nautilus_hyperliquid/signing/

signers.rs

// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  Copyright (C) 2015-2026 Nautech Systems Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.
//  https://nautechsystems.io
//
//  Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3.0 (the "License");
//  You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//  You may obtain a copy of the License at https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html
//
//  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//  limitations under the License.
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

use std::str::FromStr;

use alloy_primitives::{Address, B256, keccak256};
use alloy_signer::SignerSync;
use alloy_signer_local::PrivateKeySigner;
use alloy_sol_types::{SolStruct, eip712_domain};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use serde_json::Value;

use super::{nonce::TimeNonce, types::HyperliquidActionType};
use crate::{
    common::credential::EvmPrivateKey,
    http::error::{Error, Result},
};

// Define the Agent struct for L1 signing
alloy_sol_types::sol! {
    #[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
    struct Agent {
        string source;
        bytes32 connectionId;
    }
}

/// Request to be signed by the Hyperliquid EIP-712 signer.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SignRequest {
    pub action: Value,                 // For UserSigned actions
    pub action_bytes: Option<Vec<u8>>, // For L1 actions (pre-serialized MessagePack)
    pub time_nonce: TimeNonce,
    pub action_type: HyperliquidActionType,
    pub is_testnet: bool,
    pub vault_address: Option<String>,
}

/// Bundle containing signature for Hyperliquid requests.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SignatureBundle {
    pub signature: String,
}

/// EIP-712 signer for Hyperliquid.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct HyperliquidEip712Signer {
    private_key: EvmPrivateKey,
}

impl HyperliquidEip712Signer {
    pub fn new(private_key: EvmPrivateKey) -> Self {
        Self { private_key }
    }

    pub fn sign(&self, request: &SignRequest) -> Result<SignatureBundle> {
        let signature = match request.action_type {
            HyperliquidActionType::L1 => self.sign_l1_action(request)?,
            HyperliquidActionType::UserSigned => {
                return Err(Error::transport(
                    "UserSigned signing is not implemented; all exchange actions use L1",
                ));
            }
        };

        Ok(SignatureBundle { signature })
    }

    pub fn sign_l1_action(&self, request: &SignRequest) -> Result<String> {
        // L1 signing for Hyperliquid follows this pattern:
        // 1. Serialize action with MessagePack (rmp_serde)
        // 2. Append timestamp + vault info
        // 3. Hash with keccak256 to get connection_id
        // 4. Create Agent struct with source + connection_id
        // 5. Sign Agent with EIP-712

        // Step 1-3: Create connection_id
        let connection_id = self.compute_connection_id(request)?;

        // Step 4: Create Agent struct
        let source = if request.is_testnet {
            "b".to_string()
        } else {
            "a".to_string()
        };

        let agent = Agent {
            source,
            connectionId: connection_id,
        };

        // Step 5: Sign Agent with EIP-712
        let domain = eip712_domain! {
            name: "Exchange",
            version: "1",
            chain_id: 1337,
            verifying_contract: Address::ZERO,
        };

        let signing_hash = agent.eip712_signing_hash(&domain);

        self.sign_hash(&signing_hash.0)
    }

    fn compute_connection_id(&self, request: &SignRequest) -> Result<B256> {
        let mut bytes = if let Some(action_bytes) = &request.action_bytes {
            action_bytes.clone()
        } else {
            log::warn!(
                "Falling back to JSON Value msgpack serialization - this may cause hash mismatch!"
            );
            rmp_serde::to_vec_named(&request.action)
                .map_err(|e| Error::transport(format!("Failed to serialize action: {e}")))?
        };

        // Append timestamp as big-endian u64
        let timestamp = request.time_nonce.as_millis() as u64;
        bytes.extend_from_slice(&timestamp.to_be_bytes());

        if let Some(vault_addr) = &request.vault_address {
            bytes.push(1); // vault flag
            let vault_hex = vault_addr.trim_start_matches("0x");
            let vault_bytes = hex::decode(vault_hex)
                .map_err(|e| Error::transport(format!("Invalid vault address: {e}")))?;
            bytes.extend_from_slice(&vault_bytes);
        } else {
            bytes.push(0); // no vault
        }

        Ok(keccak256(&bytes))
    }

    fn sign_hash(&self, hash: &[u8; 32]) -> Result<String> {
        let key_hex = self.private_key.as_hex();
        let key_hex = key_hex.strip_prefix("0x").unwrap_or(key_hex);

        let signer = PrivateKeySigner::from_str(key_hex)
            .map_err(|e| Error::transport(format!("Failed to create signer: {e}")))?;

        let hash_b256 = B256::from(*hash);

        let signature = signer
            .sign_hash_sync(&hash_b256)
            .map_err(|e| Error::transport(format!("Failed to sign hash: {e}")))?;

        // Extract r, s, v components for Ethereum signature format
        // Ethereum signature format: 0x + r (64 hex) + s (64 hex) + v (2 hex) = 132 total
        let r = signature.r();
        let s = signature.s();
        let v = signature.v(); // Get the y_parity as bool (true = 1, false = 0)

        // Convert v from bool to Ethereum recovery ID (27 or 28)
        let v_byte = if v { 28u8 } else { 27u8 };

        // Format as Ethereum signature: 0x + r + s + v (132 hex chars total)
        Ok(format!("0x{r:064x}{s:064x}{v_byte:02x}"))
    }

    pub fn address(&self) -> Result<String> {
        // Derive Ethereum address from private key using alloy-signer
        let key_hex = self.private_key.as_hex();
        let key_hex = key_hex.strip_prefix("0x").unwrap_or(key_hex);

        // Create PrivateKeySigner from hex string
        let signer = PrivateKeySigner::from_str(key_hex)
            .map_err(|e| Error::transport(format!("Failed to create signer: {e}")))?;

        // Get address from signer and format it properly (not Debug format)
        let address = format!("{:#x}", signer.address());
        Ok(address)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use alloy_sol_types::SolStruct;
    use nautilus_model::{identifiers::ClientOrderId, types::Price};
    use rstest::rstest;
    use rust_decimal_macros::dec;
    use serde_json::json;

    use super::*;
    use crate::http::models::{
        Cloid, HyperliquidExecAction, HyperliquidExecBuilderFee, HyperliquidExecGrouping,
        HyperliquidExecLimitParams, HyperliquidExecOrderKind, HyperliquidExecPlaceOrderRequest,
        HyperliquidExecTif,
    };

    #[rstest]
    fn test_sign_request_l1_action() {
        let private_key = EvmPrivateKey::new(
            "0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef".to_string(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let signer = HyperliquidEip712Signer::new(private_key);

        let request = SignRequest {
            action: json!({
                "type": "withdraw",
                "destination": "0xABCDEF123456789",
                "amount": "100.000"
            }),
            action_bytes: None,
            time_nonce: TimeNonce::from_millis(1640995200000),
            action_type: HyperliquidActionType::L1,
            is_testnet: false,
            vault_address: None,
        };

        let result = signer.sign(&request).unwrap();
        // Verify signature format: 0x + 64 hex chars (r) + 64 hex chars (s) + 2 hex chars (v)
        assert!(result.signature.starts_with("0x"));
        assert_eq!(result.signature.len(), 132); // 0x + 130 hex chars
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_sign_user_signed_returns_error() {
        let private_key = EvmPrivateKey::new(
            "0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef".to_string(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let signer = HyperliquidEip712Signer::new(private_key);

        let request = SignRequest {
            action: json!({"type": "order"}),
            action_bytes: None,
            time_nonce: TimeNonce::from_millis(1640995200000),
            action_type: HyperliquidActionType::UserSigned,
            is_testnet: false,
            vault_address: None,
        };

        assert!(signer.sign(&request).is_err());
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_connection_id_matches_python() {
        // Test that our connection_id computation matches Python SDK exactly.
        // Python expected output for this test case:
        // MsgPack bytes: 83a474797065a56f72646572a66f72646572739186a16100a162c3a170a53530303030a173a3302e31a172c2a17481a56c696d697481a3746966a3477463a867726f7570696e67a26e61
        // Connection ID: 207b9fb52defb524f5a7f1c80f069ff8b58556b018532401de0e1342bcb13b40

        let private_key = EvmPrivateKey::new(
            "0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef".to_string(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let signer = HyperliquidEip712Signer::new(private_key);

        // NOTE: json! macro sorts keys alphabetically, but Python preserves insertion order.
        // Field order: Python uses "type", "orders", "grouping"
        // json! produces: "grouping", "orders", "type" (alphabetical)
        // This causes hash mismatch!
        //
        // When using typed structs (HyperliquidExecAction), serde follows declaration order.
        // Let's test with the typed struct approach.

        let typed_action = HyperliquidExecAction::Order {
            orders: vec![HyperliquidExecPlaceOrderRequest {
                asset: 0,
                is_buy: true,
                price: dec!(50000),
                size: dec!(0.1),
                reduce_only: false,
                kind: HyperliquidExecOrderKind::Limit {
                    limit: HyperliquidExecLimitParams {
                        tif: HyperliquidExecTif::Gtc,
                    },
                },
                cloid: None,
            }],
            grouping: HyperliquidExecGrouping::Na,
            builder: None,
        };

        // Serialize the typed struct with msgpack
        let action_bytes = rmp_serde::to_vec_named(&typed_action).unwrap();
        println!(
            "Rust typed MsgPack bytes ({}): {}",
            action_bytes.len(),
            hex::encode(&action_bytes)
        );

        // Expected from Python
        let python_msgpack = hex::decode(
            "83a474797065a56f72646572a66f72646572739186a16100a162c3a170a53530303030a173a3302e31a172c2a17481a56c696d697481a3746966a3477463a867726f7570696e67a26e61",
        )
        .unwrap();
        println!(
            "Python MsgPack bytes ({}): {}",
            python_msgpack.len(),
            hex::encode(&python_msgpack)
        );

        // Compare msgpack bytes
        assert_eq!(
            hex::encode(&action_bytes),
            hex::encode(&python_msgpack),
            "MsgPack bytes should match Python"
        );

        // Now test the full connection_id computation
        let action_value = serde_json::to_value(&typed_action).unwrap();
        let request = SignRequest {
            action: action_value,
            action_bytes: Some(action_bytes),
            time_nonce: TimeNonce::from_millis(1640995200000),
            action_type: HyperliquidActionType::L1,
            is_testnet: true, // source = "b"
            vault_address: None,
        };

        let connection_id = signer.compute_connection_id(&request).unwrap();
        println!(
            "Rust Connection ID: {}",
            hex::encode(connection_id.as_slice())
        );

        // Expected from Python
        let expected_connection_id =
            "207b9fb52defb524f5a7f1c80f069ff8b58556b018532401de0e1342bcb13b40";
        assert_eq!(
            hex::encode(connection_id.as_slice()),
            expected_connection_id,
            "Connection ID should match Python"
        );

        // Now test the full signing hash
        // Python expected values:
        // Domain separator: d79297fcdf2ffcd4ae223d01edaa2ba214ff8f401d7c9300d995d17c82aa4040
        // Struct hash: 99c7d776d74816c42973fbe58bb0f0d03c80324bef180220196d0dccf01672c5
        // Signing hash: 5242f54e0c01d3e7ef449f91b25c1a27802fdd221f7f24bc211da6bf7b847d8d

        // Create Agent and sign - matching our sign_l1_action logic
        let source = "b".to_string(); // is_testnet = true
        let agent = Agent {
            source,
            connectionId: connection_id,
        };

        let domain = eip712_domain! {
            name: "Exchange",
            version: "1",
            chain_id: 1337,
            verifying_contract: Address::ZERO,
        };

        let signing_hash = agent.eip712_signing_hash(&domain);
        println!(
            "Rust EIP-712 signing hash: {}",
            hex::encode(signing_hash.as_slice())
        );

        // Expected from Python
        let expected_signing_hash =
            "5242f54e0c01d3e7ef449f91b25c1a27802fdd221f7f24bc211da6bf7b847d8d";
        assert_eq!(
            hex::encode(signing_hash.as_slice()),
            expected_signing_hash,
            "EIP-712 signing hash should match Python"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_connection_id_matches_python_with_builder_fee() {
        // Test with builder fee included (what production uses).
        // Python expected output:
        // MsgPack bytes (132): 84a474797065a56f72646572a66f72646572739186a16100a162c3a170a53530303030a173a3302e31a172c2a17481a56c696d697481a3746966a3477463a867726f7570696e67a26e61a76275696c64657282a162d92a307839623665326665343132346564336537613662346638356537383630653033323232326234333136a16601
        // Connection ID: 235d93388ffa044d5fb14a7fe8103a8a29b73d1e2049cd086e7903671a6cfb49
        // Signing hash: 6f046f4b02e79610b8cf26c73505f8de3ff1d91d6953c5e972fbf198a5311a41

        let private_key = EvmPrivateKey::new(
            "0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef".to_string(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let signer = HyperliquidEip712Signer::new(private_key);

        let typed_action = HyperliquidExecAction::Order {
            orders: vec![HyperliquidExecPlaceOrderRequest {
                asset: 0,
                is_buy: true,
                price: dec!(50000),
                size: dec!(0.1),
                reduce_only: false,
                kind: HyperliquidExecOrderKind::Limit {
                    limit: HyperliquidExecLimitParams {
                        tif: HyperliquidExecTif::Gtc,
                    },
                },
                cloid: None,
            }],
            grouping: HyperliquidExecGrouping::Na,
            builder: Some(HyperliquidExecBuilderFee {
                address: "0x9b6e2fe4124ed3e7a6b4f85e7860e032222b4316".to_string(),
                fee_tenths_bp: 1,
            }),
        };

        // Serialize the typed struct with msgpack
        let action_bytes = rmp_serde::to_vec_named(&typed_action).unwrap();
        println!(
            "Rust typed MsgPack bytes with builder ({}): {}",
            action_bytes.len(),
            hex::encode(&action_bytes)
        );

        // Expected from Python
        let python_msgpack = hex::decode(
            "84a474797065a56f72646572a66f72646572739186a16100a162c3a170a53530303030a173a3302e31a172c2a17481a56c696d697481a3746966a3477463a867726f7570696e67a26e61a76275696c64657282a162d92a307839623665326665343132346564336537613662346638356537383630653033323232326234333136a16601",
        )
        .unwrap();
        println!(
            "Python MsgPack bytes with builder ({}): {}",
            python_msgpack.len(),
            hex::encode(&python_msgpack)
        );

        // Compare msgpack bytes
        assert_eq!(
            hex::encode(&action_bytes),
            hex::encode(&python_msgpack),
            "MsgPack bytes with builder should match Python"
        );

        // Test connection_id
        let action_value = serde_json::to_value(&typed_action).unwrap();
        let request = SignRequest {
            action: action_value,
            action_bytes: Some(action_bytes),
            time_nonce: TimeNonce::from_millis(1640995200000),
            action_type: HyperliquidActionType::L1,
            is_testnet: true,
            vault_address: None,
        };

        let connection_id = signer.compute_connection_id(&request).unwrap();
        println!(
            "Rust Connection ID with builder: {}",
            hex::encode(connection_id.as_slice())
        );

        let expected_connection_id =
            "235d93388ffa044d5fb14a7fe8103a8a29b73d1e2049cd086e7903671a6cfb49";
        assert_eq!(
            hex::encode(connection_id.as_slice()),
            expected_connection_id,
            "Connection ID with builder should match Python"
        );

        // Test signing hash
        let source = "b".to_string();
        let agent = Agent {
            source,
            connectionId: connection_id,
        };

        let domain = eip712_domain! {
            name: "Exchange",
            version: "1",
            chain_id: 1337,
            verifying_contract: Address::ZERO,
        };

        let signing_hash = agent.eip712_signing_hash(&domain);
        println!(
            "Rust EIP-712 signing hash with builder: {}",
            hex::encode(signing_hash.as_slice())
        );

        let expected_signing_hash =
            "6f046f4b02e79610b8cf26c73505f8de3ff1d91d6953c5e972fbf198a5311a41";
        assert_eq!(
            hex::encode(signing_hash.as_slice()),
            expected_signing_hash,
            "EIP-712 signing hash with builder should match Python"
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_connection_id_with_cloid() {
        // Test with CLOID included - this is what production actually sends.
        // The key difference: production always includes a cloid field.

        let private_key = EvmPrivateKey::new(
            "0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef".to_string(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let _signer = HyperliquidEip712Signer::new(private_key);

        // Create a cloid - this is how Python SDK expects it
        let cloid = Cloid::from_hex("0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef").unwrap();
        println!("Cloid hex: {}", cloid.to_hex());

        let typed_action = HyperliquidExecAction::Order {
            orders: vec![HyperliquidExecPlaceOrderRequest {
                asset: 0,
                is_buy: true,
                price: dec!(50000),
                size: dec!(0.1),
                reduce_only: false,
                kind: HyperliquidExecOrderKind::Limit {
                    limit: HyperliquidExecLimitParams {
                        tif: HyperliquidExecTif::Gtc,
                    },
                },
                cloid: Some(cloid),
            }],
            grouping: HyperliquidExecGrouping::Na,
            builder: Some(HyperliquidExecBuilderFee {
                address: "0x9b6e2fe4124ed3e7a6b4f85e7860e032222b4316".to_string(),
                fee_tenths_bp: 1,
            }),
        };

        // Serialize the typed struct with msgpack
        let action_bytes = rmp_serde::to_vec_named(&typed_action).unwrap();
        println!(
            "Rust MsgPack bytes with cloid ({}): {}",
            action_bytes.len(),
            hex::encode(&action_bytes)
        );

        // Decode to see the structure
        let decoded: serde_json::Value = rmp_serde::from_slice(&action_bytes).unwrap();
        println!(
            "Decoded structure: {}",
            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&decoded).unwrap()
        );

        // Verify the cloid is in the right place
        let orders = decoded.get("orders").unwrap().as_array().unwrap();
        let first_order = &orders[0];
        let cloid_field = first_order.get("c").unwrap();
        println!("Cloid in msgpack: {cloid_field}");
        assert_eq!(
            cloid_field.as_str().unwrap(),
            "0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef"
        );

        // Verify order field order is correct: a, b, p, s, r, t, c
        let order_json = serde_json::to_string(first_order).unwrap();
        println!("Order JSON: {order_json}");
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_cloid_from_client_order_id() {
        // Test that Cloid::from_client_order_id produces valid hex format
        // This is how production creates cloids
        let client_order_id = ClientOrderId::from("O-20241210-123456-001-001-1");
        let cloid = Cloid::from_client_order_id(client_order_id);

        println!("ClientOrderId: {client_order_id}");
        println!("Cloid hex: {}", cloid.to_hex());

        // Verify format: 0x + 32 hex chars
        let hex = cloid.to_hex();
        assert!(hex.starts_with("0x"), "Should start with 0x");
        assert_eq!(hex.len(), 34, "Should be 34 chars (0x + 32 hex)");

        // Verify all chars after 0x are valid hex
        for c in hex[2..].chars() {
            assert!(c.is_ascii_hexdigit(), "Should be hex digit: {c}");
        }

        // Verify serialization to JSON
        let json = serde_json::to_string(&cloid).unwrap();
        println!("Cloid JSON: {json}");
        assert!(json.contains(&hex));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_production_like_order_with_hashed_cloid() {
        // Full production-like test with cloid from ClientOrderId

        let private_key = EvmPrivateKey::new(
            "0x1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef".to_string(),
        )
        .unwrap();
        let signer = HyperliquidEip712Signer::new(private_key);

        // Production-like values
        let client_order_id = ClientOrderId::from("O-20241210-123456-001-001-1");
        let cloid = Cloid::from_client_order_id(client_order_id);

        println!("=== Production-like Order ===");
        println!("ClientOrderId: {client_order_id}");
        println!("Cloid: {}", cloid.to_hex());

        let typed_action = HyperliquidExecAction::Order {
            orders: vec![HyperliquidExecPlaceOrderRequest {
                asset: 3, // BTC on testnet
                is_buy: true,
                price: dec!(92572.0),
                size: dec!(0.001),
                reduce_only: false,
                kind: HyperliquidExecOrderKind::Limit {
                    limit: HyperliquidExecLimitParams {
                        tif: HyperliquidExecTif::Gtc,
                    },
                },
                cloid: Some(cloid),
            }],
            grouping: HyperliquidExecGrouping::Na,
            builder: Some(HyperliquidExecBuilderFee {
                address: "0x9b6e2fe4124ed3e7a6b4f85e7860e032222b4316".to_string(),
                fee_tenths_bp: 1,
            }),
        };

        // Serialize with msgpack
        let action_bytes = rmp_serde::to_vec_named(&typed_action).unwrap();
        println!(
            "MsgPack bytes ({}): {}",
            action_bytes.len(),
            hex::encode(&action_bytes)
        );

        // Decode to verify structure
        let decoded: serde_json::Value = rmp_serde::from_slice(&action_bytes).unwrap();
        println!(
            "Decoded: {}",
            serde_json::to_string_pretty(&decoded).unwrap()
        );

        // Compute connection_id and signing hash
        let action_value = serde_json::to_value(&typed_action).unwrap();
        let request = SignRequest {
            action: action_value,
            action_bytes: Some(action_bytes),
            time_nonce: TimeNonce::from_millis(1733833200000), // Dec 10, 2024
            action_type: HyperliquidActionType::L1,
            is_testnet: true, // source = "b"
            vault_address: None,
        };

        let connection_id = signer.compute_connection_id(&request).unwrap();
        println!("Connection ID: {}", hex::encode(connection_id.as_slice()));

        // Create Agent and get signing hash
        let source = "b".to_string();
        let agent = Agent {
            source,
            connectionId: connection_id,
        };

        let domain = eip712_domain! {
            name: "Exchange",
            version: "1",
            chain_id: 1337,
            verifying_contract: Address::ZERO,
        };

        let signing_hash = agent.eip712_signing_hash(&domain);
        println!("Signing hash: {}", hex::encode(signing_hash.as_slice()));

        // Sign and verify signature format
        let result = signer.sign(&request).unwrap();
        println!("Signature: {}", result.signature);
        assert!(result.signature.starts_with("0x"));
        assert_eq!(result.signature.len(), 132);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_price_decimal_formatting() {
        // Compare how Price::as_decimal() formats vs dec!() macro
        // Test various price formats
        let test_cases = [
            (92572.0_f64, 1_u8, "92572"), // BTC price
            (92572.5, 1, "92572.5"),      // BTC price with fractional
            (0.001, 8, "0.001"),          // Small qty
            (50000.0, 1, "50000"),        // Round number
            (0.1, 4, "0.1"),              // Typical qty
        ];

        for (value, precision, expected_normalized) in test_cases {
            let price = Price::new(value, precision);
            let price_decimal = price.as_decimal();
            let normalized = price_decimal.normalize();

            println!(
                "Price({value}, {precision}) -> as_decimal: {price_decimal:?} -> normalized: {normalized}"
            );

            assert_eq!(
                normalized.to_string(),
                expected_normalized,
                "Price({value}, {precision}) should normalize to {expected_normalized}"
            );
        }

        // Verify dec! macro produces same result
        let price_from_type = Price::new(92572.0, 1).as_decimal().normalize();
        let price_from_dec = dec!(92572.0).normalize();
        assert_eq!(
            price_from_type.to_string(),
            price_from_dec.to_string(),
            "Price::as_decimal should match dec! macro"
        );
    }
}