moonpool_explorer/

split_loop.rs

//! Timeline splitting loop.
//!
//! When a new assertion success is discovered, [`split_on_discovery`] forks
//! child processes with different seeds to explore alternate timelines from
//! that splitpoint forward.
//!
//! # Process Model
//!
//! ```text
//! Parent timeline (seed S0, depth D)
//!   |-- Timeline 0 (seed S0', depth D+1) -> waitpid -> merge coverage
//!   |-- Timeline 1 (seed S1', depth D+1) -> waitpid -> merge coverage
//!   |-- ...
//!   `-- Timeline N (seed SN', depth D+1) -> waitpid -> merge coverage
//!   resume parent timeline
//! ```
//!
//! Each child returns from this function and continues the simulation with
//! reseeded randomness. The parent waits for each child sequentially.

use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;

#[cfg(unix)]
use std::collections::HashMap;

use crate::context::{
    self, COVERAGE_BITMAP_PTR, ENERGY_BUDGET_PTR, EXPLORED_MAP_PTR, SHARED_RECIPE, SHARED_STATS,
};
#[cfg(unix)]
use crate::context::{BITMAP_POOL, BITMAP_POOL_SLOTS};
use crate::coverage::{COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE, CoverageBitmap, ExploredMap};
use crate::shared_stats::MAX_RECIPE_ENTRIES;

/// Compute a child seed by mixing the parent seed, assertion name, and child index.
///
/// Uses FNV-1a mixing to produce well-distributed seeds.
fn compute_child_seed(parent_seed: u64, mark_name: &str, child_idx: u32) -> u64 {
    let mut hash: u64 = 0xcbf29ce484222325;
    for &byte in mark_name.as_bytes() {
        hash ^= byte as u64;
        hash = hash.wrapping_mul(0x100000001b3);
    }
    hash ^= parent_seed;
    hash = hash.wrapping_mul(0x100000001b3);
    hash ^= child_idx as u64;
    hash = hash.wrapping_mul(0x100000001b3);
    hash
}

/// Controls how many children can run in parallel during splitting.
///
/// When set on [`crate::ExplorationConfig::parallelism`], the fork loop
/// uses a sliding window of this many concurrent children instead of the
/// default sequential fork→wait→fork→wait cycle.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum Parallelism {
    /// Use all available CPU cores (`sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN)`).
    MaxCores,
    /// Use half the available CPU cores.
    HalfCores,
    /// Use exactly this many concurrent children.
    Cores(usize),
    /// Use all available cores minus `n` (e.g., leave 1 for the OS).
    MaxCoresMinus(usize),
}

/// Resolve a [`Parallelism`] value to a concrete slot count (≥ 1).
#[cfg(unix)]
fn resolve_parallelism(p: &Parallelism) -> usize {
    // Safety: sysconf reads a system configuration value and does not
    // dereference any pointers. It is always safe to call.
    let ncpus = unsafe { libc::sysconf(libc::_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN) };
    let ncpus = if ncpus > 0 { ncpus as usize } else { 1 };
    let n = match p {
        Parallelism::MaxCores => ncpus,
        Parallelism::HalfCores => ncpus / 2,
        Parallelism::Cores(c) => *c,
        Parallelism::MaxCoresMinus(minus) => ncpus.saturating_sub(*minus),
    };
    n.max(1) // always at least 1
}

/// Get or initialize the per-process bitmap pool in shared memory.
///
/// Returns the pool base pointer, or null if allocation fails.
/// Each forked child resets this to null so it allocates its own pool
/// if it becomes a parent (avoids sharing pool slots with siblings).
#[cfg(unix)]
fn get_or_init_pool(slot_count: usize) -> *mut u8 {
    let existing = BITMAP_POOL.with(|c| c.get());
    let existing_slots = BITMAP_POOL_SLOTS.with(|c| c.get());

    if !existing.is_null() && existing_slots >= slot_count {
        return existing;
    }

    // Free old pool if it exists but is too small
    if !existing.is_null() {
        // Safety: ptr was returned by alloc_shared with existing_slots * COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE
        unsafe {
            crate::shared_mem::free_shared(existing, existing_slots * COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE);
        }
        BITMAP_POOL.with(|c| c.set(std::ptr::null_mut()));
        BITMAP_POOL_SLOTS.with(|c| c.set(0));
    }

    match crate::shared_mem::alloc_shared(slot_count * COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE) {
        Ok(ptr) => {
            BITMAP_POOL.with(|c| c.set(ptr));
            BITMAP_POOL_SLOTS.with(|c| c.set(slot_count));
            ptr
        }
        Err(_) => std::ptr::null_mut(),
    }
}

/// Return the pointer to slot `idx` within a bitmap pool.
#[cfg(unix)]
fn pool_slot(pool_base: *mut u8, idx: usize) -> *mut u8 {
    // Safety: caller ensures idx < slot_count and pool_base is valid
    unsafe { pool_base.add(idx * COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE) }
}

/// Common child-process setup after fork: reseed RNG, update context, bump counter.
///
/// Also resets the bitmap pool pointer so nested splits allocate a fresh pool.
#[cfg(unix)]
fn setup_child(
    child_seed: u64,
    split_call_count: u64,
    stats_ptr: *mut crate::shared_stats::SharedStats,
) {
    context::rng_reseed(child_seed);
    context::with_ctx_mut(|ctx| {
        ctx.is_child = true;
        ctx.depth += 1;
        ctx.current_seed = child_seed;
        ctx.recipe.push((split_call_count, child_seed));
    });
    if !stats_ptr.is_null() {
        // Safety: stats_ptr points to valid shared memory
        unsafe {
            (*stats_ptr).total_timelines.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        }
    }
    // Reset bitmap pool so nested splits allocate a fresh pool
    BITMAP_POOL.with(|c| c.set(std::ptr::null_mut()));
    BITMAP_POOL_SLOTS.with(|c| c.set(0));

    // Zero BSS counters so child captures only its OWN sancov edges
    crate::sancov::reset_bss_counters();
    // Reset sancov pool so nested splits allocate a fresh pool
    crate::sancov::SANCOV_POOL.with(|c| c.set(std::ptr::null_mut()));
    crate::sancov::SANCOV_POOL_SLOTS.with(|c| c.set(0));
}

/// Reap one finished child via `waitpid(-1)`, merge its coverage, check for bugs.
///
/// Removes the reaped PID from `active`, pushes its slot back to `free_slots`,
/// and sets `batch_has_new` if the child contributed new coverage bits.
#[cfg(unix)]
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn reap_one(
    active: &mut HashMap<libc::pid_t, (u64, usize)>,
    free_slots: &mut Vec<usize>,
    pool_base: *mut u8,
    sancov_pool_base: *mut u8,
    vm_ptr: *mut u8,
    stats_ptr: *mut crate::shared_stats::SharedStats,
    split_call_count: u64,
    batch_has_new: &mut bool,
) {
    let mut status: libc::c_int = 0;
    // Safety: waitpid(-1) waits for any child of this process
    let finished_pid = unsafe { libc::waitpid(-1, &mut status, 0) };
    if finished_pid <= 0 {
        return;
    }

    let Some((child_seed, slot)) = active.remove(&finished_pid) else {
        return;
    };

    // Merge child's coverage bitmap into explored map
    if !vm_ptr.is_null() {
        // Safety: pool_base + slot offset is valid shared memory
        let child_bm = unsafe { CoverageBitmap::new(pool_slot(pool_base, slot)) };
        let vm = unsafe { ExploredMap::new(vm_ptr) };
        if vm.has_new_bits(&child_bm) {
            *batch_has_new = true;
        }
        vm.merge_from(&child_bm);
    }

    // Check child's sancov coverage from its pool slot
    if !sancov_pool_base.is_null() {
        let sancov_slot = unsafe { crate::sancov::sancov_pool_slot(sancov_pool_base, slot) };
        if crate::sancov::has_new_sancov_coverage_from(sancov_slot) {
            *batch_has_new = true;
        }
    }

    // Check if child found a bug (exit code 42)
    let exited_normally = libc::WIFEXITED(status);
    if exited_normally && libc::WEXITSTATUS(status) == 42 {
        if !stats_ptr.is_null() {
            // Safety: stats_ptr is valid shared memory
            unsafe {
                (*stats_ptr).bug_found.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            }
        }
        save_bug_recipe(split_call_count, child_seed);
    }

    if !stats_ptr.is_null() {
        // Safety: stats_ptr is valid shared memory
        unsafe {
            (*stats_ptr).fork_points.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        }
    }

    free_slots.push(slot);
}

/// Configuration for adaptive batch-based timeline splitting.
///
/// Instead of spawning a fixed number of timelines, the adaptive loop
/// spawns in batches and checks coverage yield between batches. Productive
/// marks (that find new coverage) get more timelines; barren marks stop
/// early and return their energy to the reallocation pool.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct AdaptiveConfig {
    /// Number of children to fork per batch before checking coverage yield.
    pub batch_size: u32,
    /// Minimum total forks for a mark (even if barren after first batch).
    pub min_timelines: u32,
    /// Maximum total forks for a mark (hard cap).
    pub max_timelines: u32,
    /// Initial per-mark energy budget.
    pub per_mark_energy: i64,
    /// Minimum timelines for marks during warm starts (explored map has prior
    /// coverage from previous seeds). Defaults to `batch_size` if `None`.
    pub warm_min_timelines: Option<u32>,
}

/// Dispatch to either adaptive or fixed-count splitting based on config.
///
/// If an energy budget is configured (adaptive mode), uses coverage-yield-driven
/// batching. Otherwise falls back to the fixed `timelines_per_split` behavior.
#[cfg(unix)]
pub(crate) fn dispatch_split(mark_name: &str, slot_idx: usize) {
    let has_adaptive = ENERGY_BUDGET_PTR.with(|c| !c.get().is_null());
    if has_adaptive {
        adaptive_split_on_discovery(mark_name, slot_idx);
    } else {
        split_on_discovery(mark_name);
    }
}

/// No-op on non-unix platforms.
#[cfg(not(unix))]
pub(crate) fn dispatch_split(_mark_name: &str, _slot_idx: usize) {}

/// Adaptive split: spawn timelines in batches, check coverage yield, stop when barren.
///
/// When parallelism is configured, uses a sliding window of concurrent children
/// capped at the resolved slot count. Otherwise falls back to sequential forking.
#[cfg(unix)]
fn adaptive_split_on_discovery(mark_name: &str, slot_idx: usize) {
    // Read context for guard checks
    let (ctx_active, depth, max_depth, current_seed) =
        context::with_ctx(|ctx| (ctx.active, ctx.depth, ctx.max_depth, ctx.current_seed));

    if !ctx_active || depth >= max_depth {
        return;
    }

    let budget_ptr = ENERGY_BUDGET_PTR.with(|c| c.get());
    if budget_ptr.is_null() {
        return;
    }

    // Initialize per-mark budget on first use
    // Safety: budget_ptr is valid shared memory
    unsafe {
        crate::energy::init_mark_budget(budget_ptr, slot_idx);
    }

    let split_call_count = context::rng_get_count();

    let bm_ptr = COVERAGE_BITMAP_PTR.with(|c| c.get());
    let vm_ptr = EXPLORED_MAP_PTR.with(|c| c.get());
    let stats_ptr = SHARED_STATS.with(|c| c.get());

    let (batch_size, min_timelines, max_timelines) = context::with_ctx(|ctx| {
        ctx.adaptive
            .as_ref()
            .map(|a| (a.batch_size, a.min_timelines, a.max_timelines))
            .unwrap_or((4, 1, 16))
    });

    // Warm start: when explored map has prior coverage from previous seeds,
    // barren marks stop after fewer timelines since they're re-treading
    // already-discovered paths.
    let effective_min_timelines = {
        let (is_warm, warm_min) = context::with_ctx(|ctx| {
            let wm = ctx
                .adaptive
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|a| a.warm_min_timelines)
                .unwrap_or(batch_size);
            (ctx.warm_start, wm)
        });
        if is_warm { warm_min } else { min_timelines }
    };

    // Check parallelism
    let parallelism = context::with_ctx(|ctx| ctx.parallelism.clone());
    let (slot_count, pool_base) = if let Some(ref p) = parallelism {
        let sc = resolve_parallelism(p);
        let pb = get_or_init_pool(sc);
        if pb.is_null() {
            (0, std::ptr::null_mut())
        } else {
            (sc, pb)
        }
    } else {
        (0, std::ptr::null_mut())
    };
    let parallel = slot_count > 0;

    // Sancov parallel pool (one slot per concurrent child for sancov counters)
    let sancov_pool_base = if parallel {
        crate::sancov::get_or_init_sancov_pool(slot_count)
    } else {
        std::ptr::null_mut()
    };
    let parent_sancov_transfer = if parallel && !sancov_pool_base.is_null() {
        crate::sancov::SANCOV_TRANSFER.with(|c| c.get())
    } else {
        std::ptr::null_mut()
    };

    // Save parent bitmap (sequential only — parallel children use pool slots)
    let mut parent_bitmap_backup = [0u8; COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE];
    if !parallel && !bm_ptr.is_null() {
        // Safety: bm_ptr points to COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE bytes
        unsafe {
            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
                bm_ptr,
                parent_bitmap_backup.as_mut_ptr(),
                COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE,
            );
        }
    }

    let mut timelines_spawned: u32 = 0;

    // Parallel state (only used when parallel == true)
    let mut active: HashMap<libc::pid_t, (u64, usize)> = HashMap::new();
    let mut free_slots: Vec<usize> = if parallel {
        (0..slot_count).collect()
    } else {
        Vec::new()
    };

    // Batch loop
    loop {
        let mut batch_has_new = false;
        let batch_start = timelines_spawned;

        while timelines_spawned - batch_start < batch_size {
            if timelines_spawned >= max_timelines {
                break;
            }

            // Safety: budget_ptr is valid
            if !unsafe { crate::energy::decrement_mark_energy(budget_ptr, slot_idx) } {
                break;
            }

            let child_seed = compute_child_seed(current_seed, mark_name, timelines_spawned);
            timelines_spawned += 1;

            if parallel {
                // Back-pressure: reap a finished child if all slots are busy
                while free_slots.is_empty() {
                    reap_one(
                        &mut active,
                        &mut free_slots,
                        pool_base,
                        sancov_pool_base,
                        vm_ptr,
                        stats_ptr,
                        split_call_count,
                        &mut batch_has_new,
                    );
                }
                let slot = match free_slots.pop() {
                    Some(s) => s,
                    None => break,
                };

                // Clear child bitmap slot
                // Safety: pool_base + slot offset is valid shared memory
                unsafe {
                    std::ptr::write_bytes(pool_slot(pool_base, slot), 0, COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE);
                    COVERAGE_BITMAP_PTR.with(|c| c.set(pool_slot(pool_base, slot)));
                }

                // Clear child sancov slot and redirect transfer pointer
                if !sancov_pool_base.is_null() {
                    let sancov_len = crate::sancov::sancov_edge_count();
                    unsafe {
                        let sancov_slot = crate::sancov::sancov_pool_slot(sancov_pool_base, slot);
                        std::ptr::write_bytes(sancov_slot, 0, sancov_len);
                        crate::sancov::SANCOV_TRANSFER.with(|c| c.set(sancov_slot));
                    }
                }

                // Safety: single-threaded, no real I/O
                let pid = unsafe { libc::fork() };
                match pid {
                    -1 => {
                        free_slots.push(slot);
                        break;
                    }
                    0 => {
                        setup_child(child_seed, split_call_count, stats_ptr);
                        return;
                    }
                    child_pid => {
                        active.insert(child_pid, (child_seed, slot));
                    }
                }
            } else {
                // Sequential path
                if !bm_ptr.is_null() {
                    let bm = unsafe { CoverageBitmap::new(bm_ptr) };
                    bm.clear();
                }
                crate::sancov::clear_transfer_buffer();

                // Safety: single-threaded, no real I/O
                let pid = unsafe { libc::fork() };
                match pid {
                    -1 => break,
                    0 => {
                        setup_child(child_seed, split_call_count, stats_ptr);
                        return;
                    }
                    child_pid => {
                        let mut status: libc::c_int = 0;
                        // Safety: child_pid is valid
                        unsafe {
                            libc::waitpid(child_pid, &mut status, 0);
                        }

                        if !bm_ptr.is_null() && !vm_ptr.is_null() {
                            let bm = unsafe { CoverageBitmap::new(bm_ptr) };
                            let vm = unsafe { ExploredMap::new(vm_ptr) };
                            if vm.has_new_bits(&bm) {
                                batch_has_new = true;
                            }
                            vm.merge_from(&bm);
                        }
                        batch_has_new |= crate::sancov::has_new_sancov_coverage();

                        let exited_normally = libc::WIFEXITED(status);
                        if exited_normally && libc::WEXITSTATUS(status) == 42 {
                            if !stats_ptr.is_null() {
                                // Safety: stats_ptr is valid
                                unsafe {
                                    (*stats_ptr).bug_found.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                                }
                            }
                            save_bug_recipe(split_call_count, child_seed);
                        }

                        if !stats_ptr.is_null() {
                            // Safety: stats_ptr is valid
                            unsafe {
                                (*stats_ptr).fork_points.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Drain remaining active children before checking batch yield
        while !active.is_empty() {
            reap_one(
                &mut active,
                &mut free_slots,
                pool_base,
                sancov_pool_base,
                vm_ptr,
                stats_ptr,
                split_call_count,
                &mut batch_has_new,
            );
        }

        // Batch complete — decide whether to continue
        if timelines_spawned >= max_timelines {
            break;
        }
        if !batch_has_new && timelines_spawned >= effective_min_timelines {
            // Barren — return remaining energy to pool
            // Safety: budget_ptr is valid
            unsafe {
                crate::energy::return_mark_energy_to_pool(budget_ptr, slot_idx);
            }
            break;
        }
        // Check if we ran out of energy mid-batch
        if timelines_spawned - batch_start < batch_size && timelines_spawned < max_timelines {
            break;
        }
    }

    if parallel {
        // Restore parent's bitmap pointer
        COVERAGE_BITMAP_PTR.with(|c| c.set(bm_ptr));
        // Restore parent's sancov transfer pointer
        if !sancov_pool_base.is_null() {
            crate::sancov::SANCOV_TRANSFER.with(|c| c.set(parent_sancov_transfer));
        }
    } else {
        // Restore parent bitmap content
        if !bm_ptr.is_null() {
            // Safety: bm_ptr points to COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE bytes
            unsafe {
                std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
                    parent_bitmap_backup.as_ptr(),
                    bm_ptr,
                    COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE,
                );
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Split the simulation timeline at a discovery point.
///
/// Called when an assertion detects a new success (e.g. via `assertion_bool`
/// or `assertion_numeric`). Spawns `timelines_per_split` child timelines,
/// each with a different seed derived from the current seed and the mark name.
///
/// When parallelism is configured, uses a sliding window of concurrent children.
/// Otherwise falls back to sequential fork→wait→fork→wait.
#[cfg(unix)]
pub fn split_on_discovery(mark_name: &str) {
    let (ctx_active, depth, max_depth, timelines_per_split, current_seed) =
        context::with_ctx(|ctx| {
            (
                ctx.active,
                ctx.depth,
                ctx.max_depth,
                ctx.timelines_per_split,
                ctx.current_seed,
            )
        });

    if !ctx_active || depth >= max_depth {
        return;
    }

    let stats_ptr = SHARED_STATS.with(|c| c.get());
    if stats_ptr.is_null() {
        return;
    }
    // Safety: stats_ptr set during init, points to valid shared stats
    if !unsafe { crate::shared_stats::decrement_energy(stats_ptr) } {
        return;
    }

    let split_call_count = context::rng_get_count();
    let bm_ptr = COVERAGE_BITMAP_PTR.with(|c| c.get());
    let vm_ptr = EXPLORED_MAP_PTR.with(|c| c.get());

    // Check parallelism
    let parallelism = context::with_ctx(|ctx| ctx.parallelism.clone());
    let (slot_count, pool_base) = if let Some(ref p) = parallelism {
        let sc = resolve_parallelism(p);
        let pb = get_or_init_pool(sc);
        if pb.is_null() {
            (0, std::ptr::null_mut())
        } else {
            (sc, pb)
        }
    } else {
        (0, std::ptr::null_mut())
    };
    let parallel = slot_count > 0;

    // Sancov parallel pool (one slot per concurrent child for sancov counters)
    let sancov_pool_base = if parallel {
        crate::sancov::get_or_init_sancov_pool(slot_count)
    } else {
        std::ptr::null_mut()
    };
    let parent_sancov_transfer = if parallel && !sancov_pool_base.is_null() {
        crate::sancov::SANCOV_TRANSFER.with(|c| c.get())
    } else {
        std::ptr::null_mut()
    };

    // Save parent bitmap (sequential only)
    let mut parent_bitmap_backup = [0u8; COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE];
    if !parallel && !bm_ptr.is_null() {
        // Safety: bm_ptr points to COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE bytes
        unsafe {
            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
                bm_ptr,
                parent_bitmap_backup.as_mut_ptr(),
                COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE,
            );
        }
    }

    // Parallel state
    let mut active: HashMap<libc::pid_t, (u64, usize)> = HashMap::new();
    let mut free_slots: Vec<usize> = if parallel {
        (0..slot_count).collect()
    } else {
        Vec::new()
    };
    let mut batch_has_new = false;

    for child_idx in 0..timelines_per_split {
        if child_idx > 0 {
            // Safety: stats_ptr is valid
            if !unsafe { crate::shared_stats::decrement_energy(stats_ptr) } {
                break;
            }
        }

        let child_seed = compute_child_seed(current_seed, mark_name, child_idx);

        if parallel {
            // Back-pressure: reap if all slots busy
            while free_slots.is_empty() {
                reap_one(
                    &mut active,
                    &mut free_slots,
                    pool_base,
                    sancov_pool_base,
                    vm_ptr,
                    stats_ptr,
                    split_call_count,
                    &mut batch_has_new,
                );
            }
            let slot = match free_slots.pop() {
                Some(s) => s,
                None => break,
            };

            // Safety: pool slot is valid shared memory
            unsafe {
                std::ptr::write_bytes(pool_slot(pool_base, slot), 0, COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE);
                COVERAGE_BITMAP_PTR.with(|c| c.set(pool_slot(pool_base, slot)));
            }

            // Clear child sancov slot and redirect transfer pointer
            if !sancov_pool_base.is_null() {
                let sancov_len = crate::sancov::sancov_edge_count();
                unsafe {
                    let sancov_slot = crate::sancov::sancov_pool_slot(sancov_pool_base, slot);
                    std::ptr::write_bytes(sancov_slot, 0, sancov_len);
                    crate::sancov::SANCOV_TRANSFER.with(|c| c.set(sancov_slot));
                }
            }

            // Safety: single-threaded, no real I/O
            let pid = unsafe { libc::fork() };
            match pid {
                -1 => {
                    free_slots.push(slot);
                    break;
                }
                0 => {
                    setup_child(child_seed, split_call_count, stats_ptr);
                    return;
                }
                child_pid => {
                    active.insert(child_pid, (child_seed, slot));
                }
            }
        } else {
            // Sequential path
            if !bm_ptr.is_null() {
                let bm = unsafe { CoverageBitmap::new(bm_ptr) };
                bm.clear();
            }
            crate::sancov::clear_transfer_buffer();

            // Safety: single-threaded, no real I/O
            let pid = unsafe { libc::fork() };
            match pid {
                -1 => break,
                0 => {
                    setup_child(child_seed, split_call_count, stats_ptr);
                    return;
                }
                child_pid => {
                    let mut status: libc::c_int = 0;
                    // Safety: child_pid is valid
                    unsafe {
                        libc::waitpid(child_pid, &mut status, 0);
                    }

                    if !bm_ptr.is_null() && !vm_ptr.is_null() {
                        let bm = unsafe { CoverageBitmap::new(bm_ptr) };
                        let vm = unsafe { ExploredMap::new(vm_ptr) };
                        vm.merge_from(&bm);
                    }
                    batch_has_new |= crate::sancov::has_new_sancov_coverage();

                    let exited_normally = libc::WIFEXITED(status);
                    if exited_normally && libc::WEXITSTATUS(status) == 42 {
                        // Safety: stats_ptr is valid
                        unsafe {
                            (*stats_ptr).bug_found.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                        }
                        save_bug_recipe(split_call_count, child_seed);
                    }

                    // Safety: stats_ptr is valid
                    unsafe {
                        (*stats_ptr).fork_points.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Drain remaining active children
    while !active.is_empty() {
        reap_one(
            &mut active,
            &mut free_slots,
            pool_base,
            sancov_pool_base,
            vm_ptr,
            stats_ptr,
            split_call_count,
            &mut batch_has_new,
        );
    }

    if parallel {
        COVERAGE_BITMAP_PTR.with(|c| c.set(bm_ptr));
        // Restore parent's sancov transfer pointer
        if !sancov_pool_base.is_null() {
            crate::sancov::SANCOV_TRANSFER.with(|c| c.set(parent_sancov_transfer));
        }
    } else if !bm_ptr.is_null() {
        // Safety: bm_ptr points to COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE bytes
        unsafe {
            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(parent_bitmap_backup.as_ptr(), bm_ptr, COVERAGE_MAP_SIZE);
        }
    }
}

/// No-op on non-unix platforms.
#[cfg(not(unix))]
pub fn split_on_discovery(_mark_name: &str) {}

/// Save a bug recipe to shared memory.
fn save_bug_recipe(split_call_count: u64, child_seed: u64) {
    let recipe_ptr = SHARED_RECIPE.with(|c| c.get());
    if recipe_ptr.is_null() {
        return;
    }

    // Safety: recipe_ptr points to valid shared memory
    unsafe {
        let recipe = &mut *recipe_ptr;

        // Only save the first bug recipe (CAS from 0 to 1)
        if recipe
            .claimed
            .compare_exchange(0, 1, Ordering::Relaxed, Ordering::Relaxed)
            .is_ok()
        {
            // Copy the current context's recipe plus this fork point
            context::with_ctx(|ctx| {
                let total_entries = ctx.recipe.len() + 1;
                let len = total_entries.min(MAX_RECIPE_ENTRIES);

                // Copy existing recipe entries
                for (i, &entry) in ctx.recipe.iter().take(len - 1).enumerate() {
                    recipe.entries[i] = entry;
                }
                // Add the current fork point
                if len > 0 {
                    recipe.entries[len - 1] = (split_call_count, child_seed);
                }
                recipe.len = len as u32;
            });
        }
    }
}

/// Exit the current child process with the given code.
///
/// Calls `libc::_exit()` which skips atexit handlers and stdio flushing.
/// This is appropriate for forked child processes.
///
/// # Safety
///
/// This function terminates the process immediately. Only call from a
/// forked child process.
#[cfg(unix)]
pub fn exit_child(code: i32) -> ! {
    crate::sancov::copy_counters_to_shared();
    // Safety: _exit is always safe to call; it terminates the process.
    unsafe { libc::_exit(code) }
}

/// Panics on non-unix platforms (should never be called).
#[cfg(not(unix))]
pub fn exit_child(code: i32) -> ! {
    std::process::exit(code)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_child_seed_deterministic() {
        let s1 = compute_child_seed(42, "test", 0);
        let s2 = compute_child_seed(42, "test", 0);
        assert_eq!(s1, s2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_child_seed_varies_by_index() {
        let s0 = compute_child_seed(42, "test", 0);
        let s1 = compute_child_seed(42, "test", 1);
        let s2 = compute_child_seed(42, "test", 2);
        assert_ne!(s0, s1);
        assert_ne!(s1, s2);
        assert_ne!(s0, s2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_child_seed_varies_by_name() {
        let s1 = compute_child_seed(42, "alpha", 0);
        let s2 = compute_child_seed(42, "beta", 0);
        assert_ne!(s1, s2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_compute_child_seed_varies_by_parent() {
        let s1 = compute_child_seed(1, "test", 0);
        let s2 = compute_child_seed(2, "test", 0);
        assert_ne!(s1, s2);
    }
}