nautilus_core/python/

mod.rs

// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//  Copyright (C) 2015-2026 Nautech Systems Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.
//  https://nautechsystems.io
//
//  Licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 3.0 (the "License");
//  You may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
//  You may obtain a copy of the License at https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html
//
//  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
//  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
//  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
//  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
//  limitations under the License.
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#![allow(clippy::doc_markdown, reason = "Python docstrings")]

//! Python bindings and interoperability built using [`PyO3`](https://pyo3.rs).

#![allow(
    deprecated,
    reason = "pyo3-stub-gen currently relies on PyO3 initialization helpers marked as deprecated"
)]
//!
//! This sub-module groups together the Rust code that is *only* required when compiling the
//! `python` feature flag. It provides thin adapters so that NautilusTrader functionality can be
//! consumed from the `nautilus_trader` Python package without sacrificing type-safety or
//! performance.

pub mod casing;
pub mod datetime;
pub mod enums;
pub mod params;
pub mod parsing;
pub mod serialization;
/// String manipulation utilities for Python.
pub mod string;
pub mod uuid;
pub mod version;

use std::fmt::Display;

use pyo3::{
    Py,
    conversion::IntoPyObjectExt,
    exceptions::{
        PyException, PyKeyError, PyNotImplementedError, PyRuntimeError, PyTypeError, PyValueError,
    },
    prelude::*,
    types::PyString,
    wrap_pyfunction,
};
use pyo3_stub_gen::derive::gen_stub_pyfunction;

use crate::{
    UUID4,
    consts::{NAUTILUS_USER_AGENT, NAUTILUS_VERSION},
    datetime::{
        MILLISECONDS_IN_SECOND, NANOSECONDS_IN_MICROSECOND, NANOSECONDS_IN_MILLISECOND,
        NANOSECONDS_IN_SECOND,
    },
};

/// Safely clones a Python object by acquiring the GIL and properly managing reference counts.
///
/// This function exists to break reference cycles between Rust and Python that can occur
/// when using `Arc<Py<PyAny>>` in callback-holding structs. The original design wrapped
/// Python callbacks in `Arc` for thread-safe sharing, but this created circular references:
///
/// 1. Rust `Arc` holds Python objects → increases Python reference count.
/// 2. Python objects might reference Rust objects → creates cycles.
/// 3. Neither side can be garbage collected → memory leak.
///
/// By using plain `Py<PyAny>` with GIL-based cloning instead of `Arc<Py<PyAny>>`, we:
/// - Avoid circular references between Rust and Python memory management.
/// - Ensure proper Python reference counting under the GIL.
/// - Allow both Rust and Python garbage collectors to work correctly.
#[must_use]
pub fn clone_py_object(obj: &Py<PyAny>) -> Py<PyAny> {
    Python::attach(|py| obj.clone_ref(py))
}

/// Calls a Python callback with a single argument, logging any errors.
pub fn call_python(py: Python, callback: &Py<PyAny>, py_obj: Py<PyAny>) {
    if let Err(e) = callback.call1(py, (py_obj,)) {
        log::error!("Error calling Python: {e}");
    }
}

/// Schedules a Python callback on the event loop thread via `call_soon_threadsafe`.
///
/// This must be used instead of [`call_python`] when invoking Python callbacks
/// from Tokio worker threads, since Python callbacks that enter the kernel
/// (e.g. via `MessageBus.send`) must run on the asyncio event loop thread.
pub fn call_python_threadsafe(
    py: Python,
    call_soon: &Py<PyAny>,
    callback: &Py<PyAny>,
    py_obj: Py<PyAny>,
) {
    if let Err(e) = call_soon.call1(py, (callback, py_obj)) {
        log::error!("Error scheduling Python callback on event loop: {e}");
    }
}

/// Extend `IntoPyObjectExt` helper trait to unwrap `Py<PyAny>` after conversion.
pub trait IntoPyObjectNautilusExt<'py>: IntoPyObjectExt<'py> {
    /// Convert `self` into a [`Py<PyAny>`] while *panicking* if the conversion fails.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience wrapper around [`IntoPyObjectExt::into_py_any`] that avoids the
    /// cumbersome `Result` handling when we are certain that the conversion cannot fail (for
    /// instance when we are converting primitives or other types that already implement the
    /// necessary PyO3 traits).
    #[inline]
    fn into_py_any_unwrap(self, py: Python<'py>) -> Py<PyAny> {
        self.into_py_any(py)
            .expect("Failed to convert type to Py<PyAny>")
    }
}

impl<'py, T> IntoPyObjectNautilusExt<'py> for T where T: IntoPyObjectExt<'py> {}

/// Gets the type name for the given Python `obj`.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns a error if accessing the type name fails.
pub fn get_pytype_name<'py>(obj: &Bound<'py, PyAny>) -> PyResult<Bound<'py, PyString>> {
    obj.get_type().name()
}

/// Converts any type that implements `Display` to a Python `ValueError`.
pub fn to_pyvalue_err(e: impl Display) -> PyErr {
    PyValueError::new_err(e.to_string())
}

/// Converts any type that implements `Display` to a Python `TypeError`.
pub fn to_pytype_err(e: impl Display) -> PyErr {
    PyTypeError::new_err(e.to_string())
}

/// Converts any type that implements `Display` to a Python `RuntimeError`.
pub fn to_pyruntime_err(e: impl Display) -> PyErr {
    PyRuntimeError::new_err(e.to_string())
}

/// Converts any type that implements `Display` to a Python `KeyError`.
pub fn to_pykey_err(e: impl Display) -> PyErr {
    PyKeyError::new_err(e.to_string())
}

/// Converts any type that implements `Display` to a Python `Exception`.
pub fn to_pyexception(e: impl Display) -> PyErr {
    PyException::new_err(e.to_string())
}

/// Converts any type that implements `Display` to a Python `NotImplementedError`.
pub fn to_pynotimplemented_err(e: impl Display) -> PyErr {
    PyNotImplementedError::new_err(e.to_string())
}

/// Return a value indicating whether the `obj` is a `PyCapsule`.
///
/// Parameters
/// ----------
/// obj : Any
///     The object to check.
///
/// Returns
/// -------
/// bool
#[gen_stub_pyfunction(module = "nautilus_trader.core")]
#[pyfunction(name = "is_pycapsule")]
#[allow(
    clippy::needless_pass_by_value,
    reason = "Python FFI requires owned types"
)]
#[allow(unsafe_code)]
fn py_is_pycapsule(obj: Py<PyAny>) -> bool {
    // SAFETY: obj.as_ptr() returns a valid Python object pointer
    unsafe {
        // PyCapsule_CheckExact checks if the object is exactly a PyCapsule
        pyo3::ffi::PyCapsule_CheckExact(obj.as_ptr()) != 0
    }
}

/// Loaded as `nautilus_pyo3.core`.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns a `PyErr` if registering any module components fails.
#[pymodule]
#[rustfmt::skip]
pub fn core(_: Python<'_>, m: &Bound<'_, PyModule>) -> PyResult<()> {
    m.add(stringify!(NAUTILUS_VERSION), NAUTILUS_VERSION)?;
    m.add(stringify!(NAUTILUS_USER_AGENT), NAUTILUS_USER_AGENT)?;
    m.add(stringify!(MILLISECONDS_IN_SECOND), MILLISECONDS_IN_SECOND)?;
    m.add(stringify!(NANOSECONDS_IN_SECOND), NANOSECONDS_IN_SECOND)?;
    m.add(stringify!(NANOSECONDS_IN_MILLISECOND), NANOSECONDS_IN_MILLISECOND)?;
    m.add(stringify!(NANOSECONDS_IN_MICROSECOND), NANOSECONDS_IN_MICROSECOND)?;
    m.add_class::<UUID4>()?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(py_is_pycapsule, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(casing::py_convert_to_snake_case, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(string::py_mask_api_key, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(datetime::py_secs_to_nanos, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(datetime::py_secs_to_millis, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(datetime::py_millis_to_nanos, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(datetime::py_micros_to_nanos, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(datetime::py_nanos_to_secs, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(datetime::py_nanos_to_millis, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(datetime::py_nanos_to_micros, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(datetime::py_unix_nanos_to_iso8601, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(datetime::py_last_weekday_nanos, m)?)?;
    m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(datetime::py_is_within_last_24_hours, m)?)?;
    Ok(())
}