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#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
//! This crate provides [`BinaryHeap`] that stores key-value pairs.
//! The main advantage of that is that unlike with an implementation like
//! [`std::collections::BinaryHeap`] checking if any given key exist is `O(1)` instead of `O(n)`.
//! Same for getting the value for a given key. This allows for cheap modification of
//! values within the binary heap. Updating a value is `O(log n)` iff you have direct access to the value.
//! For a binary heap that does not store key-value pairs update operations would be `O(n)` because
//! they first have to find the value to update. The disadvantage is the additional storage space
//! required to store a HashMap that provides indices into the heap for each key.
//!
//! # Quick start
//!
//! ## Max/Min Heap
//!
//! ### Max Heap
//!
//! ```rust
//! use mut_binary_heap::*;
//!
//! // max heap
//! let mut h: BinaryHeap<i32, i32> = BinaryHeap::new();
//! // max heap with initial capacity
//! let mut h: BinaryHeap<i32, i32> = BinaryHeap::with_capacity(42);
//! // max heap from iterator and key selector
//! let mut h: BinaryHeap<i32, i32> = BinaryHeap::from((0..42), |v| *v);
//! assert_eq!(h.pop(), Some(41));
//! ```
//!
//! ### Min Heap
//!
//! ```rust
//! use mut_binary_heap::*;
//!
//! // min heap
//! let mut h: BinaryHeap<i32, i32, MinComparator> = BinaryHeap::new();
//! // min heap with initial capacity
//! let mut h: BinaryHeap<i32, i32, MinComparator> = BinaryHeap::with_capacity(42);
//! // min heap from iterator
//! let mut h: BinaryHeap<i32, i32, MinComparator> = BinaryHeap::from((0..42), |v| *v);
//! assert_eq!(h.pop(), Some(0));
//! ```
//!
//! [`BinaryHeap::from_vec()`]: struct.BinaryHeap.html#method.from_vec
//!
//! ## Custom Heap
//!
//! For custom heap, [`BinaryHeap::new_by()`] and [`BinaryHeap::new_by_sort_key`]
//! works in a similar way to max/min heap. The only difference is that you add
//! a closure returning a [`std::cmp::Ordering`] or the sort key with an apropriate signature.
//!
//! ```rust
//! use mut_binary_heap::BinaryHeap;
//!
//! let mut heap = BinaryHeap::new_by_sort_key(|a: &i32| a % 4);
//! heap.push(0, 3);
//! heap.push(1, 1);
//! heap.push(2, 5);
//! assert_eq!(heap.pop(), Some(3));
//! ```
//!
//! # Constructers
//!
//! ## Dedicated methods to create different kind of heaps
//!
//! * [`BinaryHeap::new()`] creates a max heap.
//! * [`BinaryHeap::new_min()`] creates a min heap.
//! * [`BinaryHeap::new_by()`] creates a heap sorted by the given closure.
//! * [`BinaryHeap::new_by_sort_key()`] creates a heap sorted by the key generated by the given closure.
//! * [`BinaryHeap::from()`] creates a max heap with the elements in the iterator and keys provided by the closure.
// TODO create BinaryHeap::from for min and custom heaps
//!
//! # Examples
//!
//! This is a larger example that implements [Dijkstra's algorithm][dijkstra]
//! to solve the [shortest path problem][sssp] on a [directed graph][dir_graph].
//! It shows how to use [`BinaryHeap`] with custom types.
//!
//! [dijkstra]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm
//! [sssp]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest_path_problem
//! [dir_graph]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_graph
//!
//! ```rust
//! use mut_binary_heap::BinaryHeap;
//! use std::cmp::Ordering;
//!
//! #[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
//! struct Node {
//! cost: usize,
//! position: usize,
//! }
//!
//! // The priority queue depends on `Ord`.
//! // Explicitly implement the trait so the queue becomes a min-heap
//! // instead of a max-heap.
//! impl Ord for Node {
//! fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
//! // Notice that the we flip the ordering on costs.
//! // In case of a tie we compare positions - this step is necessary
//! // to make implementations of `PartialEq` and `Ord` consistent.
//! other
//! .cost
//! .cmp(&self.cost)
//! .then_with(|| self.position.cmp(&other.position))
//! }
//! }
//!
//! // `PartialOrd` needs to be implemented as well.
//! impl PartialOrd for Node {
//! fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
//! Some(self.cmp(other))
//! }
//! }
//!
//! // Each node is represented as a `usize`, for a shorter implementation.
//! struct Edge {
//! node: usize,
//! cost: usize,
//! }
//!
//! // Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm.
//!
//! // Start at `start` and use `dist` to track the current shortest distance
//! // to each node.
//! fn shortest_path(edges: &Vec<Vec<Edge>>, start: usize, goal: usize) -> Option<usize> {
//! let mut heap: BinaryHeap<usize, Node> = BinaryHeap::new();
//! heap.push(
//! start,
//! Node {
//! cost: 0,
//! position: start,
//! },
//! );
//!
//! while let Some(Node { cost, position }) = heap.pop() {
//! if position == goal {
//! return Some(cost);
//! }
//!
//! for edge in &edges[position] {
//! let next_cost = cost + edge.cost;
//!
//! // if the edge points to a node that is already in the heap, check
//! // if it's cost is greater than the cost via this edge.
//! // Note that normally dijkstra would also have a closed list with all
//! // nodes that we have already visited. That closed list is also used to
//! // keep track of the path we have taken.
//! // To simplify this example we ignore that and only calculate the cost
//! // to the goal.
// FIXME why can't i use let Some(node) = heap.pop(). rust complains about the borrow persisting into the else branch
//! if heap.contains_key(&edge.node) {
//! let mut node = heap.get_mut(&edge.node).unwrap();
//! assert_eq!(node.position, edge.node);
//! if next_cost < node.cost {
//! node.cost = next_cost;
//! }
//! // by dropping `node` the heap is autmatically updated.
//! } else {
//! heap.push(
//! edge.node,
//! Node {
//! cost: next_cost,
//! position: edge.node,
//! },
//! );
//! }
//! }
//! }
//! // If the heap is empty, the goal wasn't found.
//! None
//! }
//!
//! fn main() {
//! // This is the directed graph we're going to use.
//! // The node numbers correspond to the different states,
//! // and the edge weights symbolize the cost of moving
//! // from one node to another.
//! // Note that the edges are one-way.
//! //
//! // 7
//! // +-----------------+
//! // | |
//! // v 1 2 | 2
//! // 0 -----> 1 -----> 3 ---> 4
//! // | ^ ^ ^
//! // | | 1 | |
//! // | | | 3 | 1
//! // +------> 2 -------+ |
//! // 10 | |
//! // +---------------+
//! //
//! // The graph is represented as an adjacency list where each index,
//! // corresponding to a node value, has a list of outgoing edges.
//! // Chosen for its efficiency.
//! let graph = vec![
//! // Node 0
//! vec![Edge { node: 2, cost: 10 }, Edge { node: 1, cost: 1 }],
//! // Node 1
//! vec![Edge { node: 3, cost: 2 }],
//! // Node 2
//! vec![
//! Edge { node: 1, cost: 1 },
//! Edge { node: 3, cost: 3 },
//! Edge { node: 4, cost: 1 },
//! ],
//! // Node 3
//! vec![Edge { node: 0, cost: 7 }, Edge { node: 4, cost: 2 }],
//! // Node 4
//! vec![],
//! ];
//!
//! assert_eq!(shortest_path(&graph, 0, 1), Some(1));
//! assert_eq!(shortest_path(&graph, 0, 3), Some(3));
//! assert_eq!(shortest_path(&graph, 3, 0), Some(7));
//! assert_eq!(shortest_path(&graph, 0, 4), Some(5));
//! assert_eq!(shortest_path(&graph, 4, 0), None);
//! }
//! ```
mod binary_heap;
pub use crate::binary_heap::*;
/// An intermediate trait for specialization of `Extend`.
// #[doc(hidden)]
// trait SpecExtend<I: IntoIterator> {
// /// Extends `self` with the contents of the given iterator.
// fn spec_extend(&mut self, iter: I);
// }
#[cfg(test)]
mod from_liballoc {
// The following tests copyed from liballoc/tests/binary_heap.rs
// I can't fully confirm what the original authors meant by liballoc.
// However this is extremely similar to:
// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/library/alloc/src/collections/binary_heap/tests.rs
// TODO port tests that we are missing and mark commit hash for future reference
use super::binary_heap::*;
#[test]
fn test_iterator() {
let data = vec![5, 9, 3];
let iterout = [9, 5, 3];
let heap = BinaryHeap::<_, _>::from(data, |k| k.clone());
let mut i = 0;
for el in &heap {
assert_eq!(*el.1, iterout[i]);
i += 1;
}
}
// #[test]
// fn test_iterator_reverse() {
// let data = vec![5, 9, 3];
// let iterout = vec![3, 5, 9];
// let pq = BinaryHeap::<_, _>::from(data, |k| k.clone());
// let v: Vec<_> = pq.iter().rev().cloned().collect();
// assert_eq!(v, iterout);
// }
// #[test]
// fn test_move_iter() {
// let data = vec![5, 9, 3];
// let iterout = vec![9, 5, 3];
// let pq = BinaryHeap::<_, _>::from(data, |k| k.clone());
// let v: Vec<_> = pq.into_iter().collect();
// assert_eq!(v, iterout);
// }
#[test]
fn test_move_iter_size_hint() {
let data = vec![5, 9];
let pq = BinaryHeap::<_, _>::from(data, |k| k.clone());
let mut it = pq.into_iter();
assert_eq!(it.size_hint(), (2, Some(2)));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some((9, 9)));
assert_eq!(it.size_hint(), (1, Some(1)));
assert_eq!(it.next(), Some((5, 5)));
assert_eq!(it.size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
assert_eq!(it.next(), None);
}
// #[test]
// fn test_move_iter_reverse() {
// let data = vec![5, 9, 3];
// let iterout = vec![3, 5, 9];
// let pq = BinaryHeap::<_, _>::from(data, |k| k.clone());
// let v: Vec<_> = pq.into_iter().rev().collect();
// assert_eq!(v, iterout);
// }
// #[test]
// fn test_into_iter_sorted_collect() {
// let heap = BinaryHeap::from(vec![2, 4, 6, 2, 1, 8, 10, 3, 5, 7, 0, 9, 1]);
// let it = heap.into_iter_sorted();
// let sorted = it.collect::<Vec<_>>();
// assert_eq!(sorted, vec![10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0]);
// }
#[test]
fn test_peek_and_pop() {
let data = vec![2, 4, 6, 2, 1, 8, 10, 3, 5, 7, 0, 9, 1];
let mut sorted = data.clone();
sorted.sort();
let data = data.into_iter().enumerate().map(|(i, v)| (i, v));
let mut heap: BinaryHeap<_, _> = data.collect();
while !heap.is_empty() {
assert_eq!(heap.peek().unwrap(), sorted.last().unwrap());
assert_eq!(heap.pop().unwrap(), sorted.pop().unwrap());
}
}
#[test]
fn test_peek_mut() {
let data = [2, 4, 6, 2, 1, 8, 10, 3, 5, 7, 0, 9, 1]
.into_iter()
.enumerate()
.map(|(i, v)| (i, v));
let mut heap: BinaryHeap<_, _> = data.collect();
assert_eq!(heap.peek(), Some(&10));
{
let mut top = heap.peek_mut().unwrap();
*top -= 2;
}
assert_eq!(heap.peek(), Some(&9));
}
#[test]
fn test_peek_mut_pop() {
let data = [2, 4, 6, 2, 1, 8, 10, 3, 5, 7, 0, 9, 1]
.into_iter()
.enumerate()
.map(|(i, v)| (i, v));
let mut heap: BinaryHeap<_, _> = data.collect();
assert_eq!(heap.peek(), Some(&10));
{
let mut top = heap.peek_mut().unwrap();
*top -= 2;
assert_eq!(PeekMut::pop(top), 8);
}
assert_eq!(heap.peek(), Some(&9));
}
#[test]
fn test_push() {
let mut heap = BinaryHeap::<_, _>::from(vec![2, 4, 9], |k| k.clone());
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 3);
assert!(*heap.peek().unwrap() == 9);
heap.push(11, 11);
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 4);
assert!(*heap.peek().unwrap() == 11);
heap.push(5, 5);
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 5);
assert!(*heap.peek().unwrap() == 11);
heap.push(27, 27);
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 6);
assert!(*heap.peek().unwrap() == 27);
heap.push(3, 3);
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 7);
assert!(*heap.peek().unwrap() == 27);
heap.push(103, 103);
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 8);
assert!(*heap.peek().unwrap() == 103);
}
#[test]
fn test_push_unique() {
let data: Vec<Box<i32>> = [2, 4, 9].iter().map(|v| Box::new(*v)).collect();
let mut heap = BinaryHeap::<i32, Box<i32>>::from(data, |k| **k);
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 3);
assert!(**heap.peek().unwrap() == 9);
heap.push(11, Box::new(11));
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 4);
assert!(**heap.peek().unwrap() == 11);
heap.push(5, Box::new(5));
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 5);
assert!(**heap.peek().unwrap() == 11);
heap.push(27, Box::new(27));
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 6);
assert!(**heap.peek().unwrap() == 27);
heap.push(3, Box::new(3));
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 7);
assert!(**heap.peek().unwrap() == 27);
heap.push(103, Box::new(103));
assert_eq!(heap.len(), 8);
assert!(**heap.peek().unwrap() == 103);
}
// fn check_to_vec(mut data: Vec<i32>) {
// let heap = BinaryHeap::from(data.clone());
// let mut v = heap.clone().into_vec();
// v.sort();
// data.sort();
// assert_eq!(v, data);
// assert_eq!(heap.into_sorted_vec(), data);
// }
#[test]
fn test_empty_pop() {
let mut heap = BinaryHeap::<i32, i32>::new();
assert!(heap.pop().is_none());
}
#[test]
fn test_empty_peek() {
let empty = BinaryHeap::<i32, i32>::new();
assert!(empty.peek().is_none());
}
#[test]
fn test_empty_peek_mut() {
let mut empty = BinaryHeap::<i32, i32>::new();
assert!(empty.peek_mut().is_none());
}
// #[test]
// fn test_from_iter() {
// let xs = vec![9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1];
// let mut q: BinaryHeap<_> = xs.iter().rev().cloned().collect();
// for &x in &xs {
// assert_eq!(q.pop().unwrap(), x);
// }
// }
// #[test]
// fn test_drain() {
// let mut q: BinaryHeap<_> = [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1].iter().cloned().collect();
// assert_eq!(q.drain().take(5).count(), 5);
// assert!(q.is_empty());
// }
// #[test]
// fn test_extend_ref() {
// let mut a = BinaryHeap::new();
// a.push(1);
// a.push(2);
// a.extend(&[3, 4, 5]);
// assert_eq!(a.len(), 5);
// assert_eq!(a.into_sorted_vec(), [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
// let mut a = BinaryHeap::new();
// a.push(1);
// a.push(2);
// let mut b = BinaryHeap::new();
// b.push(3);
// b.push(4);
// b.push(5);
// a.extend(&b);
// assert_eq!(a.len(), 5);
// assert_eq!(a.into_sorted_vec(), [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
// }
// #[test]
// fn test_append() {
// let mut a = BinaryHeap::from(vec![-10, 1, 2, 3, 3]);
// let mut b = BinaryHeap::from(vec![-20, 5, 43]);
// a.append(&mut b);
// assert_eq!(a.into_sorted_vec(), [-20, -10, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 43]);
// assert!(b.is_empty());
// }
// #[test]
// fn test_append_to_empty() {
// let mut a = BinaryHeap::new();
// let mut b = BinaryHeap::from(vec![-20, 5, 43]);
// a.append(&mut b);
// assert_eq!(a.into_sorted_vec(), [-20, 5, 43]);
// assert!(b.is_empty());
// }
// #[test]
// fn test_extend_specialization() {
// let mut a = BinaryHeap::from(vec![-10, 1, 2, 3, 3]);
// let b = BinaryHeap::from(vec![-20, 5, 43]);
// a.extend(b);
// assert_eq!(a.into_sorted_vec(), [-20, -10, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 43]);
// }
// #[test]
// fn test_placement() {
// let mut a = BinaryHeap::new();
// &mut a <- 2;
// &mut a <- 4;
// &mut a <- 3;
// assert_eq!(a.peek(), Some(&4));
// assert_eq!(a.len(), 3);
// &mut a <- 1;
// assert_eq!(a.into_sorted_vec(), vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
// }
// #[test]
// fn test_placement_panic() {
// let mut heap = BinaryHeap::from(vec![1, 2, 3]);
// fn mkpanic() -> usize {
// panic!()
// }
// let _ = panic::catch_unwind(panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
// &mut heap <- mkpanic();
// }));
// assert_eq!(heap.len(), 3);
// }
#[allow(dead_code)]
fn assert_covariance() {
fn drain<'new>(d: Drain<'static, &'static str>) -> Drain<'new, &'new str> {
d
}
}
// old binaryheap failed this test
//
// Integrity means that all elements are present after a comparison panics,
// even if the order might not be correct.
//
// Destructors must be called exactly once per element.
// FIXME: re-enable emscripten once it can unwind again
#[test]
#[cfg(not(target_os = "emscripten"))]
fn panic_safe() {
use std::cmp;
use std::panic::{self, AssertUnwindSafe};
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
use rand::{seq::SliceRandom, thread_rng};
static DROP_COUNTER: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Clone, Debug)]
struct PanicOrd<T>(T, bool);
impl<T> Drop for PanicOrd<T> {
fn drop(&mut self) {
// update global drop count
DROP_COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
}
}
impl<T: Ord> Ord for PanicOrd<T> {
fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> cmp::Ordering {
if self.1 || other.1 {
panic!("Panicking comparison");
}
self.0.cmp(&other.0)
}
}
let mut rng = thread_rng();
const DATASZ: usize = 32;
// Miri is too slow
let ntest = if cfg!(miri) { 1 } else { 10 };
// don't use 0 in the data -- we want to catch the zeroed-out case.
let data = (1..=DATASZ).collect::<Vec<_>>();
// since it's a fuzzy test, run several tries.
for _ in 0..ntest {
for i in 1..=DATASZ {
DROP_COUNTER.store(0, Ordering::SeqCst);
let mut panic_ords: Vec<_> = data
.iter()
.filter(|&&x| x != i)
.map(|&x| PanicOrd(x, false))
.collect();
let panic_item = PanicOrd(i, true);
// heapify the sane items
panic_ords.shuffle(&mut rng);
let mut heap = BinaryHeap::<_, _>::from(panic_ords, |p| p.0);
let inner_data: Vec<PanicOrd<usize>>;
{
// push the panicking item to the heap and catch the panic
let thread_result = {
let mut heap_ref = AssertUnwindSafe(&mut heap);
panic::catch_unwind(move || {
heap_ref.push(panic_item.0, panic_item);
})
};
assert!(thread_result.is_err());
// Assert no elements were dropped
let drops = DROP_COUNTER.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
assert!(drops == 0, "Must not drop items. drops={}", drops);
inner_data = heap.clone().into_values().collect();
drop(heap);
}
let drops = DROP_COUNTER.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
assert_eq!(drops, DATASZ);
let mut data_sorted = inner_data.into_iter().map(|p| p.0).collect::<Vec<_>>();
data_sorted.sort();
assert_eq!(data_sorted, data);
}
}
}
}
#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests_serde {
use super::binary_heap::*;
use serde_json;
#[test]
fn deserialized_same_small_vec() {
let vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
let heap = BinaryHeap::<_, _>::from(vec, |k| k.clone());
let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&heap).unwrap();
let deserialized: BinaryHeap<i32, i32> = serde_json::from_str(&serialized).unwrap();
let v0: Vec<_> = heap.into_iter().collect();
let v1: Vec<_> = deserialized.into_iter().collect();
assert_eq!(v0, v1);
}
#[test]
fn deserialized_same() {
let vec: Vec<i32> = (0..1000).collect();
let heap = BinaryHeap::<_, _>::from(vec, |k| k.clone());
let serialized = serde_json::to_string(&heap).unwrap();
let deserialized: BinaryHeap<i32, i32> = serde_json::from_str(&serialized).unwrap();
let v0: Vec<_> = heap.into_iter().collect();
let v1: Vec<_> = deserialized.into_iter().collect();
assert_eq!(v0, v1);
}
}