jetstreamer_plugin/

lib.rs

#![deny(missing_docs)]
//! Trait-based framework for building structured observers on top of Jetstreamer's firehose.
//!
//! # Overview
//! Plugins let you react to every block, transaction, reward, entry, and stats update emitted
//! by [`jetstreamer_firehose`](https://crates.io/crates/jetstreamer-firehose). Combined with
//! the
//! [`JetstreamerRunner`](https://docs.rs/jetstreamer/latest/jetstreamer/struct.JetstreamerRunner.html),
//! they provide a high-throughput analytics pipeline capable of exceeding 2.7 million
//! transactions per second on the right hardware. All events originate from Old Faithful's CAR
//! archive and are streamed over the network into your local runner.
//!
//! The framework offers:
//! - A [`Plugin`] trait with async hook points for each data type.
//! - [`PluginRunner`] for coordinating multiple plugins with shared ClickHouse connections
//!   (used internally by `JetstreamerRunner`).
//! - Built-in plugins under [`plugins`] that demonstrate common batching strategies and
//!   metrics.
//! - See `JetstreamerRunner` in the `jetstreamer` crate for the easiest way to run plugins.
//!
//! # ClickHouse Integration
//! Jetstreamer plugins are typically paired with ClickHouse for persistence. Runner instances
//! honor the following environment variables:
//! - `JETSTREAMER_CLICKHOUSE_DSN` (default `http://localhost:8123`): HTTP(S) DSN handed to
//!   every plugin that requests a database handle.
//! - `JETSTREAMER_CLICKHOUSE_MODE` (default `auto`): toggles the bundled ClickHouse helper.
//!   Set to `remote` to opt out of spawning the helper while still writing to a cluster,
//!   `local` to always spawn, or `off` to disable ClickHouse entirely.
//!
//! When the mode is `auto`, Jetstreamer inspects the DSN at runtime and only launches the
//! embedded helper for local endpoints, enabling native clustering workflows out of the box.
//!
//! # Batching ClickHouse Writes
//! ClickHouse (and any sinks you invoke inside hook handlers) can apply backpressure on large
//! numbers of tiny inserts. Plugins should buffer work locally and flush in batches on a
//! cadence that matches their workload. The default [`PluginRunner`] configuration triggers
//! stats pulses every 100 slots, which offers a reasonable heartbeat without thrashing the
//! database. The bundled [`plugins::program_tracking::ProgramTrackingPlugin`] mirrors this
//! approach by accumulating `ProgramEvent` rows per worker thread and issuing a single batch
//! insert every 1,000 slots. Adopting a similar strategy keeps long-running replays responsive
//! even under peak throughput.
//!
//! # Ordering Guarantees
//! Also note that because Jetstreamer spawns parallel threads that process different subranges of
//! the overall slot range at the same time, while each thread sees a purely sequential view of
//! transactions, downstream services such as databases that consume this data will see writes in a
//! fairly arbitrary order, so you should design your database tables and shared data structures
//! accordingly.
//!
//! # Examples
//! ## Defining a Plugin
//! ```no_run
//! use std::sync::Arc;
//! use clickhouse::Client;
//! use futures_util::FutureExt;
//! use jetstreamer_firehose::firehose::TransactionData;
//! use jetstreamer_plugin::{Plugin, PluginFuture};
//!
//! struct CountingPlugin;
//!
//! impl Plugin for CountingPlugin {
//!     fn name(&self) -> &'static str { "counting" }
//!
//!     fn on_transaction<'a>(
//!         &'a self,
//!         _thread_id: usize,
//!         _db: Option<Arc<Client>>,
//!         transaction: &'a TransactionData,
//!     ) -> PluginFuture<'a> {
//!         async move {
//!             println!("saw tx {} in slot {}", transaction.signature, transaction.slot);
//!             Ok(())
//!         }
//!         .boxed()
//!     }
//! }
//! # let _plugin = CountingPlugin;
//! ```
//!
//! ## Running Plugins with `PluginRunner`
//! ```no_run
//! use std::sync::Arc;
//! use jetstreamer_firehose::epochs;
//! use jetstreamer_plugin::{Plugin, PluginRunner};
//!
//! struct LoggingPlugin;
//!
//! impl Plugin for LoggingPlugin {
//!     fn name(&self) -> &'static str { "logging" }
//! }
//!
//! #[tokio::main]
//! async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
//!     let mut runner = PluginRunner::new("http://localhost:8123", 1);
//!     runner.register(Box::new(LoggingPlugin));
//!     let runner = Arc::new(runner);
//!
//!     let (start, _) = epochs::epoch_to_slot_range(800);
//!     let (_, end_inclusive) = epochs::epoch_to_slot_range(805);
//!     runner
//!         .clone()
//!         .run(start..(end_inclusive + 1), false)
//!         .await?;
//!     Ok(())
//! }
//! ```

/// Built-in plugin implementations that ship with Jetstreamer.
pub mod plugins;

const LOG_MODULE: &str = "jetstreamer::runner";

use std::{
    fmt::Display,
    future::Future,
    hint,
    ops::Range,
    pin::Pin,
    sync::{
        Arc,
        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering},
    },
    time::Duration,
};

use clickhouse::{Client, Row};
use dashmap::DashMap;
use futures_util::FutureExt;
use jetstreamer_firehose::firehose::{
    BlockData, EntryData, RewardsData, Stats, StatsTracking, TransactionData, firehose,
};
use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
use serde::Serialize;
use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
use thiserror::Error;
use tokio::{signal, sync::broadcast};

/// Re-exported statistics types produced by [`firehose`].
pub use jetstreamer_firehose::firehose::{
    FirehoseErrorContext, Stats as FirehoseStats, ThreadStats,
};

// Global totals snapshot used to compute overall TPS/ETA between pulses.
static LAST_TOTAL_SLOTS: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
static LAST_TOTAL_TXS: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
static LAST_TOTAL_TIME_NS: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
static SNAPSHOT_LOCK: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
#[inline]
fn monotonic_nanos_since(origin: std::time::Instant) -> u64 {
    origin.elapsed().as_nanos() as u64
}

/// Convenience alias for the boxed future returned by plugin hooks.
pub type PluginFuture<'a> = Pin<
    Box<
        dyn Future<Output = Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static>>>
            + Send
            + 'a,
    >,
>;

/// Trait implemented by plugins that consume firehose events.
///
/// See the crate-level documentation for usage examples.
pub trait Plugin: Send + Sync + 'static {
    /// Human-friendly plugin name used in logs and persisted metadata.
    fn name(&self) -> &'static str;

    /// Semantic version for the plugin; defaults to `1`.
    fn version(&self) -> u16 {
        1
    }

    /// Deterministic identifier derived from [`Plugin::name`].
    fn id(&self) -> u16 {
        let hash = Sha256::digest(self.name());
        let mut res = 1u16;
        for byte in hash {
            res = res.wrapping_mul(31).wrapping_add(byte as u16);
        }
        res
    }

    /// Called for every transaction seen by the firehose.
    fn on_transaction<'a>(
        &'a self,
        _thread_id: usize,
        _db: Option<Arc<Client>>,
        _transaction: &'a TransactionData,
    ) -> PluginFuture<'a> {
        async move { Ok(()) }.boxed()
    }

    /// Called for every block observed by the firehose.
    fn on_block<'a>(
        &'a self,
        _thread_id: usize,
        _db: Option<Arc<Client>>,
        _block: &'a BlockData,
    ) -> PluginFuture<'a> {
        async move { Ok(()) }.boxed()
    }

    /// Called for every entry observed by the firehose when entry notifications are enabled.
    fn on_entry<'a>(
        &'a self,
        _thread_id: usize,
        _db: Option<Arc<Client>>,
        _entry: &'a EntryData,
    ) -> PluginFuture<'a> {
        async move { Ok(()) }.boxed()
    }

    /// Called for reward updates associated with processed blocks.
    fn on_reward<'a>(
        &'a self,
        _thread_id: usize,
        _db: Option<Arc<Client>>,
        _reward: &'a RewardsData,
    ) -> PluginFuture<'a> {
        async move { Ok(()) }.boxed()
    }

    /// Called whenever a firehose thread encounters an error before restarting.
    fn on_error<'a>(
        &'a self,
        _thread_id: usize,
        _db: Option<Arc<Client>>,
        _error: &'a FirehoseErrorContext,
    ) -> PluginFuture<'a> {
        async move { Ok(()) }.boxed()
    }

    /// Invoked once before the firehose starts streaming events.
    fn on_load(&self, _db: Option<Arc<Client>>) -> PluginFuture<'_> {
        async move { Ok(()) }.boxed()
    }

    /// Invoked once after the firehose finishes or shuts down.
    fn on_exit(&self, _db: Option<Arc<Client>>) -> PluginFuture<'_> {
        async move { Ok(()) }.boxed()
    }
}

/// Coordinates plugin execution and ClickHouse persistence.
///
/// See the crate-level documentation for usage examples.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct PluginRunner {
    plugins: Arc<Vec<Arc<dyn Plugin>>>,
    clickhouse_dsn: String,
    num_threads: usize,
    db_update_interval_slots: u64,
}

impl PluginRunner {
    /// Creates a new runner that writes to `clickhouse_dsn` using `num_threads`.
    pub fn new(clickhouse_dsn: impl Display, num_threads: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            plugins: Arc::new(Vec::new()),
            clickhouse_dsn: clickhouse_dsn.to_string(),
            num_threads: std::cmp::max(1, num_threads),
            db_update_interval_slots: 100,
        }
    }

    /// Registers an additional plugin.
    pub fn register(&mut self, plugin: Box<dyn Plugin>) {
        Arc::get_mut(&mut self.plugins)
            .expect("cannot register plugins after the runner has started")
            .push(Arc::from(plugin));
    }

    /// Runs the firehose across the specified slot range, optionally writing to ClickHouse.
    pub async fn run(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        slot_range: Range<u64>,
        clickhouse_enabled: bool,
    ) -> Result<(), PluginRunnerError> {
        let db_update_interval = self.db_update_interval_slots.max(1);
        let plugin_handles: Arc<Vec<PluginHandle>> = Arc::new(
            self.plugins
                .iter()
                .cloned()
                .map(PluginHandle::from)
                .collect(),
        );

        let clickhouse = if clickhouse_enabled {
            let client = Arc::new(
                Client::default()
                    .with_url(&self.clickhouse_dsn)
                    .with_option("async_insert", "1")
                    .with_option("wait_for_async_insert", "0"),
            );
            ensure_clickhouse_tables(client.as_ref()).await?;
            upsert_plugins(client.as_ref(), plugin_handles.as_ref()).await?;
            Some(client)
        } else {
            None
        };

        for handle in plugin_handles.iter() {
            if let Err(error) = handle
                .plugin
                .on_load(clickhouse.clone())
                .await
                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
            {
                return Err(PluginRunnerError::PluginLifecycle {
                    plugin: handle.name,
                    stage: "on_load",
                    details: error,
                });
            }
        }

        let shutting_down = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let slot_buffer: Arc<DashMap<u16, Vec<PluginSlotRow>>> = Arc::new(DashMap::new());
        let clickhouse_enabled = clickhouse.is_some();
        let slots_since_flush = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));

        let on_block = {
            let plugin_handles = plugin_handles.clone();
            let clickhouse = clickhouse.clone();
            let slot_buffer = slot_buffer.clone();
            let slots_since_flush = slots_since_flush.clone();
            let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
            move |thread_id: usize, block: BlockData| {
                let plugin_handles = plugin_handles.clone();
                let clickhouse = clickhouse.clone();
                let slot_buffer = slot_buffer.clone();
                let slots_since_flush = slots_since_flush.clone();
                let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
                async move {
                    let log_target = format!("{}::T{:03}", LOG_MODULE, thread_id);
                    if shutting_down.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                        log::debug!(
                            target: &log_target,
                            "ignoring block while shutdown is in progress"
                        );
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    let block = Arc::new(block);
                    if !plugin_handles.is_empty() {
                        for handle in plugin_handles.iter() {
                            let db = clickhouse.clone();
                            if let Err(err) = handle
                                .plugin
                                .on_block(thread_id, db.clone(), block.as_ref())
                                .await
                            {
                                log::error!(
                                    target: &log_target,
                                    "plugin {} on_block error: {}",
                                    handle.name,
                                    err
                                );
                                continue;
                            }
                            if let (Some(db_client), BlockData::Block { slot, .. }) =
                                (clickhouse.clone(), block.as_ref())
                            {
                                if clickhouse_enabled {
                                    slot_buffer
                                        .entry(handle.id)
                                        .or_default()
                                        .push(PluginSlotRow {
                                            plugin_id: handle.id as u32,
                                            slot: *slot,
                                        });
                                } else if let Err(err) =
                                    record_plugin_slot(db_client, handle.id, *slot).await
                                {
                                    log::error!(
                                        target: &log_target,
                                        "failed to record plugin slot for {}: {}",
                                        handle.name,
                                        err
                                    );
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        if clickhouse_enabled {
                            let current = slots_since_flush
                                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
                                .wrapping_add(1);
                            if current.is_multiple_of(db_update_interval)
                                && let Some(db_client) = clickhouse.clone()
                            {
                                let buffer = slot_buffer.clone();
                                let log_target_clone = log_target.clone();
                                tokio::spawn(async move {
                                    if let Err(err) = flush_slot_buffer(db_client, buffer).await {
                                        log::error!(
                                            target: &log_target_clone,
                                            "failed to flush buffered plugin slots: {}",
                                            err
                                        );
                                    }
                                });
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if let Some(db_client) = clickhouse.clone() {
                        match block.as_ref() {
                            BlockData::Block {
                                slot,
                                executed_transaction_count,
                                block_time,
                                ..
                            } => {
                                let tally = take_slot_tx_tally(*slot);
                                if let Err(err) = record_slot_status(
                                    db_client,
                                    *slot,
                                    thread_id,
                                    *executed_transaction_count,
                                    tally.votes,
                                    tally.non_votes,
                                    *block_time,
                                )
                                .await
                                {
                                    log::error!(
                                        target: &log_target,
                                        "failed to record slot status: {}",
                                        err
                                    );
                                }
                            }
                            BlockData::PossibleLeaderSkipped { slot } => {
                                // Drop any tallies that may exist for skipped slots.
                                take_slot_tx_tally(*slot);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    Ok(())
                }
                .boxed()
            }
        };

        let on_transaction = {
            let plugin_handles = plugin_handles.clone();
            let clickhouse = clickhouse.clone();
            let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
            move |thread_id: usize, transaction: TransactionData| {
                let plugin_handles = plugin_handles.clone();
                let clickhouse = clickhouse.clone();
                let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
                async move {
                    let log_target = format!("{}::T{:03}", LOG_MODULE, thread_id);
                    record_slot_vote_tally(transaction.slot, transaction.is_vote);
                    if plugin_handles.is_empty() {
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    if shutting_down.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                        log::debug!(
                            target: &log_target,
                            "ignoring transaction while shutdown is in progress"
                        );
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    let transaction = Arc::new(transaction);
                    for handle in plugin_handles.iter() {
                        if let Err(err) = handle
                            .plugin
                            .on_transaction(thread_id, clickhouse.clone(), transaction.as_ref())
                            .await
                        {
                            log::error!(
                                target: &log_target,
                                "plugin {} on_transaction error: {}",
                                handle.name,
                                err
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    Ok(())
                }
                .boxed()
            }
        };

        let on_entry = {
            let plugin_handles = plugin_handles.clone();
            let clickhouse = clickhouse.clone();
            let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
            move |thread_id: usize, entry: EntryData| {
                let plugin_handles = plugin_handles.clone();
                let clickhouse = clickhouse.clone();
                let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
                async move {
                    let log_target = format!("{}::T{:03}", LOG_MODULE, thread_id);
                    if plugin_handles.is_empty() {
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    if shutting_down.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                        log::debug!(
                            target: &log_target,
                            "ignoring entry while shutdown is in progress"
                        );
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    let entry = Arc::new(entry);
                    for handle in plugin_handles.iter() {
                        if let Err(err) = handle
                            .plugin
                            .on_entry(thread_id, clickhouse.clone(), entry.as_ref())
                            .await
                        {
                            log::error!(
                                target: &log_target,
                                "plugin {} on_entry error: {}",
                                handle.name,
                                err
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    Ok(())
                }
                .boxed()
            }
        };

        let on_reward = {
            let plugin_handles = plugin_handles.clone();
            let clickhouse = clickhouse.clone();
            let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
            move |thread_id: usize, reward: RewardsData| {
                let plugin_handles = plugin_handles.clone();
                let clickhouse = clickhouse.clone();
                let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
                async move {
                    let log_target = format!("{}::T{:03}", LOG_MODULE, thread_id);
                    if plugin_handles.is_empty() {
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    if shutting_down.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                        log::debug!(
                            target: &log_target,
                            "ignoring reward while shutdown is in progress"
                        );
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    let reward = Arc::new(reward);
                    for handle in plugin_handles.iter() {
                        if let Err(err) = handle
                            .plugin
                            .on_reward(thread_id, clickhouse.clone(), reward.as_ref())
                            .await
                        {
                            log::error!(
                                target: &log_target,
                                "plugin {} on_reward error: {}",
                                handle.name,
                                err
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    Ok(())
                }
                .boxed()
            }
        };

        let on_error = {
            let plugin_handles = plugin_handles.clone();
            let clickhouse = clickhouse.clone();
            let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
            move |thread_id: usize, context: FirehoseErrorContext| {
                let plugin_handles = plugin_handles.clone();
                let clickhouse = clickhouse.clone();
                let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
                async move {
                    let log_target = format!("{}::T{:03}", LOG_MODULE, thread_id);
                    if plugin_handles.is_empty() {
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    if shutting_down.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                        log::debug!(
                            target: &log_target,
                            "ignoring error callback while shutdown is in progress"
                        );
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    let context = Arc::new(context);
                    for handle in plugin_handles.iter() {
                        if let Err(err) = handle
                            .plugin
                            .on_error(thread_id, clickhouse.clone(), context.as_ref())
                            .await
                        {
                            log::error!(
                                target: &log_target,
                                "plugin {} on_error error: {}",
                                handle.name,
                                err
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    Ok(())
                }
                .boxed()
            }
        };

        let total_slot_count = slot_range.end.saturating_sub(slot_range.start);

        let total_slot_count_capture = total_slot_count;
        let run_origin = std::time::Instant::now();
        // Reset global rate snapshot for a new run.
        SNAPSHOT_LOCK.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
        LAST_TOTAL_SLOTS.store(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
        LAST_TOTAL_TXS.store(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
        LAST_TOTAL_TIME_NS.store(monotonic_nanos_since(run_origin), Ordering::Relaxed);
        let stats_tracking = clickhouse.clone().map(|_db| {
            let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
            let thread_progress_max: Arc<DashMap<usize, f64>> = Arc::new(DashMap::new());
            StatsTracking {
        on_stats: {
            let thread_progress_max = thread_progress_max.clone();
            let total_slot_count = total_slot_count_capture;
            move |thread_id: usize, stats: Stats| {
                let shutting_down = shutting_down.clone();
                let thread_progress_max = thread_progress_max.clone();
                async move {
                    let log_target = format!("{}::T{:03}", LOG_MODULE, thread_id);
                    if shutting_down.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                                log::debug!(
                                    target: &log_target,
                                    "skipping stats write during shutdown"
                                );
                                return Ok(());
                            }
                            let finish_at = stats
                                .finish_time
                                .unwrap_or_else(std::time::Instant::now);
                            let elapsed_since_start = finish_at
                                .saturating_duration_since(stats.start_time)
                                .as_nanos()
                                .max(1) as u64;
                            let total_slots = stats.slots_processed;
                            let total_txs = stats.transactions_processed;
                            let now_ns = monotonic_nanos_since(run_origin);
                            // Serialize snapshot updates so every pulse measures deltas from the
                            // previous pulse (regardless of which thread emitted it) using a
                            // monotonic clock shared across threads.
                            let (delta_slots, delta_txs, delta_time_ns) = {
                                while SNAPSHOT_LOCK
                                    .compare_exchange(false, true, Ordering::Acquire, Ordering::Relaxed)
                                    .is_err()
                                {
                                    hint::spin_loop();
                                }
                                let prev_slots = LAST_TOTAL_SLOTS.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
                                let prev_txs = LAST_TOTAL_TXS.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
                                let prev_time_ns = LAST_TOTAL_TIME_NS.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
                                LAST_TOTAL_SLOTS.store(total_slots, Ordering::Relaxed);
                                LAST_TOTAL_TXS.store(total_txs, Ordering::Relaxed);
                                LAST_TOTAL_TIME_NS.store(now_ns, Ordering::Relaxed);
                                SNAPSHOT_LOCK.store(false, Ordering::Release);
                                let delta_slots = total_slots.saturating_sub(prev_slots);
                                let delta_txs = total_txs.saturating_sub(prev_txs);
                                let delta_time_ns = now_ns.saturating_sub(prev_time_ns).max(1);
                                (delta_slots, delta_txs, delta_time_ns)
                            };
                            let delta_secs = (delta_time_ns as f64 / 1e9).max(1e-9);
                            let mut slot_rate = delta_slots as f64 / delta_secs;
                            let mut tps = delta_txs as f64 / delta_secs;
                            if slot_rate <= 0.0 && total_slots > 0 {
                                slot_rate =
                                    total_slots as f64 / (elapsed_since_start as f64 / 1e9);
                            }
                            if tps <= 0.0 && total_txs > 0 {
                                tps = total_txs as f64 / (elapsed_since_start as f64 / 1e9);
                            }
                            let thread_stats = &stats.thread_stats;
                            let processed_slots = stats.slots_processed.min(total_slot_count);
                            let progress_fraction = if total_slot_count > 0 {
                                processed_slots as f64 / total_slot_count as f64
                            } else {
                                1.0
                            };
                            let overall_progress = (progress_fraction * 100.0).clamp(0.0, 100.0);
                            let thread_total_slots = thread_stats
                                .initial_slot_range
                                .end
                                .saturating_sub(thread_stats.initial_slot_range.start);
                            let thread_progress_raw = if thread_total_slots > 0 {
                                (thread_stats.slots_processed as f64 / thread_total_slots as f64)
                                    .clamp(0.0, 1.0)
                                    * 100.0
                            } else {
                                100.0
                            };
                            let thread_progress = *thread_progress_max
                                .entry(thread_id)
                                .and_modify(|max| {
                                    if thread_progress_raw > *max {
                                        *max = thread_progress_raw;
                                    }
                                })
                                .or_insert(thread_progress_raw);
                            let mut overall_eta = None;
                            if slot_rate > 0.0 {
                                let remaining_slots =
                                    total_slot_count.saturating_sub(processed_slots);
                                overall_eta = Some(human_readable_duration(
                                    remaining_slots as f64 / slot_rate,
                                ));
                            }
                            if overall_eta.is_none() {
                                if progress_fraction > 0.0 && progress_fraction < 1.0 {
                                    if let Some(elapsed_total) = finish_at
                                        .checked_duration_since(stats.start_time)
                                        .map(|d| d.as_secs_f64())
                                        && elapsed_total > 0.0 {
                                            let remaining_secs =
                                                elapsed_total * (1.0 / progress_fraction - 1.0);
                                            overall_eta = Some(human_readable_duration(remaining_secs));
                                        }
                                } else if progress_fraction >= 1.0 {
                                    overall_eta = Some("0s".into());
                                }
                            }
                            let slots_display = human_readable_count(processed_slots);
                            let blocks_display = human_readable_count(stats.blocks_processed);
                            let txs_display = human_readable_count(stats.transactions_processed);
                            let tps_display = human_readable_count(tps.ceil() as u64);
                            log::info!(
                                target: &log_target,
                                "{overall_progress:.1}% | ETA: {} | {tps_display} TPS | {slots_display} slots | {blocks_display} blocks | {txs_display} txs | thread: {thread_progress:.1}%",
                                overall_eta.unwrap_or_else(|| "n/a".into()),
                            );
                            Ok(())
                        }
                        .boxed()
                    }
                },
                tracking_interval_slots: 100,
            }
        });

        let (shutdown_tx, _) = broadcast::channel::<()>(1);

        let mut firehose_future = Box::pin(firehose(
            self.num_threads as u64,
            slot_range,
            Some(on_block),
            Some(on_transaction),
            Some(on_entry),
            Some(on_reward),
            Some(on_error),
            stats_tracking,
            Some(shutdown_tx.subscribe()),
        ));

        let firehose_result = tokio::select! {
            res = &mut firehose_future => res,
            ctrl = signal::ctrl_c() => {
                match ctrl {
                    Ok(()) => log::info!(
                        target: LOG_MODULE,
                        "CTRL+C received; initiating shutdown"
                    ),
                    Err(err) => log::error!(
                        target: LOG_MODULE,
                        "failed to listen for CTRL+C: {}",
                        err
                    ),
                }
                shutting_down.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                let _ = shutdown_tx.send(());
                firehose_future.await
            }
        };

        if clickhouse_enabled
            && let Some(db_client) = clickhouse.clone()
            && let Err(err) = flush_slot_buffer(db_client, slot_buffer.clone()).await
        {
            log::error!(
                target: LOG_MODULE,
                "failed to flush buffered plugin slots: {}",
                err
            );
        }

        for handle in plugin_handles.iter() {
            if let Err(error) = handle
                .plugin
                .on_exit(clickhouse.clone())
                .await
                .map_err(|e| e.to_string())
            {
                log::error!(
                    target: LOG_MODULE,
                    "plugin {} on_exit error: {}",
                    handle.name,
                    error
                );
            }
        }

        match firehose_result {
            Ok(()) => Ok(()),
            Err((error, slot)) => Err(PluginRunnerError::Firehose {
                details: error.to_string(),
                slot,
            }),
        }
    }
}

/// Errors that can arise while running plugins against the firehose.
#[derive(Debug, Error)]
pub enum PluginRunnerError {
    /// ClickHouse client returned an error.
    #[error("clickhouse error: {0}")]
    Clickhouse(#[from] clickhouse::error::Error),
    /// Firehose streaming failed at the specified slot.
    #[error("firehose error at slot {slot}: {details}")]
    Firehose {
        /// Human-readable description of the firehose failure.
        details: String,
        /// Slot where the firehose encountered the error.
        slot: u64,
    },
    /// Lifecycle hook on a plugin returned an error.
    #[error("plugin {plugin} failed during {stage}: {details}")]
    PluginLifecycle {
        /// Name of the plugin that failed.
        plugin: &'static str,
        /// Lifecycle stage where the failure occurred.
        stage: &'static str,
        /// Textual error details.
        details: String,
    },
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct PluginHandle {
    plugin: Arc<dyn Plugin>,
    id: u16,
    name: &'static str,
    version: u16,
}

impl From<Arc<dyn Plugin>> for PluginHandle {
    fn from(plugin: Arc<dyn Plugin>) -> Self {
        let id = plugin.id();
        let name = plugin.name();
        let version = plugin.version();
        Self {
            plugin,
            id,
            name,
            version,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Row, Serialize)]
struct PluginRow<'a> {
    id: u32,
    name: &'a str,
    version: u32,
}

#[derive(Row, Serialize)]
struct PluginSlotRow {
    plugin_id: u32,
    slot: u64,
}

#[derive(Row, Serialize)]
struct SlotStatusRow {
    slot: u64,
    transaction_count: u32,
    vote_transaction_count: u32,
    non_vote_transaction_count: u32,
    thread_id: u8,
    block_time: u32,
}

#[derive(Default, Clone, Copy)]
struct SlotTxTally {
    votes: u64,
    non_votes: u64,
}

static SLOT_TX_TALLY: Lazy<DashMap<u64, SlotTxTally>> = Lazy::new(DashMap::new);

async fn ensure_clickhouse_tables(db: &Client) -> Result<(), clickhouse::error::Error> {
    db.query(
        r#"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS jetstreamer_slot_status (
            slot UInt64,
            transaction_count UInt32 DEFAULT 0,
            vote_transaction_count UInt32 DEFAULT 0,
            non_vote_transaction_count UInt32 DEFAULT 0,
            thread_id UInt8 DEFAULT 0,
            block_time DateTime('UTC') DEFAULT toDateTime(0),
            indexed_at DateTime('UTC') DEFAULT now()
        ) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(indexed_at)
        ORDER BY slot"#,
    )
    .execute()
    .await?;

    db.query(
        r#"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS jetstreamer_plugins (
            id UInt32,
            name String,
            version UInt32
        ) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree
        ORDER BY id"#,
    )
    .execute()
    .await?;

    db.query(
        r#"CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS jetstreamer_plugin_slots (
            plugin_id UInt32,
            slot UInt64,
            indexed_at DateTime('UTC') DEFAULT now()
        ) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree
        ORDER BY (plugin_id, slot)"#,
    )
    .execute()
    .await?;

    Ok(())
}

async fn upsert_plugins(
    db: &Client,
    plugins: &[PluginHandle],
) -> Result<(), clickhouse::error::Error> {
    if plugins.is_empty() {
        return Ok(());
    }
    let mut insert = db.insert::<PluginRow>("jetstreamer_plugins").await?;
    for handle in plugins {
        insert
            .write(&PluginRow {
                id: handle.id as u32,
                name: handle.name,
                version: handle.version as u32,
            })
            .await?;
    }
    insert.end().await?;
    Ok(())
}

async fn record_plugin_slot(
    db: Arc<Client>,
    plugin_id: u16,
    slot: u64,
) -> Result<(), clickhouse::error::Error> {
    let mut insert = db
        .insert::<PluginSlotRow>("jetstreamer_plugin_slots")
        .await?;
    insert
        .write(&PluginSlotRow {
            plugin_id: plugin_id as u32,
            slot,
        })
        .await?;
    insert.end().await?;
    Ok(())
}

async fn flush_slot_buffer(
    db: Arc<Client>,
    buffer: Arc<DashMap<u16, Vec<PluginSlotRow>>>,
) -> Result<(), clickhouse::error::Error> {
    let mut rows = Vec::new();
    buffer.iter_mut().for_each(|mut entry| {
        if !entry.value().is_empty() {
            rows.append(entry.value_mut());
        }
    });

    if rows.is_empty() {
        return Ok(());
    }

    let mut insert = db
        .insert::<PluginSlotRow>("jetstreamer_plugin_slots")
        .await?;
    for row in rows {
        insert.write(&row).await?;
    }
    insert.end().await?;
    Ok(())
}

async fn record_slot_status(
    db: Arc<Client>,
    slot: u64,
    thread_id: usize,
    transaction_count: u64,
    vote_transaction_count: u64,
    non_vote_transaction_count: u64,
    block_time: Option<i64>,
) -> Result<(), clickhouse::error::Error> {
    let mut insert = db
        .insert::<SlotStatusRow>("jetstreamer_slot_status")
        .await?;
    insert
        .write(&SlotStatusRow {
            slot,
            transaction_count: transaction_count.min(u32::MAX as u64) as u32,
            vote_transaction_count: vote_transaction_count.min(u32::MAX as u64) as u32,
            non_vote_transaction_count: non_vote_transaction_count.min(u32::MAX as u64) as u32,
            thread_id: thread_id.try_into().unwrap_or(u8::MAX),
            block_time: clamp_block_time(block_time),
        })
        .await?;
    insert.end().await?;
    Ok(())
}

fn clamp_block_time(block_time: Option<i64>) -> u32 {
    match block_time {
        Some(ts) if ts > 0 && ts <= u32::MAX as i64 => ts as u32,
        Some(ts) if ts > u32::MAX as i64 => u32::MAX,
        Some(ts) if ts < 0 => 0,
        _ => 0,
    }
}

fn record_slot_vote_tally(slot: u64, is_vote: bool) {
    let mut entry = SLOT_TX_TALLY.entry(slot).or_default();
    if is_vote {
        entry.votes = entry.votes.saturating_add(1);
    } else {
        entry.non_votes = entry.non_votes.saturating_add(1);
    }
}

fn take_slot_tx_tally(slot: u64) -> SlotTxTally {
    SLOT_TX_TALLY
        .remove(&slot)
        .map(|(_, tally)| tally)
        .unwrap_or_default()
}

// Ensure PluginRunnerError is Send + Sync + 'static
trait _CanSend: Send + Sync + 'static {}
impl _CanSend for PluginRunnerError {}

#[inline]
fn human_readable_count(value: impl Into<u128>) -> String {
    let digits = value.into().to_string();
    let len = digits.len();
    let mut formatted = String::with_capacity(len + len / 3);
    for (idx, byte) in digits.bytes().enumerate() {
        if idx != 0 && (len - idx) % 3 == 0 {
            formatted.push(',');
        }
        formatted.push(char::from(byte));
    }
    formatted
}

fn human_readable_duration(seconds: f64) -> String {
    if !seconds.is_finite() {
        return "n/a".into();
    }
    if seconds <= 0.0 {
        return "0s".into();
    }
    if seconds < 60.0 {
        return format!("{:.1}s", seconds);
    }
    let duration = Duration::from_secs(seconds.round() as u64);
    let secs = duration.as_secs();
    let days = secs / 86_400;
    let hours = (secs % 86_400) / 3_600;
    let minutes = (secs % 3_600) / 60;
    let seconds_rem = secs % 60;
    if days > 0 {
        if hours > 0 {
            format!("{}d{}h", days, hours)
        } else {
            format!("{}d", days)
        }
    } else if hours > 0 {
        format!("{}h{}m", hours, minutes)
    } else {
        format!("{}m{}s", minutes, seconds_rem)
    }
}