ironflow_engine/

engine.rs

//! The core [`Engine`] -- orchestrates workflow execution and persistence.
//!
//! The engine ties together a `RunStore` for persistence, an [`AgentProvider`]
//! for AI operations, and a registry of [`WorkflowHandler`]s.
//!
//! Handlers are Rust-native: steps can reference previous outputs, use native
//! `if`/`else`/`match` for conditional branching, and execute in parallel.

use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::fmt;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::time::Instant;

use chrono::{DateTime, TimeDelta, Utc};
use rust_decimal::Decimal;
use serde_json::Value;
use tracing::{error, info, warn};
use uuid::Uuid;

#[cfg(feature = "prometheus")]
use ironflow_core::metric_names::{
    RUN_BUDGET_EXCEEDED_TOTAL, RUN_COST_USD, RUN_DURATION_SECONDS, RUNS_ACTIVE, RUNS_TOTAL,
};
use ironflow_core::provider::AgentProvider;
use ironflow_store::error::StoreError;
use ironflow_store::models::{
    NewRun, Run, RunActor, RunCreation, RunFilter, RunStatus, RunUpdate, StepStatus, StepUpdate,
    TriggerKind,
};
use ironflow_store::store::Store;
#[cfg(feature = "prometheus")]
use metrics::{counter, gauge, histogram};

use crate::artifact::ArtifactSink;
use crate::budget::{BudgetConfig, month_start};
use crate::context::WorkflowContext;
use crate::error::EngineError;
use crate::executor::StepResult;
use crate::guard::{WorkflowGuardConfig, new_shared_guard_state};
use crate::handler::{WorkflowHandler, WorkflowInfo};
use crate::log_sender::LogSender;
use crate::notify::{Event, EventPublisher, EventSubscriber, WorkflowEventBus};
use crate::retry_policy::{backoff_for_retry, is_run_retryable};
use crate::schedule::CronSchedule;
use ironflow_core::decision::DecisionProvider;

/// Result of a workflow execution, carrying the final [`Run`] and per-step
/// metrics collected during execution.
///
/// Returned by [`Engine::run_handler`], [`Engine::execute_handler_run`],
/// [`Engine::execute_run`], and [`Engine::resume_run`].
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// use ironflow_engine::engine::WorkflowResult;
///
/// # fn example(result: WorkflowResult) {
/// println!("run {} finished with {} steps", result.run.id, result.steps.len());
/// for step in &result.steps {
///     println!("  {} ({:?}): {}ms", step.name, step.status, step.duration_ms);
/// }
/// # }
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct WorkflowResult {
    /// The finalized run record.
    pub run: Run,
    /// Per-step results in execution order.
    pub steps: Vec<StepResult>,
}

/// Optional settings for [`Engine::enqueue_handler_with_options`].
///
/// All fields fall back to handler or server defaults when left at their
/// [`Default`] value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use ironflow_engine::engine::EnqueueOptions;
/// use rust_decimal::Decimal;
///
/// let options = EnqueueOptions {
///     max_retries: 3,
///     max_cost_usd: Some(Decimal::new(50, 2)),
///     ..Default::default()
/// };
/// assert_eq!(options.max_retries, 3);
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct EnqueueOptions {
    /// Number of automatic retries granted to the run.
    pub max_retries: u32,
    /// Labels merged on top of the handler's default labels.
    pub labels: HashMap<String, String>,
    /// Defer execution until this instant instead of running as soon as a
    /// worker picks the run up.
    pub scheduled_at: Option<DateTime<Utc>>,
    /// Cost cap for the run. Overrides both the handler default and the server
    /// default. `None` falls back to
    /// [`BudgetConfig::resolve_run_cap`](crate::budget::BudgetConfig::resolve_run_cap).
    pub max_cost_usd: Option<Decimal>,
    /// Authenticated principal that triggered the run. `None` for cron,
    /// webhook, and programmatic triggers.
    pub created_by: Option<RunActor>,
    /// Idempotency key binding this enqueue to a single run.
    ///
    /// When set and already bound to a run created within
    /// [`IDEMPOTENCY_WINDOW`](ironflow_store::entities::IDEMPOTENCY_WINDOW),
    /// nothing is enqueued and the original run is replayed.
    pub idempotency_key: Option<String>,
}

/// The workflow orchestration engine.
///
/// Holds references to the store, agent provider, and a registry of
/// [`WorkflowHandler`]s.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```no_run
/// use std::sync::Arc;
/// use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
/// use ironflow_engine::config::ShellConfig;
/// use ironflow_engine::handler::{WorkflowHandler, HandlerFuture, WorkflowInfo};
/// use ironflow_engine::context::WorkflowContext;
/// use ironflow_store::memory::InMemoryStore;
/// use ironflow_store::models::TriggerKind;
/// use ironflow_core::providers::claude::ClaudeCodeProvider;
/// use serde_json::json;
///
/// struct CiWorkflow;
/// impl WorkflowHandler for CiWorkflow {
///     fn name(&self) -> &str { "ci" }
///     fn execute<'a>(&'a self, ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext) -> HandlerFuture<'a> {
///         Box::pin(async move {
///             ctx.shell("test", ShellConfig::new("cargo test")).await?;
///             Ok(())
///         })
///     }
/// }
///
/// # async fn example() -> Result<(), ironflow_engine::error::EngineError> {
/// let store = Arc::new(InMemoryStore::new());
/// let provider = Arc::new(ClaudeCodeProvider::new());
/// let mut engine = Engine::new(store, provider);
/// engine.register(CiWorkflow)?;
///
/// let result = engine.run_handler("ci", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({})).await?;
/// tracing::info!(run_id = %result.run.id, status = ?result.run.status, steps = result.steps.len(), "run completed");
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
pub struct Engine {
    store: Arc<dyn Store>,
    provider: Arc<dyn AgentProvider>,
    handlers: HashMap<String, Arc<dyn WorkflowHandler>>,
    event_publisher: EventPublisher,
    log_sender: Option<LogSender>,
    budget: BudgetConfig,
    artifact_sink: Option<Arc<dyn ArtifactSink>>,
    guard_config: Option<WorkflowGuardConfig>,
    event_bus: Option<WorkflowEventBus>,
    decision_provider: Option<Arc<dyn DecisionProvider>>,
}

/// Validate a workflow category path.
///
/// A category is a `/`-separated list of non-empty segments. This function
/// rejects empty paths, leading or trailing `/`, consecutive `/`, and
/// segments containing only whitespace.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns [`EngineError::InvalidWorkflow`] when the category is malformed.
fn validate_category(handler_name: &str, category: &str) -> Result<(), EngineError> {
    let reject = |reason: &str| {
        Err(EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(format!(
            "handler '{handler_name}' has invalid category '{category}': {reason}"
        )))
    };

    if category.is_empty() {
        return reject("empty category");
    }
    if category.starts_with('/') {
        return reject("leading '/'");
    }
    if category.ends_with('/') {
        return reject("trailing '/'");
    }
    for segment in category.split('/') {
        if segment.is_empty() {
            return reject("empty segment (double '/')");
        }
        if segment.trim().is_empty() {
            return reject("whitespace-only segment");
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

impl Engine {
    /// Create a new engine with the given store and agent provider.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    /// use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
    /// use ironflow_store::memory::InMemoryStore;
    /// use ironflow_core::providers::claude::ClaudeCodeProvider;
    ///
    /// let engine = Engine::new(
    ///     Arc::new(InMemoryStore::new()),
    ///     Arc::new(ClaudeCodeProvider::new()),
    /// );
    /// ```
    pub fn new(store: Arc<dyn Store>, provider: Arc<dyn AgentProvider>) -> Self {
        Self {
            store,
            provider,
            handlers: HashMap::new(),
            event_publisher: EventPublisher::new(),
            log_sender: None,
            budget: BudgetConfig::new(),
            artifact_sink: None,
            guard_config: None,
            event_bus: None,
            decision_provider: None,
        }
    }

    /// Wire a [`DecisionProvider`] backend for `ctx.decision(...)` steps.
    ///
    /// Without this, a workflow that reaches a decision step fails with
    /// [`EngineError::NoDecisionProvider`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    /// use ironflow_core::providers::claude::ClaudeCodeProvider;
    /// use ironflow_core::providers::record_replay_decision::RecordReplayDecisionProvider;
    /// use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
    /// use ironflow_store::memory::InMemoryStore;
    ///
    /// let engine = Engine::new(
    ///     Arc::new(InMemoryStore::new()),
    ///     Arc::new(ClaudeCodeProvider::new()),
    /// )
    /// .with_decision_provider(Arc::new(RecordReplayDecisionProvider::replay("tests/fixtures")));
    /// ```
    pub fn with_decision_provider(mut self, provider: Arc<dyn DecisionProvider>) -> Self {
        self.decision_provider = Some(provider);
        self
    }

    /// Apply cost guardrails to this engine.
    ///
    /// Without this, both the per-run cap default and the monthly quota are
    /// disabled and the engine behaves exactly as before.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    /// use ironflow_core::providers::claude::ClaudeCodeProvider;
    /// use ironflow_engine::budget::BudgetConfig;
    /// use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
    /// use ironflow_store::memory::InMemoryStore;
    ///
    /// let engine = Engine::new(
    ///     Arc::new(InMemoryStore::new()),
    ///     Arc::new(ClaudeCodeProvider::new()),
    /// )
    /// .with_budget_config(BudgetConfig::from_env());
    /// ```
    pub fn with_budget_config(mut self, budget: BudgetConfig) -> Self {
        self.budget = budget;
        self
    }

    /// Returns the cost guardrails applied by this engine.
    pub fn budget_config(&self) -> &BudgetConfig {
        &self.budget
    }

    /// Apply workflow guard configuration to this engine.
    ///
    /// When set, every workflow run created by this engine is protected
    /// by the guard. Handlers can override this via
    /// [`WorkflowHandler::guard_config`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    /// use ironflow_core::providers::claude::ClaudeCodeProvider;
    /// use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
    /// use ironflow_engine::guard::WorkflowGuardConfig;
    /// use ironflow_store::memory::InMemoryStore;
    ///
    /// let engine = Engine::new(
    ///     Arc::new(InMemoryStore::new()),
    ///     Arc::new(ClaudeCodeProvider::new()),
    /// )
    /// .with_guard_config(WorkflowGuardConfig::default());
    /// ```
    pub fn with_guard_config(mut self, config: WorkflowGuardConfig) -> Self {
        self.guard_config = Some(config);
        self
    }

    /// Returns the workflow guard configuration, if any.
    pub fn guard_config(&self) -> Option<&WorkflowGuardConfig> {
        self.guard_config.as_ref()
    }

    /// Attach a log sender for real-time step output streaming.
    ///
    /// When set, all workflow contexts created by this engine will forward
    /// step output (shell stdout/stderr, agent system messages) to the
    /// given sender.
    pub fn set_log_sender(&mut self, sender: LogSender) {
        self.log_sender = Some(sender);
    }

    /// Attach the backend that stores and serves artifact bytes.
    ///
    /// Every context this engine builds inherits it. Without one, steps that
    /// declare artifacts fail explicitly and every other step is unaffected.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// use ironflow_engine::artifact::ArtifactSink;
    /// use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
    ///
    /// # fn example(engine: &mut Engine, sink: Arc<dyn ArtifactSink>) {
    /// engine.set_artifact_sink(sink);
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn set_artifact_sink(&mut self, sink: Arc<dyn ArtifactSink>) {
        self.artifact_sink = Some(sink);
    }

    /// The artifact backend attached to this engine, if any.
    pub fn artifact_sink(&self) -> Option<&Arc<dyn ArtifactSink>> {
        self.artifact_sink.as_ref()
    }

    /// Attach a [`WorkflowEventBus`] for per-run real-time monitoring.
    ///
    /// When set, all workflow contexts created by this engine will publish
    /// step-level events (`StepStarted`, `StepCompleted`, `StepFailed`)
    /// to the bus.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
    /// use ironflow_engine::notify::WorkflowEventBus;
    ///
    /// # fn example(engine: &mut Engine) {
    /// engine.set_event_bus(WorkflowEventBus::new());
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub fn set_event_bus(&mut self, bus: WorkflowEventBus) {
        self.event_bus = Some(bus);
    }

    /// The workflow event bus attached to this engine, if any.
    pub fn event_bus(&self) -> Option<&WorkflowEventBus> {
        self.event_bus.as_ref()
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the backing store.
    pub fn store(&self) -> &Arc<dyn Store> {
        &self.store
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the agent provider.
    pub fn provider(&self) -> &Arc<dyn AgentProvider> {
        &self.provider
    }

    /// Build a [`WorkflowContext`] with access to the handler registry.
    ///
    /// The context is seeded with the run's attempt number and the cost and
    /// duration already accumulated by previous attempts, so a retried run
    /// reports the total it really consumed rather than only its last attempt.
    ///
    /// The run's persisted `max_cost_usd` becomes the context cost cap; `None`
    /// disables the per-run budget check for that context.
    fn build_context(&self, run: &Run) -> WorkflowContext {
        let handlers = self.handlers.clone();
        let resolver: crate::context::HandlerResolver =
            Arc::new(move |name: &str| handlers.get(name).cloned());
        let mut ctx = WorkflowContext::with_handler_resolver(
            run.id,
            run.workflow_name.clone(),
            self.store.clone(),
            self.provider.clone(),
            resolver,
        );
        ctx.carry_over_run_totals(run.retry_count + 1, run.cost_usd, run.duration_ms);
        ctx.set_max_cost_usd(run.max_cost_usd);
        if let Some(ref sender) = self.log_sender {
            ctx.set_log_sender(sender.clone());
        }
        if let Some(ref sink) = self.artifact_sink {
            ctx.set_artifact_sink(sink.clone());
        }
        if let Some(ref bus) = self.event_bus {
            ctx.set_event_bus(bus.clone());
        }
        if let Some(ref provider) = self.decision_provider {
            ctx.set_decision_provider(provider.clone());
        }
        ctx
    }

    /// Build a context with the guard attached.
    ///
    /// Uses the handler's `guard_config()` if present, otherwise falls back
    /// to the engine's global configuration. Creates a fresh shared state
    /// for each top-level run.
    fn build_context_with_guard(
        &self,
        run: &Run,
        handler: &dyn WorkflowHandler,
    ) -> WorkflowContext {
        let mut ctx = self.build_context(run);
        let guard_config = handler.guard_config().or_else(|| self.guard_config.clone());
        if let Some(config) = guard_config {
            ctx.set_guard(config, new_shared_guard_state());
        }
        ctx
    }

    /// Reject the creation of a new run when the monthly quota is exhausted.
    ///
    /// The window is the current calendar month in UTC. Runs already in flight
    /// are never interrupted -- only creation is refused.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`EngineError::MonthlyBudgetExceeded`] when the accumulated cost
    /// of the month has reached the configured quota. Returns
    /// [`EngineError::Store`] when the aggregate query fails.
    async fn check_monthly_quota(&self, workflow_name: &str) -> Result<(), EngineError> {
        let Some(limit) = self.budget.monthly_cost_limit_usd else {
            return Ok(());
        };

        let stats = self
            .store
            .get_stats(RunFilter {
                created_after: Some(month_start(Utc::now())),
                ..RunFilter::default()
            })
            .await?;

        if stats.total_cost_usd < limit {
            return Ok(());
        }

        warn!(
            workflow = %workflow_name,
            limit_usd = %limit,
            spent_usd = %stats.total_cost_usd,
            "monthly cost quota exhausted, refusing new run"
        );

        #[cfg(feature = "prometheus")]
        counter!(
            RUN_BUDGET_EXCEEDED_TOTAL,
            "workflow" => workflow_name.to_string(),
            "scope" => "monthly",
        )
        .increment(1);

        Err(EngineError::MonthlyBudgetExceeded {
            limit_usd: limit,
            spent_usd: stats.total_cost_usd,
        })
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Handler registration
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    /// Register a [`WorkflowHandler`] for dynamic workflow execution.
    ///
    /// The handler is looked up by [`WorkflowHandler::name`] when executing
    /// or enqueuing.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`EngineError::InvalidWorkflow`] if a handler with the same
    /// name is already registered.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    /// use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
    /// use ironflow_engine::handler::{WorkflowHandler, HandlerFuture};
    /// use ironflow_engine::context::WorkflowContext;
    /// use ironflow_engine::config::ShellConfig;
    /// use ironflow_store::memory::InMemoryStore;
    /// use ironflow_core::providers::claude::ClaudeCodeProvider;
    ///
    /// struct MyWorkflow;
    /// impl WorkflowHandler for MyWorkflow {
    ///     fn name(&self) -> &str { "my-workflow" }
    ///     fn execute<'a>(&'a self, ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext) -> HandlerFuture<'a> {
    ///         Box::pin(async move {
    ///             ctx.shell("step1", ShellConfig::new("echo done")).await?;
    ///             Ok(())
    ///         })
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// let mut engine = Engine::new(
    ///     Arc::new(InMemoryStore::new()),
    ///     Arc::new(ClaudeCodeProvider::new()),
    /// );
    /// engine.register(MyWorkflow)?;
    /// # Ok::<(), ironflow_engine::error::EngineError>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn register(&mut self, handler: impl WorkflowHandler + 'static) -> Result<(), EngineError> {
        let name = handler.name().to_string();
        if self.handlers.contains_key(&name) {
            return Err(EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(format!(
                "handler '{}' already registered",
                name
            )));
        }
        if let Some(category) = handler.category() {
            validate_category(&name, category)?;
        }
        self.handlers.insert(name, Arc::new(handler));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Register a pre-boxed workflow handler.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`EngineError::InvalidWorkflow`] if a handler with the same
    /// name is already registered or if its category is invalid.
    pub fn register_boxed(&mut self, handler: Box<dyn WorkflowHandler>) -> Result<(), EngineError> {
        let name = handler.name().to_string();
        if self.handlers.contains_key(&name) {
            return Err(EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(format!(
                "handler '{}' already registered",
                name
            )));
        }
        if let Some(category) = handler.category() {
            validate_category(&name, category)?;
        }
        self.handlers.insert(name, Arc::from(handler));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Get a registered handler by name.
    pub fn get_handler(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Arc<dyn WorkflowHandler>> {
        self.handlers.get(name)
    }

    /// List registered handler names.
    pub fn handler_names(&self) -> Vec<&str> {
        self.handlers.keys().map(|s| s.as_str()).collect()
    }

    /// Get detailed info about a registered workflow handler.
    pub fn handler_info(&self, name: &str) -> Option<WorkflowInfo> {
        self.handlers.get(name).map(|h| h.describe())
    }

    /// List handlers that have a cron schedule configured.
    ///
    /// Returns pairs of `(workflow_name, cron_expression)` for all handlers
    /// where [`WorkflowHandler::schedule`] returns `Some`.
    ///
    /// Use this to wire scheduled handlers into a scheduler
    /// (e.g. the schedule ticker in `ironflow-api`).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// # use std::sync::Arc;
    /// # use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
    /// # use ironflow_store::memory::InMemoryStore;
    /// # use ironflow_core::providers::claude::ClaudeCodeProvider;
    /// let engine = Engine::new(
    ///     Arc::new(InMemoryStore::new()),
    ///     Arc::new(ClaudeCodeProvider::new()),
    /// );
    /// for (name, schedule) in engine.scheduled_handlers() {
    ///     tracing::info!("{name} runs on schedule: {schedule}");
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn scheduled_handlers(&self) -> Vec<(&str, &CronSchedule)> {
        self.handlers
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|(name, handler)| handler.schedule().map(|sched| (name.as_str(), sched)))
            .collect()
    }

    /// Register an event subscriber for domain events.
    ///
    /// The subscriber is called only for events whose type is in
    /// `event_types`. Pass [`Event::ALL`] to receive every event.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
    /// use ironflow_engine::notify::{Event, WebhookSubscriber};
    /// use ironflow_store::memory::InMemoryStore;
    /// use ironflow_core::providers::claude::ClaudeCodeProvider;
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    ///
    /// let mut engine = Engine::new(
    ///     Arc::new(InMemoryStore::new()),
    ///     Arc::new(ClaudeCodeProvider::new()),
    /// );
    ///
    /// engine.subscribe(
    ///     WebhookSubscriber::new("https://hooks.example.com/events"),
    ///     &[Event::RUN_STATUS_CHANGED, Event::STEP_FAILED],
    /// );
    /// ```
    pub fn subscribe(
        &mut self,
        subscriber: impl EventSubscriber + 'static,
        event_types: &[&'static str],
    ) {
        self.event_publisher.subscribe(subscriber, event_types);
    }

    /// Returns a reference to the event publisher.
    ///
    /// Useful for publishing events from outside the engine (e.g. auth
    /// routes in the API layer).
    pub fn event_publisher(&self) -> &EventPublisher {
        &self.event_publisher
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Dynamic workflow execution (WorkflowHandler)
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    /// Execute a registered handler inline.
    ///
    /// Creates a run, builds a [`WorkflowContext`], calls the handler's
    /// [`execute`](WorkflowHandler::execute), and finalizes the run.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`EngineError::InvalidWorkflow`] if no handler is registered
    /// with that name. Returns [`EngineError`] if execution fails.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use std::sync::Arc;
    /// use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
    /// use ironflow_store::memory::InMemoryStore;
    /// use ironflow_store::models::TriggerKind;
    /// use ironflow_core::providers::claude::ClaudeCodeProvider;
    /// use serde_json::json;
    ///
    /// # async fn example(engine: &Engine) -> Result<(), ironflow_engine::error::EngineError> {
    /// let run = engine.run_handler("deploy", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({})).await?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    #[tracing::instrument(name = "engine.run_handler", skip_all, fields(workflow = %handler_name))]
    pub async fn run_handler(
        &self,
        handler_name: &str,
        trigger: TriggerKind,
        payload: Value,
    ) -> Result<WorkflowResult, EngineError> {
        let handler = self
            .handlers
            .get(handler_name)
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(format!("no handler registered: {handler_name}"))
            })?
            .clone();

        self.check_monthly_quota(handler_name).await?;

        let handler_version = handler.version().map(str::to_string);
        let max_cost_usd = self
            .budget
            .resolve_run_cap(None, handler.default_max_cost_usd());
        let run = self
            .store
            .create_run(NewRun {
                created_by: None,
                workflow_name: handler_name.to_string(),
                trigger,
                payload,
                max_retries: 0,
                handler_version,
                labels: handler.default_labels(),
                scheduled_at: None,
                idempotency_key: None,
                max_cost_usd,
            })
            .await?
            .into_run();

        let run_id = run.id;
        info!(run_id = %run_id, handler_version = run.handler_version.as_deref().unwrap_or(""), "run created");

        self.store
            .update_run_status(run_id, RunStatus::Running)
            .await?;

        #[cfg(feature = "prometheus")]
        gauge!(RUNS_ACTIVE, "workflow" => handler_name.to_string()).increment(1.0);

        let run_start = Instant::now();
        let mut ctx = self.build_context_with_guard(&run, handler.as_ref());

        let result = handler.execute(&mut ctx).await;
        self.finalize_run(run_id, handler_name, result, &ctx, run_start, run.labels)
            .await
    }

    /// Enqueue a handler-based workflow for worker execution.
    ///
    /// The workflow name is stored in the run. The worker looks up the
    /// handler by name when executing.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`EngineError::InvalidWorkflow`] if no handler is registered.
    /// Returns [`EngineError::MonthlyBudgetExceeded`] if the monthly cost quota
    /// is exhausted.
    #[tracing::instrument(name = "engine.enqueue_handler", skip_all, fields(workflow = %handler_name))]
    pub async fn enqueue_handler(
        &self,
        handler_name: &str,
        trigger: TriggerKind,
        payload: Value,
        max_retries: u32,
    ) -> Result<Run, EngineError> {
        self.enqueue_handler_with_options(
            handler_name,
            trigger,
            payload,
            EnqueueOptions {
                max_retries,
                ..Default::default()
            },
        )
        .await
        .map(RunCreation::into_run)
    }

    /// Enqueue a handler-based workflow with labels, deferred scheduling, an
    /// optional cost cap, an optional author, and an optional idempotency key.
    ///
    /// See [`EnqueueOptions`] for the individual settings.
    ///
    /// When [`EnqueueOptions::idempotency_key`] is set and already bound to a run
    /// created within
    /// [`IDEMPOTENCY_WINDOW`](ironflow_store::entities::IDEMPOTENCY_WINDOW), nothing
    /// is enqueued and the original run is returned as [`RunCreation::Existing`].
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`EngineError::InvalidWorkflow`] if no handler is registered.
    /// Returns [`EngineError::MonthlyBudgetExceeded`] if the monthly cost quota
    /// is exhausted. Returns [`EngineError::Store`] if the run cannot be
    /// persisted.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use ironflow_engine::engine::{Engine, EnqueueOptions};
    /// use ironflow_store::models::TriggerKind;
    /// use serde_json::json;
    ///
    /// # async fn example(engine: &Engine) -> Result<(), ironflow_engine::error::EngineError> {
    /// let creation = engine
    ///     .enqueue_handler_with_options(
    ///         "deploy",
    ///         TriggerKind::Api,
    ///         json!({"env": "prod"}),
    ///         EnqueueOptions {
    ///             max_retries: 3,
    ///             idempotency_key: Some("github:abc-123".to_string()),
    ///             ..Default::default()
    ///         },
    ///     )
    ///     .await?;
    ///
    /// if creation.is_created() {
    ///     println!("enqueued {}", creation.run().id);
    /// }
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    #[tracing::instrument(name = "engine.enqueue_handler_with_options", skip_all, fields(workflow = %handler_name))]
    pub async fn enqueue_handler_with_options(
        &self,
        handler_name: &str,
        trigger: TriggerKind,
        payload: Value,
        options: EnqueueOptions,
    ) -> Result<RunCreation, EngineError> {
        let EnqueueOptions {
            max_retries,
            labels,
            scheduled_at,
            max_cost_usd,
            created_by,
            idempotency_key,
        } = options;

        let handler = self.handlers.get(handler_name).ok_or_else(|| {
            EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(format!("no handler registered: {handler_name}"))
        })?;

        self.check_monthly_quota(handler_name).await?;

        let handler_version = handler.version().map(str::to_string);
        let mut merged_labels = handler.default_labels();
        merged_labels.extend(labels);
        let resolved_cap = self
            .budget
            .resolve_run_cap(max_cost_usd, handler.default_max_cost_usd());

        let creation = self
            .store
            .create_run(NewRun {
                workflow_name: handler_name.to_string(),
                trigger,
                payload,
                max_retries,
                handler_version,
                labels: merged_labels,
                scheduled_at,
                created_by,
                idempotency_key,
                max_cost_usd: resolved_cap,
            })
            .await?;

        match &creation {
            RunCreation::Created(run) => info!(
                run_id = %run.id,
                workflow = %handler_name,
                max_cost_usd = ?resolved_cap,
                "handler run enqueued"
            ),
            RunCreation::Existing(run) => info!(
                run_id = %run.id,
                workflow = %handler_name,
                "idempotent replay, nothing enqueued"
            ),
        }

        Ok(creation)
    }

    /// Execute a handler-based run (used by the worker after pick_next_pending).
    ///
    /// Looks up the handler by the run's `workflow_name` and executes it
    /// with a fresh [`WorkflowContext`].
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`EngineError::InvalidWorkflow`] if no handler matches.
    #[tracing::instrument(name = "engine.execute_handler_run", skip_all, fields(run_id = %run_id))]
    pub async fn execute_handler_run(&self, run_id: Uuid) -> Result<WorkflowResult, EngineError> {
        let run = self
            .store
            .get_run(run_id)
            .await?
            .ok_or(EngineError::Store(StoreError::RunNotFound(run_id)))?;

        let handler = self
            .handlers
            .get(&run.workflow_name)
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(format!(
                    "no handler registered: {}",
                    run.workflow_name
                ))
            })?
            .clone();

        #[cfg(feature = "prometheus")]
        gauge!(RUNS_ACTIVE, "workflow" => run.workflow_name.clone()).increment(1.0);

        let run_start = Instant::now();
        let mut ctx = self.build_context_with_guard(&run, handler.as_ref());

        // On a retry the whole run is replayed from the start, but an approval a
        // human already granted must not be asked again.
        if run.retry_count > 0 {
            ctx.load_replay_steps().await?;
        }

        let result = handler.execute(&mut ctx).await;
        self.finalize_run(
            run_id,
            &run.workflow_name,
            result,
            &ctx,
            run_start,
            run.labels,
        )
        .await
    }

    /// Execute a run by its ID (used by the worker after pick_next_pending).
    ///
    /// Delegates to [`execute_handler_run`](Self::execute_handler_run).
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`EngineError`] if the run is not found or execution fails.
    #[tracing::instrument(name = "engine.execute_run", skip_all, fields(run_id = %run_id))]
    pub async fn execute_run(&self, run_id: Uuid) -> Result<WorkflowResult, EngineError> {
        self.execute_handler_run(run_id).await
    }

    /// Resume a run after human approval.
    ///
    /// Re-executes the handler with step replay: completed steps return
    /// cached output, approved approval steps are skipped, and execution
    /// continues from the first unexecuted step.
    ///
    /// Supports multiple approval gates -- each resume replays all prior
    /// steps and stops at the next approval (or completes the run).
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`EngineError::InvalidWorkflow`] if no handler matches.
    /// Returns [`EngineError`] if execution fails or hits another approval.
    #[tracing::instrument(name = "engine.resume_run", skip_all, fields(run_id = %run_id))]
    pub async fn resume_run(&self, run_id: Uuid) -> Result<WorkflowResult, EngineError> {
        let run = self
            .store
            .get_run(run_id)
            .await?
            .ok_or(EngineError::Store(StoreError::RunNotFound(run_id)))?;

        let handler = self
            .handlers
            .get(&run.workflow_name)
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(format!(
                    "no handler registered: {}",
                    run.workflow_name
                ))
            })?
            .clone();

        info!(run_id = %run_id, workflow = %run.workflow_name, "resuming run after approval");

        let run_start = Instant::now();
        let mut ctx = self.build_context_with_guard(&run, handler.as_ref());
        ctx.load_replay_steps().await?;

        let result = handler.execute(&mut ctx).await;
        self.finalize_run(
            run_id,
            &run.workflow_name,
            result,
            &ctx,
            run_start,
            run.labels,
        )
        .await
    }

    /// Record a run failure, replaying the run later when retries remain.
    ///
    /// This is the single place where a failed run's fate is decided. When
    /// `retryable` is true and the run has not exhausted `max_retries`, the run
    /// moves to [`RunStatus::Retrying`] with `scheduled_at` set to
    /// `now + backoff` -- [`pick_next_pending`](ironflow_store::store::RunStore::pick_next_pending)
    /// picks it up again once that time has passed. Otherwise the run moves to
    /// [`RunStatus::Failed`].
    ///
    /// Either way, steps left non-terminal by the failed attempt are closed via
    /// [`fail_orphaned_steps`](Self::fail_orphaned_steps) so they are never
    /// confused with the next attempt's steps.
    ///
    /// Callers pass `retryable` explicitly rather than an error value, because
    /// the worker classifies failures it observes from the outside (a timeout, a
    /// panicked task) that never produce an [`EngineError`]. Use
    /// [`is_run_retryable`] to classify an
    /// [`EngineError`].
    ///
    /// `cost_usd` and `duration_ms` are `None` when the caller does not know the
    /// totals (a timeout or a panic observed from outside the handler); the
    /// values already stored on the run are then left untouched.
    ///
    /// Returns the status the run was moved to.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`EngineError::Store`] if the run does not exist or the update
    /// cannot be persisted.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// use ironflow_engine::engine::Engine;
    /// use ironflow_engine::error::EngineError;
    /// use uuid::Uuid;
    ///
    /// # async fn example(engine: &Engine, run_id: Uuid) -> Result<(), EngineError> {
    /// let status = engine
    ///     .fail_or_schedule_retry(run_id, "run timed out after 300s", true, None, None)
    ///     .await?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub async fn fail_or_schedule_retry(
        &self,
        run_id: Uuid,
        error: &str,
        retryable: bool,
        cost_usd: Option<Decimal>,
        duration_ms: Option<u64>,
    ) -> Result<RunStatus, EngineError> {
        let run = self
            .store
            .get_run(run_id)
            .await?
            .ok_or(EngineError::Store(StoreError::RunNotFound(run_id)))?;

        let has_attempts_left = run.retry_count < run.max_retries;
        let update = if retryable && has_attempts_left {
            let backoff = backoff_for_retry(run.retry_count);
            let scheduled_at = Utc::now() + TimeDelta::milliseconds(backoff.as_millis() as i64);

            info!(
                run_id = %run_id,
                workflow = %run.workflow_name,
                attempt = run.retry_count + 1,
                max_retries = run.max_retries,
                backoff_secs = backoff.as_secs(),
                scheduled_at = %scheduled_at,
                "run failed, scheduling retry"
            );

            RunUpdate {
                status: Some(RunStatus::Retrying),
                error: Some(error.to_string()),
                increment_retry: true,
                cost_usd,
                duration_ms,
                scheduled_at: Some(scheduled_at),
                ..RunUpdate::default()
            }
        } else {
            RunUpdate {
                status: Some(RunStatus::Failed),
                error: Some(error.to_string()),
                cost_usd,
                duration_ms,
                completed_at: Some(Utc::now()),
                ..RunUpdate::default()
            }
        };

        let status = update.status.unwrap_or(RunStatus::Failed);
        self.store.update_run(run_id, update).await?;
        self.fail_orphaned_steps(run_id, error).await?;

        Ok(status)
    }

    /// Fail all non-terminal steps for a run.
    ///
    /// Called after a run is marked as failed (timeout, error, panic) to clean up
    /// orphaned steps that are still in `Running`, `Pending`, or `AwaitingApproval`.
    ///
    /// - `Running` / `AwaitingApproval` steps are marked `Failed`.
    /// - `Pending` steps are marked `Skipped` (FSM does not allow Pending -> Failed).
    ///
    /// Errors from individual step updates are logged but do not abort the cleanup.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns [`EngineError`] if listing steps fails.
    pub async fn fail_orphaned_steps(
        &self,
        run_id: Uuid,
        error_message: &str,
    ) -> Result<(), EngineError> {
        let steps = self.store.list_steps(run_id).await?;
        let now = Utc::now();

        for step in steps {
            if step.status.state.is_terminal() {
                continue;
            }

            let (target_status, error) = match step.status.state {
                StepStatus::Running | StepStatus::AwaitingApproval => {
                    let err = if step.error.is_some() {
                        None
                    } else {
                        Some(error_message.to_string())
                    };
                    (StepStatus::Failed, err)
                }
                StepStatus::Pending => (StepStatus::Skipped, None),
                _ => continue,
            };

            if let Err(e) = self
                .store
                .update_step(
                    step.id,
                    StepUpdate {
                        status: Some(target_status),
                        error,
                        completed_at: Some(now),
                        ..StepUpdate::default()
                    },
                )
                .await
            {
                warn!(
                    run_id = %run_id,
                    step_id = %step.id,
                    step_name = %step.name,
                    error = %e,
                    "failed to cleanup orphaned step"
                );
            } else {
                info!(
                    run_id = %run_id,
                    step_id = %step.id,
                    step_name = %step.name,
                    from = %step.status.state,
                    to = %target_status,
                    "cleaned up orphaned step"
                );
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Finalize a run with the given result and context.
    ///
    /// On success: updates run to Completed with cost, duration, and completed_at.
    /// On failure: updates run to Failed with error, cost, duration, and completed_at.
    /// Always: fetches and returns the final Run.
    async fn finalize_run(
        &self,
        run_id: Uuid,
        workflow_name: &str,
        result: Result<(), EngineError>,
        ctx: &WorkflowContext,
        run_start: Instant,
        run_labels: HashMap<String, String>,
    ) -> Result<WorkflowResult, EngineError> {
        // Covers the whole run: previous attempts plus this one, so a retried
        // run reports the time it really consumed.
        let total_duration = ctx.carried_duration_ms() + run_start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
        let completed_at = Utc::now();

        let final_status;
        let final_run;

        match result {
            Ok(()) => {
                final_status = if ctx.has_allowed_failure() {
                    RunStatus::Warning
                } else {
                    RunStatus::Completed
                };
                final_run = self
                    .store
                    .update_run_returning(
                        run_id,
                        RunUpdate {
                            status: Some(final_status),
                            cost_usd: Some(ctx.total_cost_usd()),
                            duration_ms: Some(total_duration),
                            completed_at: Some(completed_at),
                            ..RunUpdate::default()
                        },
                    )
                    .await?;

                info!(
                    run_id = %run_id,
                    status = %final_status,
                    cost_usd = %ctx.total_cost_usd(),
                    duration_ms = total_duration,
                    "run completed"
                );
            }
            Err(EngineError::ApprovalRequired {
                run_id: approval_run_id,
                step_id,
                ref message,
            }) => {
                final_status = RunStatus::AwaitingApproval;
                final_run = self
                    .store
                    .update_run_returning(
                        run_id,
                        RunUpdate {
                            status: Some(RunStatus::AwaitingApproval),
                            cost_usd: Some(ctx.total_cost_usd()),
                            duration_ms: Some(total_duration),
                            ..RunUpdate::default()
                        },
                    )
                    .await?;

                info!(
                    run_id = %approval_run_id,
                    step_id = %step_id,
                    message = %message,
                    "run awaiting approval"
                );
            }
            Err(EngineError::DelaySleeping {
                run_id: delay_run_id,
                step_id,
                wake_at,
            }) => {
                final_status = RunStatus::Sleeping;
                final_run = self
                    .store
                    .update_run_returning(
                        run_id,
                        RunUpdate {
                            status: Some(RunStatus::Sleeping),
                            cost_usd: Some(ctx.total_cost_usd()),
                            duration_ms: Some(total_duration),
                            scheduled_at: Some(wake_at),
                            ..RunUpdate::default()
                        },
                    )
                    .await?;

                info!(
                    run_id = %delay_run_id,
                    step_id = %step_id,
                    wake_at = %wake_at,
                    "run sleeping until delay elapses"
                );
            }
            Err(err) => {
                // A guardrail stop (budget or workflow guard) is deliberate,
                // not a breakage: the run is cancelled, never failed and
                // never replayed.
                let guardrail_stop = matches!(
                    err,
                    EngineError::RunBudgetExceeded { .. } | EngineError::WorkflowGuardRejected(_)
                );

                final_status = if guardrail_stop {
                    if let Err(store_err) = self
                        .store
                        .update_run(
                            run_id,
                            RunUpdate {
                                status: Some(RunStatus::Cancelled),
                                error: Some(err.to_string()),
                                cost_usd: Some(ctx.total_cost_usd()),
                                duration_ms: Some(total_duration),
                                completed_at: Some(completed_at),
                                ..RunUpdate::default()
                            },
                        )
                        .await
                    {
                        error!(run_id = %run_id, store_error = %store_err, "failed to persist run cancellation");
                    }
                    if let Err(cleanup_err) = self
                        .fail_orphaned_steps(run_id, "run stopped: guardrail limit reached")
                        .await
                    {
                        error!(run_id = %run_id, store_error = %cleanup_err, "failed to cleanup orphaned steps");
                    }
                    RunStatus::Cancelled
                } else {
                    self.fail_or_schedule_retry(
                        run_id,
                        &err.to_string(),
                        is_run_retryable(&err),
                        Some(ctx.total_cost_usd()),
                        Some(total_duration),
                    )
                    .await
                    .unwrap_or_else(|store_err| {
                        error!(run_id = %run_id, store_error = %store_err, "failed to persist run failure");
                        RunStatus::Failed
                    })
                };

                if matches!(err, EngineError::RunBudgetExceeded { .. }) {
                    self.on_run_budget_exceeded(workflow_name, run_id, &err);
                }

                error!(run_id = %run_id, status = %final_status, error = %err, "run stopped");

                self.publish_run_status_changed(
                    workflow_name,
                    run_id,
                    final_status,
                    Some(err.to_string()),
                    ctx,
                    total_duration,
                    run_labels,
                );

                #[cfg(feature = "prometheus")]
                self.emit_run_metrics(workflow_name, final_status, total_duration, ctx);

                return Err(err);
            }
        }

        self.publish_run_status_changed(
            workflow_name,
            run_id,
            final_status,
            None,
            ctx,
            total_duration,
            run_labels,
        );

        #[cfg(feature = "prometheus")]
        self.emit_run_metrics(workflow_name, final_status, total_duration, ctx);

        Ok(WorkflowResult {
            run: final_run,
            steps: ctx.step_results().to_vec(),
        })
    }

    /// Emit Prometheus metrics for a completed run.
    #[cfg(feature = "prometheus")]
    fn emit_run_metrics(
        &self,
        workflow_name: &str,
        status: RunStatus,
        duration_ms: u64,
        ctx: &WorkflowContext,
    ) {
        let status_str = status.to_string();
        let wf = workflow_name.to_string();

        counter!(RUNS_TOTAL, "workflow" => wf.clone(), "status" => status_str.clone()).increment(1);
        histogram!(RUN_DURATION_SECONDS, "workflow" => wf.clone(), "status" => status_str)
            .record(duration_ms as f64 / 1000.0);
        histogram!(RUN_COST_USD, "workflow" => wf.clone()).record(
            ctx.total_cost_usd()
                .to_string()
                .parse::<f64>()
                .unwrap_or(0.0),
        );
        gauge!(RUNS_ACTIVE, "workflow" => wf).decrement(1.0);
    }

    /// Record the metric and publish the audit event for a run that hit its
    /// cost cap.
    ///
    /// A non-[`RunBudgetExceeded`](EngineError::RunBudgetExceeded) error is
    /// ignored, so callers can pass the error unconditionally.
    fn on_run_budget_exceeded(&self, workflow_name: &str, run_id: Uuid, err: &EngineError) {
        let EngineError::RunBudgetExceeded {
            limit_usd,
            spent_usd,
            step_budget_usd,
            ..
        } = err
        else {
            return;
        };

        #[cfg(feature = "prometheus")]
        counter!(
            RUN_BUDGET_EXCEEDED_TOTAL,
            "workflow" => workflow_name.to_string(),
            "scope" => "run",
        )
        .increment(1);

        self.event_publisher.publish(Event::RunBudgetExceeded {
            run_id,
            workflow_name: workflow_name.to_string(),
            limit_usd: *limit_usd,
            spent_usd: *spent_usd,
            step_budget_usd: *step_budget_usd,
            at: Utc::now(),
        });
    }

    /// Publish a run status changed event to all registered subscribers.
    ///
    /// `from` is always `Running` because `finalize_run` is only called
    /// from a running state.
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn publish_run_status_changed(
        &self,
        workflow_name: &str,
        run_id: Uuid,
        to: RunStatus,
        error: Option<String>,
        ctx: &WorkflowContext,
        duration_ms: u64,
        labels: HashMap<String, String>,
    ) {
        let now = Utc::now();
        let cost_usd = ctx.total_cost_usd();
        let wf = workflow_name.to_string();

        self.event_publisher.publish(Event::RunStatusChanged {
            run_id,
            workflow_name: wf.clone(),
            from: RunStatus::Running,
            to,
            error: error.clone(),
            cost_usd,
            duration_ms,
            labels: labels.clone(),
            at: now,
        });

        if to == RunStatus::Failed {
            self.event_publisher.publish(Event::RunFailed {
                run_id,
                workflow_name: wf,
                error,
                cost_usd,
                duration_ms,
                labels,
                at: now,
            });
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for Engine {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Engine")
            .field("handlers", &self.handlers.keys().collect::<Vec<_>>())
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::config::ShellConfig;
    use crate::handler::{HandlerFuture, WorkflowHandler};
    use ironflow_core::providers::claude::ClaudeCodeProvider;
    use ironflow_core::providers::record_replay::RecordReplayProvider;
    use ironflow_store::memory::InMemoryStore;
    use ironflow_store::models::StepStatus;
    use serde_json::json;

    // Test handler that echoes a message via shell
    struct EchoWorkflow;

    impl WorkflowHandler for EchoWorkflow {
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "echo-workflow"
        }

        fn describe(&self) -> WorkflowInfo {
            WorkflowInfo {
                description: "A simple workflow that echoes hello".to_string(),
                source_code: None,
                sub_workflows: Vec::new(),
                category: None,
                version: self.version().map(str::to_string),
                compatible_versions: Vec::new(),
                input_schema: None,
                default_labels: HashMap::new(),
                schedule: self.schedule().cloned(),
                default_max_cost_usd: self.default_max_cost_usd(),
            }
        }

        fn execute<'a>(&'a self, ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext) -> HandlerFuture<'a> {
            Box::pin(async move {
                ctx.shell("greet", ShellConfig::new("echo hello")).await?;
                Ok(())
            })
        }
    }

    // Test handler that fails
    struct FailingWorkflow;

    impl WorkflowHandler for FailingWorkflow {
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "failing-workflow"
        }

        fn execute<'a>(&'a self, ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext) -> HandlerFuture<'a> {
            Box::pin(async move {
                ctx.shell("fail", ShellConfig::new("exit 1")).await?;
                Ok(())
            })
        }
    }

    fn create_test_engine() -> Engine {
        let store = Arc::new(InMemoryStore::new());
        let inner = ClaudeCodeProvider::new();
        let provider: Arc<dyn AgentProvider> = Arc::new(RecordReplayProvider::replay(
            inner,
            "/tmp/ironflow-fixtures",
        ));
        Engine::new(store, provider)
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_new_creates_instance() {
        let engine = create_test_engine();
        assert_eq!(engine.handler_names().len(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_register_handler() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        let result = engine.register(EchoWorkflow);
        assert!(result.is_ok());
        assert_eq!(engine.handler_names().len(), 1);
        assert!(engine.handler_names().contains(&"echo-workflow"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_register_duplicate_returns_error() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();
        let result = engine.register(EchoWorkflow);
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_get_handler_found() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();
        let handler = engine.get_handler("echo-workflow");
        assert!(handler.is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_get_handler_not_found() {
        let engine = create_test_engine();
        let handler = engine.get_handler("nonexistent");
        assert!(handler.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_handler_names_lists_all() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();
        engine.register(FailingWorkflow).unwrap();
        let names = engine.handler_names();
        assert_eq!(names.len(), 2);
        assert!(names.contains(&"echo-workflow"));
        assert!(names.contains(&"failing-workflow"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_handler_info_returns_description() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();
        let info = engine.handler_info("echo-workflow");
        assert!(info.is_some());
        let info = info.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(info.description, "A simple workflow that echoes hello");
    }

    struct CategorizedWorkflow;

    impl WorkflowHandler for CategorizedWorkflow {
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "categorized"
        }
        fn category(&self) -> Option<&str> {
            Some("data/etl")
        }
        fn execute<'a>(
            &'a self,
            _ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext,
        ) -> crate::handler::HandlerFuture<'a> {
            Box::pin(async move { Ok(()) })
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_default_describe_propagates_category() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(CategorizedWorkflow).unwrap();
        let info = engine.handler_info("categorized").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(info.category.as_deref(), Some("data/etl"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_default_describe_without_category() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();
        let info = engine.handler_info("echo-workflow").unwrap();
        assert!(info.category.is_none());
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Schedule tests
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    struct ScheduledWorkflow {
        schedule: CronSchedule,
    }

    impl ScheduledWorkflow {
        fn new() -> Self {
            Self {
                schedule: CronSchedule::new("0 0 * * * *").unwrap(),
            }
        }
    }

    impl WorkflowHandler for ScheduledWorkflow {
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "scheduled"
        }
        fn schedule(&self) -> Option<&CronSchedule> {
            Some(&self.schedule)
        }
        fn execute<'a>(
            &'a self,
            _ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext,
        ) -> crate::handler::HandlerFuture<'a> {
            Box::pin(async move { Ok(()) })
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_default_describe_propagates_schedule() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(ScheduledWorkflow::new()).unwrap();
        let info = engine.handler_info("scheduled").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            info.schedule.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str()),
            Some("0 0 * * * *")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_default_describe_without_schedule() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();
        let info = engine.handler_info("echo-workflow").unwrap();
        assert!(info.schedule.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn scheduled_handlers_returns_only_scheduled() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();
        engine.register(ScheduledWorkflow::new()).unwrap();
        engine.register(FailingWorkflow).unwrap();

        let scheduled = engine.scheduled_handlers();
        assert_eq!(scheduled.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(scheduled[0].0, "scheduled");
        assert_eq!(scheduled[0].1.as_str(), "0 0 * * * *");
    }

    #[test]
    fn scheduled_handlers_empty_when_none_scheduled() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();
        engine.register(FailingWorkflow).unwrap();

        let scheduled = engine.scheduled_handlers();
        assert!(scheduled.is_empty());
    }

    struct BadCategoryWorkflow(&'static str);

    impl WorkflowHandler for BadCategoryWorkflow {
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "bad-category"
        }
        fn category(&self) -> Option<&str> {
            Some(self.0)
        }
        fn execute<'a>(
            &'a self,
            _ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext,
        ) -> crate::handler::HandlerFuture<'a> {
            Box::pin(async move { Ok(()) })
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_register_rejects_empty_category() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        let err = engine.register(BadCategoryWorkflow("")).unwrap_err();
        match err {
            EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(msg) => assert!(msg.contains("empty category")),
            other => panic!("expected InvalidWorkflow, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_register_rejects_leading_slash_category() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        let err = engine
            .register(BadCategoryWorkflow("/data/etl"))
            .unwrap_err();
        match err {
            EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(msg) => assert!(msg.contains("leading '/'")),
            other => panic!("expected InvalidWorkflow, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_register_rejects_trailing_slash_category() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        let err = engine
            .register(BadCategoryWorkflow("data/etl/"))
            .unwrap_err();
        match err {
            EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(msg) => assert!(msg.contains("trailing '/'")),
            other => panic!("expected InvalidWorkflow, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_register_rejects_double_slash_category() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        let err = engine
            .register(BadCategoryWorkflow("data//etl"))
            .unwrap_err();
        match err {
            EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(msg) => assert!(msg.contains("empty segment")),
            other => panic!("expected InvalidWorkflow, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_register_rejects_whitespace_only_segment_category() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        let err = engine
            .register(BadCategoryWorkflow("data/ /etl"))
            .unwrap_err();
        match err {
            EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(msg) => assert!(msg.contains("whitespace-only segment")),
            other => panic!("expected InvalidWorkflow, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_register_accepts_valid_nested_category() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        assert!(engine.register(CategorizedWorkflow).is_ok());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn engine_unknown_workflow_returns_error() {
        let engine = create_test_engine();
        let result = engine
            .run_handler("unknown", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({}))
            .await;
        assert!(result.is_err());
        match result {
            Err(EngineError::InvalidWorkflow(msg)) => {
                assert!(msg.contains("no handler registered"));
            }
            _ => panic!("expected InvalidWorkflow error"),
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn engine_enqueue_handler_creates_pending_run() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();

        let run = engine
            .enqueue_handler("echo-workflow", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({}), 0)
            .await
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(run.status.state, RunStatus::Pending);
        assert_eq!(run.workflow_name, "echo-workflow");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn enqueue_handler_leaves_the_run_unattributed() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();

        let run = engine
            .enqueue_handler("echo-workflow", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({}), 0)
            .await
            .unwrap();

        assert!(run.created_by.is_none());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn enqueue_handler_with_options_records_the_author() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();
        let actor = RunActor::User {
            user_id: Uuid::now_v7(),
        };

        let run = engine
            .enqueue_handler_with_options(
                "echo-workflow",
                TriggerKind::Api,
                json!({}),
                EnqueueOptions {
                    created_by: Some(actor.clone()),
                    ..Default::default()
                },
            )
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_run();

        assert_eq!(run.created_by, Some(actor));
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn enqueue_handler_with_options_accepts_no_author() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();

        let run = engine
            .enqueue_handler_with_options(
                "echo-workflow",
                TriggerKind::Cron {
                    schedule: "0 * * * * *".to_string(),
                },
                json!({}),
                EnqueueOptions::default(),
            )
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_run();

        assert!(run.created_by.is_none());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn run_handler_leaves_the_run_unattributed() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(EchoWorkflow).unwrap();

        let run = engine
            .run_handler("echo-workflow", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({}))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .run;

        assert!(run.created_by.is_none());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn engine_register_boxed() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        let handler: Box<dyn WorkflowHandler> = Box::new(EchoWorkflow);
        let result = engine.register_boxed(handler);
        assert!(result.is_ok());
        assert_eq!(engine.handler_names().len(), 1);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn engine_store_and_provider_accessors() {
        let store = Arc::new(InMemoryStore::new());
        let inner = ClaudeCodeProvider::new();
        let provider: Arc<dyn AgentProvider> = Arc::new(RecordReplayProvider::replay(
            inner,
            "/tmp/ironflow-fixtures",
        ));
        let engine = Engine::new(store.clone(), provider.clone());

        // Verify accessors return references
        let _ = engine.store();
        let _ = engine.provider();
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Operation trait tests
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    use crate::operation::{Operation, OperationContext};
    use async_trait::async_trait;
    use ironflow_core::error::OperationError;
    use ironflow_store::models::StepKind;

    struct FakeGitlabOp {
        project_id: u64,
        title: String,
    }

    #[async_trait]
    impl Operation for FakeGitlabOp {
        fn kind(&self) -> &str {
            "gitlab"
        }

        async fn execute(&self, _ctx: &OperationContext) -> Result<Value, OperationError> {
            Ok(json!({
                "issue_id": 42,
                "project_id": self.project_id,
                "title": self.title,
            }))
        }

        fn input(&self) -> Option<Value> {
            Some(json!({
                "project_id": self.project_id,
                "title": self.title,
            }))
        }
    }

    struct FailingOp;

    #[async_trait]
    impl Operation for FailingOp {
        fn kind(&self) -> &str {
            "broken-service"
        }

        async fn execute(&self, _ctx: &OperationContext) -> Result<Value, OperationError> {
            Err(OperationError::Http {
                status: None,
                message: "service unavailable".to_string(),
            })
        }
    }

    struct OperationWorkflow;

    impl WorkflowHandler for OperationWorkflow {
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "operation-workflow"
        }

        fn execute<'a>(&'a self, ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext) -> HandlerFuture<'a> {
            Box::pin(async move {
                let op = FakeGitlabOp {
                    project_id: 123,
                    title: "Bug report".to_string(),
                };
                ctx.operation("create-issue", &op).await?;
                Ok(())
            })
        }
    }

    struct FailingOperationWorkflow;

    impl WorkflowHandler for FailingOperationWorkflow {
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "failing-operation-workflow"
        }

        fn execute<'a>(&'a self, ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext) -> HandlerFuture<'a> {
            Box::pin(async move {
                ctx.operation("broken-call", &FailingOp).await?;
                Ok(())
            })
        }
    }

    struct MixedWorkflow;

    impl WorkflowHandler for MixedWorkflow {
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "mixed-workflow"
        }

        fn execute<'a>(&'a self, ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext) -> HandlerFuture<'a> {
            Box::pin(async move {
                ctx.shell("build", ShellConfig::new("echo built")).await?;
                let op = FakeGitlabOp {
                    project_id: 456,
                    title: "Deploy done".to_string(),
                };
                let result = ctx.operation("notify-gitlab", &op).await?;
                assert_eq!(result.output["issue_id"], 42);
                Ok(())
            })
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn operation_step_happy_path() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(OperationWorkflow).unwrap();

        let run = engine
            .run_handler("operation-workflow", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({}))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .run;

        assert_eq!(run.status.state, RunStatus::Completed);

        let steps = engine.store().list_steps(run.id).await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(steps.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(steps[0].name, "create-issue");
        assert_eq!(steps[0].kind, StepKind::Custom("gitlab".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(
            steps[0].status.state,
            ironflow_store::models::StepStatus::Completed
        );

        let output = steps[0].output.as_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(output["issue_id"], 42);
        assert_eq!(output["project_id"], 123);

        let input = steps[0].input.as_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(input["project_id"], 123);
        assert_eq!(input["title"], "Bug report");
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn operation_step_failure_marks_run_failed() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(FailingOperationWorkflow).unwrap();

        let result = engine
            .run_handler("failing-operation-workflow", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({}))
            .await;

        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn operation_mixed_with_shell_steps() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(MixedWorkflow).unwrap();

        let run = engine
            .run_handler("mixed-workflow", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({}))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .run;

        assert_eq!(run.status.state, RunStatus::Completed);

        let steps = engine.store().list_steps(run.id).await.unwrap();

        assert_eq!(steps.len(), 2);
        assert_eq!(steps[0].kind, StepKind::Shell);
        assert_eq!(steps[1].kind, StepKind::Custom("gitlab".to_string()));
        assert_eq!(steps[0].position, 0);
        assert_eq!(steps[1].position, 1);
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Approval + resume tests
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    use crate::config::ApprovalConfig;

    struct SingleApprovalWorkflow;

    impl WorkflowHandler for SingleApprovalWorkflow {
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "single-approval"
        }

        fn execute<'a>(&'a self, ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext) -> HandlerFuture<'a> {
            Box::pin(async move {
                ctx.shell("build", ShellConfig::new("echo built")).await?;
                ctx.approval("gate", ApprovalConfig::new("OK?")).await?;
                ctx.shell("deploy", ShellConfig::new("echo deployed"))
                    .await?;
                Ok(())
            })
        }
    }

    struct DoubleApprovalWorkflow;

    impl WorkflowHandler for DoubleApprovalWorkflow {
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "double-approval"
        }

        fn execute<'a>(&'a self, ctx: &'a mut WorkflowContext) -> HandlerFuture<'a> {
            Box::pin(async move {
                ctx.shell("build", ShellConfig::new("echo built")).await?;
                ctx.approval("staging-gate", ApprovalConfig::new("Deploy staging?"))
                    .await?;
                ctx.shell("deploy-staging", ShellConfig::new("echo staging"))
                    .await?;
                ctx.approval("prod-gate", ApprovalConfig::new("Deploy prod?"))
                    .await?;
                ctx.shell("deploy-prod", ShellConfig::new("echo prod"))
                    .await?;
                Ok(())
            })
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn approval_pauses_run() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(SingleApprovalWorkflow).unwrap();

        let run = engine
            .run_handler("single-approval", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({}))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .run;

        assert_eq!(run.status.state, RunStatus::AwaitingApproval);

        let steps = engine.store().list_steps(run.id).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(steps.len(), 2); // build + approval gate
        assert_eq!(steps[0].kind, StepKind::Shell);
        assert_eq!(steps[0].status.state, StepStatus::Completed);
        assert_eq!(steps[1].kind, StepKind::Approval);
        assert_eq!(steps[1].status.state, StepStatus::AwaitingApproval);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn approval_resume_completes_run() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(SingleApprovalWorkflow).unwrap();

        // First execution: pauses at approval
        let run = engine
            .run_handler("single-approval", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({}))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .run;
        assert_eq!(run.status.state, RunStatus::AwaitingApproval);

        // Simulate approval: transition to Running
        engine
            .store()
            .update_run_status(run.id, RunStatus::Running)
            .await
            .unwrap();

        // Resume: replays build, skips approval, executes deploy
        let resumed = engine.resume_run(run.id).await.unwrap().run;
        assert_eq!(resumed.status.state, RunStatus::Completed);

        let steps = engine.store().list_steps(run.id).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(steps.len(), 3); // build + approval + deploy
        assert_eq!(steps[0].name, "build");
        assert_eq!(steps[0].status.state, StepStatus::Completed);
        assert_eq!(steps[1].name, "gate");
        assert_eq!(steps[1].kind, StepKind::Approval);
        assert_eq!(steps[1].status.state, StepStatus::Completed);
        assert_eq!(steps[2].name, "deploy");
        assert_eq!(steps[2].status.state, StepStatus::Completed);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn double_approval_two_resumes() {
        let mut engine = create_test_engine();
        engine.register(DoubleApprovalWorkflow).unwrap();

        // First execution: pauses at staging-gate
        let run = engine
            .run_handler("double-approval", TriggerKind::Manual, json!({}))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .run;
        assert_eq!(run.status.state, RunStatus::AwaitingApproval);

        let steps = engine.store().list_steps(run.id).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(steps.len(), 2); // build + staging-gate

        // First approval
        engine
            .store()
            .update_run_status(run.id, RunStatus::Running)
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let resumed = engine.resume_run(run.id).await.unwrap().run;
        assert_eq!(resumed.status.state, RunStatus::AwaitingApproval);

        let steps = engine.store().list_steps(run.id).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(steps.len(), 4); // build + staging-gate + deploy-staging + prod-gate

        // Second approval
        engine
            .store()
            .update_run_status(run.id, RunStatus::Running)
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let final_run = engine.resume_run(run.id).await.unwrap().run;
        assert_eq!(final_run.status.state, RunStatus::Completed);

        let steps = engine.store().list_steps(run.id).await.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(steps.len(), 5);
        assert_eq!(steps[0].name, "build");
        assert_eq!(steps[1].name, "staging-gate");
        assert_eq!(steps[2].name, "deploy-staging");
        assert_eq!(steps[3].name, "prod-gate");
        assert_eq!(steps[4].name, "deploy-prod");

        for step in &steps {
            assert_eq!(step.status.state, StepStatus::Completed);
        }
    }

    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // fail_orphaned_steps tests
    // -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    use ironflow_store::models::{NewStep, StepUpdate, step_trace_id};

    async fn create_step_with_status(
        store: &Arc<dyn Store>,
        run_id: Uuid,
        name: &str,
        position: u32,
        status: StepStatus,
    ) -> ironflow_store::models::Step {
        let step = store
            .create_step(NewStep {
                run_id,
                trace_id: step_trace_id(run_id, name, position),
                name: name.to_string(),
                kind: StepKind::Shell,
                position,
                input: None,
                is_error_handler: false,
            })
            .await
            .unwrap();

        match status {
            StepStatus::Pending => {}
            StepStatus::Running => {
                store
                    .update_step(
                        step.id,
                        StepUpdate {
                            status: Some(StepStatus::Running),
                            ..StepUpdate::default()
                        },
                    )
                    .await
                    .unwrap();
            }
            StepStatus::Completed => {
                store
                    .update_step(
                        step.id,
                        StepUpdate {
                            status: Some(StepStatus::Running),
                            ..StepUpdate::default()
                        },
                    )
                    .await
                    .unwrap();
                store
                    .update_step(
                        step.id,
                        StepUpdate {
                            status: Some(StepStatus::Completed),
                            ..StepUpdate::default()
                        },
                    )
                    .await
                    .unwrap();
            }
            StepStatus::AwaitingApproval => {
                store
                    .update_step(
                        step.id,
                        StepUpdate {
                            status: Some(StepStatus::Running),
                            ..StepUpdate::default()
                        },
                    )
                    .await
                    .unwrap();
                store
                    .update_step(
                        step.id,
                        StepUpdate {
                            status: Some(StepStatus::AwaitingApproval),
                            ..StepUpdate::default()
                        },
                    )
                    .await
                    .unwrap();
            }
            _ => panic!("unsupported status for test helper: {status}"),
        }

        store.get_step(step.id).await.unwrap().unwrap()
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fail_orphaned_steps_marks_running_as_failed() {
        let engine = create_test_engine();
        let run = engine
            .store()
            .create_run(NewRun {
                created_by: None,
                workflow_name: "test".to_string(),
                trigger: TriggerKind::Manual,
                payload: json!({}),
                max_retries: 0,
                handler_version: None,
                labels: HashMap::new(),
                scheduled_at: None,
                idempotency_key: None,
                max_cost_usd: None,
            })
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_run();

        let step = create_step_with_status(
            engine.store(),
            run.id,
            "running-step",
            0,
            StepStatus::Running,
        )
        .await;

        engine
            .fail_orphaned_steps(run.id, "parent run timed out")
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let updated = engine.store().get_step(step.id).await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(updated.status.state, StepStatus::Failed);
        assert_eq!(updated.error.as_deref(), Some("parent run timed out"));
        assert!(updated.completed_at.is_some());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fail_orphaned_steps_marks_pending_as_skipped() {
        let engine = create_test_engine();
        let run = engine
            .store()
            .create_run(NewRun {
                created_by: None,
                workflow_name: "test".to_string(),
                trigger: TriggerKind::Manual,
                payload: json!({}),
                max_retries: 0,
                handler_version: None,
                labels: HashMap::new(),
                scheduled_at: None,
                idempotency_key: None,
                max_cost_usd: None,
            })
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_run();

        let step = create_step_with_status(
            engine.store(),
            run.id,
            "pending-step",
            0,
            StepStatus::Pending,
        )
        .await;

        engine
            .fail_orphaned_steps(run.id, "parent run timed out")
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let updated = engine.store().get_step(step.id).await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(updated.status.state, StepStatus::Skipped);
        assert!(updated.error.is_none());
        assert!(updated.completed_at.is_some());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fail_orphaned_steps_marks_awaiting_approval_as_failed() {
        let engine = create_test_engine();
        let run = engine
            .store()
            .create_run(NewRun {
                created_by: None,
                workflow_name: "test".to_string(),
                trigger: TriggerKind::Manual,
                payload: json!({}),
                max_retries: 0,
                handler_version: None,
                labels: HashMap::new(),
                scheduled_at: None,
                idempotency_key: None,
                max_cost_usd: None,
            })
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_run();

        let step = create_step_with_status(
            engine.store(),
            run.id,
            "approval-step",
            0,
            StepStatus::AwaitingApproval,
        )
        .await;

        engine
            .fail_orphaned_steps(run.id, "parent run timed out")
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let updated = engine.store().get_step(step.id).await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(updated.status.state, StepStatus::Failed);
        assert_eq!(updated.error.as_deref(), Some("parent run timed out"));
        assert!(updated.completed_at.is_some());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fail_orphaned_steps_skips_terminal_steps() {
        let engine = create_test_engine();
        let run = engine
            .store()
            .create_run(NewRun {
                created_by: None,
                workflow_name: "test".to_string(),
                trigger: TriggerKind::Manual,
                payload: json!({}),
                max_retries: 0,
                handler_version: None,
                labels: HashMap::new(),
                scheduled_at: None,
                idempotency_key: None,
                max_cost_usd: None,
            })
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_run();

        let completed_step =
            create_step_with_status(engine.store(), run.id, "done", 0, StepStatus::Completed).await;
        let running_step =
            create_step_with_status(engine.store(), run.id, "in-flight", 1, StepStatus::Running)
                .await;

        engine
            .fail_orphaned_steps(run.id, "parent run timed out")
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let completed = engine
            .store()
            .get_step(completed_step.id)
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(completed.status.state, StepStatus::Completed);

        let failed = engine
            .store()
            .get_step(running_step.id)
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(failed.status.state, StepStatus::Failed);
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fail_orphaned_steps_mixed_states() {
        let engine = create_test_engine();
        let run = engine
            .store()
            .create_run(NewRun {
                created_by: None,
                workflow_name: "test".to_string(),
                trigger: TriggerKind::Manual,
                payload: json!({}),
                max_retries: 0,
                handler_version: None,
                labels: HashMap::new(),
                scheduled_at: None,
                idempotency_key: None,
                max_cost_usd: None,
            })
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_run();

        let s_completed =
            create_step_with_status(engine.store(), run.id, "step-1", 0, StepStatus::Completed)
                .await;
        let s_running =
            create_step_with_status(engine.store(), run.id, "step-2", 1, StepStatus::Running).await;
        let s_pending =
            create_step_with_status(engine.store(), run.id, "step-3", 2, StepStatus::Pending).await;

        engine.fail_orphaned_steps(run.id, "timeout").await.unwrap();

        let r_completed = engine
            .store()
            .get_step(s_completed.id)
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r_completed.status.state, StepStatus::Completed);

        let r_running = engine
            .store()
            .get_step(s_running.id)
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r_running.status.state, StepStatus::Failed);
        assert_eq!(r_running.error.as_deref(), Some("timeout"));

        let r_pending = engine
            .store()
            .get_step(s_pending.id)
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r_pending.status.state, StepStatus::Skipped);
        assert!(r_pending.error.is_none());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fail_orphaned_steps_no_steps_is_noop() {
        let engine = create_test_engine();
        let run = engine
            .store()
            .create_run(NewRun {
                created_by: None,
                workflow_name: "test".to_string(),
                trigger: TriggerKind::Manual,
                payload: json!({}),
                max_retries: 0,
                handler_version: None,
                labels: HashMap::new(),
                scheduled_at: None,
                idempotency_key: None,
                max_cost_usd: None,
            })
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_run();

        let result = engine.fail_orphaned_steps(run.id, "timeout").await;
        assert!(result.is_ok());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn fail_orphaned_steps_preserves_existing_error() {
        let engine = create_test_engine();
        let run = engine
            .store()
            .create_run(NewRun {
                created_by: None,
                workflow_name: "test".to_string(),
                trigger: TriggerKind::Manual,
                payload: json!({}),
                max_retries: 0,
                handler_version: None,
                labels: HashMap::new(),
                scheduled_at: None,
                idempotency_key: None,
                max_cost_usd: None,
            })
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .into_run();

        let step_with_error = create_step_with_status(
            engine.store(),
            run.id,
            "already-errored",
            0,
            StepStatus::Running,
        )
        .await;

        engine
            .store()
            .update_step(
                step_with_error.id,
                StepUpdate {
                    error: Some("real error from provider".to_string()),
                    ..StepUpdate::default()
                },
            )
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let step_no_error = create_step_with_status(
            engine.store(),
            run.id,
            "no-error-yet",
            1,
            StepStatus::Running,
        )
        .await;

        engine
            .fail_orphaned_steps(run.id, "parent run failed")
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let updated_with = engine
            .store()
            .get_step(step_with_error.id)
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(updated_with.status.state, StepStatus::Failed);
        assert_eq!(
            updated_with.error.as_deref(),
            Some("real error from provider"),
        );

        let updated_without = engine
            .store()
            .get_step(step_no_error.id)
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(updated_without.status.state, StepStatus::Failed);
        assert_eq!(updated_without.error.as_deref(), Some("parent run failed"),);
    }
}