lua_stdlib/

base.rs

//! Base library — Lua's built-in functions (`print`, `type`, `pairs`, `pcall`, …).
//!
//! Translated from: `reference/lua-5.4.7/src/lbaselib.c` (549 lines, 32 functions)
//! Target crate: `lua-stdlib`

use lua_types::{
    error::LuaError,
    value::LuaValue,
    LuaType,
    LuaStatus,
};
use crate::state_stub::{LuaState, LuaStateStubExt as _};

// ── Module-level constants ────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// ASCII whitespace characters used by `b_str2int` for strspn-style skipping.
const SPACECHARS: &[u8] = b" \x0c\n\r\t\x0b";

/// Reserved stack slot used by `generic_reader` to anchor the current chunk
/// string so it is not collected while `lua_load` is running.
const RESERVED_SLOT: i32 = 5;

/// Name of the global environment table stored as a global itself.
const LUA_GNAME: &[u8] = b"_G";

/// Sentinel indicating "all return values" for call/pcall helpers.
const LUA_MULTRET: i32 = -1;

// ── GC operation codes ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Identifies a GC control operation passed to the `collectgarbage` built-in.
/// Mirrors the `LUA_GC*` integer constants from `lua.h`.
/// TODO(port): define as a proper type in lua-types once the GC API is finalised.
#[repr(i32)]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum GcOp {
    Stop       = 0,
    Restart    = 1,
    Collect    = 2,
    Count      = 3,
    #[expect(dead_code, reason = "ported stdlib helper; not yet wired into the runtime")]
    CountB     = 4,
    Step       = 5,
    SetPause   = 6,
    SetStepMul = 7,
    IsRunning  = 9,
    Gen        = 10,
    Inc        = 11,
}

// ── LuaState forward declaration ─────────────────────────────────────────────

// LuaState is provided by crate::state_stub.

// ── Type alias for standard Lua-callable functions ────────────────────────────

/// Rust equivalent of `lua_CFunction`: a bare function that receives the
/// interpreter state and returns a count of pushed results.
pub(crate) type LuaLibFn = fn(&mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError>;

// ── Helper: push_mode ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Push the GC mode string ("incremental" or "generational") onto the stack,
/// or push `nil` (fail) when `oldmode == -1` (invalid call inside a finalizer).
///
fn push_mode(state: &mut LuaState, oldmode: i32) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    if oldmode == -1 {
        state.push(LuaValue::Nil);
    } else {
        let s: &[u8] = if oldmode == GcOp::Inc as i32 {
            b"incremental"
        } else {
            b"generational"
        };
        state.push_string(s)?;
    }
    Ok(1)
}

// ── Helper: finish_pcall ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Shared result-adjustment logic for `pcall` and `xpcall`.
///
/// On success: returns the count of values already on the stack minus `extra`
/// skipped sentinel values.  On failure: replaces whatever is on the stack
/// with `[false, error_message]` and returns 2.
///
fn finish_pcall(state: &mut LuaState, ok: bool, extra: i32) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    if !ok {
        state.push(LuaValue::Bool(false));
        state.push_copy(-2)?;
        return Ok(2);
    }
    Ok((state.top() as i32 - extra) as usize)
}

// ── Helper: b_str2int ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Parse an integer in an arbitrary base from the byte slice `s`.
///
/// Returns `Some((consumed, value))` on success, where `consumed` is the number
/// of bytes from the start of `s` that were processed (leading and trailing
/// ASCII whitespace included).  Returns `None` when the slice contains no valid
/// numeral in `base`.
///
/// The caller checks `consumed == s.len()` to verify the whole string was used.
///
fn b_str2int(s: &[u8], base: u32) -> Option<(usize, i64)> {
    let mut pos = 0usize;
    while pos < s.len() && SPACECHARS.contains(&s[pos]) {
        pos += 1;
    }
    let neg = if pos < s.len() && s[pos] == b'-' {
        pos += 1;
        true
    } else {
        if pos < s.len() && s[pos] == b'+' {
            pos += 1;
        }
        false
    };
    if pos >= s.len() || !s[pos].is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
        return None;
    }
    let mut n: u64 = 0u64;
    loop {
        let byte = s[pos];
        let digit = if byte.is_ascii_digit() {
            (byte - b'0') as u32
        } else {
            (byte.to_ascii_uppercase() - b'A') as u32 + 10
        };
        if digit >= base {
            return None;
        }
        n = n.wrapping_mul(base as u64).wrapping_add(digit as u64);
        pos += 1;
        if pos >= s.len() || !s[pos].is_ascii_alphanumeric() {
            break;
        }
    }
    while pos < s.len() && SPACECHARS.contains(&s[pos]) {
        pos += 1;
    }
    let value: i64 = if neg {
        0u64.wrapping_sub(n) as i64
    } else {
        n as i64
    };
    Some((pos, value))
}

// ── Helper: load_aux ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Shared post-load logic for `load` and `loadfile`.
///
/// On success (status_ok == true): optionally installs an environment upvalue,
/// then returns 1 (the chunk function is on the stack).
/// On failure: pushes nil then moves it before the error message, returns 2.
///
fn load_aux(state: &mut LuaState, status_ok: bool, envidx: i32) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    if status_ok {
        if envidx != 0 {
            state.push_copy(envidx)?;
            if state.set_upvalue(-2, 1)?.is_none() {
                state.pop_n(1);
            }
        }
        Ok(1)
    } else {
        state.push(LuaValue::Nil);
        state.insert(-2)?;
        Ok(2)
    }
}

// ── print ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Converts each argument to a string with `tostring()` semantics, separates
/// them with tabs, writes them to standard output, and finishes with a newline.
///
pub(crate) fn print_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let n = state.top();
    for i in 1..=n {
        // luaL_tolstring converts via tostring() metamethod, pushes result,
        // returns a pointer. In Rust we get a GcRef and use its bytes.
        // TODO(port): to_display_string method needs implementing on LuaState.
        let display_ref = state.to_display_string(i)?;
        if i > 1 {
            // TODO(port): I/O should go through the state's output abstraction.
            state.write_output(b"\t")?;
        }
        let bytes = display_ref.clone();
        state.write_output(&bytes)?;
        state.pop_n(1);
    }
    state.write_output(b"\n")?;
    Ok(0)
}

// ── warn ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Validates that every argument is a string, then forwards them as a
/// multi-part warning message via the state's warning hook.
///
pub(crate) fn warn_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let n = state.top();
    state.check_arg_string(1)?;
    for i in 2..=n {
        state.check_arg_string(i)?;
    }
    for i in 1..n {
        // Clone bytes before further mutation to avoid borrow conflict.
        // PORTING.md §8: "No &LuaValue across a stack-mutating call."
        let s: Vec<u8> = state
            .to_lua_string_bytes(i)
            .map(|b| b.to_vec())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        // continue = true (1) — more parts follow
        state.warning(&s, true)?;
    }
    let s: Vec<u8> = state
        .to_lua_string_bytes(n)
        .map(|b| b.to_vec())
        .unwrap_or_default();
    state.warning(&s, false)?;
    Ok(0)
}

// ── tonumber ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Converts a value to a number, optionally in a given numeric base (2–36).
///
pub(crate) fn tonumber_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    if matches!(state.type_at(2), LuaType::None | LuaType::Nil) {
        if state.type_at(1) == LuaType::Number {
            lua_vm::api::set_top(state, 1)?;
            return Ok(1);
        }
        // lua_stringtonumber returns bytes consumed including the NUL terminator,
        // so success iff consumed == string_length + 1.
        if let Some(len) = state.to_lua_string_len(1) {
            if let Some(consumed) = state.string_to_number(1) {
                if consumed == len + 1 {
                    return Ok(1);
                }
            }
        }
        state.check_arg_any(1)?;
    } else {
        let base = state.check_arg_integer(2)?;
        state.check_arg_type(1, LuaType::String)?;
        // Clone before further state ops (PORTING.md §8).
        let bytes: Vec<u8> = state
            .to_lua_string_bytes(1)
            .map(|b| b.to_vec())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        if !(2..=36).contains(&base) {
            return Err(LuaError::arg_error(2, "base out of range"));
        }
        if let Some((consumed, n)) = b_str2int(&bytes, base as u32) {
            if consumed == bytes.len() {
                state.push(LuaValue::Int(n));
                return Ok(1);
            }
        }
    }
    state.push(LuaValue::Nil);
    Ok(1)
}

// ── error ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Raises the value at stack[1] as a Lua error, optionally prepending
/// source-location information for string errors when `level > 0`.
///
pub(crate) fn error_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let level = state.opt_arg_integer(2, 1)? as i32;
    lua_vm::api::set_top(state, 1)?;
    if state.type_at(1) == LuaType::String && level > 0 {
        state.push_where(level)?;
        state.push_copy(1)?;
        state.concat(2)?;
    }
    Err(LuaError::from_value(state.pop()))
}

// ── getmetatable ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Returns the metatable of the first argument, or the `__metatable` field of
/// the metatable if that field exists (protecting the raw metatable).
///
pub(crate) fn getmetatable_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    state.check_arg_any(1)?;
    if !state.get_metatable(1)? {
        state.push(LuaValue::Nil);
        return Ok(1);
    }
    // Returns LuaType::Nil if metatable has no __metatable; otherwise pushes it.
    state.get_metafield(1, b"__metatable")?;
    Ok(1)
}

// ── setmetatable ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Sets the metatable of the table at argument 1 to the value at argument 2
/// (nil clears it).  Raises an error if the current metatable is protected via
/// `__metatable`.
///
pub(crate) fn setmetatable_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let t = state.type_at(2);
    state.check_arg_type(1, LuaType::Table)?;
    if !(t == LuaType::Nil || t == LuaType::Table) {
        let got = state.value_at(2);
        return Err(LuaError::type_arg_error(2, "nil or table", &got));
    }
    if state.get_metafield(1, b"__metatable")? != LuaType::Nil {
        return Err(LuaError::runtime(format_args!(
            "cannot change a protected metatable"
        )));
    }
    lua_vm::api::set_top(state, 2)?;
    state.set_metatable(1)?;
    Ok(1)
}

// ── rawequal ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Raw equality check (no metamethods).
///
pub(crate) fn rawequal_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    state.check_arg_any(1)?;
    state.check_arg_any(2)?;
    let eq = state.raw_equal(1, 2)?;
    state.push(LuaValue::Bool(eq));
    Ok(1)
}

// ── rawlen ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Raw length (#) without metamethods; accepts tables and strings only.
///
pub(crate) fn rawlen_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let t = state.type_at(1);
    if !(t == LuaType::Table || t == LuaType::String) {
        let got = state.value_at(1);
        return Err(LuaError::type_arg_error(1, "table or string", &got));
    }
    let len = state.raw_len(1);
    state.push(LuaValue::Int(len));
    Ok(1)
}

// ── rawget ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Raw table read (no metamethods).
///
pub(crate) fn rawget_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    state.check_arg_type(1, LuaType::Table)?;
    state.check_arg_any(2)?;
    lua_vm::api::set_top(state, 2)?;
    state.raw_get(1)?;
    Ok(1)
}

// ── rawset ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Raw table write (no metamethods).
///
pub(crate) fn rawset_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    state.check_arg_type(1, LuaType::Table)?;
    state.check_arg_any(2)?;
    state.check_arg_any(3)?;
    lua_vm::api::set_top(state, 3)?;
    state.raw_set(1)?;
    Ok(1)
}

// ── collectgarbage ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Expose GC control to Lua scripts.  The first argument selects the operation;
/// subsequent arguments are operation-specific parameters.
///
///
/// PORT NOTE: C's `checkvalres(x)` macro breaks out of the `switch` to the
/// trailing `luaL_pushfail` when `x == -1` (called inside a finalizer).
/// In Rust we model this with an explicit early-return to the pushfail path
/// using a boolean flag, avoiding labeled blocks.
pub(crate) fn collectgarbage_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    static OPTS: &[&[u8]] = &[
        b"stop", b"restart", b"collect",
        b"count", b"step", b"setpause", b"setstepmul",
        b"isrunning", b"generational", b"incremental",
    ];
    static OPTS_NUM: &[GcOp] = &[
        GcOp::Stop, GcOp::Restart, GcOp::Collect,
        GcOp::Count, GcOp::Step, GcOp::SetPause, GcOp::SetStepMul,
        GcOp::IsRunning, GcOp::Gen, GcOp::Inc,
    ];
    let idx = state.check_arg_option(1, Some(b"collect"), OPTS)?;
    let op = OPTS_NUM[idx];

    // Each arm either returns early on success, or evaluates to `false`
    // (meaning checkvalres fired — fall through to pushfail).
    let valid: bool = match op {
        GcOp::Count => {
            // TODO(port): gc_count / gc_count_b are stubs in Phase A.
            let k = state.gc_count()?;
            let b = state.gc_count_b()?;
            if k == -1 {
                false
            } else {
                state.push(LuaValue::Float(k as f64 + b as f64 / 1024.0));
                return Ok(1);
            }
        }
        GcOp::Step => {
            let step = state.opt_arg_integer(2, 0)? as i32;
            // TODO(port): gc_step is a stub in Phase A.
            let res = state.gc_step(step)?;
            if res == -1 {
                false
            } else {
                state.push(LuaValue::Bool(res != 0));
                return Ok(1);
            }
        }
        GcOp::SetPause | GcOp::SetStepMul => {
            let p = state.opt_arg_integer(2, 0)? as i32;
            // TODO(port): gc_set_param is a stub in Phase A.
            let previous = state.gc_set_param(op as i32, p)?;
            if previous == -1 {
                false
            } else {
                state.push(LuaValue::Int(previous as i64));
                return Ok(1);
            }
        }
        GcOp::IsRunning => {
            let res = state.gc_is_running()?;
            state.push(LuaValue::Bool(res));
            return Ok(1);
        }
        GcOp::Gen => {
            let minormul = state.opt_arg_integer(2, 0)? as i32;
            let majormul = state.opt_arg_integer(3, 0)? as i32;
            // TODO(port): gc_gen is a stub in Phase A.
            let oldmode = state.gc_gen(minormul, majormul)?;
            return push_mode(state, oldmode);
        }
        GcOp::Inc => {
            let pause    = state.opt_arg_integer(2, 0)? as i32;
            let stepmul  = state.opt_arg_integer(3, 0)? as i32;
            let stepsize = state.opt_arg_integer(4, 0)? as i32;
            // TODO(port): gc_inc is a stub in Phase A.
            let oldmode = state.gc_inc(pause, stepmul, stepsize)?;
            return push_mode(state, oldmode);
        }
        _ => {
            // TODO(port): gc_control_simple is a stub in Phase A.
            let res = state.gc_control_simple(op as i32)?;
            if res == -1 {
                false
            } else {
                state.push(LuaValue::Int(res as i64));
                return Ok(1);
            }
        }
    };
    debug_assert!(!valid, "valid arms return early; reaching here means checkvalres fired");
    state.push(LuaValue::Nil);
    Ok(1)
}

// ── type ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Returns the type name of its argument as a string.
///
pub(crate) fn type_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let t = state.type_at(1);
    if t == LuaType::None {
        return Err(LuaError::arg_error(1, "value expected"));
    }
    // Clone the bytes before the push to avoid borrow conflict with state.
    let name: Vec<u8> = state.type_name(t).to_vec();
    state.push_string(&name)?;
    Ok(1)
}

// ── next ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Table traversal iterator: given a table and a key, pushes the next key-value
/// pair.  Pushes nil and returns 1 when the traversal is exhausted.
///
pub(crate) fn next_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    state.check_arg_type(1, LuaType::Table)?;
    lua_vm::api::set_top(state, 2)?;
    if state.table_next(1)? {
        Ok(2)
    } else {
        state.push(LuaValue::Nil);
        Ok(1)
    }
}

// ── pairs continuation (coroutine stub) ───────────────────────────────────────

/// Continuation for `pairs` when the `__pairs` metamethod yields.
/// Re-invoked by `finishCcall` after the yielded `__pairs` resumes.
///
fn pairs_cont(_state: &mut LuaState, _status: i32, _ctx: isize) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    Ok(3)
}

// ── pairs ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Returns the `next` function, the table, and nil (or invokes a `__pairs`
/// metamethod).
///
pub(crate) fn pairs_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    state.check_arg_any(1)?;
    if state.get_metafield(1, b"__pairs")? == LuaType::Nil {
        state.push_c_function(next_fn)?;
        state.push_copy(1)?;
        state.push(LuaValue::Nil);
    } else {
        state.push_copy(1)?;
        state.call_k(1, 3, 0, Some(pairs_cont))?;
    }
    Ok(3)
}

// ── ipairs auxiliary ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Iterator step function for `ipairs`: increments the counter and fetches
/// the next array element.  Returns the index + value, or just the index when
/// the value is nil (signalling end-of-iteration).
///
fn ipairs_aux(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let i = state.check_arg_integer(2)?;
    // luaL_intop(+, a, b) → wrapping integer addition (PORTING.md §9 / macros.tsv `intop`)
    let i = (i as u64).wrapping_add(1u64) as i64;
    state.push(LuaValue::Int(i));
    let t = state.get_i(1, i)?;
    if t == LuaType::Nil {
        Ok(1)
    } else {
        Ok(2)
    }
}

// ── ipairs ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Returns the `ipairsaux` iterator, the table, and 0 as the initial counter.
///
pub(crate) fn ipairs_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    state.check_arg_any(1)?;
    state.push_c_function(ipairs_aux)?;
    state.push_copy(1)?;
    state.push(LuaValue::Int(0));
    Ok(3)
}

// ── loadfile ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Loads a Lua chunk from a file.
///
pub(crate) fn loadfile_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let fname: Option<Vec<u8>> = state.opt_arg_lstring(1, None)?;
    let mode: Option<Vec<u8>> = state.opt_arg_lstring(2, None)?;
    let env = if state.type_at(3) != LuaType::None { 3 } else { 0 };
    let status_ok = state.load_file_ex(fname.as_deref(), mode.as_deref())?;
    load_aux(state, status_ok, env)
}

// ── generic_reader ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Reader callback for `luaB_load` when the chunk source is a Lua function.
/// Calls the function at stack[1] repeatedly to obtain successive chunks.
///
///
/// PORT NOTE: In C this is a `lua_Reader` function pointer passed to
/// `lua_load`. In Rust, readers are closures — but `generic_reader` itself
/// needs `&mut LuaState`, which conflicts with `state.load_with_reader`'s
/// own borrow.  The current translation materialises the reader as a free
/// function for documentation purposes; Phase B must resolve the design
/// (e.g., a separate reader-context type, or a split between "advance reader"
/// and "run Lua call" phases).
/// TODO(port): generic_reader — self-referential &mut borrow when used as lua_load callback.
fn generic_reader(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>, LuaError> {
    state.ensure_stack(2, b"too many nested functions")?;
    state.push_copy(1)?;
    state.call(0, 1)?;
    if state.type_at(-1) == LuaType::Nil {
        state.pop_n(1);
        return Ok(None);
    }
    //      luaL_error(L, "reader function must return a string");
    // lua_isstring in C is true for strings AND coercible numbers.
    if !matches!(state.type_at(-1), LuaType::String | LuaType::Number) {
        return Err(LuaError::runtime(format_args!(
            "reader function must return a string"
        )));
    }
    state.replace(RESERVED_SLOT)?;
    let bytes = state
        .to_lua_string_bytes(RESERVED_SLOT)
        .map(|b| b.to_vec());
    Ok(bytes)
}

// ── load ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Loads a Lua chunk from a string or a reader function.
///
pub(crate) fn load_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    // Determine whether argument 1 is a string (load from buffer) or a
    // function (load from reader).
    let is_string = matches!(state.type_at(1), LuaType::String | LuaType::Number);
    let mode: Vec<u8> = state.opt_arg_string(3, b"bt")?;
    let env = if state.type_at(4) != LuaType::None { 4 } else { 0 };
    let status_ok = if is_string {
        let chunk: Vec<u8> = state.to_lua_string_bytes(1).unwrap_or_default();
        let chunkname: Vec<u8> = if state.is_none_or_nil(2) {
            chunk.clone()
        } else {
            state.check_arg_string(2)?
        };
        state.load_buffer_ex(&chunk, &chunkname, &mode)?
    } else {
        let chunkname: Vec<u8> = state
            .opt_arg_string_bytes(2)
            .unwrap_or_else(|_| b"=(load)".to_vec());
        state.check_arg_type(1, LuaType::Function)?;
        lua_vm::api::set_top(state, RESERVED_SLOT)?;
        // TODO(port): generic_reader cannot be passed directly due to self-referential
        // &mut borrow — see generic_reader's PORT NOTE. Phase B resolves this.
        state.load_with_reader(generic_reader, &chunkname, &mode)?
    };
    load_aux(state, status_ok, env)
}

// ── dofile ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Loads and runs a Lua file, forwarding all return values.
///
fn dofile_cont(state: &mut LuaState, _status: i32, _ctx: isize) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    Ok((state.top() as i32 - 1) as usize)
}

pub(crate) fn dofile_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let fname: Option<Vec<u8>> = state.opt_arg_lstring(1, None)?;
    lua_vm::api::set_top(state, 1)?;
    if !state.load_file(fname.as_deref())? {
        return Err(LuaError::from_value(state.pop()));
    }
    state.call_k(0, LUA_MULTRET, 0, Some(dofile_cont))?;
    dofile_cont(state, 0, 0)
}

// ── assert ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Raises an error if the first argument is falsy, otherwise passes all
/// arguments through as return values.
///
pub(crate) fn assert_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    if state.to_boolean(1) {
        return Ok(state.top() as usize);
    }
    state.check_arg_any(1)?;
    state.remove(1)?;
    state.push_string(b"assertion failed!")?;
    lua_vm::api::set_top(state, 1)?;
    error_fn(state)
}

// ── select ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Returns a slice of its arguments starting at the given index, or returns
/// the count of arguments when called with `"#"`.
///
pub(crate) fn select_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let n = state.top() as i64;
    // Check for '#' first byte without holding a borrow across subsequent ops.
    let first_is_hash = state.type_at(1) == LuaType::String && {
        state
            .to_lua_string_bytes(1)
            .and_then(|b| b.first().copied())
            == Some(b'#')
    };
    if first_is_hash {
        state.push(LuaValue::Int(n - 1));
        return Ok(1);
    }
    let mut i = state.check_arg_integer(1)?;
    if i < 0 {
        i = n + i;
    } else if i > n {
        i = n;
    }
    if i < 1 {
        return Err(LuaError::arg_error(1, "index out of range"));
    }
    // The values at stack positions [i+1 .. n] are already in place; the
    // runtime picks up the top (n - i) of them as results.
    Ok((n - i) as usize)
}

// ── pcall ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Protected call: returns true + results on success, or false + error on
/// failure.
///
pub(crate) fn pcall_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    state.check_arg_any(1)?;
    // Stack before: [f, a1, …, aN]
    // Stack after:  [true, f, a1, …, aN]
    state.push(LuaValue::Bool(true));
    state.insert(1)?;
    // nargs = gettop - 2 (subtract the sentinel `true` and the function).
    let nargs = state.top() as i32 - 2;
    let yieldable = state.is_yieldable();
    let ok = match state.protected_call_k(nargs, LUA_MULTRET, 0, 0, Some(finish_pcall_k)) {
        Ok(()) => true,
        // `LuaError::Yield` must bubble up to `lua_resume` so the continuation
        // saved on this frame can be invoked on resume.
        Err(LuaError::Yield) => return Err(LuaError::Yield),
        // A sandbox budget trip is uncatchable: re-raise instead of catching so
        // untrusted code cannot defeat the budget with `while true do pcall(..) end`.
        Err(e) if state.sandbox_aborting() => return Err(e),
        Err(e) if yieldable => return Err(e),
        Err(e) => {
            state.push(e.into_value());
            false
        }
    };
    finish_pcall(state, ok, 0)
}

/// Continuation matching `LuaKFunction`. Invoked by `finishCcall` on the
/// resume path after a yield through pcall (or after a `__close` ran during
/// pcall error recovery).
///
fn finish_pcall_k(state: &mut LuaState, status: i32, extra: isize) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let ok = status == LuaStatus::Ok as i32 || status == LuaStatus::Yield as i32;
    finish_pcall(state, ok, extra as i32)
}

// ── xpcall ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Protected call with a separate error-handler function.
///
pub(crate) fn xpcall_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    let n = state.top() as i32;
    state.check_arg_type(2, LuaType::Function)?;
    // Stack before rotate: [f, err, a1, …, aN, true, f]
    // Stack after rotate:  [f, err, true, f, a1, …, aN]
    state.push(LuaValue::Bool(true));
    state.push_copy(1)?;
    state.rotate(3, 2)?;
    // errfunc is at stack index 2; extra=2 means finishpcall skips 2 values.
    let yieldable = state.is_yieldable();
    let ok = match state.protected_call_k(n - 2, LUA_MULTRET, 2, 2, Some(finish_pcall_k)) {
        Ok(()) => true,
        Err(LuaError::Yield) => return Err(LuaError::Yield),
        // Uncatchable sandbox abort: re-raise without running the message
        // handler, so an `xpcall` handler can neither swallow nor loop on it.
        Err(e) if state.sandbox_aborting() => return Err(e),
        Err(e) if yieldable => return Err(e),
        Err(e) => {
            state.push(e.into_value());
            false
        }
    };
    finish_pcall(state, ok, 2)
}

// ── tostring ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Converts any value to its string representation (calls `__tostring` if
/// present).
///
pub(crate) fn tostring_fn(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    state.check_arg_any(1)?;
    // to_display_string pushes the converted string and returns a handle to it.
    // TODO(port): to_display_string method needs implementing on LuaState.
    state.to_display_string(1)?;
    Ok(1)
}

// ── Registration table ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// All base-library functions registered into the global table by `open`.
///
///
/// PORT NOTE: The C table includes placeholder entries
/// `{LUA_GNAME, NULL}` and `{"_VERSION", NULL}` that `luaopen_base` fills in
/// separately.  Those are omitted here; `open()` sets them explicitly.
pub(crate) const BASE_FUNCS: &[(&[u8], LuaLibFn)] = &[
    (b"assert",         assert_fn),
    (b"collectgarbage", collectgarbage_fn),
    (b"dofile",         dofile_fn),
    (b"error",          error_fn),
    (b"getmetatable",   getmetatable_fn),
    (b"ipairs",         ipairs_fn),
    (b"loadfile",       loadfile_fn),
    (b"load",           load_fn),
    (b"next",           next_fn),
    (b"pairs",          pairs_fn),
    (b"pcall",          pcall_fn),
    (b"print",          print_fn),
    (b"warn",           warn_fn),
    (b"rawequal",       rawequal_fn),
    (b"rawlen",         rawlen_fn),
    (b"rawget",         rawget_fn),
    (b"rawset",         rawset_fn),
    (b"select",         select_fn),
    (b"setmetatable",   setmetatable_fn),
    (b"tonumber",       tonumber_fn),
    (b"tostring",       tostring_fn),
    (b"type",           type_fn),
    (b"xpcall",         xpcall_fn),
];

// ── Module opener ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Open the base library: register all base functions into the global table,
/// then set `_G` (a self-reference) and `_VERSION`.
///
pub fn open(state: &mut LuaState) -> Result<usize, LuaError> {
    state.push_globals()?;
    state.set_funcs(BASE_FUNCS, 0)?;
    state.push_copy(-1)?;
    state.set_field(-2, LUA_GNAME)?;
    let version_str = state.global().lua_version.version_str();
    state.push_string(version_str.as_bytes())?;
    state.set_field(-2, b"_VERSION")?;
    // `warn` was introduced in Lua 5.4; it is absent on 5.1/5.2/5.3.
    if matches!(
        state.global().lua_version,
        lua_types::LuaVersion::V51 | lua_types::LuaVersion::V52 | lua_types::LuaVersion::V53
    ) {
        state.push(LuaValue::Nil);
        state.set_field(-2, b"warn")?;
    }
    Ok(1)
}

// ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// PORT STATUS
//   source:        src/lbaselib.c  (549 lines, 32 functions)
//   target_crate:  lua-stdlib
//   confidence:    medium
//   todos:         21
//   port_notes:    5
//   unsafe_blocks: 0
//   notes:         All 32 C functions translated.  Main uncertainties are (1)
//                  LuaState method signatures (top/type_at/push/… — resolved
//                  in Phase B when lua-vm is compiled), (2) generic_reader's
//                  self-referential &mut borrow needs architectural resolution,
//                  (3) GC API stubs (gc_count, gc_step, …) need Phase D
//                  implementations, (4) I/O host capabilities now route through
//                  state/global hooks, but stdin/env/time/temp remain incomplete,
//                  (5) pcallk / callk continuations are
//                  stubbed pending coroutine support in Phase E.  The fake
//                  `struct LuaState;` placeholder here avoids duplicate-definition
//                  errors while keeping the file self-contained; Phase B removes it.
// ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────