Struct ndless::ffi::CString

pub struct CString { /* fields omitted */ }

A type representing an owned C-compatible string.

This type serves the primary purpose of being able to safely generate a C-compatible string from a Rust byte slice or vector. An instance of this type is a static guarantee that the underlying bytes contain no interior 0 bytes and the final byte is 0.

A CString is created from either a byte slice or a byte vector. A u8 slice can be obtained with the as_bytes method. Slices produced from a CString do not contain the trailing nul terminator unless otherwise specified.

Examples

use cstr_core::CString;
use cstr_core::c_char;

extern {
    fn my_printer(s: *const c_char);
}

let c_to_print = CString::new("Hello, world!").unwrap();
unsafe {
    my_printer(c_to_print.as_ptr());
}

Safety

CString is intended for working with traditional C-style strings (a sequence of non-null bytes terminated by a single null byte); the primary use case for these kinds of strings is interoperating with C-like code. Often you will need to transfer ownership to/from that external code. It is strongly recommended that you thoroughly read through the documentation of CString before use, as improper ownership management of CString instances can lead to invalid memory accesses, memory leaks, and other memory errors.

Methods

impl CString

pub fn new<T>(t: T) -> Result<CString, NulError> where
    T: Into<Vec<u8>>, 

Creates a new C-compatible string from a container of bytes.

This method will consume the provided data and use the underlying bytes to construct a new string, ensuring that there is a trailing 0 byte.

Examples

use cstr_core::CString;
use cstr_core::c_char;

extern { fn puts(s: *const c_char); }

let to_print = CString::new("Hello!").unwrap();
unsafe {
    puts(to_print.as_ptr());
}

Errors

This function will return an error if the bytes yielded contain an internal 0 byte. The error returned will contain the bytes as well as the position of the nul byte.

pub unsafe fn from_vec_unchecked(v: Vec<u8>) -> CString

Creates a C-compatible string from a byte vector without checking for interior 0 bytes.

This method is equivalent to new except that no runtime assertion is made that v contains no 0 bytes, and it requires an actual byte vector, not anything that can be converted to one with Into.

Examples

use cstr_core::CString;

let raw = b"foo".to_vec();
unsafe {
    let c_string = CString::from_vec_unchecked(raw);
}

pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *mut i8) -> CString

Retakes ownership of a CString that was transferred to C.

Additionally, the length of the string will be recalculated from the pointer.

Safety

This should only ever be called with a pointer that was earlier obtained by calling into_raw on a CString. Other usage (e.g. trying to take ownership of a string that was allocated by foreign code) is likely to lead to undefined behavior or allocator corruption.

Examples

Create a CString, pass ownership to an extern function (via raw pointer), then retake ownership with from_raw:

use cstr_core::CString;
use cstr_core::c_char;

extern {
    fn some_extern_function(s: *mut c_char);
}

let c_string = CString::new("Hello!").unwrap();
let raw = c_string.into_raw();
unsafe {
    some_extern_function(raw);
    let c_string = CString::from_raw(raw);
}

pub fn into_raw(self) -> *mut i8

Transfers ownership of the string to a C caller.

The pointer must be returned to Rust and reconstituted using from_raw to be properly deallocated. Specifically, one should not use the standard C free function to deallocate this string.

Failure to call from_raw will lead to a memory leak.

Examples

use cstr_core::CString;

let c_string = CString::new("foo").unwrap();

let ptr = c_string.into_raw();

unsafe {
    assert_eq!(b'f', *ptr as u8);
    assert_eq!(b'o', *ptr.offset(1) as u8);
    assert_eq!(b'o', *ptr.offset(2) as u8);
    assert_eq!(b'\0', *ptr.offset(3) as u8);

    // retake pointer to free memory
    let _ = CString::from_raw(ptr);
}

pub fn into_string(self) -> Result<String, IntoStringError>

Converts the CString into a String if it contains valid Unicode data.

On failure, ownership of the original CString is returned.

pub fn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<u8>

Returns the underlying byte buffer.

The returned buffer does not contain the trailing nul separator and it is guaranteed to not have any interior nul bytes.

Examples

use cstr_core::CString;

let c_string = CString::new("foo").unwrap();
let bytes = c_string.into_bytes();
assert_eq!(bytes, vec![b'f', b'o', b'o']);

pub fn into_bytes_with_nul(self) -> Vec<u8>

Equivalent to the into_bytes function except that the returned vector includes the trailing nul byte.

Examples

use cstr_core::CString;

let c_string = CString::new("foo").unwrap();
let bytes = c_string.into_bytes_with_nul();
assert_eq!(bytes, vec![b'f', b'o', b'o', b'\0']);

pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8]

Returns the contents of this CString as a slice of bytes.

The returned slice does not contain the trailing nul separator and it is guaranteed to not have any interior nul bytes.

Examples

use cstr_core::CString;

let c_string = CString::new("foo").unwrap();
let bytes = c_string.as_bytes();
assert_eq!(bytes, &[b'f', b'o', b'o']);

pub fn as_bytes_with_nul(&self) -> &[u8]

Equivalent to the as_bytes function except that the returned slice includes the trailing nul byte.

Examples

use cstr_core::CString;

let c_string = CString::new("foo").unwrap();
let bytes = c_string.as_bytes_with_nul();
assert_eq!(bytes, &[b'f', b'o', b'o', b'\0']);

pub fn as_c_str(&self) -> &CStr

Extracts a CStr slice containing the entire string.

Examples

use cstr_core::{CString, CStr};

let c_string = CString::new(b"foo".to_vec()).unwrap();
let c_str = c_string.as_c_str();
assert_eq!(c_str, CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").unwrap());

Important traits for Box<F>

impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;

pub fn into_boxed_c_str(self) -> Box<CStr>

Converts this CString into a boxed CStr.

Examples

use cstr_core::{CString, CStr};

let c_string = CString::new(b"foo".to_vec()).unwrap();
let boxed = c_string.into_boxed_c_str();
assert_eq!(&*boxed, CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").unwrap());

Methods from Deref<Target = CStr>

pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const i8

Returns the inner pointer to this C string.

The returned pointer will be valid for as long as self is and points to a contiguous region of memory terminated with a 0 byte to represent the end of the string.

WARNING

It is your responsibility to make sure that the underlying memory is not freed too early. For example, the following code will cause undefined behavior when ptr is used inside the unsafe block:

use cstr_core::{CString};

let ptr = CString::new("Hello").unwrap().as_ptr();
unsafe {
    // `ptr` is dangling
    *ptr;
}

This happens because the pointer returned by as_ptr does not carry any lifetime information and the string is deallocated immediately after the CString::new("Hello").unwrap().as_ptr() expression is evaluated. To fix the problem, bind the string to a local variable:

use cstr_core::{CString};

let hello = CString::new("Hello").unwrap();
let ptr = hello.as_ptr();
unsafe {
    // `ptr` is valid because `hello` is in scope
    *ptr;
}

pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> &[u8]

Converts this C string to a byte slice.

This function will calculate the length of this string (which normally requires a linear amount of work to be done) and then return the resulting slice of u8 elements.

The returned slice will not contain the trailing nul that this C string has.

Note: This method is currently implemented as a constant-time cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the length calculation whenever this method is called.

Examples

use cstr_core::CStr;

let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").unwrap();
assert_eq!(c_str.to_bytes(), b"foo");

pub fn to_bytes_with_nul(&self) -> &[u8]

Converts this C string to a byte slice containing the trailing 0 byte.

This function is the equivalent of to_bytes except that it will retain the trailing nul instead of chopping it off.

Note: This method is currently implemented as a 0-cost cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the length calculation whenever this method is called.

Examples

use cstr_core::CStr;

let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").unwrap();
assert_eq!(c_str.to_bytes_with_nul(), b"foo\0");

pub fn to_str(&self) -> Result<&str, Utf8Error>

Yields a &str slice if the CStr contains valid UTF-8.

This function will calculate the length of this string and check for UTF-8 validity, and then return the &str if it's valid.

Note: This method is currently implemented to check for validity after a constant-time cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the length calculation in addition to the UTF-8 check whenever this method is called.

Examples

use cstr_core::CStr;

let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"foo\0").unwrap();
assert_eq!(c_str.to_str(), Ok("foo"));

pub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<str>

Converts a CStr into a Cow<str>.

This function will calculate the length of this string (which normally requires a linear amount of work to be done) and then return the resulting slice as a Cow<str>, replacing any invalid UTF-8 sequences with U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.

Note: This method is currently implemented to check for validity after a constant-time cast, but it is planned to alter its definition in the future to perform the length calculation in addition to the UTF-8 check whenever this method is called.

Examples

Calling to_string_lossy on a CStr containing valid UTF-8:

use std::borrow::Cow;
use cstr_core::CStr;

let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"Hello World\0").unwrap();
assert_eq!(c_str.to_string_lossy(), Cow::Borrowed("Hello World"));

Calling to_string_lossy on a CStr containing invalid UTF-8:

use std::borrow::Cow;
use cstr_core::CStr;

let c_str = CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"Hello \xF0\x90\x80World\0").unwrap();
assert_eq!(
    c_str.to_string_lossy(),
    Cow::Owned(String::from("Hello �World")) as Cow<str>
);

Trait Implementations

impl Ord for CString

fn cmp(&self, other: &CString) -> Ordering

This method returns an Ordering between self and other.

fn max(self, other: Self) -> Self

Compares and returns the maximum of two values.

fn min(self, other: Self) -> Self

Compares and returns the minimum of two values.

fn clamp(self, min: Self, max: Self) -> Self

🔬 This is a nightly-only experimental API. (clamp)

Restrict a value to a certain interval.

impl AsRef<CStr> for CString

fn as_ref(&self) -> &CStr

Performs the conversion.

impl Debug for CString

fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), Error>

Formats the value using the given formatter.

impl Clone for CString

fn clone(&self) -> CString

Returns a copy of the value.

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

impl Default for CString

fn default() -> CString

Creates an empty CString.

impl Eq for CString

impl Drop for CString

fn drop(&mut self)

Executes the destructor for this type.

impl Hash for CString

fn hash<__H>(&self, state: &mut __H) where
    __H: Hasher, 

Feeds this value into the given [Hasher].

fn hash_slice<H>(data: &[Self], state: &mut H) where
    H: Hasher, 

Feeds a slice of this type into the given [Hasher].

impl PartialOrd<CString> for CString

fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &CString) -> Option<Ordering>

This method returns an ordering between self and other values if one exists.

fn lt(&self, other: &CString) -> bool

This method tests less than (for self and other) and is used by the < operator.

fn le(&self, other: &CString) -> bool

This method tests less than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the <= operator.

fn gt(&self, other: &CString) -> bool

This method tests greater than (for self and other) and is used by the > operator.

fn ge(&self, other: &CString) -> bool

This method tests greater than or equal to (for self and other) and is used by the >= operator.

impl Index<RangeFull> for CString

type Output = CStr

The returned type after indexing.

fn index(&self, _index: RangeFull) -> &CStr

Performs the indexing (container[index]) operation.

impl Borrow<CStr> for CString

fn borrow(&self) -> &CStr

Immutably borrows from an owned value.

impl Deref for CString

type Target = CStr

The resulting type after dereferencing.

fn deref(&self) -> &CStr

Dereferences the value.

impl From<Box<CStr>> for CString

fn from(s: Box<CStr>) -> CString

Performs the conversion.

impl From<CString> for Box<CStr>

Important traits for Box<F>

impl<F> Future for Box<F> where
    F: Unpin + Future + ?Sized,  type Output = <F as Future>::Output;impl<I> Iterator for Box<I> where
    I: Iterator + ?Sized,  type Item = <I as Iterator>::Item;

fn from(s: CString) -> Box<CStr>

Performs the conversion.

impl<'a> From<&'a CStr> for CString

fn from(s: &'a CStr) -> CString

Performs the conversion.

impl From<CString> for Vec<u8>

fn from(s: CString) -> Vec<u8>

Performs the conversion.

impl PartialEq<CString> for CString

fn eq(&self, other: &CString) -> bool

This method tests for self and other values to be equal, and is used by ==.

fn ne(&self, other: &CString) -> bool

This method tests for !=.