ironwork_compile/

lib.rs

//! ironwork for COBOL, the compiler: a parsed program checked against IBM's rules, with its
//! WORKING-STORAGE laid out as IBM lays it out, ready for the interpreter or for lowering.

pub mod any_length;
pub mod arith;
pub mod cics_bind;
mod crt_status;
mod classes;
pub mod constructs;
pub mod collating;
mod corresponding;
pub use corresponding::is_alphabetic;
pub use operands::as_characters;
pub mod declaratives;
pub mod facts;
pub mod function;
mod initcheck;
pub mod layout;
pub mod linage;
pub mod lower;
pub mod markup;
pub mod numcheck;
mod omitted;
pub mod oo;
mod operands;
pub mod picture;
pub mod printer;
pub mod report;
mod registers;
mod reserved;
mod scope;
mod screens;
pub mod sort;
pub mod sql;
pub mod statements;
mod switches;
pub mod values;

use layout::Layout;
use numeric::{Options, Vlr};
use rt::lir::{CompileTime, TimeSource};
use rt::storage::literal_fixed;
use syntax::ast::*;
use syntax::messages::{IWC0003, IWC0004, Message};
use syntax::{Error, Pos, Severity};

pub struct Compiled {
    pub program: Program,
    /// FUNCTION WHEN-COMPILED's time.
    pub when_compiled: CompileTime,
    pub layout: Layout,
    pub options: Options,
    pub ssrange: bool,
    pub report_writer: report::Writer,
    /// The PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE, or EBCDIC.
    pub collating: collating::Sequence,
    /// Each file's printer control character, when it is a print file.
    pub carriage: Vec<Option<printer::Carriage>>,
    /// The messages of a program that compiled, none of them severe enough to stop its object code.
    pub diagnostics: Vec<Error>,
    /// The program's ENTRY statements, in source order.
    pub entries: Vec<EntryPoint>,
    /// Where each EXCEPTION/ERROR and debugging procedure runs.
    pub declaratives: declaratives::Table,
    /// The user-defined functions the program may invoke.
    pub functions: Vec<function::Udf>,
}

/// An alternate entry point: a CALL of `name` begins at statement `statement` of paragraph
/// `paragraph`, the one after the ENTRY statement, with `using` addressing LINKAGE.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct EntryPoint {
    pub name: String,
    pub paragraph: usize,
    pub statement: usize,
    pub using: Vec<Param>,
    pub pos: Pos,
}

/// The ENTRY statements of a program, each a sentence of its own paragraph's.
pub fn entry_points(program: &Program) -> Vec<EntryPoint> {
    let mut out = Vec::new();
    for (paragraph, p) in program.paragraphs.iter().enumerate() {
        for (k, s) in p.statements.iter().enumerate() {
            if let Stmt::Entry { name, using, pos } = s {
                out.push(EntryPoint { name: name.clone(), paragraph, statement: k + 1, using: using.clone(), pos: *pos });
            }
        }
    }
    out
}

/// Whether file k's records vary in length: RECORDING MODE V, RECORD IS VARYING, a RECORD clause
/// with two bounds, or, with neither RECORDING MODE nor RECORD, level-01 records of different
/// lengths or with an OCCURS DEPENDING ON table, an SD's as well (Language Reference SC27-8713-03,
/// p. 191; Programming Guide SC27-8714-03, pp. 227-228).
pub fn variable_records(file: &FileDecl, layout: &Layout, k: usize) -> bool {
    let undeclared = file.recording.is_none() && file.record_min.is_none() && file.record_max.is_none() && !file.record_varying;
    file.recording == Some('V') || file.record_varying || file.record_min != file.record_max || undeclared && layout.record_lengths[k].is_some_and(|(shortest, longest)| shortest != longest)
}

/// The shortest and longest variable-length record a READ of file k takes without a record length
/// conflict: under VLR(STANDARD) its level-01 records', under VLR(COMPAT) its RECORD IS VARYING
/// clause's, where a bound the clause leaves out is the level-01 records' (Programming Guide
/// SC27-8714-03, pp. 422-424; Language Reference SC27-8713-03, pp. 187, 300, 431). See
/// [`numeric::assumptions::VLR_WITHOUT_VARYING`] and [`numeric::assumptions::VLR_RECORDS_CHECKED`].
pub fn read_lengths(file: &FileDecl, layout: &Layout, k: usize, vlr: Vlr) -> (u32, u32) {
    match vlr {
        Vlr::Compat if file.record_varying => varying_lengths(file, layout, k),
        _ => record_lengths(layout, k),
    }
}

/// The shortest and longest record RECORD IS VARYING allows file k, a bound it leaves out being the
/// level-01 records' (Language Reference SC27-8713-03, p. 187).
pub fn varying_lengths(file: &FileDecl, layout: &Layout, k: usize) -> (u32, u32) {
    let (shortest, longest) = record_lengths(layout, k);
    (file.record_min.unwrap_or(shortest), file.record_max.unwrap_or(longest))
}

fn record_lengths(layout: &Layout, k: usize) -> (u32, u32) {
    layout.record_lengths[k].unwrap_or((0, layout.file_areas[k].1))
}

const FUNCTIONS: &[&str] = rt::intrinsic::FIRST;

pub const NUMERIC_FUNCTION_MOVED: &str = "an integer or numeric function as a MOVE's sender (GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL takes one only where an arithmetic expression can be)";
pub const INTO_WITHOUT_COLON: &str = "an INTO name written without its colon (Db2 13 for z/OS requires the colon before every host variable)";

/// Checks and lays out a parsed program. `flags` are this compiler's own, such as `-silent`. A
/// program is refused, with every message, when one stops its object code: under IBM's default
/// NOCOMPILE(S) one that is S or U, from W under `-warnings-block`, or as a CBL or PROCESS card's
/// COMPILE or NOCOMPILE says; otherwise its messages are [`Compiled::diagnostics`].
pub fn compile(program: Program, flags: &[String]) -> Result<Compiled, Vec<Error>> {
    let at = compile_time().map_err(|message| vec![syntax::messages::IWO0004.at(Pos::default(), message)])?;
    compile_at(program, flags, at)
}

/// Compiles as [`compile`] does, WHEN-COMPILED giving `at`.
pub fn compile_at(program: Program, flags: &[String], at: CompileTime) -> Result<Compiled, Vec<Error>> {
    if program.oo.as_ref().is_some_and(|o| o.class().is_some()) {
        return oo::compile_class_definition(program, flags, at);
    }
    compile_program(program, flags, true, at)
}

/// When a compile happens: SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH's seconds when the build sets it, the
/// reproducible-builds convention, and the clock otherwise.
pub fn compile_time() -> Result<CompileTime, String> {
    let clock = std::time::SystemTime::now().duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap_or_default();
    compile_time_from(std::env::var_os("SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH").as_deref(), clock)
}

fn compile_time_from(epoch: Option<&std::ffi::OsStr>, clock: std::time::Duration) -> Result<CompileTime, String> {
    let Some(epoch) = epoch else {
        return Ok(CompileTime { seconds: clock.as_secs() as i64, hundredths: clock.subsec_millis() / 10, source: TimeSource::Clock });
    };
    let text = epoch.to_string_lossy();
    match text.parse::<i64>() {
        Ok(seconds) if text.bytes().all(|b| b.is_ascii_digit()) && seconds <= CompileTime::LATEST => Ok(CompileTime { seconds, hundredths: 0, source: TimeSource::SourceDateEpoch }),
        _ => Err(format!("SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH={text}: not a whole number of seconds from 0 to {}", CompileTime::LATEST)),
    }
}

/// `whole` is false for the parts a class definition is compiled into, which IBM's rules for
/// compiler options do not apply to one by one.
pub(crate) fn compile_program(mut program: Program, flags: &[String], whole: bool, when_compiled: CompileTime) -> Result<Compiled, Vec<Error>> {
    let mut errors = std::mem::take(&mut program.messages);
    reserved::check(&program, &mut errors);
    let mut declared = program.working_storage.len();
    let mut program = declaratives::with_debug_item(markup::with_special_registers(sort::with_special_registers(registers::with_when_compiled(program, when_compiled))));
    switches::declare(&mut program, &mut errors);
    qualify_in_own_section(&mut program);
    let mut options = Options::default();
    let mut ssrange = false;
    // The flags first, as the compiler's invocation, then the cards, which outrank it (Programming
    // Guide SC27-8714-03, p. 273).
    for flag in flags {
        if let Err(e) = options.apply_flag(flag) {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWO0005.at(Pos::default(), e.to_string()));
        }
    }
    for option in &program.options {
        if let Some(on) = numeric::options::switch(option, "SSRANGE") {
            ssrange = on;
        }
        if let Err(e) = options.apply(option) {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWO0001.at(Pos::default(), format!("CBL {option}: {e}")).graded(option_severity(&e)));
        }
    }
    if options.compliance == numeric::Compliance::Extended {
        let inserted = top_level_tables(&mut program.working_storage, &mut errors);
        declared += inserted.iter().filter(|&&at| at < declared).count();
        top_level_tables(&mut program.local_storage, &mut errors);
        let Program { working_storage, local_storage, linkage, files, .. } = &mut program;
        for entries in [working_storage, local_storage, linkage].into_iter().chain(files.iter_mut().map(|f| &mut f.records)) {
            renames_inside_records(entries, &mut errors);
        }
        declared = based_items(&mut program, declared, &mut errors);
    }
    screens::expand(&mut program, options.compliance == numeric::Compliance::Extended, &mut errors);
    let page = options.code_page();
    if let Err((message, m)) = syntax::parser::decode_currency(&mut program.environment, |bytes| page.decode(bytes)) {
        errors.push(message.at(Pos::default(), m));
    }
    default_currency(&mut program, &mut options, &mut errors);
    national_symbols(&mut program, &mut options, &mut errors);
    if options.intdate == numeric::IntDate::Lilian {
        program.paragraphs.iter_mut().for_each(|p| ceecbldy_to_ceedays(&mut p.statements, &mut errors));
    }
    for (name, alphabet) in &program.environment.alphabets {
        if program.environment.collating_sequence.as_ref() != Some(name)
            && let Err((message, m)) = collating::Sequence::of(alphabet, options.code_page(), options.quote)
        {
            errors.push(message.at(Pos::default(), format!("ALPHABET {name}: {m}")));
        }
    }
    let collating = collating::Sequence::program(&program.environment, options.code_page(), options.quote).unwrap_or_else(|(message, m)| {
        errors.push(message.at(Pos::default(), m));
        let mut native = collating::Sequence::native();
        native.quote = options.quote;
        native
    });
    digit_limits(&program, options.arith, &mut errors);
    binary_chars(&program, &options, &mut errors);
    forever_names(&program, &mut errors);
    micro_focus_binaries(&program, &options, &mut errors);
    let drafts = report::prepare(&mut program, options.adv, options.qualify, &mut errors);
    let linage_counters = linage::add_counters(&mut program, options.qualify);
    if whole {
        oo::option_rules(&program, &options, &mut errors);
    }
    options.initial &= !options.thread;
    if whole && program.oo.as_deref().and_then(Oo::method).is_none() {
        program.initial |= options.initial;
    }
    scope::rules(&program, &mut errors);
    if whole {
        program_names(&program, &options, &mut errors);
    }
    let inherited = scope::inherit(&mut program);
    let own_linkage = scope::own_linkage(&program);
    omitted::rewrite(&mut program, &inherited.entries, options.compliance == numeric::Compliance::Extended, &mut errors);
    any_length::rewrite(&mut program, &mut errors);
    if options.compliance == numeric::Compliance::Extended {
        crt_status::rewrite(&mut program, &inherited.entries);
    }
    declare_assign_items(&mut program, &inherited.entries);
    let linkage: Vec<DataEntry> = program.linkage.iter().chain(&inherited.entries).cloned().collect();
    let files: Vec<(&[DataEntry], Option<u32>)> = program.files.iter().map(|f| (f.records.as_slice(), f.record_max)).collect();
    let shared = layout::record_area_owners(&program.files, &program.environment).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
        errors.push(e);
        (0..files.len()).collect()
    });
    let mut layout = match layout::build(&program.working_storage, &files, &shared, &linkage, program.linkage.len(), &program.local_storage, crate::picture::Notation::of(&program.environment), options.qualify, options.parmcheck.map(|p| (declared, p.bytes.into()))) {
        Ok(l) => l,
        Err(e) => {
            errors.push(e);
            return Err(errors.into_iter().map(|e| e.in_files(&program.sources)).collect());
        }
    };
    scope::bind(&mut layout, own_linkage, inherited, &program.files);
    layout.classes = classes::sets(&program.environment.classes, page, &mut errors);
    let counter_item = |entry: usize| program.working_storage[..entry].iter().filter(|e| e.level != 88).count();
    layout.name_files(&program.files, linage_counters.iter().map(|c| c.map(counter_item)).collect());
    assign_items(&mut program, &layout, &options, &mut errors);
    corresponding::expand(&mut program, &layout, &mut errors);
    condition_subjects(&mut program, &layout);
    dbcs_values(&layout, &mut errors);
    numeric_values(&layout, &mut errors);
    edited_values(&layout, options.compliance, &mut errors);
    for item in &layout.items {
        if let Some(object) = &item.depending_on {
            match layout.resolve(&object.name, &object.qualifiers, object.pos) {
                Ok(layout::Resolved::Item(i)) if !layout.items[i].moved_by.is_empty() => errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0048.at(
                    object.pos,
                    format!("OCCURS DEPENDING ON {}: the object cannot follow an OCCURS DEPENDING ON table in its record", object.name),
                )),
                Ok(layout::Resolved::Item(i)) if layout.items[i].kind.is_numeric() => {}
                Ok(_) => errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0049.at(object.pos, format!("OCCURS DEPENDING ON {}: not a numeric data item", object.name))),
                Err(e) => errors.push(e),
            }
        }
    }
    let is_record = |name: &str| layout.linkage_roots.iter().enumerate().any(|(o, &i)| layout.is_argument(o) && layout.items[i].name.as_deref() == Some(name));
    for param in &program.using {
        if !is_record(&param.name) {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0050.at(Pos::default(), format!("PROCEDURE DIVISION USING {}: not an 01 or 77 item of the LINKAGE SECTION", param.name)));
        }
    }
    // Language Reference SC27-8713-03, pp. 262-263; a method's and a function's are checked with their signatures.
    if let Some(name) = &program.returning
        && program.function.is_none()
        && program.oo.as_deref().and_then(Oo::method).is_none()
        && !is_record(name)
    {
        errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0051.at(Pos::default(), format!("PROCEDURE DIVISION RETURNING {name}: not an 01 or 77 item of the LINKAGE SECTION")));
    }
    let report_writer = report::resolve(&program, &layout, drafts, &mut errors);
    let carriage = printer::carriages(&program, &layout, options.adv);
    let declaratives = declaratives::resolve(&program, &layout, &options, &mut errors);
    let debugging = declaratives::debugging_sections(&program);
    let functions = function::functions(&program, options.qualify, &mut errors);
    let alphabetic: Vec<Pos> = [&program.working_storage, &program.local_storage, &program.linkage]
        .into_iter()
        .flatten()
        .chain(program.files.iter().flat_map(|f| &f.records))
        .filter(|e| e.picture.as_deref().is_some_and(is_alphabetic))
        .map(|e| e.pos)
        .collect();
    let mut check = Check {
        layout: &layout,
        program: &program,
        errors: &mut errors,
        debugging: false,
        max_digits: options.arith.max_picture_digits(),
        inline_performs: 0,
        functions: Some(&functions),
        alphabetic: &alphabetic,
        at: Pos::default(),
        paragraph: 0,
        extended: options.compliance == numeric::Compliance::Extended,
        environment_named: None,
    };
    for k in 0..program.files.len() {
        check.file_keys(k);
        check.record_depending(k);
        check.label_records(k);
        check.recording_mode(k);
        check.passwords(k);
        linage::check_file(check.program, check.layout, k, check.errors);
    }
    for block in &program.exec_declarations {
        check.exec_block(block);
    }
    for (i, p) in program.paragraphs.iter().enumerate() {
        check.debugging = debugging.iter().any(|&(first, last)| (first..=last).contains(&i));
        check.paragraph = i;
        check.statements(&p.statements);
    }
    let entries = entry_points(&program);
    procedure_rules(&program, &layout, &entries, &options, &mut errors);
    if whole && !program.oo.as_deref().is_some_and(|o| o.method().is_some()) && !program.is_prototype() {
        program_end(&program, &options, &mut errors);
    }
    oo::check(&layout, &program, &mut errors);
    if let Some(mode) = options.initcheck {
        errors.extend(initcheck::check(&program, &layout, declared, mode));
    }
    scope::check(&program, &layout, &mut errors);
    layout.numcheck = numcheck::facts(&program, &layout, declared, &options, &collating, &mut errors);
    let errors: Vec<Error> = errors.into_iter().map(|e| e.in_files(&program.sources)).collect();
    if refused(&errors, &options) {
        Err(errors)
    } else {
        Ok(Compiled { program, when_compiled, layout, options, ssrange, report_writer, collating, carriage, diagnostics: errors, entries, declaratives, functions })
    }
}

/// Which files take their name from a data item at each OPEN. Under `--compliance extended` an
/// ASSIGN name that is an alphanumeric or group item's is one, with IWX0007-W, and DYNAMIC or
/// USING must name one; under strict a name stays the DD name it is in Enterprise COBOL and
/// DYNAMIC and USING are refused (C361). A file SORT or MERGE reads or writes is refused one, as
/// the sort opens its files by their DD names.
/// Micro Focus's ASSIGN TO DISK name where neither the program nor a program containing it declares
/// the name: a 4,095-byte alphanumeric item of WORKING-STORAGE, as cobc 3.2 declares it under
/// `-std=mf` (assumption C482).
fn declare_assign_items(program: &mut Program, inherited: &[DataEntry]) {
    let mut missing: Vec<(String, Pos)> = Vec::new();
    for a in program.files.iter().filter_map(|f| f.assign_item.as_ref()).filter(|a| a.declared_if_missing) {
        let name = &a.reference.name;
        let declared = program.working_storage.iter().chain(&program.local_storage).chain(&program.linkage).chain(inherited).chain(program.files.iter().flat_map(|f| &f.records)).any(|e| e.name.as_ref() == Some(name));
        if !declared && !missing.iter().any(|(m, _)| m == name) {
            missing.push((name.clone(), a.reference.pos));
        }
    }
    for (name, pos) in missing {
        program.working_storage.push(report::entry(1, Some(name), Some("X(4095)".into()), None, pos));
    }
}

fn assign_items(program: &mut Program, layout: &layout::Layout, options: &Options, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    let extended = options.compliance == numeric::Compliance::Extended;
    let mut all = Vec::new();
    program.paragraphs.iter().for_each(|p| inner_statements(&p.statements, &mut all));
    let sorted: Vec<&str> = all
        .iter()
        .filter_map(|s| match s {
            Stmt::Sorting(sorting) => match sorting.as_ref() {
                Sorting::Sort(s) => Some(s),
                _ => None,
            },
            _ => None,
        })
        .flat_map(|s| [&s.input, &s.output])
        .filter_map(|io| if let Some(SortIo::Files(names)) = io { Some(names) } else { None })
        .flatten()
        .map(String::as_str)
        .collect();
    let mut kept = Vec::new();
    for (k, f) in program.files.iter().enumerate() {
        let Some(a) = &f.assign_item else { continue };
        let (name, pos) = (&a.reference.name, a.reference.pos);
        if !extended {
            if a.explicit {
                errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0052.at(pos, format!("ASSIGN USING or DYNAMIC {name}: a Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL form; --compliance extended reads it")));
            }
            continue;
        }
        let item = match layout.resolve(name, &a.reference.qualifiers, pos) {
            Ok(layout::Resolved::Item(i)) => i,
            Ok(layout::Resolved::Condition(_)) | Err(_) if a.explicit => {
                errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0053.at(pos, format!("ASSIGN {name}: not a data item")));
                continue;
            }
            _ => continue,
        };
        if !matches!(layout.items[item].kind, rt::storage::Kind::Group | rt::storage::Kind::Alnum { .. }) {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0054.at(pos, format!("ASSIGN {name}: the item holding the file's name must be alphanumeric or a group")));
        } else if f.sort || sorted.contains(&f.name.as_str()) {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWR0022.at(pos, format!("ASSIGN {name}: a file SORT or MERGE reads, writes or describes taking its name from a data item is not supported yet")));
        } else {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0007.at(pos, format!("{}: each OPEN of {} takes its DD name from {name}", syntax::extended::ASSIGN_ITEM, f.name)));
            kept.push(k);
        }
    }
    for (k, f) in program.files.iter_mut().enumerate() {
        if !kept.contains(&k) {
            f.assign_item = None;
        }
    }
}

/// How severe IBM's message for a card's option is: an invalid suboption is an error and the option
/// is discarded, and a removed option a warning or informational message (assumptions
/// [`numeric::assumptions::INVALID_OPTION_DISCARDED`], [`numeric::assumptions::NUMPROC_MIG_WARNS`]
/// and [`numeric::assumptions::OPTIONS_WITHOUT_EFFECT`]). A code page ironwork does not carry
/// stops the compile, as ironwork cannot read the program in it.
fn option_severity(e: &numeric::options::OptionError) -> Severity {
    use numeric::options::OptionError;
    match e {
        OptionError::BadSuboption { .. } => Severity::Error,
        OptionError::Removed { .. } | OptionError::NoEffect { warning: true, .. } => Severity::Warning,
        OptionError::NoEffect { warning: false, .. } => Severity::Informational,
        OptionError::UnsupportedCodePage(_) | OptionError::UnknownFlag(_) => Severity::Severe,
    }
}

/// CURRENCY(literal) makes its character the currency symbol, standing for itself, of a program
/// with no CURRENCY SIGN clause, in place of $; a program with one ignores the option
/// (Programming Guide SC27-8714-03, p. 358). A hexadecimal literal whose character the option may
/// not name is discarded with an error, as an invalid suboption is (assumption
/// [`numeric::assumptions::CURRENCY_OPTION`]).
fn default_currency(program: &mut Program, options: &mut Options, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    match options.currency_symbol() {
        Some(Ok(symbol)) if program.environment.currency.is_empty() => program.environment.currency.push(CurrencySign { value: symbol.to_string(), symbol, hex: None }),
        Some(Err(c)) => {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWO0002.at(Pos::default(), format!("CBL CURRENCY: code page {} reads its byte as {c:?}, which cannot be a currency symbol", options.codepage)).graded(Severity::Error));
            options.currency = None;
        }
        _ => {}
    }
}

/// NSYMBOL(DBCS) makes a PICTURE of N, with or without B, and no USAGE, its own or a group's,
/// USAGE DISPLAY-1 (Programming Guide SC27-8714-03, p. 388). NSYMBOL(NATIONAL) with NODBCS on the
/// cards is IBM's conflict: DBCS in effect, with a warning (p. 344; assumption
/// [`numeric::assumptions::NSYMBOL_DBCS`]).
fn national_symbols(program: &mut Program, options: &mut Options, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    if options.nsymbol == numeric::Nsymbol::National {
        if !options.dbcs && program.options.iter().any(|o| numeric::options::switch(o, "NSYMBOL").is_some()) {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWO0003.at(Pos::default(), "CBL NODBCS: NSYMBOL(NATIONAL) requires DBCS, which is in effect"));
            options.dbcs = true;
        }
        return;
    }
    let only_n = |p: &str| p.chars().any(|c| c.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&'N')) && p.chars().all(|c| c.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&'N') || c.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&'B') || c.is_ascii_digit() || matches!(c, '(' | ')'));
    let lists = [&mut program.working_storage, &mut program.local_storage, &mut program.linkage].into_iter().chain(program.files.iter_mut().map(|f| &mut f.records));
    for entries in lists {
        let mut groups: Vec<(u8, bool)> = Vec::new();
        for e in entries.iter_mut().filter(|e| !matches!(e.level, 66 | 88)) {
            let level = if e.level == 77 { 1 } else { e.level };
            while groups.last().is_some_and(|&(l, _)| l >= level) {
                groups.pop();
            }
            let usage = e.usage.is_some() || groups.iter().any(|&(_, u)| u);
            groups.push((level, e.usage.is_some()));
            if !usage && e.picture.as_deref().is_some_and(only_n) {
                e.usage = Some(Usage::Dbcs);
            }
        }
    }
}

/// IBM's warning for a program with no STOP RUN, GOBACK or EXIT PROGRAM, which may run past its
/// end; one that leaves by EXEC CICS RETURN or XCTL gets what `--cics-return-warning` says
/// (assumption [`numeric::assumptions::NO_PROGRAM_END`]).
fn program_end(program: &Program, options: &Options, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    use numeric::CicsReturnWarning;
    let mut all = Vec::new();
    program.paragraphs.iter().for_each(|p| inner_statements(&p.statements, &mut all));
    if all.iter().any(|s| matches!(s, Stmt::StopRun { .. } | Stmt::Goback { .. } | Stmt::ExitProgram { .. })) {
        return;
    }
    let cics_end = all.iter().find_map(|s| match s {
        Stmt::Exec(b) if b.kind == ExecKind::Cics && matches!(b.command.as_str(), "RETURN" | "XCTL") => Some(b.command.as_str()),
        _ => None,
    });
    match (cics_end, options.cics_return_warning) {
        (Some(_), CicsReturnWarning::Never) => {}
        (Some(command), CicsReturnWarning::Once) => errors.push(syntax::messages::IWP0002.at(Pos::default(), format!(
            "IGYPS2091-W not given: the program ends with EXEC CICS {command}, which the CICS translator turns into a CALL; --cics-return-warning=always gives the warning, =never drops this note"
        )).graded(Severity::Informational)),
        (None, _) | (Some(_), CicsReturnWarning::Always) => {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0055.at(Pos::default(), "no STOP RUN, GOBACK or EXIT PROGRAM in the program: check that it ends"));
        }
    }
}

/// Under INTDATE(LILIAN) a CALL of the literal 'CEECBLDY', whose ANSI integer date neither the date
/// functions nor the callable services could then read, is diagnosed and calls CEEDAYS
/// (Programming Guide SC27-8714-03, p. 375; assumption
/// [`numeric::assumptions::CEECBLDY_UNDER_LILIAN`]).
fn ceecbldy_to_ceedays(stmts: &mut [Stmt], errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    for s in stmts {
        if let Stmt::Call(c) = s
            && let Operand::Literal(Literal::Alnum(name)) = &mut c.target
            && name.trim().eq_ignore_ascii_case("CEECBLDY")
        {
            *name = "CEEDAYS".into();
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0056.at(c.pos, "CALL 'CEECBLDY' under INTDATE(LILIAN): CEECBLDY gives an ANSI integer date, which nothing can use under LILIAN, so the CALL is to CEEDAYS"));
        }
        for body in oo::bodies_mut(s) {
            ceecbldy_to_ceedays(body, errors);
        }
    }
}

/// Whether messages keep a program from running: the COMPILE option in force stops its object code,
/// or, as IGYWCLG bypasses its GO step, the return code is above 8. See
/// [`numeric::assumptions::REFUSED_FROM_S`] and [`numeric::assumptions::NOCOMPILE`].
pub fn refused(messages: &[Error], options: &Options) -> bool {
    let stops_at = options.object_code().stops_at().min(12);
    stops_at == 0 || messages.iter().any(|m| m.severity.return_code() >= stops_at)
}

/// The rules of the ENTRY statement (Language Reference SC27-8713-03, pp. 339-340), and of ALTER
/// and the GO TO it alters (pp. 318, 346-348).
fn procedure_rules(program: &Program, layout: &Layout, entries: &[EntryPoint], options: &Options, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    let method = program.oo.as_ref().is_some_and(|o| matches!(o.unit, OoUnit::Method(_)));
    for (k, e) in entries.iter().enumerate() {
        if program.returning.is_some() {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0057.at(e.pos, format!("ENTRY '{}': a program with PROCEDURE DIVISION RETURNING cannot have ENTRY statements", e.name)));
        }
        if e.name.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&program.id) || entries[..k].iter().any(|f| f.name == e.name) {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0058.at(e.pos, format!("ENTRY '{}': the name is already the program's or another ENTRY's", e.name)));
        }
        for param in &e.using {
            if !layout.linkage_roots.iter().enumerate().any(|(o, &i)| layout.is_argument(o) && layout.items[i].name.as_deref() == Some(param.name.as_str())) {
                errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0059.at(e.pos, format!("ENTRY '{}' USING {}: not an 01 or 77 item of the LINKAGE SECTION", e.name, param.name)));
            }
        }
    }
    let why_no_alter = if program.recursive {
        Some("a RECURSIVE program")
    } else if options.thread {
        Some("a program compiled with THREAD")
    } else {
        method.then_some("a method")
    };
    for p in &program.paragraphs {
        for s in &p.statements {
            let mut inner = Vec::new();
            oo::bodies(s).into_iter().for_each(|body| inner_statements(body, &mut inner));
            for (t, nested) in std::iter::once((s, false)).chain(inner.into_iter().map(|t| (t, true))) {
                match t {
                    Stmt::Entry { name, pos, .. } if nested => {
                        errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0060.at(*pos, format!("ENTRY '{name}' must be a sentence of its own, not inside another statement")));
                    }
                    Stmt::GoTo { target: None, pos } => {
                        if let Some(why) = why_no_alter {
                            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0061.at(*pos, format!("a GO TO with no procedure-name cannot be used in {why}")));
                        }
                        if nested || !lone_go_to(p) {
                            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0062.at(*pos, "a GO TO with no procedure-name must be its paragraph's only sentence"));
                        }
                    }
                    Stmt::Alter { pairs, pos } => {
                        if let Some(why) = why_no_alter {
                            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0063.at(*pos, format!("ALTER cannot be used in {why}")));
                        }
                        for (from, to) in pairs {
                            altered_paragraph(program, from, *pos, errors);
                            if let Err(m) = procedure(program, to) {
                                errors.push(m.at(*pos));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Enterprise COBOL's rules for the programs of a compilation (Language Reference, Conventions for
/// program-names): under strict scope two of them may not share a name, and under
/// `--unresolved-calls=fail` a static CALL must name one of them that it reaches, or a Language
/// Environment service, as IBM's binder must resolve it.
fn program_names(program: &Program, options: &Options, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    let strict = options.program_scope == numeric::ProgramScope::Strict;
    if strict {
        for (name, pos) in &program.duplicates {
            let text = format!("{name}: two programs of {} have this name, and the programs of a separately compiled program each need their own (--program-scope=flexible allows it)", program.id);
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0295.at(*pos, text));
        }
    }
    if options.unresolved_calls != numeric::UnresolvedCalls::Fail || options.dynam {
        return;
    }
    let reached = |name: &str| {
        let contained = program.callable.iter().chain(program.hidden.iter().filter(|_| !strict));
        program.linked.iter().chain(contained).any(|n| n.eq_ignore_ascii_case(name)) || rt::le::provides(&name.to_ascii_uppercase())
    };
    let mut all = Vec::new();
    program.paragraphs.iter().for_each(|p| inner_statements(&p.statements, &mut all));
    for s in all {
        if let Stmt::Call(c) = s
            && let Operand::Literal(Literal::Alnum(name)) = &c.target
            && !reached(name.trim_end())
        {
            let text = format!("CALL '{}': no program of the compilation has this name, and --unresolved-calls=fail refuses a static CALL the binder could not resolve", name.trim_end());
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0296.at(c.pos, text));
        }
    }
}

/// Every statement inside `stmts`, at any depth.
fn inner_statements<'s>(stmts: &'s [Stmt], out: &mut Vec<&'s Stmt>) {
    for s in stmts {
        out.push(s);
        oo::bodies(s).into_iter().for_each(|body| inner_statements(body, out));
    }
}

/// A paragraph ALTER can name: one sentence, a GO TO without DEPENDING ON.
fn altered_paragraph(program: &Program, name: &ProcName, pos: Pos, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    match procedure(program, name) {
        Err(m) => errors.push(m.at(pos)),
        Ok((i, _)) if program.paragraphs[i].is_section => errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0064.at(pos, format!("ALTER {}: a section, where ALTER names a paragraph", name.name))),
        Ok((i, _)) if !lone_go_to(&program.paragraphs[i]) => {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0065.at(pos, format!("ALTER {}: the paragraph must hold one sentence, a GO TO without DEPENDING ON", name.name)));
        }
        Ok(_) => {}
    }
}

fn lone_go_to(p: &Paragraph) -> bool {
    matches!(p.statements.as_slice(), [Stmt::GoTo { .. }] | [Stmt::GoTo { .. }, Stmt::SentenceEnd])
}

/// The last paragraph of the section that paragraph `i` is in, or `i` when there are no sections.
/// END DECLARATIVES ends a section as a section header does.
pub fn section_end(program: &Program, i: usize) -> usize {
    let paragraphs = &program.paragraphs;
    let declaratives = program.report_writer.procedure_start;
    let (floor, ceiling) = if i < declaratives { (0, declaratives) } else { (declaratives, paragraphs.len()) };
    let Some(header) = (floor..=i).rev().find(|&j| paragraphs[j].is_section) else { return i };
    (header + 1..ceiling).take_while(|&j| !paragraphs[j].is_section).last().unwrap_or(header)
}

/// Qualifies each unqualified paragraph-name that more than one section holds with the section it
/// is written in, when that section holds it: within its own section a paragraph-name needs no
/// qualifier, so every later lookup must find that paragraph (assumption C151).
fn qualify_in_own_section(program: &mut Program) {
    for i in 0..program.paragraphs.len() {
        let Some(section) = program.paragraphs[i].section.clone() else { continue };
        let mut statements = std::mem::take(&mut program.paragraphs[i].statements);
        oo::each_mut(&mut statements, &mut |s| {
            for name in procedure_names_mut(s) {
                if name.section.is_none() && names_own_paragraph(&program.paragraphs, &name.name, &section) {
                    name.section = Some(section.clone());
                }
            }
        });
        program.paragraphs[i].statements = statements;
    }
}

/// Whether an unqualified `name` written in `section` names that section's own paragraph: more than
/// one procedure has the name, and `section` holds a paragraph of it.
fn names_own_paragraph(paragraphs: &[Paragraph], name: &str, section: &str) -> bool {
    paragraphs.iter().filter(|p| p.name == name).count() > 1 && paragraphs.iter().any(|p| p.name == name && !p.is_section && p.section.as_deref() == Some(section))
}

/// `procedure` for a name written in paragraph `from` that no statement holds as a procedure-name,
/// such as a WHENEVER or HANDLE label or a USE FOR DEBUGGING operand, qualified with `from`'s
/// section as `qualify_in_own_section` qualifies a statement's.
pub fn procedure_from(program: &Program, p: &ProcName, from: usize) -> Result<(usize, usize), Unnamed> {
    match program.paragraphs.get(from).and_then(|q| q.section.as_deref()) {
        Some(section) if p.section.is_none() && names_own_paragraph(&program.paragraphs, &p.name, section) => {
            procedure(program, &ProcName { name: p.name.clone(), section: Some(section.to_owned()) })
        }
        _ => procedure(program, p),
    }
}

/// An EVALUATE subject that is a condition-name is a condition, and so are its WHEN objects
/// written as names, which the parser could not tell from values.
/// A DBCS item's VALUE, and a condition-name's of a DBCS item, is a DBCS literal no longer than the
/// item, SPACE, or ALL with a DBCS literal; a DBCS literal is the VALUE of a DBCS item only
/// (Language Reference SC27-8713-03, pp. 248-249).
fn dbcs_values(layout: &Layout, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    let dbcs = |i: usize| matches!(layout.items[i].kind, rt::storage::Kind::Dbcs { .. });
    let is_dbcs = |l: &Literal| matches!(l, Literal::Dbcs(_)) || matches!(l, Literal::All(inner) if matches!(**inner, Literal::Dbcs(_)));
    let fits = |l: &Literal, i: usize| match l {
        Literal::Dbcs(s) => s.chars().count() <= layout.items[i].size as usize / 2,
        Literal::Figurative(syntax::ast::Figurative::Space) => true,
        l => is_dbcs(l),
    };
    let values = layout.items.iter().enumerate().filter_map(|(i, it)| it.value.as_ref().map(|v| (i, v, it.pos)));
    let conditions = layout.conditions.iter().flat_map(|c| c.values.iter().flat_map(|(low, high)| std::iter::once(low).chain(high)).chain(&c.false_value).map(move |v| (c.item, v, layout.items[c.item].pos)));
    for (i, value, pos) in values.chain(conditions) {
        let name = layout.items[i].name.as_deref().unwrap_or("FILLER");
        if dbcs(i) && !fits(value, i) {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0066.at(pos, format!("{name}: a DBCS item's VALUE is a DBCS literal of at most {} characters, SPACE or ALL with a DBCS literal", layout.items[i].size / 2)));
        } else if !dbcs(i) && is_dbcs(value) {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0067.at(pos, format!("{name}: a DBCS literal can be the VALUE of a DBCS item only")));
        }
    }
}

/// The environment-names DISPLAY UPON takes, directly or by a mnemonic-name (Language Reference
/// SC27-8713-03, pp. 126, 334).
const DISPLAY_DEVICES: &[&str] = &["SYSOUT", "SYSLIST", "SYSLST", "SYSPUNCH", "SYSPCH", "CONSOLE"];

/// A numeric item's VALUE literal must be numeric (Language Reference SC27-8713-03, p. 246); a
/// figurative constant stands for a literal as its own rules allow (p. 17).
fn numeric_values(layout: &Layout, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    for item in layout.items.iter().filter(|i| i.children.is_empty() && i.kind.is_numeric()) {
        let what = match item.value {
            Some(Literal::Alnum(_) | Literal::Hex(_)) => "an alphanumeric literal",
            Some(Literal::National(_)) => "a national literal",
            _ => continue,
        };
        let name = item.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("FILLER");
        errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0068.at(item.pos, format!("VALUE of {name}: {what}, where a numeric item's VALUE literal must be numeric")));
    }
}

/// A numeric-edited item's VALUE is an alphanumeric literal, a national one under USAGE NATIONAL,
/// or a figurative constant, in edited form (Language Reference SC27-8713-03, pp. 246-247;
/// IGYGR1080-S). Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL also take a numeric literal, edited as a MOVE edits it.
fn edited_values(layout: &Layout, compliance: numeric::Compliance, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    for item in layout.items.iter().filter(|i| matches!(i.kind, rt::storage::Kind::NumericEdited { .. }) && matches!(i.value, Some(Literal::Number(_)))) {
        let name = item.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("FILLER");
        errors.push(if compliance == numeric::Compliance::Extended {
            syntax::messages::IWX0012.at(item.pos, format!("a numeric literal as a numeric-edited item's VALUE (Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL takes an alphanumeric literal in edited form): {name} starts as the literal moved to it"))
        } else {
            syntax::messages::IWC0292.at(item.pos, format!("VALUE of {name}: a numeric literal, where a numeric-edited item's VALUE is an alphanumeric literal or a figurative constant written in edited form; --compliance extended edits the number into it"))
        });
    }
}

fn condition_subjects(program: &mut Program, layout: &Layout) {
    let is_condition = |r: &Ref| matches!(layout.resolve(&r.name, &r.qualifiers, r.pos), Ok(layout::Resolved::Condition(_)));
    for p in &mut program.paragraphs {
        oo::each_mut(&mut p.statements, &mut |s| {
            let Stmt::Evaluate { subjects, whens, .. } = s else { return };
            for (k, subject) in subjects.iter_mut().enumerate() {
                let Subject::Expr(Expr::Operand(Operand::Ref(r))) = subject else { continue };
                if !is_condition(r) {
                    continue;
                }
                *subject = Subject::Cond(Cond::Name(r.clone()));
                for alternative in whens.iter_mut().flat_map(|w| w.alternatives.iter_mut()) {
                    let cond = match alternative.get(k) {
                        Some(Object::Value { not, from: Expr::Operand(Operand::Ref(o)), thru: None }) => {
                            let c = Cond::Name(o.clone());
                            if *not { Cond::Not(Box::new(c)) } else { c }
                        }
                        _ => continue,
                    };
                    alternative[k] = Object::Cond(cond);
                }
            }
        });
    }
}

/// The procedure-names statement `s` itself names, not those of the statements it holds.
fn procedure_names_mut(s: &mut Stmt) -> Vec<&mut ProcName> {
    match s {
        Stmt::PerformProc { from, thru, .. } => std::iter::once(from).chain(thru.as_mut()).collect(),
        Stmt::GoTo { target, .. } => target.iter_mut().collect(),
        Stmt::GoToDepending { targets, .. } => targets.iter_mut().collect(),
        Stmt::Alter { pairs, .. } => pairs.iter_mut().flat_map(|(from, to)| [from, to]).collect(),
        Stmt::XmlParse(x) => std::iter::once(&mut x.procedure).chain(x.thru.as_mut()).collect(),
        Stmt::Sorting(so) => match &mut **so {
            Sorting::Sort(st) => [st.input.as_mut(), st.output.as_mut()]
                .into_iter()
                .flatten()
                .flat_map(|io| match io {
                    SortIo::Procedure { from, thru } => std::iter::once(from).chain(thru.as_mut()).collect(),
                    SortIo::Files(_) => Vec::new(),
                })
                .collect(),
            _ => Vec::new(),
        },
        _ => Vec::new(),
    }
}

/// Why a procedure-name names no one procedure: the catalogue's message and its text.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct Unnamed {
    pub message: Message,
    pub text: String,
}

impl Unnamed {
    pub fn at(self, pos: Pos) -> Error {
        self.message.at(pos, self.text)
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for Unnamed {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.write_str(&self.text)
    }
}

impl From<Unnamed> for String {
    fn from(u: Unnamed) -> Self {
        u.text
    }
}

/// The first and last paragraph a procedure name covers: one paragraph, or a whole section.
pub fn procedure(program: &Program, p: &ProcName) -> Result<(usize, usize), Unnamed> {
    let found: Vec<usize> = program
        .paragraphs
        .iter()
        .enumerate()
        .filter(|(_, q)| q.name == p.name && (p.section.is_none() || (q.section == p.section && !q.is_section)))
        .map(|(i, _)| i)
        .collect();
    match found.as_slice() {
        [i] if program.paragraphs[*i].is_section => Ok((*i, section_end(program, *i))),
        [i] => Ok((*i, *i)),
        [] => Err(Unnamed { message: IWC0003, text: format!("no paragraph or section named {}", p.name) }),
        _ => Err(Unnamed { message: IWC0004, text: format!("{} names more than one paragraph; qualify it with OF and its section", p.name) }),
    }
}

/// An 01 or 77 entry with OCCURS, which Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL take and Enterprise COBOL does not,
/// read under `--compliance extended` as an unnamed 01 group holding the table one level down, its
/// subordinate entries a level lower too, with IWX0019-W. An entry REDEFINES, EXTERNAL or GLOBAL
/// names, or one with a level-49 entry under it, is left for the layout to refuse (IWC0027).
/// Assumption C461.
/// Returns where each record was inserted, counted in the entries as they were before.
fn top_level_tables(entries: &mut Vec<DataEntry>, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) -> Vec<usize> {
    let mut inserted = Vec::new();
    let mut at = 0;
    while at < entries.len() {
        let e = &entries[at];
        let end = at + 1 + entries[at + 1..].iter().take_while(|d| (2..=49).contains(&d.level) || d.level == 88).count();
        let movable = matches!(e.level, 1 | 77) && e.occurs.is_some() && e.redefines.is_none() && !e.external && !e.global && entries[at + 1..end].iter().all(|d| d.level != 49);
        if !movable {
            at = end.max(at + 1);
            continue;
        }
        let name = e.name.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "FILLER".into());
        errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0019.at(e.pos, format!("OCCURS at level {:02} (Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL takes OCCURS only at levels 02 to 49): {name} is read as a table in a record of its own", e.level)));
        let record = DataEntry { level: 1, name: None, spelled: None, picture: None, usage: None, value: None, redefines: None, occurs: None, occurs_min: None, depending_on: None, sign: None, justified: false, sync: false, blank_when_zero: false, indexed_by: Vec::new(), keys: Vec::new(), condition_values: Vec::new(), false_value: None, renames: None, object_class: None, external: false, global: false, any_length: false, based: false, pos: e.pos };
        for d in &mut entries[at..end] {
            if d.level != 88 {
                d.level = if d.level == 77 { 2 } else { d.level + 1 };
            }
        }
        entries.insert(at, record);
        inserted.push(at - inserted.len());
        at = end + 1;
    }
    inserted
}

/// Level-66 entries followed by an entry of levels 02 to 49 of the same record, which cobc 3.2
/// takes under its IBM and Micro Focus dialects, moved under `--compliance extended` to follow the
/// record's last entry, with IWX0032-W. A RENAMES names what it renames, so where it stands changes
/// no storage. One followed by a level-88 entry is left for the layout to refuse (IWC0028).
/// Assumption C471.
fn renames_inside_records(entries: &mut [DataEntry], errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    let mut at = 0;
    while at < entries.len() {
        if entries[at].level != 66 {
            at += 1;
            continue;
        }
        let run = entries[at..].iter().take_while(|e| e.level == 66).count();
        let next = at + run;
        if !entries.get(next).is_some_and(|e| (2..=49).contains(&e.level)) {
            at = next;
            continue;
        }
        let record = entries[..at].iter().rev().find(|e| e.level == 1).and_then(|e| e.name.clone()).unwrap_or_else(|| "FILLER".into());
        let end = next + entries[next..].iter().take_while(|e| !matches!(e.level, 1 | 66 | 77)).count();
        for e in &entries[at..next] {
            let name = e.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("FILLER");
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0032.at(e.pos, format!("a level-66 entry before the end of its record (GnuCOBOL's IBM and Micro Focus dialects; Enterprise COBOL writes a record's RENAMES entries after its last entry): {name} is read as following {record}'s last entry")));
        }
        entries[at..end].rotate_left(run);
        at = end - run;
    }
}

/// A paragraph or section named FOREVER where PERFORM FOREVER is read as the endless loop
/// (`--compliance extended`): Enterprise COBOL would perform it.
fn forever_names(program: &Program, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    let mut endless = false;
    for p in &program.paragraphs {
        oo::each(&p.statements, &mut |s| endless |= matches!(s, Stmt::PerformInline { repeat: Loop::Forever, .. } | Stmt::PerformProc { repeat: Loop::Forever, .. }));
    }
    if !endless {
        return;
    }
    for p in program.paragraphs.iter().filter(|p| p.name == "FOREVER") {
        let what = if p.is_section { "SECTION" } else { "paragraph" };
        errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0304.at(p.pos, format!("{what} FOREVER: under --compliance extended PERFORM FOREVER is Micro Focus's and GnuCOBOL's endless loop, not a PERFORM of it; compile the program under strict")));
    }
}

/// BASED records of WORKING-STORAGE and LOCAL-STORAGE, GnuCOBOL's and Micro Focus's items with no
/// storage until SET ADDRESS OF gives them some, moved with what is subordinate to them to the
/// LINKAGE SECTION, where Enterprise COBOL describes such items, with IWX0046-W (assumption C486).
/// Gives `declared`, the count of WORKING-STORAGE entries the source declares, less those moved.
fn based_items(program: &mut Program, declared: usize, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) -> usize {
    let mut moved = Vec::new();
    let mut declared_left = declared;
    for (entries, storage) in [(&mut program.working_storage, true), (&mut program.local_storage, false)] {
        let mut kept = Vec::with_capacity(entries.len());
        let mut taking = false;
        for (k, e) in std::mem::take(entries).into_iter().enumerate() {
            if e.based && !matches!(e.level, 1 | 77) {
                errors.push(syntax::messages::IWR0077.at(e.pos, format!("BASED on {}: ironwork reads BASED on an 01 or 77 entry", e.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("FILLER"))));
            }
            if matches!(e.level, 1 | 77) {
                taking = e.based;
                if taking {
                    let name = e.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("FILLER");
                    errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0046.at(e.pos, format!("BASED (GnuCOBOL and Micro Focus; Enterprise COBOL describes such an item in the LINKAGE SECTION): {name} has no storage until SET ADDRESS OF gives it some")));
                }
            }
            if taking {
                declared_left -= usize::from(storage && k < declared);
                moved.push(e);
            } else {
                kept.push(e);
            }
        }
        *entries = kept;
    }
    program.linkage.extend(moved);
    declared_left
}

/// BINARY-CHAR, Micro Focus's and GnuCOBOL's one-byte binary: a warning naming its range under
/// `--compliance extended` (assumption C460), refused under strict.
fn binary_chars(program: &Program, options: &Options, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    let entries = program.working_storage.iter().chain(&program.local_storage).chain(&program.linkage).chain(program.files.iter().flat_map(|f| &f.records));
    for e in entries {
        let Some(Usage::BinaryChar { signed }) = e.usage else { continue };
        if options.compliance == numeric::Compliance::Strict {
            errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0293.at(e.pos, "BINARY-CHAR: Micro Focus's and GnuCOBOL's one-byte binary, not Enterprise COBOL's; --compliance extended reads it"));
            continue;
        }
        let name = e.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("FILLER");
        let range = if signed { "-128 to 127" } else { "0 to 255" };
        errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0016.at(e.pos, format!("BINARY-CHAR (Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL's binary items are two, four or eight bytes): {name} is one byte of binary, {range}")));
    }
}

/// COMP-X, and COMP-5 with an alphanumeric PICTURE, Micro Focus's binary of one to eight bytes: a
/// warning naming its bytes and range under `--compliance extended` (assumptions C467 and C468),
/// refused under strict. Layout refuses a PIC X(n) of more than eight bytes.
fn micro_focus_binaries(program: &Program, options: &Options, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    let entries = program.working_storage.iter().chain(&program.local_storage).chain(&program.linkage).chain(program.files.iter().flat_map(|f| &f.records));
    for e in entries {
        let Some(usage @ (Usage::CompX | Usage::NativeBinary)) = e.usage else { continue };
        let Some(pic) = e.picture.as_deref().and_then(|p| picture::analyse(p).ok()) else { continue };
        let (native, digits, signed) = match (usage, pic.category) {
            (Usage::CompX, picture::Category::Numeric) if pic.digits <= 18 => (numeric::Native::CompX, pic.digits as u8, pic.signed),
            (Usage::CompX, picture::Category::Alphanumeric) if pic.size <= 8 => (numeric::Native::CompX, numeric::binary::alphanumeric_digits(pic.size), false),
            (Usage::NativeBinary, picture::Category::Alphanumeric) if pic.size <= 8 => (numeric::Native::Comp5Bytes, numeric::binary::alphanumeric_digits(pic.size), false),
            _ => continue,
        };
        if options.compliance == numeric::Compliance::Strict {
            errors.push(if native == numeric::Native::CompX {
                syntax::messages::IWC0301.at(e.pos, "COMP-X: Micro Focus's binary in the fewest bytes its digits need, not Enterprise COBOL's; --compliance extended reads it")
            } else {
                syntax::messages::IWC0302.at(e.pos, "PIC X(n) COMP-5: Micro Focus's and GnuCOBOL's binary of n bytes, where Enterprise COBOL's COMP-5 takes a numeric PICTURE; --compliance extended reads it")
            });
            continue;
        }
        let name = e.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("FILLER");
        let bytes = numeric::binary::Binary { digits, signed, native }.bytes();
        let bits = 8 * bytes as u32;
        let range = if signed { format!("-{} to {}", 1u64 << (bits - 1), (1u64 << (bits - 1)) - 1) } else { format!("0 to {}", u64::MAX >> (64 - bits)) };
        let plural = if bytes == 1 { "" } else { "s" };
        errors.push(if native == numeric::Native::CompX {
            syntax::messages::IWX0025.at(e.pos, format!("COMP-X (Micro Focus; Enterprise COBOL's binary items are two, four or eight bytes): {name} is {bytes} byte{plural} of binary, {range}, shown in {digits} digits"))
        } else {
            syntax::messages::IWX0026.at(e.pos, format!("PIC X(n) COMP-5 (Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL's COMP-5 takes a numeric PICTURE): {name} is {bytes} byte{plural} of binary, {range}"))
        });
    }
}

/// Under ARITH(COMPAT) a numeric or numeric-edited PICTURE, scaling positions P included, and a
/// fixed-point numeric literal hold at most 18 digits, and under ARITH(EXTEND) 31 (Language
/// Reference SC27-8713-03, pp. 45, 209, 217-218; Programming Guide SC27-8714-03, p. 349).
fn digit_limits(program: &Program, arith: numeric::options::Arith, errors: &mut Vec<Error>) {
    let max = arith.max_picture_digits();
    let option = match arith {
        numeric::options::Arith::Compat => "ARITH(COMPAT)",
        numeric::options::Arith::Extend => "ARITH(EXTEND)",
    };
    let entries = program.working_storage.iter().chain(&program.local_storage).chain(&program.linkage).chain(program.files.iter().flat_map(|f| &f.records));
    for e in entries {
        if let Some(p) = e.picture.as_deref()
            && let Ok(pic) = picture::analyse_with(p, crate::picture::Notation::of(&program.environment))
            && matches!(pic.category, picture::Category::Numeric | picture::Category::NumericEdited)
        {
            let positions = pic.digits + pic.scaling + pic.scale.saturating_sub(pic.digits);
            if positions > max {
                errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0069.at(e.pos, format!("PICTURE {p}: {positions} digit positions, more than the {max} {option} allows")));
            }
        }
        let values = e.value.iter().chain(e.condition_values.iter().flat_map(|(low, high)| std::iter::once(low).chain(high))).chain(&e.false_value);
        for v in values {
            if let Literal::Number(t) = v
                && literal_digits(t) > max as usize
            {
                errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0070.at(e.pos, format!("the literal {t} has more than the {max} digits {option} allows")));
            }
        }
    }
}

fn literal_digits(t: &str) -> usize {
    t.chars().filter(char::is_ascii_digit).count()
}

/// The usage of an INSPECT operand's characters.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum CharUsage {
    Display,
    National,
    Dbcs,
}

impl CharUsage {
    fn of(kind: rt::storage::Kind) -> Self {
        match kind {
            rt::storage::Kind::National => Self::National,
            rt::storage::Kind::Dbcs { .. } => Self::Dbcs,
            _ => Self::Display,
        }
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for CharUsage {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.write_str(match self {
            Self::Display => "DISPLAY",
            Self::National => "national",
            Self::Dbcs => "DBCS",
        })
    }
}

/// How an INSPECT message names a literal, and its usage; None for a figurative constant, which
/// takes the inspected item's usage.
fn inspected_literal(l: &Literal) -> Option<(&'static str, CharUsage)> {
    match l {
        Literal::Figurative(_) => None,
        Literal::All(inner) => inspected_literal(inner),
        Literal::National(_) => Some(("a national literal", CharUsage::National)),
        Literal::Dbcs(_) => Some(("a DBCS literal", CharUsage::Dbcs)),
        Literal::Number(_) => Some(("a numeric literal", CharUsage::Display)),
        Literal::Alnum(_) | Literal::Hex(_) => Some(("an alphanumeric literal", CharUsage::Display)),
    }
}

/// Resolves every name before the program runs, so a misspelling is a compile error.
/// The condition-names a JSON PARSE USING phrase names.
fn flag_conditions(flag: &Flag) -> Vec<&Ref> {
    match flag {
        Flag::Condition(c) => vec![c],
        Flag::Conditions(on, off) => vec![on, off],
        Flag::Literals(..) => Vec::new(),
    }
}

struct Check<'a> {
    layout: &'a Layout,
    program: &'a Program,
    errors: &'a mut Vec<Error>,
    /// The statements are a debugging section's, which alone may reference DEBUG-ITEM.
    debugging: bool,
    /// The most digits a numeric literal has under the program's ARITH option.
    max_digits: u32,
    /// How many inline PERFORMs the statement is inside.
    inline_performs: usize,
    /// The user-defined functions the statements may invoke; None where none can be.
    functions: Option<&'a [function::Udf]>,
    /// Where each item of category alphabetic is declared.
    alphabetic: &'a [Pos],
    /// The statement whose conditions are being checked, which their messages name.
    at: Pos,
    /// The paragraph the statements are in, from which a HANDLE label is found.
    paragraph: usize,
    /// `--compliance extended` is in force.
    extended: bool,
    /// Where an ACCEPT ... FROM ENVIRONMENT's DISPLAY UPON ENVIRONMENT-NAME is, whose ACCEPT the
    /// message is given at.
    environment_named: Option<Pos>,
}

impl Check<'_> {
    fn statements(&mut self, stmts: &[Stmt]) {
        for s in stmts {
            self.statement(s);
        }
    }

    fn statement(&mut self, s: &Stmt) {
        linage::check_receivers(self.layout, s, self.errors);
        if let Stmt::If { pos, .. } | Stmt::Evaluate { pos, .. } | Stmt::PerformInline { pos, .. } | Stmt::PerformProc { pos, .. } = s {
            self.at = *pos;
        }
        if let Stmt::Search(se) = s {
            self.at = se.pos;
        }
        match s {
            Stmt::Move { from, to, .. } => {
                self.operand(from);
                if let Operand::Function(f) = from {
                    self.moved_function(f);
                }
                to.iter().for_each(|r| self.reference(r));
            }
            Stmt::Compute { targets, expr, size_error, .. } => {
                for t in targets {
                    self.reference(&t.r);
                    self.arithmetic_receiver("COMPUTE", &t.r);
                }
                self.expr(expr);
                self.size_error(size_error.as_ref());
            }
            Stmt::Arith(a) => {
                let verb = match a.verb {
                    ArithVerb::Add => "ADD",
                    ArithVerb::Subtract => "SUBTRACT",
                    ArithVerb::Multiply => "MULTIPLY",
                    ArithVerb::Divide => "DIVIDE",
                };
                for (t, e) in &a.computations {
                    self.reference(&t.r);
                    self.arithmetic_receiver(verb, &t.r);
                    self.expr(e);
                }
                if let Some((t, x, y)) = &a.remainder {
                    self.reference(&t.r);
                    self.arithmetic_receiver(verb, &t.r);
                    self.expr(x);
                    self.expr(y);
                }
                self.size_error(a.size_error.as_ref());
            }
            Stmt::If { cond, then, otherwise, .. } => {
                self.cond(cond);
                self.statements(then);
                self.statements(otherwise);
            }
            Stmt::PerformInline { body, repeat, .. } => {
                self.repeat(repeat);
                self.inline_performs += 1;
                self.statements(body);
                self.inline_performs -= 1;
            }
            Stmt::PerformProc { from, thru, repeat, pos } => {
                self.procedure(from, *pos);
                if let Some(t) = thru {
                    self.procedure(t, *pos);
                }
                self.repeat(repeat);
            }
            Stmt::Evaluate { subjects, whens, other, pos } => {
                for subject in subjects {
                    match subject {
                        Subject::Expr(e) => self.expr(e),
                        Subject::Cond(c) => self.cond(c),
                        Subject::Bool(_) => {}
                    }
                }
                for w in whens {
                    for alternative in &w.alternatives {
                        for (subject, object) in subjects.iter().zip(alternative) {
                            match object {
                                Object::Any => {}
                                Object::Bool(_) | Object::Cond(_) if matches!(subject, Subject::Expr(_)) => {
                                    self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0071.at(*pos, "a condition as the WHEN object of a value subject"));
                                }
                                Object::Bool(_) => {}
                                Object::Cond(c) => self.cond(c),
                                Object::Value { .. } if !matches!(subject, Subject::Expr(_)) => {
                                    self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0072.at(*pos, "a value as the WHEN object of a TRUE, FALSE or condition subject"));
                                }
                                Object::Value { from, thru, .. } => {
                                    self.expr(from);
                                    if let Some(t) = thru {
                                        self.expr(t);
                                    }
                                    if let Subject::Expr(e) = subject {
                                        std::iter::once(from).chain(thru).for_each(|o| self.comparison(e, o));
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    self.statements(&w.body);
                }
                self.statements(other);
            }
            Stmt::Display { items, upon, screen, pos, .. } => {
                for o in items {
                    self.operand(o);
                    if let Operand::Function(f) = o {
                        self.displayed_function(f);
                    }
                }
                if let Some(screen) = screen.as_deref().filter(|s| s.screen.is_none()) {
                    self.screen("DISPLAY", screen);
                }
                if let Some(upon) = upon
                    && matches!(upon.device.as_str(), "ENVIRONMENT-NAME" | "ENVIRONMENT-VALUE")
                {
                    self.environment_display(upon, *pos);
                } else if let Some(upon) = upon
                    && upon.device == "ARGUMENT-NUMBER"
                {
                    self.argument_number(items, *pos);
                } else if let Some(upon) = upon
                    && upon.device == "SYSERR"
                    && self.extended
                {
                    self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0056.at(*pos, "DISPLAY UPON SYSERR (GnuCOBOL and Micro Focus; Enterprise COBOL has no such device): the line is written to the run's standard error"));
                } else if let Some(upon) = upon
                    && !DISPLAY_DEVICES.contains(&upon.device.as_str())
                {
                    let why = if upon.name == upon.device {
                        "neither an environment-name DISPLAY writes to, SYSOUT, SYSLIST, SYSLST, SYSPUNCH, SYSPCH or CONSOLE, nor a mnemonic-name for one".to_owned()
                    } else {
                        format!("a mnemonic-name for {}, which DISPLAY does not write to", upon.device)
                    };
                    self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0073.at(*pos, format!("DISPLAY UPON {}: {why}", upon.name)));
                }
            }
            Stmt::Open { files, pos } => files.iter().for_each(|(_, f)| self.file(f, *pos)),
            Stmt::DeleteFile { files, pos } => files.iter().for_each(|name| self.file(name, *pos)),
            Stmt::Close { files, pos } => {
                for (name, closing) in files {
                    self.file(name, *pos);
                    let keyed = self.program.files.iter().any(|f| f.name == *name && matches!(f.organization, Organization::Indexed | Organization::Relative));
                    if keyed && matches!(closing, Some(Closing::Volume | Closing::NoRewind)) {
                        self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0074.at(*pos, format!("CLOSE {name}: REEL, UNIT and NO REWIND are not valid for an indexed or relative file")));
                    }
                }
            }
            Stmt::Read(r) => {
                self.file(&r.file, r.pos);
                if r.next {
                    self.not_random(&r.file, "READ NEXT", r.pos);
                }
                if let Some(into) = &r.into {
                    self.reference(into);
                }
                if let Some(key) = &r.key {
                    self.key_of(&r.file, key, false);
                }
                self.handlers(&r.at_end);
                self.handlers(&r.invalid);
            }
            Stmt::Write { record, from, invalid, pos, .. } | Stmt::Rewrite { record, from, invalid, pos } => {
                let verb = if matches!(s, Stmt::Write { .. }) { "WRITE" } else { "REWRITE" };
                self.reference(record);
                if let Ok(layout::Resolved::Item(i)) = self.layout.resolve(&record.name, &record.qualifiers, record.pos)
                    && self.layout.items[i].file.is_none()
                {
                    self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0075.at(*pos, format!("{verb} {}: not a record of a file", record.name)));
                }
                if let Some(op) = from {
                    self.operand(op);
                }
                if let Stmt::Write { advancing, end_of_page, .. } = s {
                    if let Some(a) = advancing {
                        if let Advancing::Lines { count, .. } = a {
                            self.expr(count);
                        }
                        printer::check_write(self.program, self.layout, record, a, self.extended, *pos, self.errors);
                    }
                    linage::check_write(self.program, self.layout, record, advancing.as_ref(), end_of_page, *pos, self.errors);
                    self.handlers(end_of_page);
                }
                self.handlers(invalid);
            }
            Stmt::Delete { file, invalid, pos } => {
                self.keyed_file(file, "DELETE", *pos);
                self.handlers(invalid);
            }
            Stmt::Start { file, key, invalid, pos } => {
                self.keyed_file(file, "START", *pos);
                self.not_random(file, "START", *pos);
                if let Some((op, r)) = key {
                    if self.extended && matches!(op, RelOp::Lt | RelOp::Le) {
                        let written = if *op == RelOp::Lt { "<" } else { "NOT > or <=" };
                        self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0036.at(*pos, format!("START KEY {written} (Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL's START takes =, >, NOT < or >=): the file is positioned at the last record whose key is {written} the value, which READ NEXT or READ PREVIOUS reads first")));
                    } else if !matches!(op, RelOp::Eq | RelOp::Gt | RelOp::Ge) {
                        self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0076.at(*pos, "START KEY takes =, >, NOT < or >="));
                    }
                    self.key_of(file, r, true);
                }
                self.handlers(invalid);
            }
            Stmt::Initialize { targets, with, pos } => {
                for r in targets {
                    self.reference(r);
                    if self.item(r).is_some_and(|i| self.layout.items[i].level == 66) {
                        self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0077.at(*pos, format!("INITIALIZE {}: a level-66 RENAMES item cannot be initialized", r.name)));
                    }
                    let items = &self.layout.items;
                    if self.item(r).is_some_and(|i| !items[i].moved_by.is_empty() || items[i].odo.iter().any(|&t| items[t].followed)) {
                        self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0078.at(*pos, format!("INITIALIZE {}: a variably located item, or a group holding one, cannot be initialized (Language Reference p. 351)", r.name)));
                    }
                }
                if let Some(with) = with {
                    with.replacing.iter().for_each(|(_, by)| self.operand(by));
                    self.initialize_incompatible(targets, with, *pos);
                }
            }
            Stmt::GoTo { target: Some(target), pos } => self.procedure(target, *pos),
            Stmt::GoToDepending { targets, on, pos } => {
                targets.iter().for_each(|t| self.procedure(t, *pos));
                self.reference(on);
            }
            Stmt::GoTo { target: None, .. } | Stmt::Alter { .. } | Stmt::Entry { .. } => {}
            Stmt::Call(c) => {
                self.operand(&c.target);
                for arg in &c.using {
                    if let Some(op) = &arg.value {
                        self.operand(op);
                    }
                }
                if let Some(r) = &c.returning {
                    self.reference(r);
                }
                self.statements(c.on_exception.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
                self.statements(c.not_on_exception.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
            }
            Stmt::Cancel { targets, .. } => targets.iter().for_each(|t| self.operand(t)),
            Stmt::Set { set, .. } => match set {
                SetStmt::ConditionTrue(targets) => {
                    for r in targets {
                        self.reference_or_condition(r);
                        if let Ok(layout::Resolved::Condition(c)) = self.layout.resolve(&r.name, &r.qualifiers, r.pos)
                            && let Some(e) = switches::without_variable(self.layout, c, r)
                        {
                            self.errors.push(e);
                        }
                    }
                }
                SetStmt::ConditionFalse(targets) => {
                    for r in targets {
                        self.reference_or_condition(r);
                        if let Ok(layout::Resolved::Condition(c)) = self.layout.resolve(&r.name, &r.qualifiers, r.pos)
                            && self.layout.conditions[c].false_value.is_none()
                        {
                            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0079.at(r.pos, format!("SET {} TO FALSE: the condition-name has no WHEN SET TO FALSE value", r.name)));
                        }
                    }
                }
                SetStmt::To { targets, value } | SetStmt::Entry { targets, entry: value } => {
                    targets.iter().for_each(|r| self.reference(r));
                    self.operand(value);
                }
                SetStmt::AddressOf { targets, value } => {
                    targets.iter().for_each(|r| self.reference(r));
                    targets.iter().for_each(|r| scope::set_address(self.layout, r, self.errors));
                    self.operand(value);
                }
                SetStmt::UpDown { targets, by, .. } => {
                    targets.iter().for_each(|r| self.reference(r));
                    self.expr(by);
                }
                SetStmt::Switches(_) => {}
            },
            Stmt::Accept { target, from, exception, screen, pos } => {
                match screen {
                    Some(screen) if screen.screen.is_some() => {
                        for i in &screen.inputs {
                            self.reference(&i.field);
                            self.reference(&i.target);
                        }
                    }
                    Some(screen) => {
                        self.reference(target);
                        self.screen("ACCEPT", screen);
                    }
                    None => {
                        self.reference(target);
                        self.accept_source(*from, exception, target, *pos);
                    }
                }
                self.statements(exception.on.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
                self.statements(exception.not_on.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
            }
            Stmt::String(st) => {
                for (op, delimiter) in &st.sources {
                    self.operand(op);
                    if let Delimiter::By(d) = delimiter {
                        self.operand(d);
                    }
                }
                self.reference(&st.into);
                if let Some(p) = &st.pointer {
                    self.reference(p);
                }
                self.statements(st.on_overflow.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
                self.statements(st.not_on_overflow.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
            }
            Stmt::Unstring(u) => {
                self.reference(&u.source);
                u.delimiters.iter().for_each(|(_, d)| self.operand(d));
                for into in &u.into {
                    self.reference(&into.target);
                    into.delimiter_in.iter().chain(&into.count_in).for_each(|r| self.reference(r));
                }
                u.pointer.iter().chain(&u.tallying).for_each(|r| self.reference(r));
                self.statements(u.on_overflow.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
                self.statements(u.not_on_overflow.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
            }
            Stmt::Inspect(i) => {
                self.operand(&i.target);
                match &i.target {
                    Operand::Function(f) => self.inspected_function(f, i),
                    Operand::Ref(r) => self.inspected_usage(r, i),
                    _ => {}
                }
                for p in i.tallying.iter().chain(&i.replacing) {
                    p.pattern.iter().chain(&p.by).for_each(|o| self.operand(o));
                    if let Some(c) = &p.counter {
                        self.reference(c);
                    }
                    p.bounds.iter().for_each(|b| self.operand(&b.value));
                }
                if let Some((from, to, bounds)) = &i.converting {
                    self.operand(from);
                    self.operand(to);
                    bounds.iter().for_each(|b| self.operand(&b.value));
                }
            }
            Stmt::Search(se) => {
                self.reference_unsubscripted(&se.table);
                if let Some(v) = &se.varying {
                    self.reference(v);
                    self.search_varying(se, v);
                }
                self.statements(se.at_end.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
                for (cond, body) in &se.whens {
                    self.cond(cond);
                    self.statements(body);
                }
            }
            Stmt::Exec(block) => self.exec_block(block),
            Stmt::Report(r) => report::check_statement(self.program, r, self.errors),
            Stmt::Invoke(i) => self.invoke(i),
            Stmt::XmlParse(x) => {
                self.reference(&x.document);
                if let Some(op) = &x.encoding {
                    self.operand(op);
                }
                self.procedure(&x.procedure, x.pos);
                if let Some(t) = &x.thru {
                    self.procedure(t, x.pos);
                }
                self.statements(x.on_exception.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
                self.statements(x.not_on_exception.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
            }
            Stmt::JsonParse(j) => {
                self.reference(&j.source);
                self.whole_table_reference(&j.into);
                let mut named: Vec<&Ref> = j.names.iter().map(|(r, _)| r).chain(&j.suppress).chain(j.ignoring.iter().flatten()).collect();
                for (item, flag, indicator) in &j.indicating {
                    named.push(item);
                    named.extend(indicator);
                    named.extend(flag_conditions(flag));
                }
                for (item, conversion) in &j.converting {
                    named.push(item);
                    if let ParseConversion::Boolean(flag) = conversion {
                        named.extend(flag_conditions(flag));
                    }
                }
                named.into_iter().for_each(|r| self.reference_unsubscripted(r));
                if let Some(Encoding::Ccsid(op)) = &j.encoding {
                    self.operand(op);
                }
                self.statements(j.on_exception.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
                self.statements(j.not_on_exception.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
            }
            Stmt::XmlGenerate(x) => {
                for r in [&x.receiver, &x.from].into_iter().chain(&x.count) {
                    self.reference(r);
                }
                let named = x.names.iter().map(|(r, _)| r).chain(x.types.iter().map(|(r, _)| r));
                let suppressed = x.suppress.iter().filter_map(|s| if let Suppression::Item { item, .. } = s { Some(item) } else { None });
                named.chain(suppressed).for_each(|r| self.reference_unsubscripted(r));
                for op in [&x.encoding, &x.namespace, &x.prefix].into_iter().flatten() {
                    self.operand(op);
                }
                self.statements(x.on_exception.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
                self.statements(x.not_on_exception.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
            }
            Stmt::JsonGenerate(g) => {
                for r in [&g.receiver].into_iter().chain(&g.count) {
                    self.reference(r);
                }
                self.whole_table_reference(&g.from);
                let mut named: Vec<&Ref> = g.names.iter().map(|(r, _)| r).collect();
                for s in &g.suppress {
                    if let Suppression::Item { item, .. } = s {
                        named.push(item);
                    }
                }
                for (item, conversion) in &g.converting {
                    named.push(item);
                    if let JsonConversion::Boolean(Marker::Condition(c)) = conversion {
                        named.push(c);
                    }
                }
                for i in &g.indicating {
                    named.push(&i.item);
                    named.extend(&i.indicator);
                    if let Marker::Condition(c) = &i.marker {
                        named.push(c);
                    }
                }
                named.into_iter().for_each(|r| self.reference_unsubscripted(r));
                if let Some(Encoding::Ccsid(op)) = &g.encoding {
                    self.operand(op);
                }
                self.statements(g.on_exception.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
                self.statements(g.not_on_exception.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
            }
            Stmt::Sorting(s) => self.sorting(s),
            // Language Reference SC27-8713-03, p. 344.
            Stmt::Exit { kind: kind @ (ExitKind::Perform | ExitKind::PerformCycle), pos } if self.inline_performs == 0 => {
                let exit = if *kind == ExitKind::Perform { "EXIT PERFORM" } else { "EXIT PERFORM CYCLE" };
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0080.at(*pos, format!("{exit} must be inside an inline PERFORM")));
            }
            Stmt::Goback { .. } | Stmt::StopRun { .. } | Stmt::ExitProgram { .. } | Stmt::ExitMethod { .. } | Stmt::Continue { .. } | Stmt::Exit { .. } | Stmt::NextSentence | Stmt::SentenceEnd => {}
            Stmt::Corresponding(_) => unreachable!("CORRESPONDING is expanded before Check"),
        }
    }

    fn size_error(&mut self, se: Option<&SizeError>) {
        if let Some(se) = se {
            self.statements(&se.on);
            self.statements(&se.not_on);
        }
    }

    fn repeat(&mut self, repeat: &Loop) {
        match repeat {
            Loop::Once | Loop::Forever => {}
            Loop::Times(e) => self.expr(e),
            Loop::Until { cond, .. } => self.cond(cond),
            Loop::Varying { varying, after, .. } => {
                for v in std::iter::once(&**varying).chain(after) {
                    self.reference(&v.var);
                    self.expr(&v.from);
                    self.expr(&v.by);
                    self.cond(&v.until);
                    self.varying(v);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// A VARYING or AFTER variable is a numeric elementary item or an index-name, and its FROM and
    /// BY an identifier, index-name or literal (Language Reference SC27-8713-03, p. 419).
    fn varying(&mut self, v: &Varying) {
        use rt::storage::Kind;
        if let Some(i) = self.item(&v.var)
            && !matches!(self.layout.items[i].kind, Kind::Zoned { .. } | Kind::Packed { .. } | Kind::Binary { .. } | Kind::Float(_) | Kind::Index)
        {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0081.at(self.at, format!("PERFORM VARYING {}: not a numeric elementary item or an index-name", v.var.name)));
        }
        for (phrase, e) in [("FROM", &v.from), ("BY", &v.by)] {
            if !matches!(e, Expr::Operand(_)) {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0082.at(self.at, format!("PERFORM VARYING {} {phrase}: an arithmetic expression, where {phrase} takes an identifier, index-name or literal", v.var.name)));
            }
        }
    }

    fn file(&mut self, name: &str, pos: Pos) {
        if !self.program.files.iter().any(|f| f.name == name) {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0083.at(pos, format!("no file named {name}")));
        }
    }

    fn keyed_file(&mut self, name: &str, verb: &str, pos: Pos) {
        match self.program.files.iter().find(|f| f.name == name) {
            None => self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0083.at(pos, format!("no file named {name}"))),
            Some(f) if !matches!(f.organization, Organization::Indexed | Organization::Relative) => {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0084.at(pos, format!("{verb} {name}: not an indexed or relative file")));
            }
            Some(_) => {}
        }
    }

    fn not_random(&mut self, name: &str, verb: &str, pos: Pos) {
        if self.program.files.iter().any(|f| f.name == name && f.access == Access::Random) {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0085.at(pos, format!("{verb} {name}: the file's ACCESS MODE is RANDOM")));
        }
    }

    fn handlers(&mut self, h: &Handlers) {
        self.statements(h.on.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
        self.statements(h.not_on.as_deref().unwrap_or_default());
    }

    /// A class-name condition tests a data item of USAGE DISPLAY (Language Reference SC27-8713-03,
    /// p. 269): alphabetic, alphanumeric, edited, zoned decimal or a group.
    fn class_name_subject(&mut self, e: &Expr, name: &str) {
        let Expr::Operand(Operand::Ref(r)) = e else {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0086.at(self.at, format!("class-name {name} tests a data item, not an expression")));
            return;
        };
        let Some(i) = self.item(r) else { return };
        if !matches!(self.layout.items[i].kind, layout::Kind::Group | layout::Kind::Alnum { .. } | layout::Kind::AlnumEdited { .. } | layout::Kind::NumericEdited { .. } | layout::Kind::Zoned { .. }) {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0087.at(r.pos, format!("class-name {name} tests a data item of USAGE DISPLAY, and {} is not one", r.name)));
        }
    }

    fn item(&self, r: &Ref) -> Option<usize> {
        match self.layout.resolve(&r.name, &r.qualifiers, r.pos) {
            Ok(layout::Resolved::Item(i)) => Some(i),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// The KEY of READ or START on an indexed file: a record key or alternate key of the file, or
    /// for START (`partial`) an item that starts where one does and is no longer.
    fn key_of(&mut self, file: &str, key: &Ref, partial: bool) {
        let Some(f) = self.program.files.iter().find(|f| f.name == file) else { return self.reference(key) };
        if key.qualifiers.is_empty() && f.split_key(&key.name).is_some() {
            return;
        }
        self.reference(key);
        if f.organization != Organization::Indexed {
            return;
        }
        let Some(item) = self.item(key).map(|i| &self.layout.items[i]) else { return };
        let fits = |r: &Ref| {
            self.item(r).map(|i| &self.layout.items[i]).is_some_and(|k| k.offset == item.offset && (k.size == item.size || partial && item.size < k.size))
        };
        let named = f.record_key.iter().chain(f.alternate_keys.iter().map(|(r, _)| r)).any(fits);
        if item.file.is_none() || !named {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0088.at(key.pos, format!("{}: not a key of {file}", key.name)));
        }
    }

    /// An indexed file's keys lie in its records; a relative file's RELATIVE KEY lies outside them.
    fn file_keys(&mut self, k: usize) {
        let f = &self.program.files[k];
        let in_records = |c: &Self, r: &Ref| c.item(r).is_some_and(|i| c.layout.items[i].file == Some(k as u16));
        match f.organization {
            Organization::Indexed => {
                if f.record_key.is_none() {
                    self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0089.at(f.pos, format!("{}: an indexed file needs a RECORD KEY", f.name)));
                }
                let keys = f.record_key.iter().chain(f.alternate_keys.iter().map(|(r, _)| r));
                let items: Vec<Ref> = keys.flat_map(|r| f.split_key(&r.name).map_or_else(|| vec![r.clone()], <[Ref]>::to_vec)).collect();
                for r in &items {
                    self.reference(r);
                    if self.item(r).is_some() && !in_records(self, r) {
                        self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0090.at(r.pos, format!("{}: a key of {} must be in its records", r.name, f.name)));
                    }
                }
            }
            Organization::Relative => {
                if let Some(r) = &f.relative_key {
                    self.reference(r);
                    if in_records(self, r) {
                        self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0091.at(r.pos, format!("{}: the RELATIVE KEY of {} must not be in its records", r.name, f.name)));
                    }
                } else if f.access != Access::Sequential {
                    self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0092.at(f.pos, format!("{}: random or dynamic access needs a RELATIVE KEY", f.name)));
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    /// RECORD IS VARYING's DEPENDING ON item is an elementary unsigned integer (Language Reference
    /// SC27-8713-03, p. 188).
    fn record_depending(&mut self, k: usize) {
        let f = &self.program.files[k];
        let Some(r) = &f.record_depending else { return };
        self.reference(r);
        if self.item(r).is_some() && linage::unsigned_integer(self.layout, r).is_none() {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0093.at(r.pos, format!("{}: the DEPENDING ON item of {} must be an elementary unsigned integer", r.name, f.name)));
        }
    }

    /// LABEL RECORD IS data-name: Enterprise COBOL reads the clause as comments and still refuses a
    /// data-name it does not know, IGYGR1174-S.
    fn label_records(&mut self, k: usize) {
        let f = &self.program.files[k];
        for r in &f.label_records {
            if self.layout.resolve(&r.name, &r.qualifiers, r.pos).is_err() {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0324.at(r.pos, format!("LABEL RECORDS {}: not defined as a data-name", r.name)));
            }
        }
    }

    /// RECORDING MODE F takes records of one length: not RECORD IS VARYING, not a two-bound RECORD
    /// clause, and level-01 records of one size with no OCCURS DEPENDING ON (Programming Guide
    /// SC27-8714-03, p. 227). Enterprise COBOL discards the file otherwise, IGYGR1211-S.
    fn recording_mode(&mut self, k: usize) {
        let f = &self.program.files[k];
        if f.recording != Some('F') {
            return;
        }
        let declared = (f.record_min, f.record_max);
        let lengths = match declared {
            (Some(min), Some(max)) if f.record_varying || min != max => Some((min, max)),
            _ => self.layout.record_lengths[k].filter(|(shortest, longest)| shortest != longest),
        };
        if let Some((shortest, longest)) = lengths {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0325.at(f.pos, format!("FD {}: RECORDING MODE F, but its records are {shortest} to {longest} bytes", f.name)));
        }
    }

    /// A PASSWORD item is a WORKING-STORAGE item of category alphabetic, alphanumeric or
    /// alphanumeric-edited (Language Reference SC27-8713-03, p. 152).
    fn passwords(&mut self, k: usize) {
        let f = &self.program.files[k];
        for r in &f.passwords {
            self.reference(r);
            let Some(i) = self.item(r) else { continue };
            let item = &self.layout.items[i];
            let working = !item.local && item.file.is_none() && item.linkage.is_none();
            if !working || !matches!(item.kind, rt::storage::Kind::Alnum { .. } | rt::storage::Kind::AlnumEdited { .. } | rt::storage::Kind::Group) {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0094.at(r.pos, format!("{}: the PASSWORD of {} must be an alphabetic, alphanumeric or alphanumeric-edited item of WORKING-STORAGE", r.name, f.name)));
            }
        }
    }

    fn procedure(&mut self, p: &ProcName, pos: Pos) {
        if let Err(m) = procedure(self.program, p) {
            self.errors.push(m.at(pos));
        }
    }

    /// A reference to data: an identifier names a data item or a function, and a condition-name
    /// is neither (Language Reference SC27-8713-03, p. 69).
    fn reference(&mut self, r: &Ref) {
        self.reference_or_condition(r);
        if let Ok(layout::Resolved::Condition(_)) = self.layout.resolve(&r.name, &r.qualifiers, r.pos) {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0095.at(r.pos, format!("{} is a condition-name, not a data item", r.name)));
        }
    }

    /// An arithmetic statement's receiving operand is numeric or numeric-edited (Language Reference
    /// SC27-8713-03, the ADD, COMPUTE, DIVIDE, MULTIPLY and SUBTRACT statements); Enterprise COBOL
    /// discards the statement otherwise, IGYPA3146-S. CORRESPONDING never comes here: it pairs
    /// numeric items of its two groups.
    fn arithmetic_receiver(&mut self, verb: &str, r: &Ref) {
        let Some(i) = self.item(r) else { return };
        let kind = self.layout.items[i].kind;
        if kind.is_numeric() || matches!(kind, rt::storage::Kind::NumericEdited { .. }) {
            return;
        }
        let class = match kind {
            rt::storage::Kind::Group => "a group",
            rt::storage::Kind::Alnum { .. } => "alphanumeric",
            rt::storage::Kind::AlnumEdited { .. } => "alphanumeric-edited",
            rt::storage::Kind::National => "national",
            rt::storage::Kind::Pointer | rt::storage::Kind::ProgramPointer => "a pointer",
            _ => "not numeric",
        };
        self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0323.at(r.pos, format!("{verb} {}: a receiving operand of an arithmetic statement must be numeric or numeric-edited, and {} is {class}", r.name, r.name)));
    }

    /// A reference that may name a condition-name: a condition's, or SET TO TRUE's or FALSE's.
    fn reference_or_condition(&mut self, r: &Ref) {
        if r.name == "RETURN-CODE" && r.qualifiers.is_empty() && self.layout.resolve(&r.name, &r.qualifiers, r.pos).is_err() {
            return;
        }
        if oo::special_register(self.layout, r) || markup::xml_register(self.layout, r) {
            return;
        }
        if !self.debugging && !self.program.declaratives.debugging.is_empty() && declaratives::DEBUG_ITEM_NAMES.contains(&r.name.as_str()) {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0096.at(r.pos, format!("{}: only a debugging section may reference DEBUG-ITEM", r.name)));
            return;
        }
        match self.layout.resolve(&r.name, &r.qualifiers, r.pos) {
            Err(e) => self.errors.push(e),
            Ok(layout::Resolved::Item(i)) if switches::switch_of(self.layout, i).is_some() => self.errors.push(switches::mnemonic_as_data(r, self.layout, i)),
            Ok(layout::Resolved::Item(i)) if self.layout.items[i].dims.len() != r.subscripts.len() => self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0097.at(
                r.pos,
                format!("{} takes {} subscripts, not {}", r.name, self.layout.items[i].dims.len(), r.subscripts.len()),
            )),
            Ok(_) => {}
        }
        r.subscripts.iter().for_each(|e| self.expr(e));
        if let Some(rm) = &r.refmod {
            self.expr(&rm.start);
            if let Some(l) = &rm.length {
                self.expr(l);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Every host variable and every CICS argument that names data must resolve.
    fn exec_block(&mut self, block: &ExecBlock) {
        if block.kind == ExecKind::Dli {
            self.dli_block(block);
        }
        if block.kind == ExecKind::Cics && matches!(block.command.as_str(), "HANDLE CONDITION" | "HANDLE AID" | "HANDLE ABEND") {
            self.handle_labels(block);
        }
        if let Some(syntax::sql::Sql { statement: syntax::sql::Statement::Malformed(why), .. }) = &block.sql {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWP0003.at(block.pos, format!("EXEC SQL {}: {why}", block.command)));
        }
        // Db2 13 requires a colon before every host variable (SQL Reference, db2z_refs2hostvars):
        // an INTO name without one is refused under strict and read as a host variable under extended.
        for r in block.sql.iter().flat_map(|sql| sql.statement.colonless_into()) {
            if self.extended {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0011.at(r.pos, format!("{INTO_WITHOUT_COLON}: {} is read as a host variable", r.name)));
            } else {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWP0046.at(r.pos, format!("EXEC SQL {}: {} in the INTO list has no colon, which Db2 requires before every host variable", block.command, r.name)));
            }
        }
        for r in &block.host_variables {
            if r.subscripts.is_empty() {
                self.reference_unsubscripted(r);
            } else {
                self.reference(r);
            }
        }
        for (_, arg) in &block.options {
            if let Some(ExecArg::Operand(op)) = arg {
                self.operand(op);
            }
        }
    }

    /// IBM's IGYPS2047-W: with only a REPLACING phrase, a receiver none of whose elementary items is
    /// of a category the phrase names is not initialized (Migration Guide GC27-8715-03, p. 137).
    fn initialize_incompatible(&mut self, targets: &[Ref], with: &InitializeWith, pos: Pos) {
        if !with.value.is_empty() || with.default {
            return;
        }
        for r in targets {
            let Some(i) = self.item(r) else { continue };
            let initialized = match r.refmod {
                Some(_) => with.initial_value(Some(self.layout.refmod_category(Some(i), self.layout.items[i].kind)), false).is_some(),
                None => self.layout.initialize_receivers(i, with.filler).iter().any(|&(e, _)| with.initial_value(self.layout.category(e), false).is_some()),
            };
            if !initialized {
                let categories: Vec<&str> = with.replacing.iter().map(|(c, _)| c.word()).collect();
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0098.at(
                    pos,
                    format!("INITIALIZE {}: none of its items is of a category REPLACING names ({}), so it is not initialized", r.name, categories.join(", ")),
                ));
            }
        }
    }

    /// JSON GENERATE's and JSON PARSE's own item, which may name a whole table by leaving out its
    /// last subscript (Programming Guide SC27-8714-03, pp. 612-614, 619-620).
    fn whole_table_reference(&mut self, r: &Ref) {
        if let Ok(layout::Resolved::Item(i)) = self.layout.resolve(&r.name, &r.qualifiers, r.pos)
            && self.layout.items[i].table
            && self.layout.items[i].dims.len() == r.subscripts.len() + 1
        {
            r.subscripts.iter().for_each(|e| self.expr(e));
            return;
        }
        self.reference(r);
    }

    /// An EXEC DLI command and its options against IMS's table, and each qualification's form.
    fn dli_block(&mut self, block: &ExecBlock) {
        let Some(command) = syntax::dli::find(&block.command) else {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWP0004.at(block.pos, format!("EXEC DLI {} is not an EXEC DLI command", block.command)));
            return;
        };
        for (name, arg) in &block.options {
            if command.options.is_some_and(|options| !options.contains(&name.as_str())) {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWP0005.at(block.pos, format!("EXEC DLI {}: {name} is not one of its options", command.name)));
            } else if let (true, Some(ExecArg::Text(t))) = (name == "WHERE", arg)
                && let Err(why) = syntax::dli::qualification(t)
            {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWP0006.at(block.pos, format!("EXEC DLI {} WHERE({t}): {why}", command.name)));
            }
        }
    }

    /// A function's value can be inspected only as a character string, and only by TALLYING:
    /// REPLACING and CONVERTING store into the inspected item (Language Reference SC27-8713-03,
    /// pp. 77, 359; assumption C190).
    fn inspected_function(&mut self, f: &FunctionCall, i: &Inspect) {
        let name = f.name.as_str();
        let known = self.intrinsic(name);
        let numeric_udf = self.functions.into_iter().flatten().any(|u| u.name == name && !u.character_valued());
        if known && !rt::intrinsic::CHARACTER_VALUED.contains(&name) || numeric_udf {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0099.at(f.pos, format!("INSPECT FUNCTION {name}: an integer or numeric function can be used only where an arithmetic expression can, not as the inspected item")));
        }
        let stores = if !i.replacing.is_empty() {
            Some("REPLACING")
        } else {
            i.converting.as_ref().map(|_| "CONVERTING")
        };
        if let Some(phrase) = stores {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0100.at(f.pos, format!("INSPECT FUNCTION {name} {phrase}: {phrase} stores into the inspected item, and a function-identifier cannot be a receiving operand")));
        }
    }

    /// An integer or numeric intrinsic function, MAX and MIN among them when their arguments are
    /// numeric, can be used only where an arithmetic expression can (Language Reference
    /// SC27-8713-03, p. 499; Programming Guide SC27-8714-03, p. 56), and DISPLAY's operands are
    /// identifiers and literals (assumption C332).
    fn displayed_function(&mut self, f: &FunctionCall) {
        let name = f.name.as_str();
        let numeric = !rt::intrinsic::CHARACTER_VALUED.contains(&name) || self.numeric_max_or_min(f);
        if self.intrinsic(name) && numeric {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0101.at(f.pos, format!("DISPLAY FUNCTION {name}: an integer or numeric function can be used only where an arithmetic expression can, and DISPLAY takes none")));
        }
    }

    /// A DISPLAY's or ACCEPT's screen phrases, Micro Focus's and GnuCOBOL's: under `--compliance
    /// extended` a warning naming where on the screen, refused under strict.
    fn screen(&mut self, statement: &str, phrases: &ScreenPhrases) {
        let mut placed = Vec::new();
        match &phrases.at {
            Some(ScreenAt::Combined(o)) => placed.push(o),
            Some(ScreenAt::LineColumn { line, column }) => placed.extend(line.iter().chain(column)),
            None => {}
        }
        for o in placed {
            self.operand(o);
        }
        if !self.extended {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0298.at(phrases.pos, format!("{statement} on the screen: Micro Focus's and GnuCOBOL's, not Enterprise COBOL's; --compliance extended reads it")));
            return;
        }
        let at = match &phrases.at {
            Some(ScreenAt::Combined(_)) => "the line and column AT gives",
            Some(ScreenAt::LineColumn { line: Some(_), column: Some(_) }) => "the line and column given",
            Some(ScreenAt::LineColumn { line: Some(_), column: None }) => "column 1 of the line given",
            Some(ScreenAt::LineColumn { line: None, .. }) => "the column given on the cursor's line",
            None => "the cursor",
        };
        self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0020.at(phrases.pos, format!("{statement} on the screen (Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL has none): at {at}")));
    }

    /// ACCEPT ... FROM COMMAND-LINE, ARGUMENT-NUMBER and ARGUMENT-VALUE are Micro Focus's and
    /// GnuCOBOL's, which `--compliance extended` reads from the job step's PARM with IWX0010-W
    /// (assumption C442); ON EXCEPTION goes with ARGUMENT-VALUE alone.
    fn accept_source(&mut self, from: AcceptFrom, exception: &Handlers, target: &Ref, pos: Pos) {
        if (exception.on.is_some() || exception.not_on.is_some()) && !matches!(from, AcceptFrom::ArgumentValue | AcceptFrom::EnvironmentValue) {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0256.at(pos, "ACCEPT ... ON EXCEPTION: of the ACCEPT statements, only ACCEPT ... FROM ARGUMENT-VALUE and the environment under --compliance extended have an exception"));
        }
        if from == AcceptFrom::EnvironmentValue {
            let named = self.environment_named.take() == Some(pos);
            let written = if named { "ACCEPT ... FROM ENVIRONMENT" } else { "ACCEPT ... FROM ENVIRONMENT-VALUE" };
            if self.extended {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0021.at(pos, format!("{written} (Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL reads and sets no environment variable): {} receives the value of the environment variable named, or spaces and the exception when it is not set", target.name)));
            } else if named {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWS0055.at(pos, "ACCEPT ... FROM ENVIRONMENT is GnuCOBOL's, not Enterprise COBOL's"));
            } else {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWS0060.at(pos, "ACCEPT ... FROM ENVIRONMENT-VALUE: GnuCOBOL's, not Enterprise COBOL's"));
            }
            return;
        }
        let (name, what) = match from {
            AcceptFrom::CommandLine => ("COMMAND-LINE", "the job step's PARM program arguments"),
            AcceptFrom::ArgumentNumber => ("ARGUMENT-NUMBER", "how many words the job step's PARM program arguments hold"),
            AcceptFrom::ArgumentValue => ("ARGUMENT-VALUE", "the next word of the job step's PARM program arguments"),
            _ => return,
        };
        if self.extended {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0010.at(pos, format!("ACCEPT ... FROM {name} (Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL reads no command line): {} receives {what}", target.name)));
        } else {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0257.at(pos, format!("ACCEPT ... FROM {name}: Micro Focus's and GnuCOBOL's, not Enterprise COBOL's; --compliance extended reads it from the job step's PARM")));
        }
    }

    /// DISPLAY UPON ENVIRONMENT-NAME or ENVIRONMENT-VALUE, written or standing for ACCEPT ... FROM
    /// ENVIRONMENT's naming or SET ENVIRONMENT, Micro Focus's and GnuCOBOL's: under `--compliance
    /// extended` a warning saying what it does, refused under strict. ACCEPT ... FROM
    /// ENVIRONMENT's message is given at its ACCEPT, and SET ENVIRONMENT's at its value.
    fn environment_display(&mut self, upon: &Upon, pos: Pos) {
        let value = upon.device == "ENVIRONMENT-VALUE";
        match upon.name.as_str() {
            "ENVIRONMENT" => self.environment_named = Some(pos),
            "SET ENVIRONMENT" if !value => {}
            "SET ENVIRONMENT" if self.extended => self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0021.at(pos, "SET ENVIRONMENT (Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL reads and sets no environment variable): the environment variable named takes the value")),
            "SET ENVIRONMENT" => self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWS0061.at(pos, "SET ENVIRONMENT is GnuCOBOL's, not Enterprise COBOL's")),
            _ if self.extended => {
                let what = if value { "the environment variable ENVIRONMENT-NAME last named takes the value" } else { "names the environment variable ENVIRONMENT-VALUE reads and sets next" };
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0021.at(pos, format!("DISPLAY UPON {} (Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL reads and sets no environment variable): {what}", upon.device)));
            }
            _ => self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0073.at(pos, format!("DISPLAY UPON {}: Micro Focus's and GnuCOBOL's, not Enterprise COBOL's; --compliance extended reads it", upon.name))),
        }
    }

    /// DISPLAY ... UPON ARGUMENT-NUMBER, Micro Focus's and GnuCOBOL's, which under `--compliance
    /// extended` makes the numeric item or literal it shows the number of the PARM word the next
    /// ACCEPT ... FROM ARGUMENT-VALUE takes, with IWX0010-W (assumption C442).
    fn argument_number(&mut self, items: &[Operand], pos: Pos) {
        if !self.extended {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0258.at(pos, "DISPLAY UPON ARGUMENT-NUMBER: Micro Focus's and GnuCOBOL's, not Enterprise COBOL's; --compliance extended reads it"));
            return;
        }
        let numeric = match items {
            [Operand::Literal(Literal::Number(_))] => true,
            [Operand::Ref(r)] => self.item(r).is_some_and(|i| self.layout.items[i].kind.is_numeric()),
            _ => false,
        };
        if numeric {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0010.at(pos, "DISPLAY ... UPON ARGUMENT-NUMBER (Micro Focus and GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL reads no command line): the next ACCEPT ... FROM ARGUMENT-VALUE takes the job step's PARM word it numbers"));
        } else {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0259.at(pos, "DISPLAY UPON ARGUMENT-NUMBER: it shows one numeric item or literal, the number of the argument the next ACCEPT ... FROM ARGUMENT-VALUE takes"));
        }
    }

    /// An integer or numeric intrinsic function, MAX and MIN among them when their arguments are
    /// numeric, is no MOVE sender: it can be used only where an arithmetic expression can, and
    /// MOVE's sender is an identifier or literal (Language Reference SC27-8713-03, pp. 400-402, 499;
    /// Programming Guide SC27-8714-03, p. 119; assumption C394). `--compliance extended` moves its
    /// value with IWX0008-W.
    fn moved_function(&mut self, f: &FunctionCall) {
        let name = f.name.as_str();
        let numeric = !rt::intrinsic::CHARACTER_VALUED.contains(&name) || self.numeric_max_or_min(f);
        if !self.intrinsic(name) || !numeric {
            return;
        }
        if self.extended {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWX0008.at(f.pos, format!("{NUMERIC_FUNCTION_MOVED}: FUNCTION {name} is moved as its value")));
        } else {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0102.at(f.pos, format!("MOVE FUNCTION {name}: an integer or numeric function can be used only where an arithmetic expression can, not as a MOVE's sender")));
        }
    }

    /// INSPECT's identifiers but the count field have the inspected item's usage, and its literals
    /// are national when it is national, DBCS when it is DBCS and alphanumeric otherwise; a
    /// figurative constant is any of them (Language Reference SC27-8713-03, p. 355; assumption
    /// C231). A function-identifier's category is known only when it runs.
    fn inspected_usage(&mut self, target: &Ref, i: &Inspect) {
        let Some(t) = self.item(target) else { return };
        let usage = CharUsage::of(self.layout.items[t].kind);
        let phrases = i.tallying.iter().chain(&i.replacing).flat_map(|p| p.pattern.iter().chain(&p.by).chain(p.bounds.iter().map(|b| &b.value)));
        let converting = i.converting.iter().flat_map(|(from, to, bounds)| [from, to].into_iter().chain(bounds.iter().map(|b| &b.value)));
        for op in phrases.chain(converting) {
            let (operand, operand_usage, pos) = match op {
                Operand::Literal(l) => match inspected_literal(l) {
                    Some((what, operand_usage)) => (what.to_owned(), operand_usage, i.pos),
                    None => continue,
                },
                Operand::Ref(r) => match self.item(r) {
                    Some(k) => (r.name.clone(), CharUsage::of(self.layout.items[k].kind), r.pos),
                    None => continue,
                },
                _ => continue,
            };
            let name = &target.name;
            let why = match (usage, operand_usage) {
                (u, o) if u == o => continue,
                (CharUsage::Display, o) => format!("{name} is not {o}, and an operand can be {o} only when the inspected item is"),
                (u, _) => format!("{name} is {u} and every operand but the count field must be {u} too"),
            };
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0103.at(pos, format!("INSPECT {name}: {operand} cannot be an operand here, since {why}")));
        }
    }

    /// A HANDLE label is a paragraph or section of the program, where control goes when the
    /// condition, attention key or abend comes (Programming Guide SC27-8714-03, p. 503).
    fn handle_labels(&mut self, block: &ExecBlock) {
        let abend = block.command == "HANDLE ABEND";
        for (option, arg) in &block.options {
            let Some(ExecArg::Text(label)) = arg else { continue };
            let label = label.trim();
            if label.is_empty() || matches!(option.as_str(), "RESP" | "RESP2" | "NOHANDLE") || abend && option != "LABEL" {
                continue;
            }
            let name = ProcName { name: label.to_ascii_uppercase(), section: None };
            if let Err(m) = procedure_from(self.program, &name, self.paragraph) {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWP0007.at(block.pos, format!("EXEC CICS {} {option}({label}): {m}", block.command)));
            }
        }
    }

    /// SEARCH VARYING names an index-name, an index data item or an elementary integer item
    /// (Language Reference SC27-8713-03, p. 437).
    fn search_varying(&mut self, se: &Search, v: &Ref) {
        use rt::storage::Kind;
        let Some(i) = self.item(v) else { return };
        if !matches!(self.layout.items[i].kind, Kind::Index | Kind::Zoned { scale: 0, .. } | Kind::Packed { scale: 0, .. } | Kind::Binary { scale: 0, .. }) {
            self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0104.at(v.pos, format!("SEARCH {} VARYING {}: not an index-name, an index data item or an elementary integer item", se.table.name, v.name)));
        }
    }

    /// SEARCH names a table without a subscript.
    fn reference_unsubscripted(&mut self, r: &Ref) {
        if let Err(e) = self.layout.resolve(&r.name, &r.qualifiers, r.pos) {
            self.errors.push(e);
        }
    }

    /// Whether FUNCTION `name` invokes an intrinsic function: a user-defined function this program
    /// may invoke takes the name over.
    fn intrinsic(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
        (FUNCTIONS.contains(&name) || rt::intrinsic::FUNCTIONS.contains(&name)) && !self.functions.into_iter().flatten().any(|u| u.name == name)
    }

    fn operand(&mut self, op: &Operand) {
        match op {
            Operand::LengthOf(r) => self.reference(&self.layout.length_of_ref(r)),
            Operand::Ref(r) | Operand::AddressOf(r) => self.reference(r),
            Operand::Literal(Literal::Number(t)) if literal_fixed(t).is_none() || literal_digits(t) > self.max_digits as usize => {
                self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0105.at(Pos::default(), format!("the literal {t} has more than {} digits", self.max_digits.min(31))));
            }
            Operand::Literal(_) => {}
            Operand::Function(f) => {
                if f.name == "MODULE-CALLER-ID" && self.intrinsic(&f.name) {
                    self.errors.push(if self.extended {
                        syntax::messages::IWX0031.at(f.pos, "FUNCTION MODULE-CALLER-ID (GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL has no such function): the PROGRAM-ID of the program that called this one, empty in the main program")
                    } else {
                        syntax::messages::IWC0305.at(f.pos, "FUNCTION MODULE-CALLER-ID: GnuCOBOL's, not Enterprise COBOL's; --compliance extended reads it")
                    });
                }
                if f.name == "CONCATENATE" && self.intrinsic(&f.name) {
                    self.errors.push(if self.extended {
                        syntax::messages::IWX0053.at(f.pos, "FUNCTION CONCATENATE (GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL has no such function): its arguments' characters joined, a number's as its digits")
                    } else {
                        syntax::messages::IWC0319.at(f.pos, "FUNCTION CONCATENATE: GnuCOBOL's, not Enterprise COBOL's; --compliance extended reads it")
                    });
                }
                if f.name == "STORED-CHAR-LENGTH" && self.intrinsic(&f.name) {
                    self.errors.push(if self.extended {
                        syntax::messages::IWX0042.at(f.pos, "FUNCTION STORED-CHAR-LENGTH (GnuCOBOL; Enterprise COBOL has no such function): the argument's length in characters without its trailing spaces")
                    } else {
                        syntax::messages::IWC0312.at(f.pos, "FUNCTION STORED-CHAR-LENGTH: GnuCOBOL's, not Enterprise COBOL's; --compliance extended reads it")
                    });
                }
                if !self.intrinsic(&f.name) {
                    match self.functions.map(|all| all.iter().find(|u| u.name == f.name)) {
                        Some(Some(udf)) => function::check_invocation(udf, f, self.layout, self.alphabetic, self.program.environment.decimal_point_comma, self.errors),
                        Some(None) => self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWC0106.at(f.pos, format!("FUNCTION {}: neither an intrinsic function nor a user-defined function defined or prototyped before this program", f.name))),
                        None => self.errors.push(syntax::messages::IWR0075.at(f.pos, format!("FUNCTION {}: a user-defined function is not supported here yet", f.name))),
                    }
                }
                self.function_arguments(f);
                f.args.iter().for_each(|a| self.expr(a));
            }
        }
    }

    fn expr(&mut self, e: &Expr) {
        match e {
            Expr::Operand(op) => self.operand(op),
            Expr::Neg(inner) => self.expr(inner),
            Expr::Bin(a, _, b) => {
                self.expr(a);
                self.expr(b);
            }
        }
    }

    fn cond(&mut self, c: &Cond) {
        match c {
            Cond::Rel(a, _, b) => {
                self.expr(a);
                self.expr(b);
                self.comparison(a, b);
            }
            Cond::Class(e, class) => {
                self.expr(e);
                if let Class::Named(name) = class {
                    self.class_name_subject(e, name);
                }
            }
            Cond::Name(r) => self.reference_or_condition(r),
            Cond::NameOrRel { subject, name, .. } => {
                self.expr(subject);
                self.reference_or_condition(name);
                if self.item(name).is_some() {
                    self.comparison(subject, &Expr::Operand(Operand::Ref(name.clone())));
                }
            }
            Cond::Not(inner) => self.cond(inner),
            Cond::And(a, b) | Cond::Or(a, b) => {
                self.cond(a);
                self.cond(b);
            }
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use std::ffi::OsStr;
    use std::time::Duration;

    #[test]
    fn source_date_epoch_decides_the_compile_time_and_the_clock_stands_in_for_it() {
        let clock = Duration::from_millis(1_790_510_400_428);
        let from = |epoch: Option<&str>| compile_time_from(epoch.map(OsStr::new), clock);
        assert_eq!(from(None), Ok(CompileTime { seconds: 1_790_510_400, hundredths: 42, source: TimeSource::Clock }));
        assert_eq!(from(Some("315532800")), Ok(CompileTime { seconds: 315_532_800, hundredths: 0, source: TimeSource::SourceDateEpoch }));
        assert_eq!(from(Some("253402300799")).map(|t| t.seconds), Ok(CompileTime::LATEST));
        for bad in ["", "-1", "+5", "1.5", " 7", "253402300800"] {
            assert!(from(Some(bad)).unwrap_err().starts_with(&format!("SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH={bad}: ")), "{bad}");
        }
    }
}