists() {
            // Index exists, load and update
            let mut index = Self::load(index_path)?;
            let doc_ids = index.update(embeddings, update_config)?;
            Ok((index, doc_ids))
        } else {
            // Index doesn't exist, create new
            let num_docs = embeddings.len();
            let index = Self::create_with_kmeans(embeddings, index_path, index_config)?;
            let doc_ids: Vec<i64> = (0..num_docs as i64).collect();
            Ok((index, doc_ids))
        }
    }

    /// Update an existing index or create a new one, with metadata and automatic
    /// FTS5 full-text indexing.
    ///
    /// This is the primary entry point for streaming document ingestion. On each
    /// call, embeddings and their metadata are added to the index. The FTS5
    /// full-text search index over metadata is kept in sync automatically.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `embeddings` - Document embeddings to add
    /// * `index_path` - Directory for the index
    /// * `index_config` - Configuration for index creation (used only on first call)
    /// * `update_config` - Configuration for updates
    /// * `metadata` - Optional metadata for the documents (one JSON object per embedding)
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// A tuple of (MmapIndex, `Vec<i64>`) containing the index and assigned document IDs
    pub fn update_or_create_with_metadata(
        embeddings: &[Array2<f32>],
        index_path: &str,
        index_config: &IndexConfig,
        update_config: &crate::update::UpdateConfig,
        metadata: Option<&[serde_json::Value]>,
    ) -> Result<(Self, Vec<i64>)> {
        if let Some(meta) = metadata {
            if meta.len() != embeddings.len() {
                return Err(Error::Config(format!(
                    "Metadata length ({}) must match embeddings length ({})",
                    meta.len(),
                    embeddings.len()
                )));
            }
        }

        let index_dir = std::path::Path::new(index_path);
        let metadata_json_path = index_dir.join("metadata.json");

        let (index, doc_ids) = if metadata_json_path.exists() {
            let mut index = Self::load(index_path)?;
            let doc_ids = index.update(embeddings, update_config)?;
            (index, doc_ids)
        } else {
            let num_docs = embeddings.len();
            let index = Self::create_with_kmeans(embeddings, index_path, index_config)?;
            let doc_ids: Vec<i64> = (0..num_docs as i64).collect();
            (index, doc_ids)
        };

        if let Some(meta) = metadata {
            if crate::filtering::exists(index_path) {
                crate::filtering::update(index_path, meta, &doc_ids)?;
            } else {
                crate::filtering::create(index_path, meta, &doc_ids)?;
            }
            // Index metadata into FTS5 for full-text search
            crate::text_search::index(index_path, meta, &doc_ids, &index_config.fts_tokenizer)?;
        }

        Ok((index, doc_ids))
    }

    /// Reload the index from disk.
    ///
    /// This should be called after delete operations to refresh the in-memory
    /// representation with the updated on-disk state.
    pub fn reload(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
        let path = self.path.clone();
        // Release mmap handles before reloading so that merge_*_chunks can
        // rename/overwrite the merged files on Windows (OS error 1224).
        self.release_mmaps();
        *self = Self::load(&path)?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Delete documents from the index.
    ///
    /// This performs the deletion on disk but does NOT reload the in-memory index.
    /// Call `reload()` after all delete operations are complete to refresh the index.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `doc_ids` - Slice of document IDs to delete (0-indexed)
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// The number of documents actually deleted
    pub fn delete(&mut self, doc_ids: &[i64]) -> Result<usize> {
        self.delete_with_options(doc_ids, true)
    }

    /// Delete documents from the index with control over metadata deletion.
    ///
    /// This performs the deletion on disk but does NOT reload the in-memory index.
    /// Call `reload()` after all delete operations are complete to refresh the index.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `doc_ids` - Slice of document IDs to delete
    /// * `delete_metadata` - If true, also delete from metadata.db if it exists
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// The number of documents actually deleted
    pub fn delete_with_options(&mut self, doc_ids: &[i64], delete_metadata: bool) -> Result<usize> {
        let path = self.path.clone();

        // Release mmap handles before deletion. delete_from_index calls
        // clear_merged_files which removes the memory-mapped merged files.
        // On Windows this fails with OS error 1224 if the mmaps are active.
        self.release_mmaps();

        // Perform the deletion using standalone function
        let deleted = crate::delete::delete_from_index(doc_ids, &path)?;

        // Also delete from metadata.db if requested
        if delete_metadata && deleted > 0 {
            let index_path = std::path::Path::new(&path);
            let db_path = index_path.join("metadata.db");
            if db_path.exists() {
                crate::filtering::delete(&path, doc_ids)?;
                // Rebuild FTS5 index after metadata re-indexing
                crate::text_search::rebuild(&path)?;
            }
        }

        Ok(deleted)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_index_config_default() {
        let config = IndexConfig::default();
        assert_eq!(config.nbits, 4);
        assert_eq!(config.batch_size, 50_000);
        assert_eq!(config.seed, Some(42));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_update_or_create_new_index() {
        use ndarray::Array2;
        use tempfile::tempdir;

        let temp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
        let index_path = temp_dir.path().to_str().unwrap();

        // Create test embeddings (5 documents)
        let mut embeddings: Vec<Array2<f32>> = Vec::new();
        for i in 0..5 {
            let mut doc = Array2::<f32>::zeros((5, 32));
            for j in 0..5 {
                for k in 0..32 {
                    doc[[j, k]] = (i as f32 * 0.1) + (j as f32 * 0.01) + (k as f32 * 0.001);
                }
            }
            // Normalize rows
            for mut row in doc.rows_mut() {
                let norm: f32 = row.iter().map(|x| x * x).sum::<f32>().sqrt();
                if norm > 0.0 {
                    row.iter_mut().for_each(|x| *x /= norm);
                }
            }
            embeddings.push(doc);
        }

        let index_config = IndexConfig {
            nbits: 2,
            batch_size: 50,
            seed: Some(42),
            kmeans_niters: 2,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let update_config = crate::update::UpdateConfig::default();

        // Index doesn't exist - should create new
        let (index, doc_ids) =
            MmapIndex::update_or_create(&embeddings, index_path, &index_config, &update_config)
                .expect("Failed to create index");

        assert_eq!(index.metadata.num_documents, 5);
        assert_eq!(doc_ids, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);

        // Verify index was created
        assert!(temp_dir.path().join("metadata.json").exists());
        assert!(temp_dir.path().join("centroids.npy").exists());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_update_or_create_existing_index() {
        use ndarray::Array2;
        use tempfile::tempdir;

        let temp_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
        let index_path = temp_dir.path().to_str().unwrap();

        // Helper to create embeddings
        let create_embeddings = |count: usize, offset: usize| -> Vec<Array2<f32>> {
            let mut embeddings = Vec::new();
            for i in 0..count {
                let mut doc = Array2::<f32>::zeros((5, 32));
                for j in 0..5 {
                    for k in 0..32 {
                        doc[[j, k]] =
                            ((i + offset) as f32 * 0.1) + (j as f32 * 0.01) + (k as f32 * 0.001);
                    }
                }
                for mut row in doc.rows_mut() {
                    let norm: f32 = row.iter().map(|x| x * x).sum::<f32>().sqrt();
                    if norm > 0.0 {
                        row.iter_mut().for_each(|x| *x /= norm);
                    }
                }
                embeddings.push(doc);
            }
            embeddings
        };

        let index_config = IndexConfig {
            nbits: 2,
            batch_size: 50,
            seed: Some(42),
            kmeans_niters: 2,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let update_config = crate::update::UpdateConfig::default();

        // First call - creates index with 5 documents
        let embeddings1 = create_embeddings(5, 0);
        let (index1, doc_ids1) =
            MmapIndex::update_or_create(&embeddings1, index_path, &index_config, &update_config)
                .expect("Failed to create index");
        assert_eq!(index1.metadata.num_documents, 5);
        assert_eq!(doc_ids1, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);

        // Drop previous index to release mmap handles before updating.
        // On Windows, files cannot be modified while memory-mapped.
        drop(index1);

        // Second call - updates existing index with 3 more documents
        let embeddings2 = create_embeddings(3, 5);
        let (index2, doc_ids2) =
            MmapIndex::update_or_create(&embeddings2, index_path, &index_config, &update_config)
                .expect("Failed to update index");
        assert_eq!(index2.metadata.num_documents, 8);
        assert_eq!(doc_ids2, vec![5, 6, 7]);
    }
}