mtop_client/dns/

name.rs

use crate::core::MtopError;
use crate::dns::bytes::{read_be_u8, write_be_u8};
use std::fmt;
use std::io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
use std::str::FromStr;

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct Name {
    labels: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
    is_fqdn: bool,
}

impl Name {
    const MAX_LENGTH: usize = 255;
    const MAX_LABEL_LENGTH: usize = 63;
    const MAX_POINTERS: u32 = 64;
    const NUM_LABELS_HINT: usize = 4;

    pub fn root() -> Self {
        Name {
            labels: Vec::new(),
            is_fqdn: true,
        }
    }

    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
        self.labels.iter().map(Vec::len).sum::<usize>() + self.labels.len() + 1
    }

    pub fn is_root(&self) -> bool {
        self.labels.is_empty() && self.is_fqdn
    }

    pub fn is_fqdn(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_fqdn
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn to_fqdn(mut self) -> Self {
        self.is_fqdn = true;
        self
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn append(mut self, other: Name) -> Self {
        if self.is_fqdn {
            return self;
        }

        self.labels.extend(other.labels);
        Self {
            labels: self.labels,
            is_fqdn: other.is_fqdn,
        }
    }

    pub fn write_network_bytes<T>(&self, mut out: T) -> Result<(), MtopError>
    where
        T: Write,
    {
        // We convert all incoming Names to fully qualified names. If we missed doing
        // that, it's a bug and we should panic here. Encoded names all end with the
        // root so trying to encode something that doesn't makes no sense.
        assert!(self.is_fqdn, "only fully qualified domains can be encoded");
        // It shouldn't be possible to create Name instances that exceed the max length
        // so if we're being asked to encode one, it's a bug and we should panic here.
        assert!(
            self.size() <= Self::MAX_LENGTH,
            "size {} of domain exceeds maximum of {}",
            self.size(),
            Self::MAX_LENGTH
        );

        for label in &self.labels {
            // It shouldn't be possible to create Name instances with labels that
            // exceed the max length for an individual label so if we're being asked
            // to encode one, it's a bug and we should panic here.
            assert!(
                label.len() <= Self::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH,
                "label length of {} exceeds maximum of {}",
                label.len(),
                Self::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH
            );

            write_be_u8(&mut out, u8::try_from(label.len()).unwrap())?;
            out.write_all(label)?;
        }

        write_be_u8(&mut out, 0)
    }

    pub fn read_network_bytes<T>(mut inp: T) -> Result<Self, MtopError>
    where
        T: Read + Seek,
    {
        let mut labels = Vec::with_capacity(Self::NUM_LABELS_HINT);
        Self::read_inner(&mut inp, &mut labels)?;

        Ok(Self { labels, is_fqdn: true })
    }

    /// Read the DNS message format bytes for a `Name` and write them to `out`,
    /// following any pointers (how names are compressed in DNS messages). The bytes
    /// of each label is written into a `Vec<u8>`.
    fn read_inner<T>(inp: &mut T, out: &mut Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Result<(), MtopError>
    where
        T: Read + Seek,
    {
        let mut total_len = 0;
        let mut pointers = 0;
        let mut position = None;
        loop {
            // To avoid loops from badly behaved servers, only follow a fixed number of
            // pointers when trying to resolve a single name. This number is picked to be
            // much higher than most names will use but still finite.
            if pointers > Self::MAX_POINTERS {
                return Err(MtopError::runtime(format!(
                    "reached max number of pointers ({}) while reading name",
                    Self::MAX_POINTERS
                )));
            }

            let len = read_be_u8(inp)?;
            // If the length isn't a length but actually a pointer to another name
            // or label within the message, seek to that position within the message
            // and read the name from there. After resolving all pointers and reading
            // labels, reset the stream back to immediately after the first pointer.
            if Self::is_compressed_label(len) {
                let offset = Self::get_offset(len, read_be_u8(inp)?);
                if position.is_none() {
                    position = Some(inp.stream_position()?);
                }

                inp.seek(SeekFrom::Start(u64::from(offset)))?;
                pointers += 1;
            } else if Self::is_standard_label(len) {
                // If the length is a length, read the next label (segment) of the name
                // returning early once we read the "root" label (`.`) signified by a
                // length of 0.
                let mut label = Vec::with_capacity(usize::from(len));
                if Self::read_label_into(inp, total_len, len, &mut label)? {
                    if let Some(p) = position {
                        // If we followed a pointer to different part of the message while
                        // parsing this name, seek to the position immediately after the
                        // pointer now that we've finished parsing this name.
                        inp.seek(SeekFrom::Start(p))?;
                    }
                    return Ok(());
                }

                total_len += label.len() + 1;
                out.push(label);
            } else {
                // Binary labels are deprecated (RFC 6891) and there are (currently) no other
                // types of labels that we should expect. Return an error to make this obvious.
                return Err(MtopError::runtime(format!("unsupported Name label type: {}", len)));
            }
        }
    }

    /// If `len` doesn't indicate this is the root label, read the next name label into
    /// `out` and return false, true if next label was the root.
    fn read_label_into<T>(inp: &mut T, total_len: usize, len: u8, out: &mut Vec<u8>) -> Result<bool, MtopError>
    where
        T: Read + Seek,
    {
        if len == 0 {
            return Ok(true);
        }

        // Only six bits of the length are supposed to be used to encode the
        // length of a label so 63 is the max length but double check just in
        // case one of the pointer bits was set for some reason.
        if usize::from(len) > Self::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH {
            return Err(MtopError::runtime(format!(
                "max size for label would be exceeded reading {} bytes",
                len,
            )));
        }

        // Since we're only operating on a single label at a time, we need to be
        // told the current total length of this name to validate it before we read
        // the next label. Check the length of this label, one byte needed to record
        // the length, the total so far, and one byte for the root.
        if usize::from(len) + 1 + total_len + 1 > Self::MAX_LENGTH {
            return Err(MtopError::runtime(format!(
                "max size for name would be exceeded adding {} bytes to {}",
                len, total_len
            )));
        }

        let mut handle = inp.take(u64::from(len));
        let n = handle.read_to_end(out)?;
        if n != usize::from(len) {
            return Err(MtopError::runtime(format!(
                "short read for Name segment. expected {} got {}",
                len, n
            )));
        }

        Self::validate_label(out)?;
        out.make_ascii_lowercase();
        Ok(false)
    }

    fn validate_label(label: &[u8]) -> Result<(), MtopError> {
        for (i, c) in label.iter().copied().map(char::from).enumerate() {
            if i == 0 && c != '_' && !c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
                return Err(MtopError::configuration(format!(
                    "label must begin with ASCII letter, number, or underscore; got {}",
                    c
                )));
            } else if i == label.len() - 1 && !c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
                return Err(MtopError::configuration(format!(
                    "label must end with ASCII letter or number; got {}",
                    c
                )));
            } else if c != '-' && c != '_' && !c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
                return Err(MtopError::configuration(format!(
                    "label must be ASCII letter, number, hyphen, or underscore; got {}",
                    c
                )));
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn is_standard_label(len: u8) -> bool {
        len & 0b1100_0000 == 0
    }

    fn is_compressed_label(len: u8) -> bool {
        // The top two bits of the length byte of a name label (section) are used
        // to indicate the name is actually an offset in the DNS message to a previous
        // name to avoid duplicating the same names over and over.
        len & 0b1100_0000 == 192
    }

    fn get_offset(len: u8, next: u8) -> u16 {
        let pointer = u16::from(len & 0b0011_1111) << 8;
        pointer | u16::from(next)
    }

    /// Construct a new `Name` from the bytes of a string representation of a domain
    /// name, e.g. `"example.com.".as_bytes()`. This method validates the total length
    /// of the name, the length of each label, and the characters used for each label.
    /// An empty byte slice or a byte slice with only the ASCII `.` character are treated
    /// as the root domain.
    fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, MtopError> {
        if bytes.is_empty() || bytes == b"." {
            return Ok(Self::root());
        }

        // Trim any trailing dot from the domain which indicates that it is fully qualified
        // and make a note of it. This is required since we're splitting the domain into each
        // individual label and need to know how to construct the correct string form afterward.
        let (bytes, is_fqdn) = match bytes.strip_suffix(b".") {
            Some(stripped) => (stripped, true),
            None => (bytes, false),
        };

        // We add 2 to the length in bytes of the name since we need to account for the
        // byte used for the length of the first label when in encoded form (as opposed
        // to the text form using ASCII bytes) and the dot used to encode the root.
        if bytes.len() + 2 > Self::MAX_LENGTH {
            return Err(MtopError::configuration(format!(
                "Name too long; max {} bytes, got {}",
                Self::MAX_LENGTH,
                bytes.len()
            )));
        }

        let mut labels = Vec::with_capacity(Self::NUM_LABELS_HINT);
        for label in bytes.split(|&b| b == b'.') {
            if label.len() > Self::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH {
                return Err(MtopError::configuration(format!(
                    "label too long; max {} bytes, got {}",
                    Self::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH,
                    label.len(),
                )));
            }

            Self::validate_label(label)?;
            labels.push(label.to_ascii_lowercase());
        }

        Ok(Self { labels, is_fqdn })
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Name {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        let len = self.labels.len();
        for (i, l) in self.labels.iter().enumerate() {
            // SAFETY: We only allow construction of Name instances with ASCII labels
            unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(l) }.fmt(f)?;
            if i != len - 1 {
                ".".fmt(f)?;
            }
        }
        if self.is_fqdn {
            ".".fmt(f)?;
        }

        Ok(())
    }
}

impl FromStr for Name {
    type Err = MtopError;

    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
        Self::from_bytes(s.as_bytes())
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::Name;
    use std::io::Cursor;
    use std::str::FromStr;

    #[test]
    fn test_name_from_str_error_max_length_fqdn() {
        let parts = [
            "a".repeat(Name::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH),
            "b".repeat(Name::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH),
            "c".repeat(Name::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH),
            "d".repeat(Name::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH - 1),
        ];

        let complete = {
            let mut s = parts.join(".");
            s.push('.');
            s
        };

        // We're testing a name with:
        // 1b + 63b + 1b + 63b + 1b + 63b + 1b + 62b + 1b = 256b
        // One byte for the length of each label and one byte for the root.
        let res = Name::from_str(&complete);
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_from_str_error_max_length_not_fqdn() {
        let parts = [
            "a".repeat(Name::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH),
            "b".repeat(Name::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH),
            "c".repeat(Name::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH),
            "d".repeat(Name::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH - 1),
        ];

        let complete = parts.join(".");

        // We're testing a name with:
        // 1b + 63b + 1b + 63b + 1b + 63b + 1b + 62b = 255b
        // that _omits_ the root from the end of the Name. We still need to
        // validate that the Name is under the length limit including the root.
        let res = Name::from_str(&complete);
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_from_str_error_max_label() {
        let parts = ["a".repeat(Name::MAX_LABEL_LENGTH + 1), "com.".to_owned()];
        let res = Name::from_str(&parts.join("."));
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_from_str_error_bad_label_start() {
        let res = Name::from_str("-example.com.");
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_from_str_error_bad_label_end() {
        let res = Name::from_str("example-.com.");
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_from_str_error_bad_label_char() {
        let res = Name::from_str("exa%mple.com.");
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_from_str_success_not_fqdn() {
        let name = Name::from_str("example.com").unwrap();
        assert!(!name.is_root());
        assert!(!name.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_from_str_success_fqdn() {
        let name = Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap();
        assert!(!name.is_root());
        assert!(name.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_from_str_success_root_empty() {
        let name = Name::from_str("").unwrap();
        assert!(name.is_root());
        assert!(name.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_from_str_success_root_dot() {
        let name = Name::from_str(".").unwrap();
        assert!(name.is_root());
        assert!(name.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_to_string_not_fqdn() {
        let name = Name::from_str("example.com").unwrap();
        assert_eq!("example.com", name.to_string());
        assert!(!name.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_to_string_fqdn() {
        let name = Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap();
        assert_eq!("example.com.", name.to_string());
        assert!(name.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_to_string_root() {
        let name = Name::root();
        assert_eq!(".", name.to_string());
        assert!(name.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_to_fqdn_not_fqdn() {
        let name = Name::from_str("example.com").unwrap();
        assert!(!name.is_fqdn());

        let fqdn = name.to_fqdn();
        assert!(fqdn.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_to_fqdn_already_fqdn() {
        let name = Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap();
        assert!(name.is_fqdn());

        let fqdn = name.to_fqdn();
        assert!(fqdn.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_append_already_fqdn() {
        let name1 = Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap();
        let name2 = Name::from_str("example.net.").unwrap();
        let combined = name1.clone().append(name2);

        assert_eq!(name1, combined);
        assert!(combined.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_append_with_non_fqdn() {
        let name1 = Name::from_str("www").unwrap();
        let name2 = Name::from_str("example").unwrap();
        let combined = name1.clone().append(name2);

        assert_eq!(Name::from_str("www.example").unwrap(), combined);
        assert!(!combined.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_append_with_fqdn() {
        let name1 = Name::from_str("www").unwrap();
        let name2 = Name::from_str("example.net.").unwrap();
        let combined = name1.clone().append(name2);

        assert_eq!(Name::from_str("www.example.net.").unwrap(), combined);
        assert!(combined.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_append_with_root() {
        let name = Name::from_str("example.com").unwrap();
        let combined = name.clone().append(Name::root());

        assert_eq!(Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap(), combined);
        assert!(combined.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_append_multiple() {
        let name1 = Name::from_str("dev").unwrap();
        let name2 = Name::from_str("www").unwrap();
        let name3 = Name::from_str("example.com").unwrap();

        let combined = name1.append(name2).append(name3).append(Name::root());
        assert_eq!(Name::from_str("dev.www.example.com.").unwrap(), combined);
        assert!(combined.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_size_root() {
        let name = Name::root();
        assert_eq!(1, name.size());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_size_non_root() {
        let name = Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(13, name.size());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_size_non_root_fqdn() {
        let name = Name::from_str("example.com").unwrap();
        assert!(!name.is_fqdn());
        assert_eq!(13, name.size());

        // The purpose of the .size() method is to figure out how many bytes this
        // name would be when serialized to binary message format. Only FQDN can be
        // serialized so we expect the size to be the same between the non-FQDN and
        // FQDN version of this name.
        let name = name.to_fqdn();
        assert!(name.is_fqdn());
        assert_eq!(13, name.size());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_equal_same_case() {
        let name1 = Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap();
        let name2 = Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap();

        assert_eq!(name1, name2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_equal_different_case() {
        let name1 = Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap();
        let name2 = Name::from_str("EXAMPLE.cOm.").unwrap();

        assert_eq!(name1, name2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_equal_different_fqdn() {
        let name1 = Name::from_str("example.com").unwrap();
        let name2 = Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap();

        assert_ne!(name1, name2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_write_network_bytes_root() {
        let mut cur = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
        let name = Name::root();
        name.write_network_bytes(&mut cur).unwrap();
        let buf = cur.into_inner();

        assert_eq!(vec![0], buf);
    }

    #[rustfmt::skip]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_write_network_bytes_not_root() {
        let mut cur = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
        let name = Name::from_str("example.com.").unwrap();
        name.write_network_bytes(&mut cur).unwrap();
        let buf = cur.into_inner();

        assert_eq!(
            vec![
                7,                                // length
                101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
                3,                                // length
                99, 111, 109,                     // "com"
                0,                                // root
            ],
            buf,
        );
    }

    #[should_panic = "only fully qualified domains can be encoded"]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_write_network_bytes_not_fqdn() {
        let mut cur = Cursor::new(Vec::new());
        let name = Name::from_str("example.com").unwrap();
        let _ = name.write_network_bytes(&mut cur);
    }

    #[rustfmt::skip]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_read_network_bytes_no_pointer() {
        let cur = Cursor::new(vec![
            7,                                // length
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            3,                                // length
            99, 111, 109,                     // "com"
            0,                                // root
        ]);

        let name = Name::read_network_bytes(cur).unwrap();
        assert_eq!("example.com.", name.to_string());
        assert!(name.is_fqdn());
    }

    #[rustfmt::skip]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_read_network_bytes_bad_label_type() {
        let cur = Cursor::new(vec![
            64, // length, deprecated binary labels from RFC 2673
            0,  // count of binary labels
        ]);

        let res = Name::read_network_bytes(cur);
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }

    #[rustfmt::skip]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_read_network_bytes_bad_label_type_after_single_pointer() {
        let mut cur = Cursor::new(vec![
            7,                                // length
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            64,                               // length, deprecated binary labels from RFC 2673
            0,                                // count of binary labels
            3,                                // length
            119, 119, 119,                    // "www"
            192, 0,                           // pointer to offset 0
        ]);

        cur.set_position(10);

        let res = Name::read_network_bytes(&mut cur);
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }

    #[rustfmt::skip]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_read_network_bytes_single_pointer() {
        let mut cur = Cursor::new(vec![
            7,                                // length
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            3,                                // length
            99, 111, 109,                     // "com"
            0,                                // root
            3,                                // length
            119, 119, 119,                    // "www"
            192, 0,                           // pointer to offset 0
        ]);

        cur.set_position(13);

        let name = Name::read_network_bytes(&mut cur).unwrap();
        assert_eq!("www.example.com.", name.to_string());
        assert!(name.is_fqdn());
        assert_eq!(19, cur.position());
    }

    #[rustfmt::skip]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_read_network_bytes_multiple_pointer() {
        let mut cur = Cursor::new(vec![
            7,                                // length
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            3,                                // length
            99, 111, 109,                     // "com"
            0,                                // root
            3,                                // length
            119, 119, 119,                    // "www"
            192, 0,                           // pointer to offset 0
            3,                                // length
            100, 101, 118,                    // "dev"
            192, 13,                          // pointer to offset 13, "www"
        ]);

        cur.set_position(19);

        let name = Name::read_network_bytes(&mut cur).unwrap();
        assert_eq!("dev.www.example.com.", name.to_string());
        assert!(name.is_fqdn());
        assert_eq!(25, cur.position());
    }

    #[rustfmt::skip]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_read_network_bytes_multiple_pointer_multiple_name() {
        let mut cur = Cursor::new(vec![
            7,                                // length
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            3,                                // length
            99, 111, 109,                     // "com"
            0,                                // root
            3,                                // length
            119, 119, 119,                    // "www"
            192, 0,                           // pointer to offset 0
            3,                                // length
            100, 101, 118,                    // "dev"
            192, 13,                          // pointer to offset 13, "www"
        ]);

        let name1 = Name::read_network_bytes(&mut cur).unwrap();
        assert_eq!("example.com.", name1.to_string());
        assert!(name1.is_fqdn());

        let name2 = Name::read_network_bytes(&mut cur).unwrap();
        assert_eq!("www.example.com.", name2.to_string());
        assert!(name2.is_fqdn());

        let name3 = Name::read_network_bytes(&mut cur).unwrap();
        assert_eq!("dev.www.example.com.", name3.to_string());
        assert!(name3.is_fqdn());

        assert_eq!(25, cur.position());
    }

    #[rustfmt::skip]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_read_network_bytes_single_pointer_bad_chars() {
        let mut cur = Cursor::new(vec![
            7,                                // length
            101, 120, 97, 37, 112, 108, 101, // "exa%ple"
            3,                                // length
            99, 111, 109,                     // "com"
            0,                                // root
            3,                                // length
            119, 119, 119,                    // "www"
            192, 0,                           // pointer to offset 0
        ]);

        cur.set_position(13);

        let res = Name::read_network_bytes(&mut cur);
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }

    #[rustfmt::skip]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_read_network_bytes_single_pointer_normalize_case() {
        let mut cur1 = Cursor::new(vec![
            7,                                // length
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            3,                                // length
            99, 111, 109,                     // "com"
            0,                                // root
            3,                                // length
            119, 119, 119,                    // "www"
            192, 0,                           // pointer to offset 0
        ]);

        cur1.set_position(13);

        let mut cur2 = Cursor::new(vec![
            7,                                // length
            101, 120, 97, 77, 112, 108, 101, // "exaMple"
            3,                                // length
            99, 111, 109,                     // "com"
            0,                                // root
            3,                                // length
            119, 119, 119,                    // "www"
            192, 0,                           // pointer to offset 0
        ]);

        cur2.set_position(13);

        let name1 = Name::read_network_bytes(&mut cur1).unwrap();
        let name2 = Name::read_network_bytes(&mut cur2).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(name1, name2);
    }

    #[rustfmt::skip]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_read_network_bytes_invalid_label_length() {
        let cur = Cursor::new(vec![
            66,                               // length
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            3,                                // length
            99, 111, 109,                     // "com"
            0,                                // root
        ]);

        let res = Name::read_network_bytes(cur);
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }

    #[rustfmt::skip]
    #[test]
    fn test_name_read_network_bytes_invalid_total_length() {
        let label63 = vec![
            63,                                // length
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
        ];

        let label62 = vec![
            62,                                // length
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108, 101, // "example"
            101, 120, 97, 109, 112, 108,      // "exampl"
        ];

        // Total length of label data and their length prefixes is 255 bytes.
        // However, this should trigger an error since we need room for the root.
        let mut complete = Vec::new();
        complete.extend_from_slice(&label63); // label 1, 1+63 bytes
        complete.extend_from_slice(&label63); // label 2, 1+63 bytes
        complete.extend_from_slice(&label63); // label 3, 1+63 bytes
        complete.extend_from_slice(&label62); // label 4, 1+62 bytes
        complete.push(0u8);             // root

        let res = Name::read_network_bytes(Cursor::new(complete));
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_name_read_network_bytes_pointer_loop() {
        let mut cur = Cursor::new(vec![
            192, 2, // pointer to offset 2
            192, 0, // pointer to offset 0
        ]);

        let res = Name::read_network_bytes(&mut cur);
        assert!(res.is_err(), "expected an error, got {:?}", res);
    }
}