llkv_runtime/

runtime_session.rs

// TODO: Implement a common trait (similar to CatalogDdl) for runtime sessions and llkv-transaction sessions

use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock, RwLock, Weak};

use arrow::record_batch::RecordBatch;
use llkv_result::{Error, Result};
use llkv_storage::pager::{BoxedPager, MemPager};
use llkv_table::{
    ConstraintEnforcementMode, INFORMATION_SCHEMA_TABLE_ID_START, SingleColumnIndexDescriptor,
    TEMPORARY_TABLE_ID_START, canonical_table_name, validate_alter_table_operation,
};

use crate::{
    AlterTablePlan, CatalogDdl, CreateIndexPlan, CreateTablePlan, CreateTableSource,
    CreateViewPlan, DeletePlan, DropIndexPlan, DropTablePlan, DropViewPlan, InsertPlan,
    InsertSource, PlanColumnSpec, PlanOperation, PlanValue, RenameTablePlan, RuntimeContext,
    RuntimeStatementResult, RuntimeTransactionContext, SelectExecution, SelectPlan,
    SelectProjection, TransactionContext, TransactionKind, TransactionResult, TransactionSession,
    UpdatePlan, information_schema::refresh_information_schema,
};
use crate::{
    INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID, PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID, PersistentRuntimeNamespace,
    RuntimeNamespaceId, RuntimeStorageNamespace, RuntimeStorageNamespaceRegistry,
    TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID, TemporaryRuntimeNamespace,
};
use llkv_plan::TruncatePlan;

type StatementResult = RuntimeStatementResult<BoxedPager>;
type TxnResult = TransactionResult<BoxedPager>;
type BaseTxnContext = RuntimeTransactionContext<BoxedPager>;

static INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_POOL: OnceLock<
    Mutex<HashMap<usize, Weak<TemporaryRuntimeNamespace>>>,
> = OnceLock::new();

fn information_schema_namespace_pool()
-> &'static Mutex<HashMap<usize, Weak<TemporaryRuntimeNamespace>>> {
    INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_POOL.get_or_init(|| Mutex::new(HashMap::new()))
}

fn information_schema_read_only_error(operation: &str) -> Error {
    Error::CatalogError(format!(
        "information_schema is read-only: {} operations are not supported",
        operation
    ))
}

pub(crate) struct SessionNamespaces {
    persistent: Arc<PersistentRuntimeNamespace>,
    temporary: Option<Arc<TemporaryRuntimeNamespace>>,
    information_schema: Arc<TemporaryRuntimeNamespace>,
    registry: Arc<RwLock<RuntimeStorageNamespaceRegistry>>,
}

impl SessionNamespaces {
    pub(crate) fn new(base_context: Arc<RuntimeContext<BoxedPager>>) -> Self {
        let mut registry =
            RuntimeStorageNamespaceRegistry::new(PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID.to_string());

        // Create information_schema namespace FIRST so we can set it as fallback for persistent
        let information_schema = {
            let key = Arc::as_ptr(&base_context) as usize;
            let namespace = {
                let mut pool = information_schema_namespace_pool()
                    .lock()
                    .expect("information_schema namespace pool poisoned");
                if let Some(existing) = pool.get(&key).and_then(|weak| weak.upgrade()) {
                    existing
                } else {
                    let shared_catalog = base_context.table_catalog();
                    let mem_pager = Arc::new(MemPager::default());
                    let boxed_pager = Arc::new(BoxedPager::from_arc(mem_pager));
                    let context = Arc::new(RuntimeContext::new_with_catalog(
                        boxed_pager,
                        Arc::clone(&shared_catalog),
                    ));
                    context
                        .ensure_next_table_id_at_least(INFORMATION_SCHEMA_TABLE_ID_START)
                        .expect("failed to seed information_schema table id counter");

                    let namespace = Arc::new(TemporaryRuntimeNamespace::new(
                        INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID.to_string(),
                        context,
                    ));
                    pool.insert(key, Arc::downgrade(&namespace));
                    namespace
                }
            };
            registry.register_namespace(
                Arc::clone(&namespace),
                vec![INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID.to_string()],
                false,
            );
            namespace
        };

        // Set information_schema as fallback for base_context so persistent namespace can resolve it
        base_context.set_fallback_lookup(information_schema.context());

        // Create persistent namespace using the base_context (now with fallback configured)
        let persistent = Arc::new(PersistentRuntimeNamespace::new(
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID.to_string(),
            Arc::clone(&base_context),
        ));

        registry.register_namespace(Arc::clone(&persistent), Vec::<String>::new(), false);

        let information_schema = {
            let key = Arc::as_ptr(&base_context) as usize;
            let namespace = {
                let mut pool = information_schema_namespace_pool()
                    .lock()
                    .expect("information_schema namespace pool poisoned");
                if let Some(existing) = pool.get(&key).and_then(|weak| weak.upgrade()) {
                    existing
                } else {
                    let shared_catalog = base_context.table_catalog();
                    let mem_pager = Arc::new(MemPager::default());
                    let boxed_pager = Arc::new(BoxedPager::from_arc(mem_pager));
                    let context = Arc::new(RuntimeContext::new_with_catalog(
                        boxed_pager,
                        Arc::clone(&shared_catalog),
                    ));
                    context
                        .ensure_next_table_id_at_least(INFORMATION_SCHEMA_TABLE_ID_START)
                        .expect("failed to seed information_schema table id counter");

                    let namespace = Arc::new(TemporaryRuntimeNamespace::new(
                        INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID.to_string(),
                        context,
                    ));
                    pool.insert(key, Arc::downgrade(&namespace));
                    namespace
                }
            };
            registry.register_namespace(
                Arc::clone(&namespace),
                vec![INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID.to_string()],
                false,
            );
            namespace
        };

        let temporary = {
            // ARCHITECTURAL DECISION: Multi-pager arena via fallback lookup
            //
            // Temporary tables use an isolated MemPager-backed ColumnStore while sharing the
            // persistent namespace's catalog. When a temporary object references persistent
            // data (e.g., CREATE TEMP VIEW ... FROM main.t1), the temporary context forwards
            // lookups to the persistent context via fallback. This keeps temporary storage
            // purely in-memory while preserving cross-namespace visibility.
            //
            // Implementation steps:
            // 1. Wrap a fresh MemPager in BoxedPager so it uses the same runtime pager type
            //    as the persistent context (BoxedPager).
            // 2. Reuse the persistent catalog handle so both namespaces observe identical
            //    table metadata.
            // 3. Install the persistent context as the fallback lookup target so cache misses
            //    in the temporary namespace transparently resolve to persistent tables.
            let shared_catalog = base_context.table_catalog();
            let temp_mem_pager = Arc::new(MemPager::default());
            let temp_boxed_pager = Arc::new(BoxedPager::from_arc(temp_mem_pager));
            let temp_context = Arc::new(
                RuntimeContext::new_with_catalog(temp_boxed_pager, Arc::clone(&shared_catalog))
                    .with_fallback_lookup(Arc::clone(&base_context)),
            );

            temp_context
                .ensure_next_table_id_at_least(TEMPORARY_TABLE_ID_START)
                .expect("failed to seed temporary namespace table id counter");

            let namespace = Arc::new(TemporaryRuntimeNamespace::new(
                TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID.to_string(),
                temp_context,
            ));
            registry.register_namespace(
                Arc::clone(&namespace),
                vec![TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID.to_string()],
                true,
            );
            namespace
        };

        Self {
            persistent,
            temporary: Some(temporary),
            information_schema,
            registry: Arc::new(RwLock::new(registry)),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn persistent(&self) -> Arc<PersistentRuntimeNamespace> {
        Arc::clone(&self.persistent)
    }

    pub(crate) fn temporary(&self) -> Option<Arc<TemporaryRuntimeNamespace>> {
        self.temporary.as_ref().map(Arc::clone)
    }

    pub(crate) fn information_schema(&self) -> Arc<TemporaryRuntimeNamespace> {
        Arc::clone(&self.information_schema)
    }

    pub(crate) fn registry(&self) -> Arc<RwLock<RuntimeStorageNamespaceRegistry>> {
        Arc::clone(&self.registry)
    }
}

impl Drop for SessionNamespaces {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if let Some(temp) = &self.temporary {
            let namespace_id = temp.namespace_id().to_string();
            let canonical_names = {
                let mut registry = self.registry.write().expect("namespace registry poisoned");
                registry.drain_namespace_tables(&namespace_id)
            };
            temp.clear_tables(canonical_names);
        }
    }
}

/// A session for executing operations with optional transaction support.
///
/// This is a high-level wrapper around the transaction machinery that provides
/// a clean API for users. Operations can be executed directly or within a transaction.
pub struct RuntimeSession {
    // Transaction session using BoxedPager for base storage and MemPager for staging tables
    inner: TransactionSession<
        RuntimeTransactionContext<BoxedPager>,
        RuntimeTransactionContext<MemPager>,
    >,
    namespaces: Arc<SessionNamespaces>,
    constraint_mode: Arc<RwLock<ConstraintEnforcementMode>>,
}

impl RuntimeSession {
    pub(crate) fn from_parts(
        inner: TransactionSession<
            RuntimeTransactionContext<BoxedPager>,
            RuntimeTransactionContext<MemPager>,
        >,
        namespaces: Arc<SessionNamespaces>,
    ) -> Self {
        let session = Self {
            inner,
            namespaces,
            constraint_mode: Arc::new(RwLock::new(ConstraintEnforcementMode::Immediate)),
        };
        session.apply_constraint_mode_to_base(ConstraintEnforcementMode::Immediate);
        session
    }

    /// Clone this session (reuses the same underlying TransactionSession).
    /// This is necessary to maintain transaction state across Engine clones.
    pub(crate) fn clone_session(&self) -> Self {
        let session = Self {
            inner: self.inner.clone_session(),
            namespaces: self.namespaces.clone(),
            constraint_mode: Arc::clone(&self.constraint_mode),
        };
        let mode = session.constraint_enforcement_mode();
        session.apply_constraint_mode_to_base(mode);
        session
    }

    fn new_temp_tx_context(
        &self,
        context: Arc<RuntimeContext<BoxedPager>>,
    ) -> RuntimeTransactionContext<BoxedPager> {
        let tx = RuntimeTransactionContext::new(context);
        tx.set_constraint_mode(self.constraint_enforcement_mode());
        tx
    }

    pub fn namespace_registry(&self) -> Arc<RwLock<RuntimeStorageNamespaceRegistry>> {
        self.namespaces.registry()
    }

    fn apply_constraint_mode_to_base(&self, mode: ConstraintEnforcementMode) {
        self.inner.context().set_constraint_mode(mode);
    }

    pub fn set_constraint_enforcement_mode(&self, mode: ConstraintEnforcementMode) {
        let previous = {
            let mut guard = self
                .constraint_mode
                .write()
                .expect("constraint mode lock poisoned");
            if *guard == mode {
                None
            } else {
                let old = *guard;
                *guard = mode;
                Some(old)
            }
        };
        if let Some(old) = previous {
            tracing::warn!(
                "Session constraint enforcement mode changed from {:?} to {:?}",
                old,
                mode
            );
        }
        self.apply_constraint_mode_to_base(mode);
    }

    pub fn constraint_enforcement_mode(&self) -> ConstraintEnforcementMode {
        *self
            .constraint_mode
            .read()
            .expect("constraint mode lock poisoned")
    }

    fn resolve_namespace_for_table(&self, canonical: &str) -> RuntimeNamespaceId {
        self.namespace_registry()
            .read()
            .expect("namespace registry poisoned")
            .namespace_for_table(canonical)
    }

    fn namespace_for_select_plan(&self, plan: &SelectPlan) -> Option<RuntimeNamespaceId> {
        if plan.tables.len() != 1 {
            return None;
        }

        let qualified = plan.tables[0].qualified_name();
        let (_, canonical) = canonical_table_name(&qualified).ok()?;
        Some(self.resolve_namespace_for_table(&canonical))
    }

    fn select_from_namespace(
        &self,
        namespace: Arc<TemporaryRuntimeNamespace>,
        plan: SelectPlan,
    ) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        let table_name = if plan.tables.len() == 1 {
            plan.tables[0].qualified_name()
        } else {
            String::new()
        };

        let context = namespace.context();
        let temp_tx_context = self.new_temp_tx_context(context);
        let execution = TransactionContext::execute_select(&temp_tx_context, plan)?;
        let schema = execution.schema();
        let batches = execution.collect()?;

        let combined = if batches.is_empty() {
            RecordBatch::new_empty(Arc::clone(&schema))
        } else if batches.len() == 1 {
            batches.into_iter().next().unwrap()
        } else {
            let refs: Vec<&RecordBatch> = batches.iter().collect();
            arrow::compute::concat_batches(&schema, refs)?
        };

        let execution =
            SelectExecution::from_batch(table_name.clone(), Arc::clone(&schema), combined);

        Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Select {
            execution: Box::new(execution),
            table_name,
            schema,
        })
    }

    fn persistent_namespace(&self) -> Arc<PersistentRuntimeNamespace> {
        self.namespaces.persistent()
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    fn temporary_namespace(&self) -> Option<Arc<TemporaryRuntimeNamespace>> {
        self.namespaces.temporary()
    }

    fn information_schema_namespace(&self) -> Arc<TemporaryRuntimeNamespace> {
        self.namespaces.information_schema()
    }

    fn base_transaction_context(&self) -> Arc<BaseTxnContext> {
        let ctx = Arc::clone(self.inner.context());
        ctx.set_constraint_mode(self.constraint_enforcement_mode());
        ctx
    }

    fn with_autocommit_transaction_context<F, T>(&self, f: F) -> Result<T>
    where
        F: FnOnce(&BaseTxnContext) -> Result<T>,
    {
        let context = self.base_transaction_context();
        let default_snapshot = context.ctx().default_snapshot();
        TransactionContext::set_snapshot(&*context, default_snapshot);
        f(context.as_ref())
    }

    fn run_autocommit_insert(&self, plan: InsertPlan) -> Result<TxnResult> {
        self.with_autocommit_transaction_context(|ctx| TransactionContext::insert(ctx, plan))
    }

    fn run_autocommit_update(&self, plan: UpdatePlan) -> Result<TxnResult> {
        self.with_autocommit_transaction_context(|ctx| TransactionContext::update(ctx, plan))
    }

    fn run_autocommit_delete(&self, plan: DeletePlan) -> Result<TxnResult> {
        self.with_autocommit_transaction_context(|ctx| TransactionContext::delete(ctx, plan))
    }

    fn run_autocommit_truncate(&self, plan: TruncatePlan) -> Result<TxnResult> {
        self.with_autocommit_transaction_context(|ctx| TransactionContext::truncate(ctx, plan))
    }

    fn run_autocommit_create_table(&self, plan: CreateTablePlan) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        let result =
            self.with_autocommit_transaction_context(|ctx| CatalogDdl::create_table(ctx, plan))?;
        match result {
            TransactionResult::CreateTable { table_name } => {
                Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::CreateTable { table_name })
            }
            TransactionResult::NoOp => Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::NoOp),
            _ => Err(Error::Internal(
                "unexpected transaction result for CREATE TABLE".into(),
            )),
        }
    }

    fn run_autocommit_drop_table(&self, plan: DropTablePlan) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        self.with_autocommit_transaction_context(|ctx| CatalogDdl::drop_table(ctx, plan))?;
        Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::NoOp)
    }

    fn run_autocommit_rename_table(&self, plan: RenameTablePlan) -> Result<()> {
        self.with_autocommit_transaction_context(|ctx| CatalogDdl::rename_table(ctx, plan))
    }

    fn run_autocommit_alter_table(&self, plan: AlterTablePlan) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        let result =
            self.with_autocommit_transaction_context(|ctx| CatalogDdl::alter_table(ctx, plan))?;
        match result {
            TransactionResult::NoOp => Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::NoOp),
            TransactionResult::CreateTable { table_name } => {
                Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::CreateTable { table_name })
            }
            TransactionResult::CreateIndex {
                table_name,
                index_name,
            } => Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::CreateIndex {
                table_name,
                index_name,
            }),
            _ => Err(Error::Internal(
                "unexpected transaction result for ALTER TABLE".into(),
            )),
        }
    }

    fn run_autocommit_create_index(&self, plan: CreateIndexPlan) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        let result =
            self.with_autocommit_transaction_context(|ctx| CatalogDdl::create_index(ctx, plan))?;
        match result {
            TransactionResult::CreateIndex {
                table_name,
                index_name,
            } => Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::CreateIndex {
                table_name,
                index_name,
            }),
            TransactionResult::NoOp => Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::NoOp),
            _ => Err(Error::Internal(
                "unexpected transaction result for CREATE INDEX".into(),
            )),
        }
    }

    fn run_autocommit_drop_index(
        &self,
        plan: DropIndexPlan,
    ) -> Result<Option<SingleColumnIndexDescriptor>> {
        self.with_autocommit_transaction_context(|ctx| CatalogDdl::drop_index(ctx, plan))
    }

    /// Begin a transaction in this session.
    /// Creates an empty staging context for new tables created within the transaction.
    /// Existing tables are accessed via MVCC visibility filtering - NO data copying occurs.
    pub fn begin_transaction(&self) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        let staging_pager = Arc::new(MemPager::default());
        tracing::trace!(
            "BEGIN_TRANSACTION: Created staging pager at {:p}",
            &*staging_pager
        );
        let staging_ctx = Arc::new(RuntimeContext::new(staging_pager));

        // Staging context is EMPTY - used only for tables created within the transaction.
        // Existing tables are read from base context with MVCC visibility filtering.
        // No data copying occurs at BEGIN - this is pure MVCC.

        let staging_wrapper = Arc::new(RuntimeTransactionContext::new(staging_ctx));
        staging_wrapper.set_constraint_mode(self.constraint_enforcement_mode());

        self.inner.begin_transaction(staging_wrapper)?;
        Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Transaction {
            kind: TransactionKind::Begin,
        })
    }

    /// Mark the current transaction as aborted due to an error.
    /// This should be called when any error occurs during a transaction.
    pub fn abort_transaction(&self) {
        self.inner.abort_transaction();
    }

    /// Check if this session has an active transaction.
    pub fn has_active_transaction(&self) -> bool {
        let result = self.inner.has_active_transaction();
        tracing::trace!("SESSION: has_active_transaction() = {}", result);
        result
    }

    /// Check if the current transaction has been aborted due to an error.
    pub fn is_aborted(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.is_aborted()
    }

    /// Check if a table was created in the current active transaction.
    pub fn is_table_created_in_transaction(&self, table_name: &str) -> bool {
        self.inner.is_table_created_in_transaction(table_name)
    }

    /// Get column specifications for a table created in the current transaction.
    /// Returns `None` if there's no active transaction or the table wasn't created in it.
    pub fn table_column_specs_from_transaction(
        &self,
        table_name: &str,
    ) -> Option<Vec<PlanColumnSpec>> {
        self.inner.table_column_specs_from_transaction(table_name)
    }

    /// Get tables that reference the given table via foreign keys created in the current transaction.
    /// Returns an empty vector if there's no active transaction or no transactional FKs reference this table.
    pub fn tables_referencing_in_transaction(&self, referenced_table: &str) -> Vec<String> {
        self.inner
            .tables_referencing_in_transaction(referenced_table)
    }

    /// Commit the current transaction and apply changes to the base context.
    /// If the transaction was aborted, this acts as a ROLLBACK instead.
    pub fn commit_transaction(&self) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        tracing::trace!("Session::commit_transaction called");
        let (tx_result, operations) = self.inner.commit_transaction()?;
        tracing::trace!(
            "Session::commit_transaction got {} operations",
            operations.len()
        );

        if !operations.is_empty() {
            let dropped_tables = self
                .inner
                .context()
                .ctx()
                .dropped_tables
                .read()
                .unwrap()
                .clone();
            if !dropped_tables.is_empty() {
                for operation in &operations {
                    let table_name_opt = match operation {
                        PlanOperation::Insert(plan) => Some(plan.table.as_str()),
                        PlanOperation::Update(plan) => Some(plan.table.as_str()),
                        PlanOperation::Delete(plan) => Some(plan.table.as_str()),
                        _ => None,
                    };
                    if let Some(table_name) = table_name_opt {
                        let (_, canonical) = canonical_table_name(table_name)?;
                        if dropped_tables.contains(&canonical) {
                            self.abort_transaction();
                            return Err(Error::TransactionContextError(
                                "another transaction has dropped this table".into(),
                            ));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Extract the transaction kind from the transaction module's result
        let kind = match tx_result {
            TransactionResult::Transaction { kind } => kind,
            _ => {
                return Err(Error::Internal(
                    "commit_transaction returned non-transaction result".into(),
                ));
            }
        };
        tracing::trace!("Session::commit_transaction kind={:?}", kind);

        // Only replay operations if there are any (empty if transaction was aborted)
        for operation in operations {
            match operation {
                PlanOperation::CreateTable(plan) => {
                    TransactionContext::apply_create_table_plan(&**self.inner.context(), plan)?;
                }
                PlanOperation::DropTable(plan) => {
                    TransactionContext::drop_table(&**self.inner.context(), plan)?;
                }
                PlanOperation::Insert(plan) => {
                    TransactionContext::insert(&**self.inner.context(), plan)?;
                }
                PlanOperation::Update(plan) => {
                    TransactionContext::update(&**self.inner.context(), plan)?;
                }
                PlanOperation::Delete(plan) => {
                    TransactionContext::delete(&**self.inner.context(), plan)?;
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }

        // Reset the base context snapshot to the default auto-commit view now that
        // the transaction has been replayed onto the base tables.
        let base_ctx = self.inner.context();
        let default_snapshot = base_ctx.ctx().default_snapshot();
        TransactionContext::set_snapshot(&**base_ctx, default_snapshot);

        // Persist the next_txn_id to the catalog after a successful commit
        if matches!(kind, TransactionKind::Commit) {
            let ctx = base_ctx.ctx();
            let next_txn_id = ctx.txn_manager().current_next_txn_id();
            if let Err(e) = ctx.persist_next_txn_id(next_txn_id) {
                tracing::warn!("[COMMIT] Failed to persist next_txn_id: {}", e);
            }
        }

        // Return a StatementResult with the correct kind (Commit or Rollback)
        Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Transaction { kind })
    }

    /// Rollback the current transaction, discarding all changes.
    pub fn rollback_transaction(&self) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        self.inner.rollback_transaction()?;
        let base_ctx = self.inner.context();
        let default_snapshot = base_ctx.ctx().default_snapshot();
        TransactionContext::set_snapshot(&**base_ctx, default_snapshot);
        Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Transaction {
            kind: TransactionKind::Rollback,
        })
    }

    fn materialize_ctas_plan(&self, mut plan: CreateTablePlan) -> Result<CreateTablePlan> {
        // Only materialize if source is a SELECT query
        // If source is already Batches, leave it alone
        if matches!(plan.source, Some(CreateTableSource::Select { .. }))
            && let Some(CreateTableSource::Select { plan: select_plan }) = plan.source.take()
        {
            let select_result = self.execute_select_plan(*select_plan)?;
            let (schema, batches) = match select_result {
                RuntimeStatementResult::Select {
                    schema, execution, ..
                } => {
                    let batches = execution.collect()?;
                    (schema, batches)
                }
                _ => {
                    return Err(Error::Internal(
                        "expected SELECT result while executing CREATE TABLE AS SELECT".into(),
                    ));
                }
            };
            plan.source = Some(CreateTableSource::Batches { schema, batches });
        }
        Ok(plan)
    }

    fn normalize_insert_plan(&self, plan: InsertPlan) -> Result<(InsertPlan, usize)> {
        let InsertPlan {
            table,
            columns,
            source,
            on_conflict,
        } = plan;

        match source {
            InsertSource::Rows(rows) => {
                let count = rows.len();
                Ok((
                    InsertPlan {
                        table,
                        columns,
                        source: InsertSource::Rows(rows),
                        on_conflict,
                    },
                    count,
                ))
            }
            InsertSource::Batches(batches) => {
                let count = batches.iter().map(|batch| batch.num_rows()).sum::<usize>();
                Ok((
                    InsertPlan {
                        table,
                        columns,
                        source: InsertSource::Batches(batches),
                        on_conflict,
                    },
                    count,
                ))
            }
            InsertSource::Select { plan: select_plan } => {
                let select_result = self.execute_select_plan(*select_plan)?;
                let rows = match select_result {
                    RuntimeStatementResult::Select { execution, .. } => execution.into_rows()?,
                    _ => {
                        return Err(Error::Internal(
                            "expected Select result when executing INSERT ... SELECT".into(),
                        ));
                    }
                };
                let count = rows.len();
                Ok((
                    InsertPlan {
                        table,
                        columns,
                        source: InsertSource::Rows(rows),
                        on_conflict,
                    },
                    count,
                ))
            }
        }
    }

    /// Insert rows (outside or inside transaction).
    pub fn execute_insert_plan(&self, plan: InsertPlan) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        tracing::trace!("Session::insert called for table={}", plan.table);
        let (plan, rows_inserted) = self.normalize_insert_plan(plan)?;
        let table_name = plan.table.clone();
        let (_, canonical_table) = canonical_table_name(&plan.table)?;
        let namespace_id = self.resolve_namespace_for_table(&canonical_table);

        match namespace_id.as_str() {
            TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let temp_namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;
                let temp_context = temp_namespace.context();
                let temp_tx_context = self.new_temp_tx_context(temp_context);
                match TransactionContext::insert(&temp_tx_context, plan)? {
                    TransactionResult::Insert { .. } => {}
                    _ => {
                        return Err(Error::Internal(
                            "unexpected transaction result for temporary INSERT".into(),
                        ));
                    }
                }
                Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Insert {
                    rows_inserted,
                    table_name,
                })
            }
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID => Err(information_schema_read_only_error("INSERT")),
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                if self.has_active_transaction() {
                    match self.inner.execute_operation(PlanOperation::Insert(plan)) {
                        Ok(_) => {
                            tracing::trace!("Session::insert succeeded for table={}", table_name);
                            Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Insert {
                                rows_inserted,
                                table_name,
                            })
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            tracing::trace!(
                                "Session::insert failed for table={}, error={:?}",
                                table_name,
                                e
                            );
                            if matches!(e, Error::ConstraintError(_)) {
                                tracing::trace!("Transaction is_aborted=true");
                                self.abort_transaction();
                            }
                            Err(e)
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    let result = self.run_autocommit_insert(plan)?;
                    if !matches!(result, TransactionResult::Insert { .. }) {
                        return Err(Error::Internal(
                            "unexpected transaction result for INSERT operation".into(),
                        ));
                    }
                    Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Insert {
                        rows_inserted,
                        table_name,
                    })
                }
            }
            other => Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "Unknown storage namespace '{}'",
                other
            ))),
        }
    }

    /// Select rows (outside or inside transaction).
    pub fn execute_select_plan(&self, plan: SelectPlan) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        if let Some(namespace_id) = self.namespace_for_select_plan(&plan) {
            if namespace_id == TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID {
                let namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;
                return self.select_from_namespace(namespace, plan);
            }
            if namespace_id == INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID {
                let namespace = self.information_schema_namespace();
                return self.select_from_namespace(namespace, plan);
            }
        }

        if self.has_active_transaction() {
            let tx_result = match self
                .inner
                .execute_operation(PlanOperation::Select(Box::new(plan.clone())))
            {
                Ok(result) => result,
                Err(e) => {
                    // Only abort transaction on specific errors (constraint violations, etc.)
                    // Don't abort on catalog errors (table doesn't exist) or similar
                    if matches!(e, Error::ConstraintError(_)) {
                        self.abort_transaction();
                    }
                    return Err(e);
                }
            };
            match tx_result {
                TransactionResult::Select {
                    table_name,
                    schema,
                    execution: staging_execution,
                } => {
                    // Convert from staging (MemPager) execution to base pager execution
                    // by collecting batches and rebuilding
                    let batches = staging_execution.collect().unwrap_or_default();
                    let combined = if batches.is_empty() {
                        RecordBatch::new_empty(Arc::clone(&schema))
                    } else if batches.len() == 1 {
                        batches.into_iter().next().unwrap()
                    } else {
                        let refs: Vec<&RecordBatch> = batches.iter().collect();
                        arrow::compute::concat_batches(&schema, refs)?
                    };

                    let execution = SelectExecution::from_batch(
                        table_name.clone(),
                        Arc::clone(&schema),
                        combined,
                    );

                    Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Select {
                        execution: Box::new(execution),
                        table_name,
                        schema,
                    })
                }
                _ => Err(Error::Internal("expected Select result".into())),
            }
        } else {
            // Call via TransactionContext trait
            let table_name = if plan.tables.len() == 1 {
                plan.tables[0].qualified_name()
            } else {
                String::new()
            };
            let execution = self.with_autocommit_transaction_context(|ctx| {
                TransactionContext::execute_select(ctx, plan)
            })?;
            let schema = execution.schema();
            Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Select {
                execution: Box::new(execution),
                table_name,
                schema,
            })
        }
    }

    /// Convenience helper to fetch all rows from a table within this session.
    pub fn table_rows(&self, table: &str) -> Result<Vec<Vec<PlanValue>>> {
        let plan =
            SelectPlan::new(table.to_string()).with_projections(vec![SelectProjection::AllColumns]);
        match self.execute_select_plan(plan)? {
            RuntimeStatementResult::Select { execution, .. } => Ok(execution.collect_rows()?.rows),
            other => Err(Error::Internal(format!(
                "expected Select result when reading table '{}', got {:?}",
                table, other
            ))),
        }
    }

    /// Rebuilds `information_schema.*` tables inside the in-memory namespace.
    ///
    /// This forwards to the runtime’s refresh helper, which issues in-memory CTAS
    /// batches derived from catalog metadata. No user tables are scanned, no data
    /// reaches the persistent pager heap, and only the MemPager-backed
    /// information_schema objects are dropped and recreated.
    pub fn refresh_information_schema(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let persistent = self.persistent_namespace();
        let info_namespace = self.information_schema_namespace();
        let registry = self.namespace_registry();
        refresh_information_schema(
            &persistent.context(),
            &info_namespace.context(),
            &registry,
            info_namespace.namespace_id(),
        )
    }

    pub fn execute_update_plan(&self, plan: UpdatePlan) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        let (_, canonical_table) = canonical_table_name(&plan.table)?;
        let namespace_id = self.resolve_namespace_for_table(&canonical_table);

        match namespace_id.as_str() {
            TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let temp_namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;
                let temp_context = temp_namespace.context();
                let table_name = plan.table.clone();
                let temp_tx_context = self.new_temp_tx_context(temp_context);
                match TransactionContext::update(&temp_tx_context, plan)? {
                    TransactionResult::Update { rows_updated, .. } => {
                        Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Update {
                            rows_updated,
                            table_name,
                        })
                    }
                    _ => Err(Error::Internal(
                        "unexpected transaction result for temporary UPDATE".into(),
                    )),
                }
            }
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID => Err(information_schema_read_only_error("UPDATE")),
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                if self.has_active_transaction() {
                    let table_name = plan.table.clone();
                    let result = match self.inner.execute_operation(PlanOperation::Update(plan)) {
                        Ok(result) => result,
                        Err(e) => {
                            // If an error occurs during a transaction, abort it
                            self.abort_transaction();
                            return Err(e);
                        }
                    };
                    match result {
                        TransactionResult::Update {
                            rows_matched: _,
                            rows_updated,
                        } => Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Update {
                            rows_updated,
                            table_name,
                        }),
                        _ => Err(Error::Internal("expected Update result".into())),
                    }
                } else {
                    let table_name = plan.table.clone();
                    let result = self.run_autocommit_update(plan)?;
                    match result {
                        TransactionResult::Update {
                            rows_matched: _,
                            rows_updated,
                        } => Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Update {
                            rows_updated,
                            table_name,
                        }),
                        _ => Err(Error::Internal("expected Update result".into())),
                    }
                }
            }
            other => Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "Unknown storage namespace '{}'",
                other
            ))),
        }
    }

    pub fn execute_delete_plan(&self, plan: DeletePlan) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        let (_, canonical_table) = canonical_table_name(&plan.table)?;
        let namespace_id = self.resolve_namespace_for_table(&canonical_table);

        match namespace_id.as_str() {
            TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let temp_namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;
                let temp_context = temp_namespace.context();
                let table_name = plan.table.clone();
                let temp_tx_context = self.new_temp_tx_context(temp_context);
                match TransactionContext::delete(&temp_tx_context, plan)? {
                    TransactionResult::Delete { rows_deleted } => {
                        Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Delete {
                            rows_deleted,
                            table_name,
                        })
                    }
                    _ => Err(Error::Internal(
                        "unexpected transaction result for temporary DELETE".into(),
                    )),
                }
            }
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID => Err(information_schema_read_only_error("DELETE")),
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                if self.has_active_transaction() {
                    let table_name = plan.table.clone();
                    let result = match self.inner.execute_operation(PlanOperation::Delete(plan)) {
                        Ok(result) => result,
                        Err(e) => {
                            // If an error occurs during a transaction, abort it
                            self.abort_transaction();
                            return Err(e);
                        }
                    };
                    match result {
                        TransactionResult::Delete { rows_deleted } => {
                            Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Delete {
                                rows_deleted,
                                table_name,
                            })
                        }
                        _ => Err(Error::Internal("expected Delete result".into())),
                    }
                } else {
                    let table_name = plan.table.clone();
                    let result = self.run_autocommit_delete(plan)?;
                    match result {
                        TransactionResult::Delete { rows_deleted } => {
                            Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Delete {
                                rows_deleted,
                                table_name,
                            })
                        }
                        _ => Err(Error::Internal("expected Delete result".into())),
                    }
                }
            }
            other => Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "Unknown storage namespace '{}'",
                other
            ))),
        }
    }

    pub fn execute_truncate_plan(&self, plan: TruncatePlan) -> Result<StatementResult> {
        let (_, canonical_table) = canonical_table_name(&plan.table)?;
        let namespace_id = self.resolve_namespace_for_table(&canonical_table);

        match namespace_id.as_str() {
            TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let temp_namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;
                let temp_context = temp_namespace.context();
                let table_name = plan.table.clone();
                let temp_tx_context = self.new_temp_tx_context(temp_context);
                match TransactionContext::truncate(&temp_tx_context, plan)? {
                    TransactionResult::Delete { rows_deleted } => {
                        Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Delete {
                            rows_deleted,
                            table_name,
                        })
                    }
                    _ => Err(Error::Internal(
                        "unexpected transaction result for temporary TRUNCATE".into(),
                    )),
                }
            }
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID => Err(information_schema_read_only_error("TRUNCATE")),
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                if self.has_active_transaction() {
                    let table_name = plan.table.clone();
                    let result = match self.inner.execute_operation(PlanOperation::Truncate(plan)) {
                        Ok(result) => result,
                        Err(e) => {
                            // If an error occurs during a transaction, abort it
                            self.abort_transaction();
                            return Err(e);
                        }
                    };
                    match result {
                        TransactionResult::Delete { rows_deleted } => {
                            Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Delete {
                                rows_deleted,
                                table_name,
                            })
                        }
                        _ => Err(Error::Internal("expected Delete result".into())),
                    }
                } else {
                    let table_name = plan.table.clone();
                    let result = self.run_autocommit_truncate(plan)?;
                    match result {
                        TransactionResult::Delete { rows_deleted } => {
                            Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::Delete {
                                rows_deleted,
                                table_name,
                            })
                        }
                        _ => Err(Error::Internal("expected Delete result".into())),
                    }
                }
            }
            other => Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "Unknown storage namespace '{}'",
                other
            ))),
        }
    }
}

/// Implement [`CatalogDdl`] directly on the session so callers must import the trait
/// to perform schema mutations. This keeps all runtime DDL entry points aligned with
/// the shared contract used by contexts and storage namespaces.
impl CatalogDdl for RuntimeSession {
    type CreateTableOutput = StatementResult;
    type DropTableOutput = StatementResult;
    type RenameTableOutput = ();
    type AlterTableOutput = StatementResult;
    type CreateIndexOutput = StatementResult;
    type DropIndexOutput = StatementResult;

    fn create_table(&self, plan: CreateTablePlan) -> Result<Self::CreateTableOutput> {
        let target_namespace = plan
            .namespace
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID.to_string())
            .to_ascii_lowercase();

        let plan = self.materialize_ctas_plan(plan)?;

        match target_namespace.as_str() {
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                Err(information_schema_read_only_error("CREATE TABLE"))
            }
            TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let temp_namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;
                let (_, canonical) = canonical_table_name(&plan.name)?;
                let result = temp_namespace.create_table(plan)?;
                if matches!(result, RuntimeStatementResult::CreateTable { .. }) {
                    let namespace_id = temp_namespace.namespace_id().to_string();
                    let registry = self.namespace_registry();
                    registry
                        .write()
                        .expect("namespace registry poisoned")
                        .register_table(&namespace_id, canonical);
                }
                Ok(result)
            }
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                if self.has_active_transaction() {
                    match self
                        .inner
                        .execute_operation(PlanOperation::CreateTable(plan))
                    {
                        Ok(TransactionResult::CreateTable { table_name }) => {
                            Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::CreateTable { table_name })
                        }
                        Ok(TransactionResult::NoOp) => Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::NoOp),
                        Ok(_) => Err(Error::Internal(
                            "expected CreateTable result during transactional CREATE TABLE".into(),
                        )),
                        Err(err) => {
                            self.abort_transaction();
                            Err(err)
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    if self.inner.has_table_locked_by_other_session(&plan.name) {
                        return Err(Error::TransactionContextError(format!(
                            "table '{}' is locked by another active transaction",
                            plan.name
                        )));
                    }
                    self.run_autocommit_create_table(plan)
                }
            }
            other => Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "Unknown storage namespace '{}'",
                other
            ))),
        }
    }

    fn drop_table(&self, plan: DropTablePlan) -> Result<Self::DropTableOutput> {
        let (_, canonical_table) = canonical_table_name(&plan.name)?;
        let namespace_id = self.resolve_namespace_for_table(&canonical_table);

        match namespace_id.as_str() {
            TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let temp_namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;
                temp_namespace.drop_table(plan)?;
                let registry = self.namespace_registry();
                registry
                    .write()
                    .expect("namespace registry poisoned")
                    .unregister_table(&canonical_table);
                Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::NoOp)
            }
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                Err(information_schema_read_only_error("DROP TABLE"))
            }
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                if self.has_active_transaction() {
                    let referencing_tables = self.tables_referencing_in_transaction(&plan.name);
                    if !referencing_tables.is_empty() {
                        let referencing_table = &referencing_tables[0];
                        self.abort_transaction();
                        return Err(Error::CatalogError(format!(
                            "Catalog Error: Could not drop the table because this table is main key table of the table \"{}\".",
                            referencing_table
                        )));
                    }

                    match self
                        .inner
                        .execute_operation(PlanOperation::DropTable(plan.clone()))
                    {
                        Ok(TransactionResult::NoOp) => {
                            let registry = self.namespace_registry();
                            registry
                                .write()
                                .expect("namespace registry poisoned")
                                .unregister_table(&canonical_table);
                            Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::NoOp)
                        }
                        Ok(_) => Err(Error::Internal(
                            "expected NoOp result for DROP TABLE during transactional execution"
                                .into(),
                        )),
                        Err(err) => {
                            self.abort_transaction();
                            Err(err)
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    if self.inner.has_table_locked_by_other_session(&plan.name) {
                        return Err(Error::TransactionContextError(format!(
                            "table '{}' is locked by another active transaction",
                            plan.name
                        )));
                    }
                    let result = self.run_autocommit_drop_table(plan)?;
                    let registry = self.namespace_registry();
                    registry
                        .write()
                        .expect("namespace registry poisoned")
                        .unregister_table(&canonical_table);
                    Ok(result)
                }
            }
            other => Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "Unknown storage namespace '{}'",
                other
            ))),
        }
    }

    fn create_view(&self, plan: CreateViewPlan) -> Result<()> {
        let target_namespace = plan
            .namespace
            .clone()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID.to_string())
            .to_ascii_lowercase();

        match target_namespace.as_str() {
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                Err(information_schema_read_only_error("CREATE VIEW"))
            }
            TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let temp_namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;
                let (_, canonical) = canonical_table_name(&plan.name)?;
                temp_namespace.create_view(plan)?;
                let namespace_id = temp_namespace.namespace_id().to_string();
                let registry = self.namespace_registry();
                registry
                    .write()
                    .expect("namespace registry poisoned")
                    .register_table(&namespace_id, canonical);
                Ok(())
            }
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let persistent_namespace = self.persistent_namespace();
                persistent_namespace.create_view(plan)
            }
            other => Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "Unknown storage namespace '{}'",
                other
            ))),
        }
    }

    fn drop_view(&self, plan: DropViewPlan) -> Result<()> {
        let (_, canonical_view) = canonical_table_name(&plan.name)?;
        let namespace_id = self.resolve_namespace_for_table(&canonical_view);

        match namespace_id.as_str() {
            TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let temp_namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;
                temp_namespace.drop_view(plan)?;
                let registry = self.namespace_registry();
                registry
                    .write()
                    .expect("namespace registry poisoned")
                    .unregister_table(&canonical_view);
                Ok(())
            }
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID => Err(information_schema_read_only_error("DROP VIEW")),
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let persistent_namespace = self.persistent_namespace();
                persistent_namespace.drop_view(plan)
            }
            other => Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "Unknown storage namespace '{}'",
                other
            ))),
        }
    }

    fn rename_table(&self, plan: RenameTablePlan) -> Result<Self::RenameTableOutput> {
        if self.has_active_transaction() {
            return Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(
                "ALTER TABLE RENAME is not supported inside an active transaction".into(),
            ));
        }

        let (_, canonical_table) = canonical_table_name(&plan.current_name)?;
        let (_, new_canonical) = canonical_table_name(&plan.new_name)?;
        let namespace_id = self.resolve_namespace_for_table(&canonical_table);

        match namespace_id.as_str() {
            TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let temp_namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;
                match temp_namespace.rename_table(plan.clone()) {
                    Ok(()) => {
                        let namespace_id = temp_namespace.namespace_id().to_string();
                        let registry = self.namespace_registry();
                        let mut registry = registry.write().expect("namespace registry poisoned");
                        registry.unregister_table(&canonical_table);
                        registry.register_table(&namespace_id, new_canonical);
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(err) if plan.if_exists && super::is_table_missing_error(&err) => Ok(()),
                    Err(err) => Err(err),
                }
            }
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                Err(information_schema_read_only_error("RENAME TABLE"))
            }
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID => match self.run_autocommit_rename_table(plan.clone()) {
                Ok(()) => Ok(()),
                Err(err) if plan.if_exists && super::is_table_missing_error(&err) => Ok(()),
                Err(err) => Err(err),
            },
            other => Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "Unknown storage namespace '{}'",
                other
            ))),
        }
    }

    fn alter_table(&self, plan: AlterTablePlan) -> Result<Self::AlterTableOutput> {
        let (_, canonical_table) = canonical_table_name(&plan.table_name)?;
        let namespace_id = self.resolve_namespace_for_table(&canonical_table);

        match namespace_id.as_str() {
            TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let temp_namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;

                let context = temp_namespace.context();
                let catalog_service = &context.catalog_service;
                let view = match catalog_service.table_view(&canonical_table) {
                    Ok(view) => view,
                    Err(err) if plan.if_exists && super::is_table_missing_error(&err) => {
                        return Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::NoOp);
                    }
                    Err(err) => return Err(err),
                };
                let table_id = view
                    .table_meta
                    .as_ref()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("table metadata missing".into()))?
                    .table_id;

                validate_alter_table_operation(&plan.operation, &view, table_id, catalog_service)?;

                Ok(temp_namespace.alter_table(plan)?)
            }
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                Err(information_schema_read_only_error("ALTER TABLE"))
            }
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let persistent = self.persistent_namespace();
                let context = persistent.context();
                let catalog_service = &context.catalog_service;
                let view = match catalog_service.table_view(&canonical_table) {
                    Ok(view) => view,
                    Err(err) if plan.if_exists && super::is_table_missing_error(&err) => {
                        return Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::NoOp);
                    }
                    Err(err) => return Err(err),
                };
                let table_id = view
                    .table_meta
                    .as_ref()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("table metadata missing".into()))?
                    .table_id;

                validate_alter_table_operation(&plan.operation, &view, table_id, catalog_service)?;

                self.run_autocommit_alter_table(plan)
            }
            other => Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "Unknown storage namespace '{}'",
                other
            ))),
        }
    }

    fn create_index(&self, plan: CreateIndexPlan) -> Result<Self::CreateIndexOutput> {
        if plan.columns.is_empty() {
            return Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(
                "CREATE INDEX requires at least one column".into(),
            ));
        }

        let (_, canonical_table) = canonical_table_name(&plan.table)?;
        let namespace_id = self.resolve_namespace_for_table(&canonical_table);

        match namespace_id.as_str() {
            TEMPORARY_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                let temp_namespace = self
                    .temporary_namespace()
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Internal("temporary namespace unavailable".into()))?;
                Ok(temp_namespace.create_index(plan)?)
            }
            INFORMATION_SCHEMA_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                Err(information_schema_read_only_error("CREATE INDEX"))
            }
            PERSISTENT_NAMESPACE_ID => {
                if self.has_active_transaction() {
                    return Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(
                        "CREATE INDEX is not supported inside an active transaction".into(),
                    ));
                }

                self.run_autocommit_create_index(plan)
            }
            other => Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(format!(
                "Unknown storage namespace '{}'",
                other
            ))),
        }
    }

    fn drop_index(&self, plan: DropIndexPlan) -> Result<Self::DropIndexOutput> {
        if self.has_active_transaction() {
            return Err(Error::InvalidArgumentError(
                "DROP INDEX is not supported inside an active transaction".into(),
            ));
        }

        let mut dropped = false;

        match self.run_autocommit_drop_index(plan.clone()) {
            Ok(Some(_)) => {
                dropped = true;
            }
            Ok(None) => {}
            Err(err) => {
                if !super::is_index_not_found_error(&err) {
                    return Err(err);
                }
            }
        }

        if !dropped && let Some(temp_namespace) = self.temporary_namespace() {
            match temp_namespace.drop_index(plan.clone()) {
                Ok(Some(_)) => {
                    dropped = true;
                }
                Ok(None) => {}
                Err(err) => {
                    if !super::is_index_not_found_error(&err) {
                        return Err(err);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if dropped || plan.if_exists {
            Ok(RuntimeStatementResult::NoOp)
        } else {
            Err(Error::CatalogError(format!(
                "Index '{}' does not exist",
                plan.name
            )))
        }
    }
}