nautilus_hyperliquid/

data.rs

// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  Copyright (C) 2015-2026 Nautech Systems Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.
//  https://nautechsystems.io
//
//  Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3.0 (the "License");
//  You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//  You may obtain a copy of the License at https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html
//
//  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//  limitations under the License.
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

use std::{
    str::FromStr,
    sync::{
        Arc,
        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
    },
    time::{Duration, Instant},
};

use ahash::{AHashMap, AHashSet};
use anyhow::Context;
use jiff::Timestamp;
use nautilus_common::{
    cache::InstrumentLookupError,
    clients::DataClient,
    live::runner::get_data_event_sender,
    messages::{
        DataEvent,
        data::{
            BarsResponse, BookResponse, CustomDataResponse, DataResponse, FundingRatesResponse,
            InstrumentResponse, InstrumentsResponse, RequestBars, RequestBookSnapshot,
            RequestCustomData, RequestFundingRates, RequestInstrument, RequestInstruments,
            RequestTrades, SubscribeBars, SubscribeBookDeltas, SubscribeBookDepth10,
            SubscribeCustomData, SubscribeFundingRates, SubscribeIndexPrices, SubscribeInstrument,
            SubscribeMarkPrices, SubscribeQuotes, SubscribeTrades, TradesResponse, UnsubscribeBars,
            UnsubscribeBookDeltas, UnsubscribeBookDepth10, UnsubscribeCustomData,
            UnsubscribeFundingRates, UnsubscribeIndexPrices, UnsubscribeInstrument,
            UnsubscribeInstruments, UnsubscribeMarkPrices, UnsubscribeQuotes, UnsubscribeTrades,
        },
    },
};
use nautilus_core::{
    AtomicMap, Params, UnixNanos,
    datetime::{datetime_to_unix_nanos, unix_nanos_to_iso8601},
    time::{AtomicTime, get_atomic_clock_realtime},
};
use nautilus_live::{
    SocketControl,
    task::{TaskGroup, TaskGroupGuard},
};
use nautilus_model::{
    data::{Bar, BarType, BookOrder, CustomData, Data, DataType, FundingRateUpdate, TradeTick},
    enums::{BarAggregation, BookType, OrderSide},
    identifiers::{ClientId, InstrumentId, Venue},
    instruments::{Instrument, InstrumentAny},
    orderbook::OrderBook,
    types::{Price, Quantity},
};
use parking_lot::Mutex;
use rust_decimal::Decimal;
use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
use ustr::Ustr;

use crate::{
    common::{
        consts::HYPERLIQUID_VENUE,
        credential::{Secrets, credential_env_vars},
        parse::{bar_type_to_interval, millis_to_nanos},
    },
    config::HyperliquidDataClientConfig,
    data_types::register_hyperliquid_custom_data,
    http::{
        client::HyperliquidHttpClient,
        models::{HyperliquidCandle, HyperliquidFundingHistoryEntry, HyperliquidL2Book},
        parse::parse_recent_trade,
    },
    websocket::{
        DATA_STREAMS_ENDPOINT, client::HyperliquidWebSocketClient, messages::NautilusWsMessage,
    },
};

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct HyperliquidDataClient {
    clock: &'static AtomicTime,
    client_id: ClientId,
    config: HyperliquidDataClientConfig,
    http_client: HyperliquidHttpClient,
    ws_client: HyperliquidWebSocketClient,
    is_connected: AtomicBool,
    cancellation_token: CancellationToken,
    session_tasks: TaskGroup,
    pending_tasks: TaskGroup,
    shutdown_errors: Vec<String>,
    data_sender: tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<DataEvent>,
    instruments: Arc<AtomicMap<InstrumentId, InstrumentAny>>,
    coin_to_instrument_id: Arc<AtomicMap<Ustr, InstrumentId>>,
    // serializes instrument fetch-and-apply passes, see `refresh_instruments`
    instrument_update_lock: Arc<tokio::sync::Mutex<()>>,
    stream_health: Arc<Mutex<MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor>>,
}

impl HyperliquidDataClient {
    /// Creates a new [`HyperliquidDataClient`] instance.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns an error if the HTTP client fails to initialize.
    pub fn new(client_id: ClientId, config: HyperliquidDataClientConfig) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
        let clock = get_atomic_clock_realtime();
        let data_sender = get_data_event_sender();

        // Only fall back to unauthenticated when credentials are absent,
        // not when they're invalid (fail fast on malformed keys)
        let (pk_var, _) = credential_env_vars(config.environment);
        let has_credentials = config.has_credentials() || std::env::var(pk_var).is_ok();
        let proxy_url = config
            .proxy_url
            .as_ref()
            .map(|value| value.expose_secret().to_owned());

        let mut http_client = if has_credentials {
            let secrets = Secrets::resolve(
                config
                    .private_key
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(|value| value.expose_secret()),
                None,
                config.environment,
            )?;
            HyperliquidHttpClient::with_secrets(
                &secrets,
                config.http_timeout_secs,
                proxy_url.clone(),
            )?
        } else {
            HyperliquidHttpClient::new(
                config.environment,
                config.http_timeout_secs,
                proxy_url.clone(),
            )?
        };

        if let Some(url) = &config.base_url_http {
            http_client.set_base_info_url(url.clone());
        }

        let ws_url = config.base_url_ws.clone();
        let ws_client = HyperliquidWebSocketClient::new(
            ws_url,
            config.environment,
            None,
            config.transport_backend,
            proxy_url,
        );
        let ws_client = ws_client.with_socket_control(SocketControl::new(
            client_id,
            Some(*HYPERLIQUID_VENUE),
            DATA_STREAMS_ENDPOINT,
        ));
        let mut stream_health_monitor = MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(
            Duration::from_secs(config.stale_stream_receive_timeout_secs),
            Duration::from_secs(config.stale_stream_warning_cooldown_secs),
        );

        if config.stale_stream_recovery_enabled {
            if config.stale_stream_recovery_cooldown_secs > 0 {
                stream_health_monitor = stream_health_monitor.with_recovery(
                    Duration::from_secs(config.stale_stream_recovery_cooldown_secs),
                    config.stale_stream_max_targeted_resubscribes,
                );
            } else {
                log::warn!(
                    "Hyperliquid stale stream recovery disabled: \
                     stale_stream_recovery_cooldown_secs must be positive"
                );
            }
        }

        let stream_health = Arc::new(Mutex::new(stream_health_monitor));

        let session_tasks = TaskGroup::new();
        let pending_tasks = TaskGroup::new();

        Ok(Self {
            clock,
            client_id,
            config,
            http_client,
            ws_client,
            is_connected: AtomicBool::new(false),
            cancellation_token: CancellationToken::new(),
            session_tasks,
            pending_tasks,
            shutdown_errors: Vec::new(),
            data_sender,
            instruments: Arc::new(AtomicMap::new()),
            coin_to_instrument_id: Arc::new(AtomicMap::new()),
            instrument_update_lock: Arc::new(tokio::sync::Mutex::new(())),
            stream_health,
        })
    }

    fn spawn_task<F>(&self, description: &'static str, fut: F)
    where
        F: std::future::Future<Output = anyhow::Result<()>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        let future = async move {
            if let Err(e) = fut.await {
                log::warn!("{description} failed: {e:?}");
            }
        };

        if let Err(e) = self.pending_tasks.spawn(future) {
            log::warn!("Skipping Hyperliquid {description} after shutdown began: {e}");
        }
    }

    fn abort_pending_tasks(&self) {
        self.pending_tasks.begin_shutdown();
    }

    fn abort_session_tasks(&self) {
        self.session_tasks.begin_shutdown();
        self.ws_client.begin_shutdown();
    }

    async fn teardown_partial_connect(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.cancellation_token.cancel();
        self.abort_session_tasks();
        self.abort_pending_tasks();

        if let Err(e) = self.ws_client.disconnect().await {
            self.shutdown_errors
                .push(format!("Hyperliquid WebSocket shutdown failed: {e}"));
        }

        if let Err(e) = self.await_session_tasks().await {
            self.shutdown_errors.push(e.to_string());
        }

        if let Err(e) = self.await_pending_tasks().await {
            self.shutdown_errors.push(e.to_string());
        }
        self.clear_stream_health();
        self.is_connected.store(false, Ordering::Release);

        if !self.shutdown_errors.is_empty() {
            anyhow::bail!(std::mem::take(&mut self.shutdown_errors).join("; "));
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn await_pending_tasks(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.pending_tasks.begin_shutdown();
        self.pending_tasks
            .finish_shutdown(Duration::from_secs(1), Duration::from_secs(2))
            .await
            .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to terminate Hyperliquid data tasks: {e}"))?;
        Ok(())
    }

    async fn await_session_tasks(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.session_tasks.begin_shutdown();
        self.session_tasks
            .finish_shutdown(Duration::from_secs(1), Duration::from_secs(2))
            .await
            .map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to terminate Hyperliquid data session tasks: {e}")
            })?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn clear_stream_health(&self) {
        self.stream_health.lock().clear();
    }

    fn register_stream_health(&self, channel: MarketDataChannel, instrument_id: InstrumentId) {
        if !self.stream_health_monitor_enabled() {
            return;
        }

        self.stream_health
            .lock()
            .subscribe(channel, instrument_id, Instant::now());
    }

    fn remove_stream_health(&self, channel: MarketDataChannel, instrument_id: InstrumentId) {
        self.stream_health
            .lock()
            .unsubscribe(channel, instrument_id);
    }

    fn stream_health_monitor_enabled(&self) -> bool {
        self.config.stale_stream_receive_timeout_secs > 0
            && self.config.stream_health_check_interval_secs > 0
    }

    fn spawn_stream_health_monitor(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        if !self.stream_health_monitor_enabled() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        let stream_health = Arc::clone(&self.stream_health);
        let cancellation_token = self.cancellation_token.clone();
        let interval = Duration::from_secs(self.config.stream_health_check_interval_secs);
        let clock = self.clock;
        let ws_client = self.ws_client.clone();

        self.session_tasks.spawn(async move {
            log::debug!("Hyperliquid stream health monitor started");

            loop {
                tokio::select! {
                    () = cancellation_token.cancelled() => {
                        log::debug!("Hyperliquid stream health monitor cancelled");
                        break;
                    }
                    () = tokio::time::sleep(interval) => {
                        let events = stream_health
                            .lock()
                            .check_stale(Instant::now(), clock.get_time_ns());

                        handle_stream_health_events(&ws_client, &events).await;
                    }
                }
            }

            log::debug!("Hyperliquid stream health monitor stopped");
        })?;

        Ok(())
    }

    fn venue(&self) -> Venue {
        *HYPERLIQUID_VENUE
    }

    fn custom_instrument_id(data_type: &DataType) -> anyhow::Result<Option<InstrumentId>> {
        let Some(raw_instrument_id) = data_type
            .metadata()
            .and_then(|m| m.get("instrument_id"))
            .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
            .map(str::trim)
            .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
        else {
            return Ok(None);
        };

        let instrument_id = InstrumentId::from_str(raw_instrument_id)
            .with_context(|| format!("invalid instrument_id metadata `{raw_instrument_id}`"))?;

        Ok(Some(instrument_id))
    }

    fn custom_user(data_type: &DataType) -> anyhow::Result<Option<String>> {
        let Some(user) = data_type
            .metadata()
            .and_then(|m| m.get("user"))
            .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
            .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
        else {
            return Ok(None);
        };

        anyhow::ensure!(
            user == user.trim(),
            "metadata['user'] must not contain surrounding whitespace",
        );

        Ok(Some(user.to_string()))
    }

    async fn bootstrap_instruments(&self) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<InstrumentAny>> {
        // a pass that fetched before the bootstrap must not apply over its universe
        let _update_guard = self.instrument_update_lock.lock().await;

        let instruments = self
            .http_client
            .request_instruments()
            .await
            .context("failed to fetch instruments during bootstrap")?;

        cache_instruments(
            &instruments,
            &self.instruments,
            &self.coin_to_instrument_id,
            &self.http_client,
            &self.ws_client,
        );
        rebuild_all_dex_asset_ctxs_mapping(&self.http_client, &self.ws_client).await;

        log::debug!(
            "Bootstrapped {} instruments with {} coin mappings",
            self.instruments.len(),
            self.coin_to_instrument_id.len()
        );
        Ok(instruments)
    }

    /// Spawns the periodic instrument refresh task, disabled when the configured
    /// interval is zero. The task is tracked in `self.session_tasks`, so the
    /// cancellation token stops it on disconnect, failed connect, and dispose.
    fn spawn_instrument_refresh(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let minutes = self.config.update_instruments_interval_mins;

        if minutes == 0 {
            log::debug!(
                "Hyperliquid instrument refresh disabled (update_instruments_interval_mins=0)"
            );
            return Ok(());
        }

        let interval = Duration::from_secs(minutes.saturating_mul(60));
        let cancellation_token = self.cancellation_token.clone();
        let http_client = self.http_client.clone();
        let ws_client = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instruments = Arc::clone(&self.instruments);
        let coin_to_instrument_id = Arc::clone(&self.coin_to_instrument_id);
        let instrument_update_lock = Arc::clone(&self.instrument_update_lock);
        let data_sender = self.data_sender.clone();
        let client_id = self.client_id;

        self.session_tasks.spawn(async move {
            log::info!("Hyperliquid instrument refresh started, interval={interval:?}");

            loop {
                tokio::select! {
                    () = cancellation_token.cancelled() => {
                        log::debug!("Hyperliquid instrument refresh cancelled");
                        break;
                    }
                    () = tokio::time::sleep(interval) => {}
                }

                // The refresh performs several REST calls, so cancellation is
                // also raced against the pass itself rather than only the sleep
                let result = tokio::select! {
                    () = cancellation_token.cancelled() => {
                        log::debug!("Hyperliquid instrument refresh cancelled");
                        break;
                    }
                    result = refresh_instruments(
                        &instrument_update_lock,
                        &http_client,
                        &ws_client,
                        &instruments,
                        &coin_to_instrument_id,
                        &data_sender,
                    ) => result,
                };

                match result {
                    Ok(summary) => summary.log(client_id),
                    Err(e) => log::warn!(
                        "Failed to refresh Hyperliquid instruments: client_id={client_id}, error={e:?}"
                    ),
                }
            }

            log::debug!("Hyperliquid instrument refresh stopped");
        })?;

        Ok(())
    }

    async fn spawn_ws(&self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        // Clone client before connecting so the clone can have out_rx set
        let mut ws_client = self.ws_client.clone();

        ws_client
            .connect()
            .await
            .context("failed to connect to Hyperliquid WebSocket")?;

        let data_sender = self.data_sender.clone();
        let cancellation_token = self.cancellation_token.clone();
        let stream_health = Arc::clone(&self.stream_health);

        self.session_tasks.spawn(async move {
            log::debug!("Hyperliquid WebSocket consumption loop started");

            loop {
                tokio::select! {
                    () = cancellation_token.cancelled() => {
                        log::debug!("WebSocket consumption loop cancelled");
                        break;
                    }
                    msg_opt = ws_client.next_event() => {
                        if let Some(msg) = msg_opt {
                            if let Some((channel, instrument_id, ts_event)) =
                                stream_health_update(&msg)
                            {
                                record_stream_receive(
                                    &stream_health,
                                    channel,
                                    instrument_id,
                                    ts_event,
                                );
                            }

                            match msg {
                                NautilusWsMessage::Trades(trades) => {
                                    for trade in trades {
                                        if let Err(e) = data_sender
                                            .send(DataEvent::Data(Data::Trade(trade)))
                                        {
                                            log::error!("Failed to send trade tick: {e}");
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                                NautilusWsMessage::Quote(quote) => {
                                    if let Err(e) = data_sender
                                        .send(DataEvent::Data(Data::Quote(quote)))
                                    {
                                        log::error!("Failed to send quote tick: {e}");
                                    }
                                }
                                NautilusWsMessage::Deltas(deltas) => {
                                    if let Err(e) = data_sender
                                        .send(DataEvent::Data(Data::BookDeltas(
                                            Box::new(deltas),
                                        )))
                                    {
                                        log::error!("Failed to send order book deltas: {e}");
                                    }
                                }
                                NautilusWsMessage::Depth10(depth) => {
                                    if let Err(e) =
                                        data_sender.send(DataEvent::Data(Data::BookDepth10(depth)))
                                    {
                                        log::error!("Failed to send order book depth10: {e}");
                                    }
                                }
                                NautilusWsMessage::Candle(bar) => {
                                    if let Err(e) = data_sender
                                        .send(DataEvent::Data(Data::Bar(bar)))
                                    {
                                        log::error!("Failed to send bar: {e}");
                                    }
                                }
                                NautilusWsMessage::MarkPrice(update) => {
                                    if let Err(e) = data_sender
                                        .send(DataEvent::Data(Data::MarkPrice(update)))
                                    {
                                        log::error!("Failed to send mark price update: {e}");
                                    }
                                }
                                NautilusWsMessage::IndexPrice(update) => {
                                    if let Err(e) = data_sender
                                        .send(DataEvent::Data(Data::IndexPrice(update)))
                                    {
                                        log::error!("Failed to send index price update: {e}");
                                    }
                                }
                                NautilusWsMessage::FundingRate(update) => {
                                    if let Err(e) = data_sender
                                        .send(DataEvent::FundingRate(update))
                                    {
                                        log::error!("Failed to send funding rate update: {e}");
                                    }
                                }
                                NautilusWsMessage::CustomData(data) => {
                                    if let Err(e) = data_sender.send(DataEvent::Data(data)) {
                                        log::error!("Failed to send custom data: {e}");
                                    }
                                }
                                NautilusWsMessage::Reconnected => {
                                    log::info!("WebSocket reconnected");
                                }
                                NautilusWsMessage::Error(e) => {
                                    log::warn!("WebSocket error: {e}");
                                }
                                NautilusWsMessage::ExecutionReports(_) => {
                                    // Handled by execution client
                                }
                            }
                        } else {
                            // Connection closed or error
                            log::debug!("WebSocket next_event returned None, stream closed");
                            tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            log::debug!("Hyperliquid WebSocket consumption loop finished");
        })?;

        log::debug!("WebSocket consumption task spawned");

        Ok(())
    }
}

#[async_trait::async_trait(?Send)]
impl DataClient for HyperliquidDataClient {
    fn client_id(&self) -> ClientId {
        self.client_id
    }

    fn venue(&self) -> Option<Venue> {
        Some(self.venue())
    }

    fn start(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::info!(
            "Starting Hyperliquid data client: client_id={}, environment={:?}, proxy_url={:?}",
            self.client_id,
            self.config.environment,
            self.config.proxy_url,
        );
        Ok(())
    }

    fn stop(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::info!("Stopping Hyperliquid data client {}", self.client_id);
        self.cancellation_token.cancel();
        self.abort_session_tasks();
        self.abort_pending_tasks();
        self.is_connected.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn reset(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::debug!("Resetting Hyperliquid data client {}", self.client_id);
        // Keep this generation cancelled until `connect()` has torn down the
        // inner WebSocket client. Replacing it here would allow the next
        // connection to reuse an active old-generation handler.
        self.cancellation_token.cancel();
        self.abort_session_tasks();
        self.abort_pending_tasks();
        self.is_connected.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
        self.instruments.store(AHashMap::new());
        self.coin_to_instrument_id.store(AHashMap::new());
        Ok(())
    }

    fn dispose(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::debug!("Disposing Hyperliquid data client {}", self.client_id);
        self.stop()
    }

    fn is_connected(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_connected.load(Ordering::Acquire)
    }

    fn is_disconnected(&self) -> bool {
        !self.is_connected()
    }

    async fn connect(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        if self.is_connected()
            && !self.cancellation_token.is_cancelled()
            && self.session_tasks.is_open()
            && self.pending_tasks.is_open()
        {
            return Ok(());
        }

        if self.cancellation_token.is_cancelled()
            || !self.session_tasks.is_open()
            || !self.pending_tasks.is_open()
        {
            // `reset()` is synchronous, while shutting down the inner socket
            // is async. Complete that teardown before creating any new stream
            // task so its receiver and subscription registries cannot belong
            // to the previous generation.
            self.ws_client.begin_shutdown();
            self.ws_client
                .disconnect()
                .await
                .context("failed to tear down Hyperliquid WebSocket before reconnect")?;
            self.ws_client.reset_runtime_state();
            self.abort_session_tasks();
            self.abort_pending_tasks();
            let (session_result, pending_result) =
                tokio::join!(self.await_session_tasks(), self.await_pending_tasks());
            session_result?;
            pending_result?;
            self.session_tasks.start_generation().map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to start Hyperliquid data session generation: {e}")
            })?;
            self.pending_tasks.start_generation().map_err(|e| {
                anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to start Hyperliquid data task generation: {e}")
            })?;
            self.cancellation_token = CancellationToken::new();
        }
        let cancellation_token = self.cancellation_token.clone();
        let ws_client = self.ws_client.clone();
        let setup_guard =
            TaskGroupGuard::new(&[&self.session_tasks, &self.pending_tasks], move || {
                cancellation_token.cancel();
                ws_client.begin_shutdown();
            });

        register_hyperliquid_custom_data();

        let instruments = self
            .bootstrap_instruments()
            .await
            .context("failed to bootstrap instruments")?;

        for instrument in instruments {
            if let Err(e) = self.data_sender.send(DataEvent::Instrument(instrument)) {
                log::warn!("Failed to send instrument: {e}");
            }
        }

        let session_result = async {
            self.spawn_ws()
                .await
                .context("failed to spawn WebSocket client")?;
            self.spawn_stream_health_monitor()?;
            self.spawn_instrument_refresh()?;
            Ok::<(), anyhow::Error>(())
        }
        .await;

        if let Err(e) = session_result {
            if let Err(teardown_error) = self.teardown_partial_connect().await {
                return Err(e.context(format!(
                    "Hyperliquid data startup teardown failed: {teardown_error}"
                )));
            }
            return Err(e);
        }

        self.is_connected.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
        setup_guard.disarm();
        log::info!("Connected: client_id={}", self.client_id);

        Ok(())
    }

    async fn disconnect(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.teardown_partial_connect().await?;
        self.instruments.store(AHashMap::new());
        log::info!("Disconnected: client_id={}", self.client_id);

        Ok(())
    }

    fn subscribe(&mut self, cmd: SubscribeCustomData) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let data_type = cmd.data_type.type_name();

        if data_type == "HyperliquidAllMids" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
            let dex = cmd
                .data_type
                .metadata()
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|m| m.get("dex"))
                .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
                .map(str::trim)
                .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
                .map(ToString::to_string);

            log::debug!("Subscribing to all mids (dex: {:?})", dex.as_deref());

            self.spawn_task("subscribe_all_mids", async move {
                ws.subscribe_all_mids_with_dex(dex.as_deref()).await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        if data_type == "HyperliquidAllDexsAssetCtxs" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();

            self.spawn_task("subscribe_all_dexs_asset_ctxs", async move {
                ws.subscribe_all_dexs_asset_ctxs().await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        if data_type == "HyperliquidOpenInterest" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
            let instrument_id = Self::custom_instrument_id(&cmd.data_type)?.context(
                "HyperliquidOpenInterest subscriptions require metadata['instrument_id']",
            )?;

            self.spawn_task("subscribe_open_interest", async move {
                ws.subscribe_open_interest(instrument_id).await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        if data_type == "HyperliquidPublicTrade" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
            let instrument_id = Self::custom_instrument_id(&cmd.data_type)?.context(
                "HyperliquidPublicTrade subscriptions require metadata['instrument_id']",
            )?;

            self.spawn_task("subscribe_public_trades", async move {
                ws.subscribe_public_trades(instrument_id).await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        if data_type == "HyperliquidTwapHistory" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
            let user = Self::custom_user(&cmd.data_type)?
                .context("HyperliquidTwapHistory subscriptions require metadata['user']")?;

            self.spawn_task("subscribe_user_twap_history", async move {
                ws.subscribe_user_twap_history(&user).await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        if data_type == "HyperliquidTwapSliceFill" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
            let user = Self::custom_user(&cmd.data_type)?
                .context("HyperliquidTwapSliceFill subscriptions require metadata['user']")?;

            self.spawn_task("subscribe_user_twap_slice_fills", async move {
                ws.subscribe_user_twap_slice_fills(&user).await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        log::warn!("Unsupported custom data subscription: {data_type}");
        Ok(())
    }

    fn unsubscribe(&mut self, cmd: &UnsubscribeCustomData) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let data_type = cmd.data_type.type_name();

        if data_type == "HyperliquidAllMids" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
            let dex = cmd
                .data_type
                .metadata()
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|m| m.get("dex"))
                .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
                .map(str::trim)
                .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
                .map(ToString::to_string);

            log::debug!("Unsubscribing from all mids (dex: {:?})", dex.as_deref());

            self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_all_mids", async move {
                ws.unsubscribe_all_mids_with_dex(dex.as_deref()).await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        if data_type == "HyperliquidAllDexsAssetCtxs" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();

            self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_all_dexs_asset_ctxs", async move {
                ws.unsubscribe_all_dexs_asset_ctxs().await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        if data_type == "HyperliquidOpenInterest" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
            let instrument_id = Self::custom_instrument_id(&cmd.data_type)?.context(
                "HyperliquidOpenInterest unsubscriptions require metadata['instrument_id']",
            )?;

            self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_open_interest", async move {
                ws.unsubscribe_open_interest(instrument_id).await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        if data_type == "HyperliquidPublicTrade" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
            let instrument_id = Self::custom_instrument_id(&cmd.data_type)?.context(
                "HyperliquidPublicTrade unsubscriptions require metadata['instrument_id']",
            )?;

            self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_public_trades", async move {
                ws.unsubscribe_public_trades(instrument_id).await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        if data_type == "HyperliquidTwapHistory" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
            let user = Self::custom_user(&cmd.data_type)?
                .context("HyperliquidTwapHistory unsubscriptions require metadata['user']")?;

            self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_user_twap_history", async move {
                ws.unsubscribe_user_twap_history(&user).await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        if data_type == "HyperliquidTwapSliceFill" {
            let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
            let user = Self::custom_user(&cmd.data_type)?
                .context("HyperliquidTwapSliceFill unsubscriptions require metadata['user']")?;

            self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_user_twap_slice_fills", async move {
                ws.unsubscribe_user_twap_slice_fills(&user).await
            });

            return Ok(());
        }

        log::warn!("Unsupported custom data unsubscription: {data_type}");
        Ok(())
    }

    fn subscribe_instrument(&mut self, cmd: SubscribeInstrument) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let instruments = self.instruments.load();
        if let Some(instrument) = instruments.get(&cmd.instrument_id) {
            if let Err(e) = self
                .data_sender
                .send(DataEvent::Instrument(instrument.clone()))
            {
                log::error!("Failed to send instrument {}: {e}", cmd.instrument_id);
            }
        } else {
            log::warn!("Instrument {} not found in cache", cmd.instrument_id);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn subscribe_book_deltas(&mut self, subscription: SubscribeBookDeltas) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        if subscription.book_type != BookType::L2_MBP {
            anyhow::bail!("Hyperliquid only supports L2_MBP order book deltas");
        }

        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = subscription.instrument_id;
        let (n_sig_figs, mantissa) = parse_book_precision_params(subscription.params.as_ref())?;
        self.register_stream_health(MarketDataChannel::Deltas, instrument_id);

        self.spawn_task("subscribe_book_deltas", async move {
            ws.subscribe_book_with_options(instrument_id, n_sig_figs, mantissa)
                .await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn subscribe_book_depth10(&mut self, subscription: SubscribeBookDepth10) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::debug!(
            "Subscribing to book depth10: {}",
            subscription.instrument_id
        );

        if subscription.book_type != BookType::L2_MBP {
            anyhow::bail!("Hyperliquid only supports L2_MBP order book depth10");
        }

        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = subscription.instrument_id;
        let (n_sig_figs, mantissa) = parse_book_precision_params(subscription.params.as_ref())?;
        self.register_stream_health(MarketDataChannel::Depth10, instrument_id);

        self.spawn_task("subscribe_book_depth10", async move {
            ws.subscribe_book_depth10_with_options(instrument_id, n_sig_figs, mantissa)
                .await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn subscribe_quotes(&mut self, subscription: SubscribeQuotes) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = subscription.instrument_id;
        self.register_stream_health(MarketDataChannel::Quote, instrument_id);

        self.spawn_task("subscribe_quotes", async move {
            ws.subscribe_quotes(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn subscribe_trades(&mut self, subscription: SubscribeTrades) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = subscription.instrument_id;

        self.spawn_task("subscribe_trades", async move {
            ws.subscribe_trades(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn subscribe_mark_prices(&mut self, cmd: SubscribeMarkPrices) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = cmd.instrument_id;

        self.spawn_task("subscribe_mark_prices", async move {
            ws.subscribe_mark_prices(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn subscribe_index_prices(&mut self, cmd: SubscribeIndexPrices) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = cmd.instrument_id;

        self.spawn_task("subscribe_index_prices", async move {
            ws.subscribe_index_prices(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn subscribe_funding_rates(&mut self, cmd: SubscribeFundingRates) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = cmd.instrument_id;

        self.spawn_task("subscribe_funding_rates", async move {
            ws.subscribe_funding_rates(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn subscribe_bars(&mut self, subscription: SubscribeBars) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let instrument_id = subscription.bar_type.instrument_id();
        if !self.instruments.contains_key(&instrument_id) {
            anyhow::bail!(InstrumentLookupError::not_found(instrument_id));
        }

        let bar_type = subscription.bar_type;
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();

        self.spawn_task("subscribe_bars", async move {
            ws.subscribe_bars(bar_type).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn unsubscribe_instrument(&mut self, _cmd: &UnsubscribeInstrument) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        // `subscribe_instrument` only emits the cached instrument; it opens no
        // venue channel, so there is nothing to tear down here.
        Ok(())
    }

    fn unsubscribe_instruments(&mut self, _cmd: &UnsubscribeInstruments) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        // See `unsubscribe_instrument`: instrument subscriptions carry no
        // venue-side state to unsubscribe from.
        Ok(())
    }

    fn unsubscribe_book_deltas(
        &mut self,
        unsubscription: &UnsubscribeBookDeltas,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::debug!(
            "Unsubscribing from book deltas: {}",
            unsubscription.instrument_id
        );

        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = unsubscription.instrument_id;
        self.remove_stream_health(MarketDataChannel::Deltas, instrument_id);

        self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_book_deltas", async move {
            ws.unsubscribe_book(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn unsubscribe_book_depth10(
        &mut self,
        unsubscription: &UnsubscribeBookDepth10,
    ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::debug!(
            "Unsubscribing from book depth10: {}",
            unsubscription.instrument_id
        );

        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = unsubscription.instrument_id;
        self.remove_stream_health(MarketDataChannel::Depth10, instrument_id);

        self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_book_depth10", async move {
            ws.unsubscribe_book_depth10(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn unsubscribe_quotes(&mut self, unsubscription: &UnsubscribeQuotes) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::debug!(
            "Unsubscribing from quotes: {}",
            unsubscription.instrument_id
        );

        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = unsubscription.instrument_id;
        self.remove_stream_health(MarketDataChannel::Quote, instrument_id);

        self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_quotes", async move {
            ws.unsubscribe_quotes(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn unsubscribe_trades(&mut self, unsubscription: &UnsubscribeTrades) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::debug!(
            "Unsubscribing from trades: {}",
            unsubscription.instrument_id
        );

        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = unsubscription.instrument_id;

        self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_trades", async move {
            ws.unsubscribe_trades(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn unsubscribe_mark_prices(&mut self, cmd: &UnsubscribeMarkPrices) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = cmd.instrument_id;

        self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_mark_prices", async move {
            ws.unsubscribe_mark_prices(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn unsubscribe_index_prices(&mut self, cmd: &UnsubscribeIndexPrices) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = cmd.instrument_id;

        self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_index_prices", async move {
            ws.unsubscribe_index_prices(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn unsubscribe_funding_rates(&mut self, cmd: &UnsubscribeFundingRates) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let instrument_id = cmd.instrument_id;

        self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_funding_rates", async move {
            ws.unsubscribe_funding_rates(instrument_id).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn unsubscribe_bars(&mut self, unsubscription: &UnsubscribeBars) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let bar_type = unsubscription.bar_type;
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();

        self.spawn_task("unsubscribe_bars", async move {
            ws.unsubscribe_bars(bar_type).await
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn request_instruments(&self, request: RequestInstruments) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::debug!("Requesting all instruments");

        let http = self.http_client.clone();
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let sender = self.data_sender.clone();
        let instruments_cache = self.instruments.clone();
        let coin_map = self.coin_to_instrument_id.clone();
        let update_lock = Arc::clone(&self.instrument_update_lock);
        let request_id = request.request_id;
        let client_id = request.client_id.unwrap_or(self.client_id);
        let venue = self.venue();
        let start_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(request.start);
        let end_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(request.end);
        let params = request.params;
        let clock = self.clock;

        self.spawn_task("request_instruments", async move {
            // the fetched universe also feeds the cache the periodic refresh diffs
            // against, so it must be published like a refresh pass or a market first
            // seen here would never reach execution
            let refresh = refresh_instruments(
                &update_lock,
                &http,
                &ws,
                &instruments_cache,
                &coin_map,
                &sender,
            )
            .await?;
            refresh.log(client_id);
            let instruments = refresh.fetched;

            let response = DataResponse::Instruments(InstrumentsResponse::new(
                request_id,
                client_id,
                venue,
                instruments,
                start_nanos,
                end_nanos,
                clock.get_time_ns(),
                params,
            ));

            if let Err(e) = sender.send(DataEvent::Response(response)) {
                log::error!("Failed to send instruments response: {e}");
            }
            Ok(())
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn request_instrument(&self, request: RequestInstrument) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::debug!("Requesting instrument: {}", request.instrument_id);

        let http = self.http_client.clone();
        let ws = self.ws_client.clone();
        let sender = self.data_sender.clone();
        let instruments_cache = self.instruments.clone();
        let coin_map = self.coin_to_instrument_id.clone();
        let update_lock = Arc::clone(&self.instrument_update_lock);
        let instrument_id = request.instrument_id;
        let request_id = request.request_id;
        let client_id = request.client_id.unwrap_or(self.client_id);
        let start_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(request.start);
        let end_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(request.end);
        let params = request.params;
        let clock = self.clock;

        self.spawn_task("request_instrument", async move {
            // the venue only serves the whole universe, so a single-instrument request
            // can discover other new markets and must publish them like a refresh pass
            let refresh = refresh_instruments(
                &update_lock,
                &http,
                &ws,
                &instruments_cache,
                &coin_map,
                &sender,
            )
            .await?;
            refresh.log(client_id);
            let all_instruments = refresh.fetched;

            if let Some(instrument) = all_instruments
                .into_iter()
                .find(|i| i.id() == instrument_id)
            {
                let response = DataResponse::Instrument(Box::new(InstrumentResponse::new(
                    request_id,
                    client_id,
                    instrument.id(),
                    instrument,
                    start_nanos,
                    end_nanos,
                    clock.get_time_ns(),
                    params,
                )));

                if let Err(e) = sender.send(DataEvent::Response(response)) {
                    log::error!("Failed to send instrument response: {e}");
                }
            } else {
                log::error!("Instrument not found: {instrument_id}");
            }
            Ok(())
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn request_bars(&self, request: RequestBars) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        log::debug!("Requesting bars for {}", request.bar_type);

        let http = self.http_client.clone();
        let sender = self.data_sender.clone();
        let bar_type = request.bar_type;
        let start = request.start;
        let end = request.end;
        let limit = request.limit.map(|n| n.get() as u32);
        let request_id = request.request_id;
        let client_id = request.client_id.unwrap_or(self.client_id);
        let params = request.params;
        let clock = self.clock;
        let start_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(start);
        let end_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(end);
        let instruments = Arc::clone(&self.instruments);

        self.spawn_task("request_bars", async move {
            let bars = request_bars_from_http(http, bar_type, start, end, limit, instruments)
                .await
                .context("bar request failed")?;

            let response = DataResponse::Bars(BarsResponse::new(
                request_id,
                client_id,
                bar_type,
                bars,
                start_nanos,
                end_nanos,
                clock.get_time_ns(),
                params,
            ));

            if let Err(e) = sender.send(DataEvent::Response(response)) {
                log::error!("Failed to send bars response: {e}");
            }
            Ok(())
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn request_trades(&self, request: RequestTrades) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let instrument_id = request.instrument_id;
        log::debug!("Requesting trades for {instrument_id}");

        let instruments = self.instruments.load();
        let instrument = instruments
            .get(&instrument_id)
            .cloned()
            .ok_or_else(|| InstrumentLookupError::not_found(instrument_id))?;

        let coin = instrument.raw_symbol().to_string();
        let http = self.http_client.clone();
        let sender = self.data_sender.clone();
        let client_id = request.client_id.unwrap_or(self.client_id);
        let request_id = request.request_id;
        let params = request.params;
        let clock = self.clock;
        let limit = request.limit.map(|n| n.get());
        let start_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(request.start);
        let end_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(request.end);

        self.spawn_task("request_trades", async move {
            // `recentTrades` depends on the Hyperliquid indexer; nodes without it
            // return HTTP 422. Treat that as "no coverage" and serve an empty
            // response so the awaiting caller still completes.
            let raw_trades = match http.info_recent_trades(&coin).await {
                Ok(trades) => trades,
                Err(e) if e.is_unprocessable_entity() => {
                    log::warn!(
                        "Recent trades endpoint unavailable for {instrument_id} \
                         (requires the Hyperliquid indexer); sending empty response"
                    );
                    Vec::new()
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    return Err(anyhow::Error::new(e))
                        .with_context(|| format!("trades request failed for {instrument_id}"));
                }
            };

            let mut trades: Vec<TradeTick> = Vec::with_capacity(raw_trades.len());
            for raw in &raw_trades {
                match parse_recent_trade(raw, &instrument) {
                    Ok(trade) => trades.push(trade),
                    Err(e) => log::warn!("Skipping recent trade for {instrument_id}: {e}"),
                }
            }
            trades.sort_by_key(|trade| trade.ts_event);

            let trades = filter_recent_trades(trades, start_nanos, end_nanos, limit, instrument_id);

            log::debug!("Fetched {} trades for {instrument_id}", trades.len());

            let response = DataResponse::Trades(TradesResponse::new(
                request_id,
                client_id,
                instrument_id,
                trades,
                start_nanos,
                end_nanos,
                clock.get_time_ns(),
                params,
            ));

            if let Err(e) = sender.send(DataEvent::Response(response)) {
                log::error!("Failed to send trades response: {e}");
            }
            Ok(())
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn request_data(&self, request: RequestCustomData) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        if request.data_type.type_name() != "HyperliquidPublicTrade" {
            log::warn!(
                "Unsupported custom data request: {}",
                request.data_type.type_name()
            );
            return Ok(());
        }

        let instrument_id = Self::custom_instrument_id(&request.data_type)?
            .context("HyperliquidPublicTrade requests require metadata['instrument_id']")?;
        let data_type = DataType::new(
            request.data_type.type_name(),
            request.data_type.metadata().cloned(),
            Some(instrument_id.to_string()),
        );
        let http = self.http_client.clone();
        let sender = self.data_sender.clone();
        let request_id = request.request_id;
        let client_id = request.client_id;
        let params = request.params;
        let clock = self.clock;
        let limit = request.limit.map(|limit| limit.get());
        let start = request.start;
        let end = request.end;
        let start_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(start);
        let end_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(end);
        let venue = self.venue();

        self.spawn_task("request_public_trades", async move {
            let trades = http
                .request_public_trades(instrument_id, start, end, limit)
                .await
                .map_err(anyhow::Error::new)
                .with_context(|| format!("public trades request failed for {instrument_id}"))?;
            let data: Vec<CustomData> = trades
                .into_iter()
                .map(|trade| CustomData::new(Arc::new(trade), data_type.clone()))
                .collect();

            let response = DataResponse::Data(CustomDataResponse::new(
                request_id,
                client_id,
                Some(venue),
                data_type,
                data,
                start_nanos,
                end_nanos,
                clock.get_time_ns(),
                params,
            ));

            if let Err(e) = sender.send(DataEvent::Response(response)) {
                log::error!("Failed to send public trades response: {e}");
            }
            Ok(())
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn request_funding_rates(&self, request: RequestFundingRates) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let instrument_id = request.instrument_id;
        log::debug!("Requesting funding rates for {instrument_id}");

        let instruments = self.instruments.load();
        let instrument = instruments
            .get(&instrument_id)
            .ok_or_else(|| InstrumentLookupError::not_found(instrument_id))?;

        if !matches!(instrument, InstrumentAny::CryptoPerpetual(_)) {
            anyhow::bail!("Funding rates are only available for perpetual instruments");
        }

        let coin = instrument.raw_symbol().to_string();
        let http = self.http_client.clone();
        let sender = self.data_sender.clone();
        let client_id = request.client_id.unwrap_or(self.client_id);
        let request_id = request.request_id;
        let params = request.params;
        let clock = self.clock;
        let limit = request.limit.map(|n| n.get());
        let start_dt = request.start;
        let end_dt = request.end;
        let start_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(start_dt);
        let end_nanos = datetime_to_unix_nanos(end_dt);

        let now_ms = Timestamp::now().as_millisecond() as u64;

        // Hyperliquid requires a startTime; default to a 7-day lookback when none given
        let default_lookback_ms: u64 = 7 * 86_400_000;
        let start_ms = match start_dt {
            Some(dt) => dt.as_millisecond().max(0) as u64,
            None => now_ms.saturating_sub(default_lookback_ms),
        };
        let end_ms = end_dt.map(|dt| dt.as_millisecond().max(0) as u64);

        self.spawn_task("request_funding_rates", async move {
            let entries = http
                .info_funding_history(&coin, start_ms, end_ms)
                .await
                .with_context(|| format!("funding rates request failed for {instrument_id}"))?;

            let mut funding_rates: Vec<FundingRateUpdate> = entries
                .iter()
                .map(|entry| funding_entry_to_update(entry, instrument_id))
                .collect();

            if let Some(limit) = limit
                && funding_rates.len() > limit
            {
                funding_rates.truncate(limit);
            }

            log::debug!(
                "Fetched {} funding rates for {instrument_id}",
                funding_rates.len(),
            );

            let response = DataResponse::FundingRates(FundingRatesResponse::new(
                request_id,
                client_id,
                instrument_id,
                funding_rates,
                start_nanos,
                end_nanos,
                clock.get_time_ns(),
                params,
            ));

            if let Err(e) = sender.send(DataEvent::Response(response)) {
                log::error!("Failed to send funding rates response: {e}");
            }
            Ok(())
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    fn request_book_snapshot(&self, request: RequestBookSnapshot) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        let instrument_id = request.instrument_id;
        let instruments = self.instruments.load();
        let instrument = instruments
            .get(&instrument_id)
            .ok_or_else(|| InstrumentLookupError::not_found(instrument_id))?;

        let raw_symbol = instrument.raw_symbol().to_string();
        let price_precision = instrument.price_precision();
        let size_precision = instrument.size_precision();
        let depth = request.depth.map(|d| d.get());

        let http = self.http_client.clone();
        let sender = self.data_sender.clone();
        let client_id = request.client_id.unwrap_or(self.client_id);
        let request_id = request.request_id;
        let params = request.params;
        let clock = self.clock;

        self.spawn_task("request_book_snapshot", async move {
            let l2_book = http
                .info_l2_book(&raw_symbol)
                .await
                .with_context(|| format!("book snapshot request failed for {instrument_id}"))?;

            let book = parse_l2_book_snapshot(
                &l2_book,
                instrument_id,
                price_precision,
                size_precision,
                depth,
            );

            let response = DataResponse::Book(BookResponse::new(
                request_id,
                client_id,
                instrument_id,
                book,
                None,
                None,
                clock.get_time_ns(),
                params,
            ));

            if let Err(e) = sender.send(DataEvent::Response(response)) {
                log::error!("Failed to send book snapshot response: {e}");
            }
            Ok(())
        });

        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Applies fetched instruments to the client caches and both transports.
fn cache_instruments(
    instruments: &[InstrumentAny],
    instruments_by_id: &Arc<AtomicMap<InstrumentId, InstrumentAny>>,
    coin_to_instrument_id: &Arc<AtomicMap<Ustr, InstrumentId>>,
    http_client: &HyperliquidHttpClient,
    ws_client: &HyperliquidWebSocketClient,
) {
    instruments_by_id.rcu(|m| {
        for instrument in instruments {
            m.insert(instrument.id(), instrument.clone());
        }
    });

    coin_to_instrument_id.rcu(|m| {
        for instrument in instruments {
            m.insert(instrument.raw_symbol().inner(), instrument.id());
        }
    });

    for instrument in instruments {
        http_client.cache_instrument(instrument);
        ws_client.cache_instrument(instrument.clone());
    }
}

/// Rebuilds the `allDexsAssetCtxs` mapping from the HTTP client's cached instruments.
///
/// Callers rebuild on every pass rather than only when a definition changed. The
/// mapping is positional over each perp dex universe, so a listing or delisting
/// shifts the entries of coins whose own definitions are unchanged, and a stale
/// mapping would misattribute incoming `ctxs` arrays. Rebuilding unconditionally
/// also retries a build that failed or fell back on an earlier pass.
async fn rebuild_all_dex_asset_ctxs_mapping(
    http_client: &HyperliquidHttpClient,
    ws_client: &HyperliquidWebSocketClient,
) {
    match http_client.build_all_dex_asset_ctxs_instrument_ids().await {
        Ok(mapping) => {
            let mapping = mapping
                .into_iter()
                .map(|(dex, instrument_ids)| (Ustr::from(dex.as_str()), instrument_ids))
                .collect();
            ws_client.cache_all_dex_asset_ctxs_instrument_ids(mapping);
        }
        Err(e) => {
            log::warn!("Failed to build Hyperliquid allDexsAssetCtxs mapping: {e}");
        }
    }
}

/// Summary of a single instrument refresh pass.
#[derive(Debug)]
struct InstrumentRefresh {
    /// Instruments returned by the venue.
    fetched: Vec<InstrumentAny>,
    /// Symbols of the definitions that were new to the cache.
    added: Vec<Ustr>,
    /// New or materially changed definitions published downstream.
    changed: usize,
}

impl InstrumentRefresh {
    fn log(&self, client_id: ClientId) {
        // a quiet pass every interval would be noise, but a market becoming
        // tradable mid-session is the event an operator needs to see
        if self.added.is_empty() {
            log::debug!(
                "Hyperliquid instruments refreshed: client_id={client_id}, fetched={}, changed={}",
                self.fetched.len(),
                self.changed,
            );
        } else {
            log::info!(
                "Hyperliquid instruments refreshed: client_id={client_id}, fetched={}, changed={}, added={:?}",
                self.fetched.len(),
                self.changed,
                self.added,
            );
        }
    }
}

/// Fetches the instrument universe and reconciles it against the caches.
///
/// Holds `update_lock` across the fetch and the reconcile so concurrent passes
/// apply in the order they fetched. The diff only asks whether a definition
/// differs from the cached one, not whether it is newer, so without the lock a
/// pass that fetched before another but finished after it would republish the
/// older definition.
async fn refresh_instruments(
    update_lock: &tokio::sync::Mutex<()>,
    http_client: &HyperliquidHttpClient,
    ws_client: &HyperliquidWebSocketClient,
    instruments_by_id: &Arc<AtomicMap<InstrumentId, InstrumentAny>>,
    coin_to_instrument_id: &Arc<AtomicMap<Ustr, InstrumentId>>,
    data_sender: &tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<DataEvent>,
) -> anyhow::Result<InstrumentRefresh> {
    let _update_guard = update_lock.lock().await;

    let fetched = http_client
        .request_instruments()
        .await
        .context("failed to fetch Hyperliquid instruments")?;

    Ok(reconcile_instruments(
        fetched,
        http_client,
        ws_client,
        instruments_by_id,
        coin_to_instrument_id,
        data_sender,
    )
    .await)
}

/// Reconciles the instrument caches against a fetched instrument universe.
///
/// Caches and publishes new or materially changed definitions as
/// [`DataEvent::Instrument`]. Unchanged definitions are not republished. Cached
/// instruments absent from `fetched` are retained because they may still back
/// open subscriptions.
///
/// `instruments_by_id` is the baseline later passes diff against, so every path
/// that writes fetched instruments into it must come through here, under the
/// update lock taken by [`refresh_instruments`]. A market cached without being
/// published would compare as unchanged on every later pass, and the execution
/// client would never receive its asset index.
async fn reconcile_instruments(
    fetched: Vec<InstrumentAny>,
    http_client: &HyperliquidHttpClient,
    ws_client: &HyperliquidWebSocketClient,
    instruments_by_id: &Arc<AtomicMap<InstrumentId, InstrumentAny>>,
    coin_to_instrument_id: &Arc<AtomicMap<Ustr, InstrumentId>>,
    data_sender: &tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<DataEvent>,
) -> InstrumentRefresh {
    let changed = changed_definitions(&fetched, instruments_by_id);
    let added = added_symbols(&changed, instruments_by_id);

    cache_instruments(
        &changed,
        instruments_by_id,
        coin_to_instrument_id,
        http_client,
        ws_client,
    );

    // publish before awaiting the mapping rebuild, so a pass cancelled during the
    // rebuild cannot leave these definitions cached but unpublished
    for instrument in &changed {
        if let Err(e) = data_sender.send(DataEvent::Instrument(instrument.clone())) {
            log::warn!("Failed to send instrument: {e}");
        }
    }

    rebuild_all_dex_asset_ctxs_mapping(http_client, ws_client).await;

    InstrumentRefresh {
        added,
        changed: changed.len(),
        fetched,
    }
}

/// Returns the fetched instruments that are new or materially changed.
fn changed_definitions(
    fetched: &[InstrumentAny],
    instruments_by_id: &Arc<AtomicMap<InstrumentId, InstrumentAny>>,
) -> Vec<InstrumentAny> {
    fetched
        .iter()
        .filter(|instrument| {
            instruments_by_id
                .get_cloned(&instrument.id())
                .is_none_or(|cached| !instrument_definitions_match(&cached, instrument))
        })
        .cloned()
        .collect()
}

/// Returns the symbols of the changed definitions the cache has never held.
///
/// A market listed after startup is the case the refresh exists for, so a pass
/// reports which symbols became tradable rather than only how many definitions
/// moved. Callers pass the changed set, so a definition that merely moved its
/// tick size is not reported as new.
fn added_symbols(
    changed: &[InstrumentAny],
    instruments_by_id: &Arc<AtomicMap<InstrumentId, InstrumentAny>>,
) -> Vec<Ustr> {
    changed
        .iter()
        .filter(|instrument| instruments_by_id.get_cloned(&instrument.id()).is_none())
        .map(|instrument| instrument.symbol().inner())
        .collect()
}

/// Returns `true` when two instruments carry the same tradable definition,
/// ignoring event timestamps.
///
/// Comparison runs on the serialized form so every venue field, including the
/// free-form `info` metadata, participates without listing each field.
fn instrument_definitions_match(a: &InstrumentAny, b: &InstrumentAny) -> bool {
    fn normalized(instrument: &InstrumentAny) -> Option<serde_json::Value> {
        let mut value = serde_json::to_value(instrument).ok()?;

        if let Some(definition) = value
            .as_object_mut()
            .and_then(|obj| obj.values_mut().next())
            .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_object_mut)
        {
            definition.remove("ts_event");
            definition.remove("ts_init");
        }

        Some(value)
    }

    // A serialization failure compares as changed so updates are never suppressed
    match (normalized(a), normalized(b)) {
        (Some(a), Some(b)) => a == b,
        _ => false,
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
enum MarketDataChannel {
    Deltas,
    Depth10,
    Quote,
}

impl MarketDataChannel {
    const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Self::Deltas => "deltas",
            Self::Depth10 => "depth10",
            Self::Quote => "quote",
        }
    }
}

type MarketDataStreamKey = (MarketDataChannel, InstrumentId);

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct MarketDataStreamHealth {
    last_receive_at: Instant,
    last_venue_ts_event: Option<UnixNanos>,
    consecutive_stale_count: u32,
    last_warning_at: Option<Instant>,
    last_recovery_at: Option<Instant>,
    resubscribe_attempts: u32,
}

impl MarketDataStreamHealth {
    fn new(receive_at: Instant) -> Self {
        Self {
            last_receive_at: receive_at,
            last_venue_ts_event: None,
            consecutive_stale_count: 0,
            last_warning_at: None,
            last_recovery_at: None,
            resubscribe_attempts: 0,
        }
    }

    fn record_receive(&mut self, receive_at: Instant, venue_ts_event: UnixNanos) {
        self.last_receive_at = receive_at;
        self.last_venue_ts_event = Some(venue_ts_event);
        self.consecutive_stale_count = 0;
        self.last_warning_at = None;
        self.last_recovery_at = None;
        self.resubscribe_attempts = 0;
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
struct StreamRecoveryConfig {
    cooldown: Duration,
    max_targeted_resubscribes: u32,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor {
    stale_receive_threshold: Duration,
    warning_cooldown: Duration,
    recovery: Option<StreamRecoveryConfig>,
    streams: AHashMap<MarketDataStreamKey, MarketDataStreamHealth>,
}

impl MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor {
    fn new(stale_receive_threshold: Duration, warning_cooldown: Duration) -> Self {
        Self {
            stale_receive_threshold,
            warning_cooldown,
            recovery: None,
            streams: AHashMap::new(),
        }
    }

    fn with_recovery(mut self, cooldown: Duration, max_targeted_resubscribes: u32) -> Self {
        self.recovery = Some(StreamRecoveryConfig {
            cooldown,
            max_targeted_resubscribes,
        });
        self
    }

    fn subscribe(
        &mut self,
        channel: MarketDataChannel,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        receive_at: Instant,
    ) {
        self.streams.insert(
            (channel, instrument_id),
            MarketDataStreamHealth::new(receive_at),
        );
    }

    fn unsubscribe(&mut self, channel: MarketDataChannel, instrument_id: InstrumentId) {
        self.streams.remove(&(channel, instrument_id));
    }

    fn clear(&mut self) {
        self.streams.clear();
    }

    fn record_receive(
        &mut self,
        channel: MarketDataChannel,
        instrument_id: InstrumentId,
        receive_at: Instant,
        venue_ts_event: UnixNanos,
    ) {
        if let Some(stream) = self.streams.get_mut(&(channel, instrument_id)) {
            stream.record_receive(receive_at, venue_ts_event);
        }
    }

    fn check_stale(
        &mut self,
        now: Instant,
        wall_clock_now: UnixNanos,
    ) -> Vec<MarketDataStaleEvent> {
        // Fresh BBO makes stale book streams relative-stale, not transport-stale
        let fresh_quote_instruments: AHashSet<InstrumentId> = self
            .streams
            .iter()
            .filter(|((channel, _), stream)| {
                *channel == MarketDataChannel::Quote
                    && now.saturating_duration_since(stream.last_receive_at)
                        < self.stale_receive_threshold
            })
            .map(|((_, instrument_id), _)| *instrument_id)
            .collect();

        let mut events = Vec::new();

        for ((channel, instrument_id), stream) in &mut self.streams {
            let receive_age = now.saturating_duration_since(stream.last_receive_at);
            if receive_age < self.stale_receive_threshold {
                stream.consecutive_stale_count = 0;
                continue;
            }

            stream.consecutive_stale_count = stream.consecutive_stale_count.saturating_add(1);

            let quote_is_fresh = matches!(
                channel,
                MarketDataChannel::Deltas | MarketDataChannel::Depth10
            ) && fresh_quote_instruments.contains(instrument_id);

            let venue_age = stream.last_venue_ts_event.map(|ts_event| {
                Duration::from_nanos(wall_clock_now.as_u64().saturating_sub(ts_event.as_u64()))
            });

            if let Some(recovery) = self.recovery {
                // Recovery requires one prior warning, even after long check lag
                let stale_since = stream.last_receive_at + self.stale_receive_threshold;
                let anchor = stream.last_recovery_at.unwrap_or(stale_since);

                if stream.last_warning_at.is_some()
                    && now.saturating_duration_since(anchor) >= recovery.cooldown
                {
                    let action = if stream.resubscribe_attempts < recovery.max_targeted_resubscribes
                    {
                        stream.resubscribe_attempts += 1;
                        StaleStreamAction::Resubscribe
                    } else {
                        // Reconnect replays all active subscriptions
                        stream.resubscribe_attempts = 0;
                        StaleStreamAction::Reconnect
                    };
                    stream.last_recovery_at = Some(now);
                    stream.last_warning_at = Some(now);

                    events.push(MarketDataStaleEvent {
                        channel: *channel,
                        instrument_id: *instrument_id,
                        receive_age,
                        venue_age,
                        stale_count: stream.consecutive_stale_count,
                        action,
                        cooldown: recovery.cooldown,
                        quote_is_fresh,
                    });
                    continue;
                }
            }

            let should_warn = stream.last_warning_at.is_none_or(|last_warning_at| {
                now.saturating_duration_since(last_warning_at) >= self.warning_cooldown
            });

            if !should_warn {
                continue;
            }

            stream.last_warning_at = Some(now);
            events.push(MarketDataStaleEvent {
                channel: *channel,
                instrument_id: *instrument_id,
                receive_age,
                venue_age,
                stale_count: stream.consecutive_stale_count,
                action: StaleStreamAction::Warn,
                cooldown: self.warning_cooldown,
                quote_is_fresh,
            });
        }

        events
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum StaleStreamAction {
    Warn,
    Resubscribe,
    Reconnect,
}

impl StaleStreamAction {
    const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Self::Warn => "warn",
            Self::Resubscribe => "resubscribe",
            Self::Reconnect => "reconnect",
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct MarketDataStaleEvent {
    channel: MarketDataChannel,
    instrument_id: InstrumentId,
    receive_age: Duration,
    venue_age: Option<Duration>,
    stale_count: u32,
    action: StaleStreamAction,
    cooldown: Duration,
    quote_is_fresh: bool,
}

fn stream_health_update(
    msg: &NautilusWsMessage,
) -> Option<(MarketDataChannel, InstrumentId, UnixNanos)> {
    match msg {
        NautilusWsMessage::Quote(quote) => Some((
            MarketDataChannel::Quote,
            quote.instrument_id,
            quote.ts_event,
        )),
        NautilusWsMessage::Deltas(deltas) => Some((
            MarketDataChannel::Deltas,
            deltas.instrument_id,
            deltas.ts_event,
        )),
        NautilusWsMessage::Depth10(depth) => Some((
            MarketDataChannel::Depth10,
            depth.instrument_id,
            depth.ts_event,
        )),
        _ => None,
    }
}

fn record_stream_receive(
    stream_health: &Arc<Mutex<MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor>>,
    channel: MarketDataChannel,
    instrument_id: InstrumentId,
    venue_ts_event: UnixNanos,
) {
    stream_health
        .lock()
        .record_receive(channel, instrument_id, Instant::now(), venue_ts_event);
}

fn log_stream_health_event(event: &MarketDataStaleEvent) {
    let venue_age_ms = event
        .venue_age
        .map_or_else(|| "n/a".to_string(), |age| age.as_millis().to_string());
    let prefix = if event.quote_is_fresh {
        "Hyperliquid book stream stale while bbo advances"
    } else {
        "Hyperliquid market data stream stale"
    };

    log::warn!(
        "{prefix}: channel={}, instrument_id={}, receive_age_ms={}, venue_age_ms={}, \
         stale_count={}, action={}, cooldown_secs={}",
        event.channel.as_str(),
        event.instrument_id,
        event.receive_age.as_millis(),
        venue_age_ms,
        event.stale_count,
        event.action.as_str(),
        event.cooldown.as_secs(),
    );
}

async fn handle_stream_health_events(
    ws_client: &HyperliquidWebSocketClient,
    events: &[MarketDataStaleEvent],
) {
    // Deltas and depth10 share one venue `l2Book` stream
    let mut resubscribed_books: AHashSet<InstrumentId> = AHashSet::new();
    let mut reconnect_requested = false;

    for event in events {
        log_stream_health_event(event);

        match event.action {
            StaleStreamAction::Warn => {}
            StaleStreamAction::Resubscribe => match event.channel {
                MarketDataChannel::Deltas | MarketDataChannel::Depth10 => {
                    if resubscribed_books.insert(event.instrument_id)
                        && let Err(e) = ws_client.resubscribe_book(event.instrument_id).await
                    {
                        log::warn!(
                            "Failed targeted l2Book resubscribe for {}: {e}",
                            event.instrument_id,
                        );
                    }
                }
                MarketDataChannel::Quote => {
                    if let Err(e) = ws_client.resubscribe_quotes(event.instrument_id).await {
                        log::warn!(
                            "Failed targeted bbo resubscribe for {}: {e}",
                            event.instrument_id,
                        );
                    }
                }
            },
            StaleStreamAction::Reconnect => reconnect_requested = true,
        }
    }

    if reconnect_requested {
        if ws_client.request_reconnect() {
            log::warn!("Requested full WebSocket reconnect after failed targeted stream recovery");
        } else {
            log::debug!("Skipping reconnect request: connection not active");
        }
    }
}

// Applies the request window and limit to a snapshot of recent trades. `trades`
// must be sorted ascending by `ts_event`. Returns the subset within `[start, end]`
// (each bound unbounded when `None`), keeping at most the most recent `limit`
// trades. Because `recentTrades` exposes only a recent snapshot with no historical
// depth, a warning is logged when the request reaches below the snapshot's
// coverage floor (its oldest trade).
fn filter_recent_trades(
    trades: Vec<TradeTick>,
    start: Option<UnixNanos>,
    end: Option<UnixNanos>,
    limit: Option<usize>,
    instrument_id: InstrumentId,
) -> Vec<TradeTick> {
    let Some(floor) = trades.first().map(|trade| trade.ts_event) else {
        return Vec::new();
    };

    if let Some(end) = end
        && end < floor
    {
        log::warn!(
            "Recent trades for {instrument_id} are entirely older than the requested window; \
             snapshot only covers back to {}",
            unix_nanos_to_iso8601(floor),
        );
        return Vec::new();
    }

    if let Some(start) = start
        && start < floor
    {
        log::warn!(
            "Recent trades for {instrument_id} only cover back to {}; \
             the requested start is earlier and cannot be served",
            unix_nanos_to_iso8601(floor),
        );
    }

    let mut filtered: Vec<TradeTick> = trades
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|trade| start.is_none_or(|s| trade.ts_event >= s))
        .filter(|trade| end.is_none_or(|e| trade.ts_event <= e))
        .collect();

    if let Some(limit) = limit
        && filtered.len() > limit
    {
        // Keep the most recent `limit` trades; ascending order is preserved
        filtered.drain(0..filtered.len() - limit);
    }

    filtered
}

// Levels with unparsable px/sz or non-positive size are skipped rather than
// erroring; the snapshot's `time` field (ms) becomes `ts_event` after the
// ms->ns conversion.
pub(crate) fn parse_l2_book_snapshot(
    l2_book: &HyperliquidL2Book,
    instrument_id: InstrumentId,
    price_precision: u8,
    size_precision: u8,
    depth: Option<usize>,
) -> OrderBook {
    let mut book = OrderBook::new(instrument_id, BookType::L2_MBP);
    let ts_event = UnixNanos::from(l2_book.time * 1_000_000);

    let all_bids = l2_book
        .levels
        .first()
        .map_or([].as_slice(), |v| v.as_slice());
    let all_asks = l2_book
        .levels
        .get(1)
        .map_or([].as_slice(), |v| v.as_slice());

    let bids = match depth {
        Some(d) if d < all_bids.len() => &all_bids[..d],
        _ => all_bids,
    };
    let asks = match depth {
        Some(d) if d < all_asks.len() => &all_asks[..d],
        _ => all_asks,
    };

    for (i, level) in bids.iter().enumerate() {
        if level.sz <= Decimal::ZERO {
            continue;
        }
        let Ok(price) = Price::from_decimal_dp(level.px, price_precision) else {
            continue;
        };
        let Ok(size) = Quantity::from_decimal_dp(level.sz, size_precision) else {
            continue;
        };

        let order = BookOrder::new(OrderSide::Buy, price, size, i as u64);
        book.add(order, 0, i as u64, ts_event);
    }

    let bids_len = bids.len();

    for (i, level) in asks.iter().enumerate() {
        if level.sz <= Decimal::ZERO {
            continue;
        }
        let Ok(price) = Price::from_decimal_dp(level.px, price_precision) else {
            continue;
        };
        let Ok(size) = Quantity::from_decimal_dp(level.sz, size_precision) else {
            continue;
        };

        let order = BookOrder::new(OrderSide::Sell, price, size, (bids_len + i) as u64);
        book.add(order, 0, (bids_len + i) as u64, ts_event);
    }

    log::debug!(
        "Built order book for {instrument_id} with {} bids and {} asks",
        bids.len(),
        asks.len(),
    );

    book
}

// Reads optional `nSigFigs` / `mantissa` L2 precision controls from
// `subscribe_params`; bails on non-positive integer values.
pub(crate) fn parse_book_precision_params(
    params: Option<&Params>,
) -> anyhow::Result<(Option<u32>, Option<u32>)> {
    let Some(params) = params else {
        return Ok((None, None));
    };

    let read_u32 = |key: &str| -> anyhow::Result<Option<u32>> {
        match params.get(key) {
            None => Ok(None),
            Some(v) => v
                .as_u64()
                .and_then(|n| u32::try_from(n).ok())
                .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("`{key}` must be a positive u32"))
                .map(Some),
        }
    };

    Ok((read_u32("n_sig_figs")?, read_u32("mantissa")?))
}

// Hyperliquid funds perpetuals hourly, so `interval` is fixed at 60 mins;
// `time` from the venue marks the end of the funding interval in ms.
pub(crate) fn funding_entry_to_update(
    entry: &HyperliquidFundingHistoryEntry,
    instrument_id: InstrumentId,
) -> FundingRateUpdate {
    let rate = entry.funding_rate;
    let ts = UnixNanos::from(entry.time * 1_000_000);
    FundingRateUpdate::new(instrument_id, rate, Some(60), None, ts, ts)
}

pub(crate) fn candle_to_bar(
    candle: &HyperliquidCandle,
    bar_type: BarType,
    price_precision: u8,
    size_precision: u8,
) -> anyhow::Result<Bar> {
    let ts_event = millis_to_nanos(candle.timestamp)?;
    let close_boundary = candle
        .end_timestamp
        .checked_add(1)
        .context("candle close boundary overflow")?;
    let ts_init = millis_to_nanos(close_boundary)?;

    let open = Price::from_decimal_dp(candle.open, price_precision)
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid open price: {e}"))?;
    let high = Price::from_decimal_dp(candle.high, price_precision)
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid high price: {e}"))?;
    let low = Price::from_decimal_dp(candle.low, price_precision)
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid low price: {e}"))?;
    let close = Price::from_decimal_dp(candle.close, price_precision)
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid close price: {e}"))?;
    let volume = Quantity::from_decimal_dp(candle.volume, size_precision)
        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("invalid volume: {e}"))?;

    Ok(Bar::new(
        bar_type, open, high, low, close, volume, ts_event, ts_init,
    ))
}

/// Request bars from HTTP API.
async fn request_bars_from_http(
    http_client: HyperliquidHttpClient,
    bar_type: BarType,
    start: Option<Timestamp>,
    end: Option<Timestamp>,
    limit: Option<u32>,
    instruments: Arc<AtomicMap<InstrumentId, InstrumentAny>>,
) -> anyhow::Result<Vec<Bar>> {
    // Get instrument details for precision
    let instrument_id = bar_type.instrument_id();
    let instrument = instruments
        .load()
        .get(&instrument_id)
        .cloned()
        .context("instrument not found in cache")?;

    let price_precision = instrument.price_precision();
    let size_precision = instrument.size_precision();
    let raw_symbol = instrument.raw_symbol();
    let coin = raw_symbol.as_str();

    let interval = bar_type_to_interval(&bar_type)?;

    // Hyperliquid uses millisecond timestamps
    let now = Timestamp::now();
    let end_time = end.unwrap_or(now).as_millisecond() as u64;
    let start_time = if let Some(start) = start {
        start.as_millisecond() as u64
    } else {
        // Default to 1000 bars before end_time
        let spec = bar_type.spec();
        let step_ms = match spec.aggregation {
            BarAggregation::Minute => spec.step.get() as u64 * 60_000,
            BarAggregation::Hour => spec.step.get() as u64 * 3_600_000,
            BarAggregation::Day => spec.step.get() as u64 * 86_400_000,
            _ => 60_000,
        };
        end_time.saturating_sub(1000 * step_ms)
    };

    let candles = http_client
        .info_candle_snapshot(coin, interval, start_time, end_time)
        .await
        .context("failed to fetch candle snapshot from Hyperliquid")?;

    let now_ms = now.as_millisecond() as u64;
    let mut bars: Vec<Bar> = candles
        .iter()
        .filter(|candle| candle.end_timestamp < now_ms)
        .filter_map(|candle| {
            candle_to_bar(candle, bar_type, price_precision, size_precision)
                .map_err(|e| {
                    log::warn!("Failed to convert candle to bar: {e}");
                    e
                })
                .ok()
        })
        .collect();

    if let Some(limit) = limit
        && bars.len() > limit as usize
    {
        bars = bars.into_iter().take(limit as usize).collect();
    }

    log::debug!("Fetched {} bars for {}", bars.len(), bar_type);
    Ok(bars)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use nautilus_common::live::runner::set_data_event_sender;
    use nautilus_model::{
        data::{
            QuoteTick,
            stubs::{stub_deltas, stub_depth10},
        },
        enums::{AggressorSide, CurrencyType},
        identifiers::{Symbol, TradeId},
        instruments::CryptoPerpetual,
        types::Currency,
    };
    use rstest::rstest;
    use rust_decimal_macros::dec;
    use ustr::Ustr;

    use super::*;
    use crate::common::{consts::HYPERLIQUID_CLIENT_ID, testing::load_test_data};

    fn btc_perp_id() -> InstrumentId {
        InstrumentId::from("BTC-PERP.HYPERLIQUID")
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_candle_to_bar_uses_causal_initialization_timestamp() {
        let candle = HyperliquidCandle {
            timestamp: 1_700_000_000_000,
            end_timestamp: 1_700_000_059_999,
            open: dec!(100.0),
            high: dec!(101.0),
            low: dec!(99.0),
            close: dec!(100.5),
            volume: dec!(10.0),
            num_trades: Some(42),
        };
        let bar_type = BarType::from("BTC-USD-PERP.HYPERLIQUID-1-MINUTE-LAST-EXTERNAL");

        let bar = candle_to_bar(&candle, bar_type, 1, 1).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(candle.end_timestamp - candle.timestamp, 59_999);
        assert_eq!(bar.ts_event, millis_to_nanos(candle.timestamp).unwrap());
        assert_eq!(
            bar.ts_init,
            millis_to_nanos(candle.end_timestamp + 1).unwrap()
        );
        assert!(bar.ts_init > bar.ts_event);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_candle_to_bar_rejects_close_boundary_overflow() {
        let candle = HyperliquidCandle {
            timestamp: 1_700_000_000_000,
            end_timestamp: u64::MAX,
            open: dec!(100.0),
            high: dec!(101.0),
            low: dec!(99.0),
            close: dec!(100.5),
            volume: dec!(10.0),
            num_trades: Some(42),
        };
        let bar_type = BarType::from("BTC-USD-PERP.HYPERLIQUID-1-MINUTE-LAST-EXTERNAL");

        let err = candle_to_bar(&candle, bar_type, 1, 1).unwrap_err();

        assert!(err.to_string().contains("close boundary overflow"));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_stream_health_monitor_fresh_stream_does_not_warn() {
        let mut monitor =
            MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Duration::from_secs(30));
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Deltas, instrument_id, start);

        let warnings = monitor.check_stale(
            start + Duration::from_secs(4),
            UnixNanos::from(4_000_000_000),
        );
        assert!(warnings.is_empty());
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_stream_health_monitor_warns_once_after_threshold() {
        let mut monitor =
            MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Duration::from_secs(30));
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Quote, instrument_id, start);
        monitor.record_receive(
            MarketDataChannel::Quote,
            instrument_id,
            start + Duration::from_secs(1),
            UnixNanos::from(1_000_000_000),
        );

        let warnings = monitor.check_stale(
            start + Duration::from_secs(7),
            UnixNanos::from(9_000_000_000),
        );

        assert_eq!(
            warnings,
            vec![MarketDataStaleEvent {
                channel: MarketDataChannel::Quote,
                instrument_id,
                receive_age: Duration::from_secs(6),
                venue_age: Some(Duration::from_secs(8)),
                stale_count: 1,
                action: StaleStreamAction::Warn,
                cooldown: Duration::from_secs(30),
                quote_is_fresh: false,
            }]
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_stream_health_monitor_warns_at_receive_threshold() {
        let mut monitor =
            MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Duration::from_secs(30));
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Quote, instrument_id, start);

        let warnings = monitor.check_stale(
            start + Duration::from_secs(5),
            UnixNanos::from(5_000_000_000),
        );

        assert_eq!(warnings.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(warnings[0].receive_age, Duration::from_secs(5));
        assert_eq!(warnings[0].stale_count, 1);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_stream_health_monitor_new_update_resets_age_and_stale_count() {
        let mut monitor =
            MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Duration::from_secs(30));
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Depth10, instrument_id, start);
        assert_eq!(
            monitor
                .check_stale(
                    start + Duration::from_secs(6),
                    UnixNanos::from(6_000_000_000),
                )
                .len(),
            1,
        );

        monitor.record_receive(
            MarketDataChannel::Depth10,
            instrument_id,
            start + Duration::from_secs(7),
            UnixNanos::from(7_000_000_000),
        );

        assert!(
            monitor
                .check_stale(
                    start + Duration::from_secs(11),
                    UnixNanos::from(11_000_000_000),
                )
                .is_empty()
        );

        let warnings = monitor.check_stale(
            start + Duration::from_secs(13),
            UnixNanos::from(13_000_000_000),
        );
        assert_eq!(warnings.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(warnings[0].stale_count, 1);
        assert_eq!(warnings[0].receive_age, Duration::from_secs(6));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_stream_health_monitor_unsubscribe_removes_stream() {
        let mut monitor =
            MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Duration::from_secs(30));
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Deltas, instrument_id, start);
        monitor.unsubscribe(MarketDataChannel::Deltas, instrument_id);

        let warnings = monitor.check_stale(
            start + Duration::from_secs(6),
            UnixNanos::from(6_000_000_000),
        );

        assert!(warnings.is_empty());
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case(0, 15)]
    #[case(120, 0)]
    fn test_data_client_stream_health_config_zero_disables_monitor(
        #[case] stale_receive_timeout_secs: u64,
        #[case] check_interval_secs: u64,
    ) {
        let (tx, _rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        set_data_event_sender(tx);
        let client = HyperliquidDataClient::new(
            *crate::common::consts::HYPERLIQUID_CLIENT_ID,
            HyperliquidDataClientConfig {
                stale_stream_receive_timeout_secs: stale_receive_timeout_secs,
                stream_health_check_interval_secs: check_interval_secs,
                ..HyperliquidDataClientConfig::default()
            },
        )
        .unwrap();
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        assert!(!client.stream_health_monitor_enabled());
        client.register_stream_health(MarketDataChannel::Deltas, instrument_id);

        let warnings = client.stream_health.lock().check_stale(
            start + Duration::from_secs(121),
            UnixNanos::from(121_000_000_000),
        );

        assert!(warnings.is_empty());
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_data_client_recovery_requires_positive_cooldown() {
        let (tx, _rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        set_data_event_sender(tx);
        let client = HyperliquidDataClient::new(
            *crate::common::consts::HYPERLIQUID_CLIENT_ID,
            HyperliquidDataClientConfig {
                stale_stream_recovery_enabled: true,
                stale_stream_recovery_cooldown_secs: 0,
                ..HyperliquidDataClientConfig::default()
            },
        )
        .unwrap();

        assert!(
            client.stream_health.lock().recovery.is_none(),
            "a zero recovery cooldown must leave the monitor observability-only",
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_stream_health_monitor_warning_cooldown_prevents_repeated_logs() {
        let mut monitor =
            MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Duration::from_secs(10));
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Deltas, instrument_id, start);

        let first = monitor.check_stale(
            start + Duration::from_secs(6),
            UnixNanos::from(6_000_000_000),
        );
        let inside_cooldown = monitor.check_stale(
            start + Duration::from_secs(7),
            UnixNanos::from(7_000_000_000),
        );
        let second = monitor.check_stale(
            start + Duration::from_secs(16),
            UnixNanos::from(16_000_000_000),
        );

        assert_eq!(first.len(), 1);
        assert!(inside_cooldown.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(second.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(second[0].stale_count, 3);
    }

    fn check_at(
        monitor: &mut MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor,
        start: Instant,
        secs: u64,
    ) -> Vec<MarketDataStaleEvent> {
        monitor.check_stale(
            start + Duration::from_secs(secs),
            UnixNanos::from(secs * 1_000_000_000),
        )
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_stream_health_recovery_ladder_escalates_and_resets() {
        let mut monitor =
            MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Duration::from_secs(10))
                .with_recovery(Duration::from_secs(30), 2);
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Deltas, instrument_id, start);

        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 5);
        assert_eq!(events.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(events[0].action, StaleStreamAction::Warn);

        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 20);
        assert_eq!(events[0].action, StaleStreamAction::Warn);

        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 35);
        assert_eq!(
            events,
            vec![MarketDataStaleEvent {
                channel: MarketDataChannel::Deltas,
                instrument_id,
                receive_age: Duration::from_secs(35),
                venue_age: None,
                stale_count: 3,
                action: StaleStreamAction::Resubscribe,
                cooldown: Duration::from_secs(30),
                quote_is_fresh: false,
            }],
        );

        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 50);
        assert_eq!(events[0].action, StaleStreamAction::Warn);

        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 65);
        assert_eq!(events[0].action, StaleStreamAction::Resubscribe);

        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 95);
        assert_eq!(events[0].action, StaleStreamAction::Reconnect);

        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 125);
        assert_eq!(events[0].action, StaleStreamAction::Resubscribe);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_stream_health_recovery_first_breach_warns_even_past_cooldown() {
        let mut monitor =
            MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Duration::from_secs(10))
                .with_recovery(Duration::from_secs(1), 1);
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Quote, instrument_id, start);

        // First stale checks must stay observability-only, even after cooldown
        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 40);
        assert_eq!(events.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(events[0].action, StaleStreamAction::Warn);

        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 41);
        assert_eq!(events.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(events[0].action, StaleStreamAction::Resubscribe);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_stream_health_receive_resets_recovery_state() {
        let mut monitor =
            MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Duration::from_secs(10))
                .with_recovery(Duration::from_secs(10), 1);
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Deltas, instrument_id, start);
        assert_eq!(
            check_at(&mut monitor, start, 5)[0].action,
            StaleStreamAction::Warn
        );
        assert_eq!(
            check_at(&mut monitor, start, 15)[0].action,
            StaleStreamAction::Resubscribe,
        );

        monitor.record_receive(
            MarketDataChannel::Deltas,
            instrument_id,
            start + Duration::from_secs(16),
            UnixNanos::from(16_000_000_000),
        );

        assert!(check_at(&mut monitor, start, 20).is_empty());

        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 21);
        assert_eq!(events[0].action, StaleStreamAction::Warn);
        assert_eq!(events[0].stale_count, 1);

        assert_eq!(
            check_at(&mut monitor, start, 31)[0].action,
            StaleStreamAction::Resubscribe,
        );
        assert_eq!(
            check_at(&mut monitor, start, 41)[0].action,
            StaleStreamAction::Reconnect,
        );
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_check_stale_book_with_fresh_quote_flags_relative_staleness() {
        let mut monitor =
            MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Duration::from_secs(30));
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Deltas, instrument_id, start);
        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Quote, instrument_id, start);
        monitor.record_receive(
            MarketDataChannel::Quote,
            instrument_id,
            start + Duration::from_secs(8),
            UnixNanos::from(8_000_000_000),
        );

        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 10);

        assert_eq!(events.len(), 1, "fresh quote stream must not be reported");
        assert_eq!(events[0].channel, MarketDataChannel::Deltas);
        assert!(events[0].quote_is_fresh);
    }

    #[rstest]
    #[case(true)]
    #[case(false)]
    fn test_check_stale_book_without_fresh_quote_is_not_flagged(#[case] quote_subscribed: bool) {
        let mut monitor =
            MarketDataStreamHealthMonitor::new(Duration::from_secs(5), Duration::from_secs(30));
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let start = Instant::now();

        monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Deltas, instrument_id, start);
        if quote_subscribed {
            monitor.subscribe(MarketDataChannel::Quote, instrument_id, start);
        }

        let events = check_at(&mut monitor, start, 10);

        let deltas_event = events
            .iter()
            .find(|event| event.channel == MarketDataChannel::Deltas)
            .expect("deltas event");
        assert!(
            !deltas_event.quote_is_fresh,
            "a stale or absent quote stream must not flag relative staleness",
        );

        if quote_subscribed {
            let quote_event = events
                .iter()
                .find(|event| event.channel == MarketDataChannel::Quote)
                .expect("quote event");
            assert!(!quote_event.quote_is_fresh);
        }
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_stream_health_update_extracts_tracked_market_data_messages() {
        let quote = QuoteTick {
            instrument_id: btc_perp_id(),
            ts_event: UnixNanos::from(1),
            ..QuoteTick::default()
        };
        let deltas = stub_deltas();
        let depth = stub_depth10();

        assert_eq!(
            stream_health_update(&NautilusWsMessage::Quote(quote)),
            Some((
                MarketDataChannel::Quote,
                quote.instrument_id,
                quote.ts_event
            )),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            stream_health_update(&NautilusWsMessage::Deltas(deltas.clone())),
            Some((
                MarketDataChannel::Deltas,
                deltas.instrument_id,
                deltas.ts_event
            )),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            stream_health_update(&NautilusWsMessage::Depth10(Box::new(depth))),
            Some((
                MarketDataChannel::Depth10,
                depth.instrument_id,
                depth.ts_event
            )),
        );
        assert_eq!(stream_health_update(&NautilusWsMessage::Reconnected), None,);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_funding_entry_to_update_parses_positive_rate() {
        let entry = HyperliquidFundingHistoryEntry {
            coin: Ustr::from("BTC"),
            funding_rate: dec!(0.0000125),
            premium: Some(dec!(0.00029005)),
            time: 1769908800000,
        };
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();

        let update = funding_entry_to_update(&entry, instrument_id);

        assert_eq!(update.instrument_id, instrument_id);
        assert_eq!(update.rate, dec!(0.0000125));
        assert_eq!(update.interval, Some(60));
        assert!(update.next_funding_ns.is_none());
        assert_eq!(update.ts_event, UnixNanos::from(1769908800000 * 1_000_000));
        assert_eq!(update.ts_init, update.ts_event);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_funding_entry_to_update_handles_negative_rate() {
        let entry = HyperliquidFundingHistoryEntry {
            coin: Ustr::from("BTC"),
            funding_rate: dec!(-0.0000081),
            premium: None,
            time: 1769912400000,
        };
        let update = funding_entry_to_update(&entry, btc_perp_id());
        assert_eq!(update.rate, dec!(-0.0000081));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_funding_history_entry_rejects_invalid_rate() {
        // The funding rate is now a Decimal field, so an invalid value is
        // rejected at deserialization rather than by funding_entry_to_update.
        let json = r#"{"coin":"BTC","fundingRate":"not-a-number","time":1769912400000}"#;
        assert!(serde_json::from_str::<HyperliquidFundingHistoryEntry>(json).is_err());
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_parse_book_precision_params_none() {
        let (n, m) = parse_book_precision_params(None).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(n, None);
        assert_eq!(m, None);
    }

    fn make_params(json: serde_json::Value) -> Params {
        serde_json::from_value(json).expect("valid params payload")
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_parse_book_precision_params_only_n_sig_figs() {
        let params = make_params(serde_json::json!({"n_sig_figs": 4}));
        let (n, m) = parse_book_precision_params(Some(&params)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(n, Some(4));
        assert_eq!(m, None);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_parse_book_precision_params_both() {
        let params = make_params(serde_json::json!({"n_sig_figs": 5, "mantissa": 2}));
        let (n, m) = parse_book_precision_params(Some(&params)).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(n, Some(5));
        assert_eq!(m, Some(2));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_parse_book_precision_params_rejects_negative() {
        let params = make_params(serde_json::json!({"n_sig_figs": -1}));
        let err = parse_book_precision_params(Some(&params)).unwrap_err();
        assert!(err.to_string().contains("n_sig_figs"));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_funding_history_fixture_parses() {
        let entries: Vec<HyperliquidFundingHistoryEntry> =
            load_test_data("http_funding_history.json");
        assert_eq!(entries.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(entries[0].coin, "BTC");
        assert_eq!(entries[0].funding_rate, dec!(0.0000125));
        assert_eq!(entries[0].premium, Some(dec!(0.00029005)));
        assert!(entries[2].premium.is_none());

        let updates: Vec<FundingRateUpdate> = entries
            .iter()
            .map(|e| funding_entry_to_update(e, btc_perp_id()))
            .collect();
        assert_eq!(updates.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(updates[0].rate, dec!(0.0000125));
        assert_eq!(updates[1].rate, dec!(-0.0000081));
        assert_eq!(updates[2].rate, dec!(0.0000033));
    }

    fn level(px: &str, sz: &str) -> crate::http::models::HyperliquidLevel {
        crate::http::models::HyperliquidLevel {
            px: px.parse().unwrap(),
            sz: sz.parse().unwrap(),
        }
    }

    fn sample_l2_book() -> HyperliquidL2Book {
        HyperliquidL2Book {
            coin: Ustr::from("BTC"),
            levels: vec![
                vec![
                    level("98450.50", "2.5"),
                    level("98449.00", "1.2"),
                    level("98448.00", "0.8"),
                ],
                vec![
                    level("98451.00", "1.5"),
                    level("98452.00", "2.0"),
                    level("98453.00", "0.5"),
                ],
            ],
            time: 1769908800000,
        }
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_parse_l2_book_snapshot_populates_both_sides() {
        let book_data = sample_l2_book();
        let instrument_id = btc_perp_id();
        let book = parse_l2_book_snapshot(&book_data, instrument_id, 2, 4, None);

        assert_eq!(book.instrument_id, instrument_id);
        assert_eq!(book.book_type, BookType::L2_MBP);
        assert_eq!(book.best_bid_price(), Some(Price::new(98450.50, 2)));
        assert_eq!(book.best_ask_price(), Some(Price::new(98451.00, 2)));
        assert_eq!(book.best_bid_size(), Some(Quantity::new(2.5, 4)));
        assert_eq!(book.best_ask_size(), Some(Quantity::new(1.5, 4)));
        assert_eq!(book.update_count, 6);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_parse_l2_book_snapshot_truncates_to_depth() {
        let book_data = sample_l2_book();
        let book = parse_l2_book_snapshot(&book_data, btc_perp_id(), 2, 4, Some(1));

        // depth=1 keeps the top of book on each side, drops the rest.
        assert_eq!(book.update_count, 2);
        assert_eq!(book.best_bid_price(), Some(Price::new(98450.50, 2)));
        assert_eq!(book.best_ask_price(), Some(Price::new(98451.00, 2)));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_parse_l2_book_snapshot_uses_venue_time_as_ts_event() {
        let book_data = sample_l2_book();
        let book = parse_l2_book_snapshot(&book_data, btc_perp_id(), 2, 4, None);
        let expected_ts = UnixNanos::from(1769908800000_u64 * 1_000_000);

        // ts_last reflects the last applied delta; every added order
        // carries the venue time after the ms->ns conversion.
        assert_eq!(book.ts_last, expected_ts);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_parse_l2_book_snapshot_skips_non_positive_size() {
        let book_data = HyperliquidL2Book {
            coin: Ustr::from("BTC"),
            levels: vec![
                vec![level("98450.50", "2.5"), level("98449.00", "0")],
                vec![level("98451.00", "0"), level("98452.00", "1.5")],
            ],
            time: 1769908800000,
        };
        let book = parse_l2_book_snapshot(&book_data, btc_perp_id(), 2, 4, None);

        assert_eq!(book.update_count, 2, "zero-sized levels must be skipped");
        assert_eq!(book.best_bid_price(), Some(Price::new(98450.50, 2)));
        assert_eq!(book.best_ask_price(), Some(Price::new(98452.00, 2)));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_parse_l2_book_snapshot_skips_zero_size_levels() {
        let book_data = HyperliquidL2Book {
            coin: Ustr::from("BTC"),
            levels: vec![
                vec![level("98448.00", "0.0"), level("98449.00", "1.2")],
                vec![level("98451.00", "0.0"), level("98452.00", "1.5")],
            ],
            time: 1769908800000,
        };
        let book = parse_l2_book_snapshot(&book_data, btc_perp_id(), 2, 4, None);

        // Zero-size levels are skipped; one priced level remains per side.
        assert_eq!(book.update_count, 2);
        assert_eq!(book.best_bid_price(), Some(Price::new(98449.00, 2)));
        assert_eq!(book.best_ask_price(), Some(Price::new(98452.00, 2)));
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_parse_l2_book_snapshot_empty_levels_yields_empty_book() {
        let book_data = HyperliquidL2Book {
            coin: Ustr::from("BTC"),
            levels: vec![],
            time: 1769908800000,
        };
        let book = parse_l2_book_snapshot(&book_data, btc_perp_id(), 2, 4, None);

        assert_eq!(book.update_count, 0);
        assert!(book.best_bid_price().is_none());
        assert!(book.best_ask_price().is_none());
    }

    fn trade_at(ts_ns: u64, tid: u64) -> TradeTick {
        TradeTick::new(
            btc_perp_id(),
            Price::from("104300.0"),
            Quantity::from("0.01000"),
            AggressorSide::Buy,
            TradeId::new(tid.to_string()),
            UnixNanos::from(ts_ns),
            UnixNanos::from(ts_ns),
        )
    }

    // A snapshot of three trades at 1000/2000/3000ns, sorted ascending. The
    // coverage floor (oldest) is 1000ns.
    fn sample_trades() -> Vec<TradeTick> {
        vec![trade_at(1000, 1), trade_at(2000, 2), trade_at(3000, 3)]
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_recent_trades_fixture_parses_and_sorts() {
        let raw: Vec<crate::http::models::HyperliquidRecentTrade> =
            load_test_data("http_recent_trades_btc.json");
        assert_eq!(raw.len(), 3);
        // Fixture is newest-first as the venue returns it.
        assert_eq!(raw[0].tid, 300003);

        let meta: crate::http::models::PerpMeta = load_test_data("http_meta_perp_sample.json");
        let defs = crate::http::parse::parse_perp_instruments(&meta, 0).unwrap();
        let instrument =
            crate::http::parse::create_instrument_from_def(&defs[0], UnixNanos::default()).unwrap();

        let mut trades: Vec<TradeTick> = raw
            .iter()
            .map(|t| parse_recent_trade(t, &instrument).unwrap())
            .collect();
        trades.sort_by_key(|trade| trade.ts_event);

        // Ascending after sort: oldest tid first.
        assert_eq!(trades[0].trade_id.to_string(), "300001");
        assert_eq!(trades[2].trade_id.to_string(), "300003");
        assert!(trades[0].ts_event <= trades[2].ts_event);
        // Historical ticks carry ts_init == ts_event.
        assert_eq!(trades[0].ts_init, trades[0].ts_event);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_filter_recent_trades_full_window_returns_all() {
        let filtered = filter_recent_trades(sample_trades(), None, None, None, btc_perp_id());

        assert_eq!(filtered.len(), 3);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_filter_recent_trades_empty_snapshot_returns_empty() {
        let filtered = filter_recent_trades(
            Vec::new(),
            Some(UnixNanos::from(500)),
            Some(UnixNanos::from(2500)),
            None,
            btc_perp_id(),
        );

        assert!(filtered.is_empty());
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_filter_recent_trades_entirely_older_returns_empty() {
        // Requested window ends before the snapshot floor (1000ns).
        let filtered = filter_recent_trades(
            sample_trades(),
            Some(UnixNanos::from(100)),
            Some(UnixNanos::from(500)),
            None,
            btc_perp_id(),
        );

        assert!(filtered.is_empty());
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_filter_recent_trades_partial_keeps_in_range_subset() {
        // Start (500ns) is below the floor; end (2500ns) drops the 3000ns trade.
        let filtered = filter_recent_trades(
            sample_trades(),
            Some(UnixNanos::from(500)),
            Some(UnixNanos::from(2500)),
            None,
            btc_perp_id(),
        );

        let ts: Vec<u64> = filtered.iter().map(|t| t.ts_event.as_u64()).collect();
        assert_eq!(ts, vec![1000, 2000]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_filter_recent_trades_within_window_filters_bounds() {
        let filtered = filter_recent_trades(
            sample_trades(),
            Some(UnixNanos::from(1500)),
            Some(UnixNanos::from(3000)),
            None,
            btc_perp_id(),
        );

        let ts: Vec<u64> = filtered.iter().map(|t| t.ts_event.as_u64()).collect();
        assert_eq!(ts, vec![2000, 3000]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_filter_recent_trades_limit_keeps_most_recent() {
        let filtered = filter_recent_trades(sample_trades(), None, None, Some(2), btc_perp_id());

        let ts: Vec<u64> = filtered.iter().map(|t| t.ts_event.as_u64()).collect();
        assert_eq!(ts, vec![2000, 3000]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_filter_recent_trades_end_equal_to_floor_keeps_floor_trade() {
        // `end` exactly on the floor (1000ns) is inclusive: not "entirely
        // older". Distinguishes `end < floor` from `end <= floor`.
        let filtered = filter_recent_trades(
            sample_trades(),
            None,
            Some(UnixNanos::from(1000)),
            None,
            btc_perp_id(),
        );

        let ts: Vec<u64> = filtered.iter().map(|t| t.ts_event.as_u64()).collect();
        assert_eq!(ts, vec![1000]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_filter_recent_trades_bounds_are_inclusive() {
        // `start`/`end` landing exactly on a trade's ts_event keep that trade.
        // Distinguishes `>=`/`<=` from strict `>`/`<`.
        let filtered = filter_recent_trades(
            sample_trades(),
            Some(UnixNanos::from(2000)),
            Some(UnixNanos::from(3000)),
            None,
            btc_perp_id(),
        );

        let ts: Vec<u64> = filtered.iter().map(|t| t.ts_event.as_u64()).collect();
        assert_eq!(ts, vec![2000, 3000]);
    }

    fn perp_instrument(symbol: &str, tick_size: &str, ts_init: UnixNanos) -> InstrumentAny {
        let base = Currency::new("BTC", 8, 0, "BTC", CurrencyType::Crypto);
        let usd = Currency::new("USD", 8, 0, "USD", CurrencyType::Crypto);
        let usdc = Currency::new("USDC", 6, 0, "USDC", CurrencyType::Crypto);

        InstrumentAny::CryptoPerpetual(
            CryptoPerpetual::builder()
                .instrument_id(InstrumentId::new(Symbol::new(symbol), *HYPERLIQUID_VENUE))
                .raw_symbol(Symbol::new("BTC"))
                .base_currency(base)
                .quote_currency(usd)
                .settlement_currency(usdc)
                .is_inverse(false)
                .price_precision(1)
                .size_precision(3)
                .price_increment(Price::from(tick_size))
                .size_increment(Quantity::from("0.001"))
                .ts_event(ts_init)
                .ts_init(ts_init)
                .build()
                .unwrap(),
        )
    }

    fn cached(instruments: &[InstrumentAny]) -> Arc<AtomicMap<InstrumentId, InstrumentAny>> {
        let map = AtomicMap::new();
        map.rcu(|m| {
            for instrument in instruments {
                m.insert(instrument.id(), instrument.clone());
            }
        });
        Arc::new(map)
    }

    fn data_client_with_refresh_interval(minutes: u64) -> HyperliquidDataClient {
        let (tx, _rx) = tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel();
        set_data_event_sender(tx);

        HyperliquidDataClient::new(
            *HYPERLIQUID_CLIENT_ID,
            HyperliquidDataClientConfig {
                update_instruments_interval_mins: minutes,
                ..HyperliquidDataClientConfig::default()
            },
        )
        .unwrap()
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_spawn_instrument_refresh_skipped_when_interval_zero() {
        let client = data_client_with_refresh_interval(0);

        client.spawn_instrument_refresh().unwrap();

        assert!(client.session_tasks.is_empty());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_spawn_instrument_refresh_registers_task() {
        let client = data_client_with_refresh_interval(60);

        client.spawn_instrument_refresh().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(client.session_tasks.len(), 1);

        client.cancellation_token.cancel();
        client.await_session_tasks().await.unwrap();
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_changed_definitions_reports_a_newly_listed_market() {
        let cached_instruments =
            cached(&[perp_instrument("BTC-USD-PERP", "0.1", UnixNanos::from(1))]);
        let fetched = vec![
            perp_instrument("BTC-USD-PERP", "0.1", UnixNanos::from(1)),
            perp_instrument("NEW-USD-PERP", "0.1", UnixNanos::from(1)),
        ];

        let changed = changed_definitions(&fetched, &cached_instruments);

        assert_eq!(changed.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(changed[0].id().symbol.as_str(), "NEW-USD-PERP");
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_added_symbols_names_only_the_market_the_cache_never_held() {
        let cached_instruments =
            cached(&[perp_instrument("BTC-USD-PERP", "0.1", UnixNanos::from(1))]);
        // BTC moved its tick size, so it is changed but not new
        let changed = vec![
            perp_instrument("BTC-USD-PERP", "0.5", UnixNanos::from(1)),
            perp_instrument("NEW-USD-PERP", "0.1", UnixNanos::from(1)),
        ];

        let added = added_symbols(&changed, &cached_instruments);

        assert_eq!(added, vec![Ustr::from("NEW-USD-PERP")]);
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_added_symbols_is_empty_when_every_change_is_a_known_market() {
        let cached_instruments =
            cached(&[perp_instrument("BTC-USD-PERP", "0.1", UnixNanos::from(1))]);
        let changed = vec![perp_instrument("BTC-USD-PERP", "0.5", UnixNanos::from(1))];

        assert!(added_symbols(&changed, &cached_instruments).is_empty());
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_changed_definitions_ignores_a_later_ts_init_alone() {
        // Every pass restamps `ts_init` from the clock, so comparing it would
        // republish the whole universe on every tick.
        let cached_instruments =
            cached(&[perp_instrument("BTC-USD-PERP", "0.1", UnixNanos::from(1))]);
        let fetched = vec![perp_instrument(
            "BTC-USD-PERP",
            "0.1",
            UnixNanos::from(2_000_000_000),
        )];

        assert!(changed_definitions(&fetched, &cached_instruments).is_empty());
    }

    #[rstest]
    fn test_changed_definitions_reports_a_changed_tick_size() {
        let cached_instruments =
            cached(&[perp_instrument("BTC-USD-PERP", "0.1", UnixNanos::from(1))]);
        let fetched = vec![perp_instrument("BTC-USD-PERP", "0.5", UnixNanos::from(1))];

        let changed = changed_definitions(&fetched, &cached_instruments);

        assert_eq!(changed.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(changed[0].price_increment(), Price::from("0.5"));
    }
}