ipc_channel/platform/unix/

mod.rs

// Copyright 2015 The Servo Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT
// file at the top-level directory of this distribution.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
// <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
// option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
// except according to those terms.

use crate::ipc::IpcMessage;
use libc::{
    self, cmsghdr, linger, CMSG_DATA, CMSG_LEN, CMSG_SPACE, MAP_FAILED, MAP_SHARED, PROT_READ,
    PROT_WRITE, SOCK_SEQPACKET, SOL_SOCKET,
};
use libc::{c_char, c_int, c_void, getsockopt, SO_LINGER, S_IFMT, S_IFSOCK};
use libc::{iovec, msghdr, off_t, recvmsg, sendmsg};
use libc::{sa_family_t, setsockopt, size_t, sockaddr, sockaddr_un, socketpair, socklen_t};
use libc::{EAGAIN, EWOULDBLOCK};
use mio::unix::SourceFd;
use mio::{Events, Interest, Poll, Token};
use rustc_hash::FxHasher;
use std::cell::Cell;
use std::cmp;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::convert::TryInto;
use std::ffi::{c_uint, CString};
use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Formatter};
use std::hash::BuildHasherDefault;
use std::io;
use std::mem;
use std::ops::{Deref, RangeFrom};
use std::os::fd::RawFd;
use std::ptr;
use std::slice;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
use std::sync::{Arc, LazyLock};
use std::thread;
use std::time::{Duration, UNIX_EPOCH};
use tempfile::{Builder, TempDir};
use thiserror::Error;

const MAX_FDS_IN_CMSG: u32 = 64;

// The value Linux returns for SO_SNDBUF
// is not the size we are actually allowed to use...
// Empirically, we have to deduct 32 bytes from that.
const RESERVED_SIZE: usize = 32;

#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "illumos"))]
const SOCK_FLAGS: c_int = libc::SOCK_CLOEXEC;
#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "illumos")))]
const SOCK_FLAGS: c_int = 0;

#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "illumos"))]
const RECVMSG_FLAGS: c_int = libc::MSG_CMSG_CLOEXEC;
#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "illumos")))]
const RECVMSG_FLAGS: c_int = 0;

#[cfg(target_env = "gnu")]
type IovLen = usize;

#[cfg(not(target_env = "gnu"))]
type IovLen = i32;
#[cfg(target_env = "gnu")]
type MsgControlLen = size_t;
#[cfg(not(target_env = "gnu"))]
type MsgControlLen = socklen_t;

#[derive(Debug, Error)]
pub enum OsTrySelectError {
    #[error("Error in IO: {0}.")]
    IoError(#[from] UnixError),
    #[error("No messages were received and no disconnections occurred.")]
    Empty,
}

unsafe fn new_sockaddr_un(path: *const c_char) -> (sockaddr_un, usize) {
    let mut sockaddr: sockaddr_un = mem::zeroed();
    libc::strncpy(
        sockaddr.sun_path.as_mut_ptr(),
        path,
        sockaddr.sun_path.len() - 1,
    );
    sockaddr.sun_family = libc::AF_UNIX as sa_family_t;
    (sockaddr, mem::size_of::<sockaddr_un>())
}

static SYSTEM_SENDBUF_SIZE: LazyLock<usize> = LazyLock::new(|| {
    let (tx, _) = channel().expect("Failed to obtain a socket for checking maximum send size");
    tx.get_system_sendbuf_size()
        .expect("Failed to obtain maximum send size for socket")
});

// The pid of the current process which is used to create unique IDs
static PID: LazyLock<u32> = LazyLock::new(std::process::id);

// A global count used to create unique IDs
static SHM_COUNT: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);

pub fn channel() -> Result<(OsIpcSender, OsIpcReceiver), UnixError> {
    let mut results = [0, 0];
    unsafe {
        if socketpair(
            libc::AF_UNIX,
            SOCK_SEQPACKET | SOCK_FLAGS,
            0,
            &mut results[0],
        ) >= 0
        {
            Ok((
                OsIpcSender::from_fd(results[0]),
                OsIpcReceiver::from_fd(results[1]),
            ))
        } else {
            Err(UnixError::last())
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct PollEntry {
    pub id: u64,
    pub fd: RawFd,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct OsIpcReceiver {
    fd: Cell<c_int>,
}

impl Drop for OsIpcReceiver {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            let fd = self.fd.get();
            if fd >= 0 {
                let result = libc::close(fd);
                assert!(
                    thread::panicking() || result == 0,
                    "closed receiver (fd: {}): {}",
                    fd,
                    UnixError::last(),
                );
            }
        }
    }
}

impl OsIpcReceiver {
    fn from_fd(fd: c_int) -> OsIpcReceiver {
        OsIpcReceiver { fd: Cell::new(fd) }
    }

    fn consume_fd(&self) -> c_int {
        let fd = self.fd.get();
        self.fd.set(-1);
        fd
    }

    pub fn consume(&self) -> OsIpcReceiver {
        OsIpcReceiver::from_fd(self.consume_fd())
    }

    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub fn recv(&self) -> Result<IpcMessage, UnixError> {
        recv(self.fd.get(), BlockingMode::Blocking)
    }

    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub fn try_recv(&self) -> Result<IpcMessage, UnixError> {
        recv(self.fd.get(), BlockingMode::Nonblocking)
    }

    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub fn try_recv_timeout(&self, duration: Duration) -> Result<IpcMessage, UnixError> {
        recv(self.fd.get(), BlockingMode::Timeout(duration))
    }
}

#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
struct SharedFileDescriptor(c_int);

impl Drop for SharedFileDescriptor {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            let result = libc::close(self.0);
            assert!(thread::panicking() || result == 0);
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct OsIpcSender {
    fd: Arc<SharedFileDescriptor>,
}

impl OsIpcSender {
    fn from_fd(fd: c_int) -> OsIpcSender {
        OsIpcSender {
            fd: Arc::new(SharedFileDescriptor(fd)),
        }
    }

    /// Maximum size of the kernel buffer used for transfers over this channel.
    ///
    /// Note: This is *not* the actual maximal packet size we are allowed to use...
    /// Some of it is reserved by the kernel for bookkeeping.
    fn get_system_sendbuf_size(&self) -> Result<usize, UnixError> {
        unsafe {
            let mut socket_sendbuf_size: c_int = 0;
            let mut socket_sendbuf_size_len = mem::size_of::<c_int>() as socklen_t;
            if getsockopt(
                self.fd.0,
                libc::SOL_SOCKET,
                libc::SO_SNDBUF,
                &mut socket_sendbuf_size as *mut _ as *mut c_void,
                &mut socket_sendbuf_size_len as *mut socklen_t,
            ) < 0
            {
                return Err(UnixError::last());
            }
            Ok(socket_sendbuf_size.try_into().unwrap())
        }
    }

    /// Calculate maximum payload data size per fragment.
    ///
    /// It is the total size of the kernel buffer, minus the part reserved by the kernel.
    ///
    /// The `sendbuf_size` passed in should usually be the maximum kernel buffer size,
    /// i.e. the value of *SYSTEM_SENDBUF_SIZE --
    /// except after getting ENOBUFS, in which case it needs to be reduced.
    fn fragment_size(sendbuf_size: usize) -> usize {
        sendbuf_size - RESERVED_SIZE
    }

    /// Calculate maximum payload data size of first fragment.
    ///
    /// This one is smaller than regular fragments, because it carries the message (size) header.
    fn first_fragment_size(sendbuf_size: usize) -> usize {
        (Self::fragment_size(sendbuf_size) - mem::size_of::<usize>()) & (!8usize + 1)
        // Ensure optimal alignment.
    }

    /// Maximum data size that can be transferred over this channel in a single packet.
    ///
    /// This is the size of the main data chunk only --
    /// it's independent of any auxiliary data (FDs) transferred along with it.
    ///
    /// A send on this channel won't block for transfers up to this size
    /// under normal circumstances.
    /// (It might still block if heavy memory pressure causes ENOBUFS,
    /// forcing us to reduce the packet size.)
    pub fn get_max_fragment_size() -> usize {
        Self::first_fragment_size(*SYSTEM_SENDBUF_SIZE)
    }

    pub fn send(
        &self,
        data: &[u8],
        channels: Vec<OsIpcChannel>,
        shared_memory_regions: Vec<OsIpcSharedMemory>,
    ) -> Result<(), UnixError> {
        let mut fds = Vec::new();
        for channel in channels.iter() {
            fds.push(channel.fd());
        }
        for shared_memory_region in shared_memory_regions.iter() {
            fds.push(shared_memory_region.store.fd());
        }

        // `len` is the total length of the message.
        // Its value will be sent as a message header before the payload data.
        //
        // Not to be confused with the length of the data to send in this packet
        // (i.e. the length of the data buffer passed in),
        // which in a fragmented send will be smaller than the total message length.
        fn send_first_fragment(
            sender_fd: c_int,
            fds: &[c_int],
            data_buffer: &[u8],
            len: usize,
        ) -> Result<(), UnixError> {
            let result = unsafe {
                let cmsg_length = mem::size_of_val(fds) as c_uint;
                let (cmsg_buffer, cmsg_space) = if cmsg_length > 0 {
                    let cmsg_buffer =
                        libc::malloc(CMSG_SPACE(cmsg_length) as usize) as *mut cmsghdr;
                    if cmsg_buffer.is_null() {
                        return Err(UnixError::last());
                    }
                    (*cmsg_buffer).cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(cmsg_length) as MsgControlLen;
                    (*cmsg_buffer).cmsg_level = libc::SOL_SOCKET;
                    (*cmsg_buffer).cmsg_type = libc::SCM_RIGHTS;

                    ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
                        fds.as_ptr(),
                        CMSG_DATA(cmsg_buffer) as *mut c_int,
                        fds.len(),
                    );
                    (cmsg_buffer, CMSG_SPACE(cmsg_length))
                } else {
                    (ptr::null_mut(), 0)
                };

                let mut iovec = [
                    // First fragment begins with a header recording the total data length.
                    //
                    // The receiver uses this to determine
                    // whether it already got the entire message,
                    // or needs to receive additional fragments -- and if so, how much.
                    iovec {
                        iov_base: &len as *const _ as *mut c_void,
                        iov_len: mem::size_of_val(&len),
                    },
                    iovec {
                        iov_base: data_buffer.as_ptr() as *mut c_void,
                        iov_len: data_buffer.len(),
                    },
                ];

                let msghdr = new_msghdr(&mut iovec, cmsg_buffer, cmsg_space as MsgControlLen);
                let result = sendmsg(sender_fd, &msghdr, 0);
                libc::free(cmsg_buffer as *mut c_void);
                result
            };

            if result > 0 {
                Ok(())
            } else {
                Err(UnixError::last())
            }
        }

        fn send_followup_fragment(sender_fd: c_int, data_buffer: &[u8]) -> Result<(), UnixError> {
            let result = unsafe {
                libc::send(
                    sender_fd,
                    data_buffer.as_ptr() as *const c_void,
                    data_buffer.len(),
                    0,
                )
            };

            if result > 0 {
                Ok(())
            } else {
                Err(UnixError::last())
            }
        }

        let mut sendbuf_size = *SYSTEM_SENDBUF_SIZE;

        /// Reduce send buffer size after getting ENOBUFS,
        /// i.e. when the kernel failed to allocate a large enough buffer.
        ///
        /// (If the buffer already was significantly smaller
        /// than the memory page size though,
        /// if means something else must have gone wrong;
        /// so there is no point in further downsizing,
        /// and we error out instead.)
        fn downsize(sendbuf_size: &mut usize, sent_size: usize) -> Result<(), ()> {
            if sent_size > 2000 {
                *sendbuf_size /= 2;
                // Make certain we end up with less than what we tried before...
                if *sendbuf_size >= sent_size {
                    *sendbuf_size = sent_size / 2;
                }
                Ok(())
            } else {
                Err(())
            }
        }

        // If the message is small enough, try sending it in a single fragment.
        if data.len() <= Self::get_max_fragment_size() {
            match send_first_fragment(self.fd.0, &fds[..], data, data.len()) {
                Ok(_) => return Ok(()),
                Err(error) => {
                    // ENOBUFS means the kernel failed to allocate a buffer large enough
                    // to actually transfer the message,
                    // although the message was small enough to fit the maximum send size --
                    // so we have to proceed with a fragmented send nevertheless,
                    // using a reduced send buffer size.
                    //
                    // Any other errors we might get here are non-recoverable.
                    if !(matches!(error, UnixError::Errno(libc::ENOBUFS))
                        && downsize(&mut sendbuf_size, data.len()).is_ok())
                    {
                        return Err(error);
                    }
                },
            }
        }

        // The packet is too big. Fragmentation time!
        //
        // Create dedicated channel to send all but the first fragment.
        // This way we avoid fragments of different messages interleaving in the receiver.
        //
        // The receiver end of the channel is sent with the first fragment
        // along any other file descriptors that are to be transferred in the message.
        let (dedicated_tx, dedicated_rx) = channel()?;
        // Extract FD handle without consuming the Receiver, so the FD doesn't get closed.
        fds.push(dedicated_rx.fd.get());

        // Split up the packet into fragments.
        let mut byte_position = 0;
        while byte_position < data.len() {
            let end_byte_position;
            let result = if byte_position == 0 {
                // First fragment. No offset; but contains message header (total size).
                // The auxiliary data (FDs) is also sent along with this one.

                // This fragment always uses the full allowable buffer size.
                end_byte_position = Self::first_fragment_size(sendbuf_size);
                send_first_fragment(self.fd.0, &fds[..], &data[..end_byte_position], data.len())
            } else {
                // Followup fragment. No header; but offset by amount of data already sent.

                end_byte_position = cmp::min(
                    byte_position + Self::fragment_size(sendbuf_size),
                    data.len(),
                );
                send_followup_fragment(dedicated_tx.fd.0, &data[byte_position..end_byte_position])
            };

            if let Err(error) = result {
                if matches!(error, UnixError::Errno(libc::ENOBUFS))
                    && downsize(&mut sendbuf_size, end_byte_position - byte_position).is_ok()
                {
                    // If the kernel failed to allocate a buffer large enough for the packet,
                    // retry with a smaller size (if possible).
                    continue;
                } else {
                    return Err(error);
                }
            }

            byte_position = end_byte_position;
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn connect(name: String) -> Result<OsIpcSender, UnixError> {
        let name = CString::new(name).unwrap();
        unsafe {
            let fd = libc::socket(libc::AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET | SOCK_FLAGS, 0);
            let (sockaddr, len) = new_sockaddr_un(name.as_ptr());
            if libc::connect(
                fd,
                &sockaddr as *const _ as *const sockaddr,
                len as socklen_t,
            ) < 0
            {
                return Err(UnixError::last());
            }

            Ok(OsIpcSender::from_fd(fd))
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum OsIpcChannel {
    Sender(OsIpcSender),
    Receiver(OsIpcReceiver),
}

impl OsIpcChannel {
    fn fd(&self) -> c_int {
        match *self {
            OsIpcChannel::Sender(ref sender) => sender.fd.0,
            OsIpcChannel::Receiver(ref receiver) => receiver.fd.get(),
        }
    }
}

pub struct OsIpcReceiverSet {
    incrementor: RangeFrom<u64>,
    poll: Poll,
    pollfds: HashMap<Token, PollEntry, BuildHasherDefault<FxHasher>>,
    events: Events,
}

impl Drop for OsIpcReceiverSet {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        for &PollEntry { id: _, fd } in self.pollfds.values() {
            let result = unsafe { libc::close(fd) };
            assert!(thread::panicking() || result == 0);
        }
    }
}

impl OsIpcReceiverSet {
    pub fn new() -> Result<OsIpcReceiverSet, UnixError> {
        let fx = BuildHasherDefault::<FxHasher>::default();
        Ok(OsIpcReceiverSet {
            incrementor: 0..,
            poll: Poll::new()?,
            pollfds: HashMap::with_hasher(fx),
            events: Events::with_capacity(10),
        })
    }

    pub fn add(&mut self, receiver: OsIpcReceiver) -> Result<u64, UnixError> {
        let last_index = self.incrementor.next().unwrap();
        let fd = receiver.consume_fd();
        let fd_token = Token(fd as usize);
        let poll_entry = PollEntry { id: last_index, fd };
        self.poll
            .registry()
            .register(&mut SourceFd(&fd), fd_token, Interest::READABLE)?;
        self.pollfds.insert(fd_token, poll_entry);
        Ok(last_index)
    }

    pub fn select(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<OsIpcSelectionResult>, UnixError> {
        // Poll until we receive at least one event.
        loop {
            match self.poll.poll(&mut self.events, None) {
                Ok(()) if !self.events.is_empty() => break,
                Ok(()) => {},
                Err(ref error) => {
                    if error.kind() != io::ErrorKind::Interrupted {
                        return Err(UnixError::last());
                    }
                },
            }

            if !self.events.is_empty() {
                break;
            }
        }

        match self.selection_results() {
            Ok(v) => Ok(v),
            Err(OsTrySelectError::Empty) => panic!("Blocking select cannot return Empty"),
            Err(OsTrySelectError::IoError(e)) => Err(e),
        }
    }

    pub fn try_select(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<OsIpcSelectionResult>, OsTrySelectError> {
        // Non-blocking poll to receive zero or more events.
        self.try_select_timeout(Duration::ZERO)
    }

    pub fn try_select_timeout(
        &mut self,
        duration: Duration,
    ) -> Result<Vec<OsIpcSelectionResult>, OsTrySelectError> {
        // Poll for the specified duration until we receive zero or more events.
        match self.poll.poll(&mut self.events, Some(duration)) {
            Ok(()) => (),
            Err(ref error) => {
                if error.kind() != io::ErrorKind::Interrupted {
                    return Err(OsTrySelectError::IoError(UnixError::last()));
                }
            },
        }

        let v = self.selection_results()?;
        if v.is_empty() {
            Err(OsTrySelectError::Empty)
        } else {
            Ok(v)
        }
    }

    fn selection_results(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<OsIpcSelectionResult>, OsTrySelectError> {
        let mut selection_results = Vec::new();
        for event in self.events.iter() {
            // We only register this `Poll` for readable events.
            assert!(event.is_readable());

            let event_token = event.token();
            let poll_entry = *self
                .pollfds
                .get(&event_token)
                .expect("Got event for unknown token.");
            loop {
                match recv(poll_entry.fd, BlockingMode::Nonblocking) {
                    Ok(ipc_message) => {
                        selection_results.push(OsIpcSelectionResult::DataReceived(
                            poll_entry.id,
                            ipc_message,
                        ));
                    },
                    Err(err) if err.channel_is_closed() => {
                        self.pollfds.remove(&event_token).unwrap();
                        self.poll
                            .registry()
                            .deregister(&mut SourceFd(&poll_entry.fd))
                            .unwrap();
                        unsafe {
                            libc::close(poll_entry.fd);
                        }

                        selection_results.push(OsIpcSelectionResult::ChannelClosed(poll_entry.id));
                        break;
                    },
                    Err(UnixError::Errno(code)) if code == EWOULDBLOCK => {
                        // We tried to read another message from the file descriptor and
                        // it would have blocked, so we have exhausted all of the data
                        // pending to read.
                        break;
                    },
                    Err(e) => return Err(OsTrySelectError::IoError(e)),
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(selection_results)
    }
}

pub enum OsIpcSelectionResult {
    DataReceived(u64, IpcMessage),
    ChannelClosed(u64),
}

impl OsIpcSelectionResult {
    pub fn unwrap(self) -> (u64, IpcMessage) {
        match self {
            OsIpcSelectionResult::DataReceived(id, ipc_message) => (id, ipc_message),
            OsIpcSelectionResult::ChannelClosed(id) => {
                panic!("OsIpcSelectionResult::unwrap(): receiver ID {id} was closed!")
            },
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct OsOpaqueIpcChannel {
    fd: c_int,
}

impl Drop for OsOpaqueIpcChannel {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        // Make sure we don't leak!
        //
        // The `OsOpaqueIpcChannel` objects should always be used,
        // i.e. converted with `to_sender()` or `to_receiver()` --
        // so the value should already be unset before the object gets dropped.
        debug_assert!(self.fd == -1);
    }
}

impl OsOpaqueIpcChannel {
    fn from_fd(fd: c_int) -> OsOpaqueIpcChannel {
        OsOpaqueIpcChannel { fd }
    }

    pub fn to_sender(&mut self) -> OsIpcSender {
        OsIpcSender::from_fd(mem::replace(&mut self.fd, -1))
    }

    pub fn to_receiver(&mut self) -> OsIpcReceiver {
        OsIpcReceiver::from_fd(mem::replace(&mut self.fd, -1))
    }
}

pub struct OsIpcOneShotServer {
    fd: c_int,

    // Object representing the temporary directory the socket was created in.
    // The directory is automatically deleted (along with the socket inside it)
    // when this field is dropped.
    _temp_dir: TempDir,
}

impl Drop for OsIpcOneShotServer {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            let result = libc::close(self.fd);
            assert!(thread::panicking() || result == 0);
        }
    }
}

impl OsIpcOneShotServer {
    pub fn new() -> Result<(OsIpcOneShotServer, String), UnixError> {
        unsafe {
            let fd = libc::socket(libc::AF_UNIX, SOCK_SEQPACKET | SOCK_FLAGS, 0);
            let temp_dir = Builder::new().tempdir()?;
            let socket_path = temp_dir.path().join("socket");
            let path_string = socket_path.to_str().unwrap();

            let path_c_string = CString::new(path_string).unwrap();
            let (sockaddr, len) = new_sockaddr_un(path_c_string.as_ptr());
            if libc::bind(
                fd,
                &sockaddr as *const _ as *const sockaddr,
                len as socklen_t,
            ) != 0
            {
                return Err(UnixError::last());
            }

            if libc::listen(fd, 10) != 0 {
                return Err(UnixError::last());
            }

            Ok((
                OsIpcOneShotServer {
                    fd,
                    _temp_dir: temp_dir,
                },
                path_string.to_string(),
            ))
        }
    }

    #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
    pub fn accept(self) -> Result<(OsIpcReceiver, IpcMessage), UnixError> {
        unsafe {
            let sockaddr: *mut sockaddr = ptr::null_mut();
            let sockaddr_len: *mut socklen_t = ptr::null_mut();
            let client_fd = libc::accept(self.fd, sockaddr, sockaddr_len);
            if client_fd < 0 {
                return Err(UnixError::last());
            }
            make_socket_lingering(client_fd)?;

            let receiver = OsIpcReceiver::from_fd(client_fd);
            let ipc_message = receiver.recv()?;
            Ok((receiver, ipc_message))
        }
    }
}

// Make sure that the kernel doesn't return errors to readers if there's still data left after we
// close our end.
//
// See, for example, https://github.com/servo/ipc-channel/issues/29
fn make_socket_lingering(sockfd: c_int) -> Result<(), UnixError> {
    let linger = linger {
        l_onoff: 1,
        l_linger: 30,
    };
    let err = unsafe {
        setsockopt(
            sockfd,
            SOL_SOCKET,
            SO_LINGER,
            &linger as *const _ as *const c_void,
            mem::size_of::<linger>() as socklen_t,
        )
    };
    if err < 0 {
        let error = UnixError::last();
        if let UnixError::Errno(libc::EINVAL) = error {
            // If the other side of the connection is already closed, POSIX.1-2024 (and earlier
            // versions) require that setsockopt return EINVAL [1]. This is a bit unfortunate
            // because SO_LINGER for a closed socket is logically a no-op, which is why some OSes
            // like Linux don't follow this part of the spec. But other OSes like illumos do return
            // EINVAL here.
            //
            // SO_LINGER is widely understood and EINVAL should not occur for any other reason, so
            // accept those errors.
            //
            // Another option would be to call make_socket_lingering on the initial socket created
            // by libc::socket, but whether accept inherits a particular option is
            // implementation-defined [2]. This means that special-casing EINVAL is the most
            // portable thing to do.
            //
            // [1] https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/functions/setsockopt.html:
            //     "[EINVAL] The specified option is invalid at the specified socket level or the
            //     socket has been shut down."
            //
            // [2] https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/functions/accept.html: "It is
            //     implementation-defined which socket options, if any, on the accepted socket will
            //     have a default value determined by a value previously customized by setsockopt()
            //     on socket, rather than the default value used for other new sockets."
        } else {
            return Err(error);
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

struct BackingStore {
    fd: c_int,
}

impl BackingStore {
    pub fn new(length: usize) -> BackingStore {
        let count = SHM_COUNT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        let timestamp = UNIX_EPOCH.elapsed().unwrap();
        let name = CString::new(format!(
            "/ipc-channel-shared-memory.{}.{}.{}.{}",
            count,
            *PID,
            timestamp.as_secs(),
            timestamp.subsec_nanos()
        ))
        .unwrap();
        let fd = create_shmem(name, length);
        Self::from_fd(fd)
    }

    pub fn from_fd(fd: c_int) -> BackingStore {
        BackingStore { fd }
    }

    pub fn fd(&self) -> c_int {
        self.fd
    }

    pub unsafe fn map_file(&self, length: Option<size_t>) -> (*mut u8, size_t) {
        let length = length.unwrap_or_else(|| {
            let mut st = mem::MaybeUninit::uninit();
            if libc::fstat(self.fd, st.as_mut_ptr()) != 0 {
                panic!("error stating fd {}: {}", self.fd, UnixError::last());
            }
            st.assume_init().st_size as size_t
        });
        if length == 0 {
            // This will cause `mmap` to fail, so handle it explicitly.
            return (ptr::null_mut(), length);
        }
        let address = libc::mmap(
            ptr::null_mut(),
            length,
            PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
            MAP_SHARED,
            self.fd,
            0,
        );
        assert!(!address.is_null());
        assert!(address != MAP_FAILED);
        (address as *mut u8, length)
    }
}

impl Drop for BackingStore {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            let result = libc::close(self.fd);
            assert!(thread::panicking() || result == 0);
        }
    }
}

pub struct OsIpcSharedMemory {
    ptr: *mut u8,
    length: usize,
    store: BackingStore,
}

unsafe impl Send for OsIpcSharedMemory {}
unsafe impl Sync for OsIpcSharedMemory {}

impl Drop for OsIpcSharedMemory {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            if !self.ptr.is_null() {
                let result = libc::munmap(self.ptr as *mut c_void, self.length);
                assert!(thread::panicking() || result == 0);
            }
        }
    }
}

impl Clone for OsIpcSharedMemory {
    fn clone(&self) -> OsIpcSharedMemory {
        unsafe {
            let store = BackingStore::from_fd(libc::dup(self.store.fd()));
            let (address, _) = store.map_file(Some(self.length));
            OsIpcSharedMemory::from_raw_parts(address, self.length, store)
        }
    }
}

impl PartialEq for OsIpcSharedMemory {
    fn eq(&self, other: &OsIpcSharedMemory) -> bool {
        **self == **other
    }
}

impl Debug for OsIpcSharedMemory {
    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
        (**self).fmt(formatter)
    }
}

impl Deref for OsIpcSharedMemory {
    type Target = [u8];

    #[inline]
    fn deref(&self) -> &[u8] {
        unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(self.ptr, self.length) }
    }
}

impl OsIpcSharedMemory {
    /// # Safety
    ///
    /// This is safe if there is only one reader/writer on the data.
    /// User can achieve this by not cloning [crate::ipc::IpcSharedMemory]
    /// and serializing/deserializing only once.
    #[inline]
    pub unsafe fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
        unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.ptr, self.length) }
    }

    pub fn take(self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
        Some((*self).to_vec())
    }
}

impl OsIpcSharedMemory {
    unsafe fn from_raw_parts(
        ptr: *mut u8,
        length: usize,
        store: BackingStore,
    ) -> OsIpcSharedMemory {
        OsIpcSharedMemory { ptr, length, store }
    }

    unsafe fn from_fd(fd: c_int) -> OsIpcSharedMemory {
        let store = BackingStore::from_fd(fd);
        let (ptr, length) = store.map_file(None);
        OsIpcSharedMemory::from_raw_parts(ptr, length, store)
    }

    pub fn from_byte(byte: u8, length: usize) -> OsIpcSharedMemory {
        unsafe {
            let store = BackingStore::new(length);
            let (address, _) = store.map_file(Some(length));
            for element in slice::from_raw_parts_mut(address, length) {
                *element = byte;
            }
            OsIpcSharedMemory::from_raw_parts(address, length, store)
        }
    }

    pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> OsIpcSharedMemory {
        unsafe {
            let store = BackingStore::new(bytes.len());
            let (address, _) = store.map_file(Some(bytes.len()));
            ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(bytes.as_ptr(), address, bytes.len());
            OsIpcSharedMemory::from_raw_parts(address, bytes.len(), store)
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Error)]
pub enum UnixError {
    Errno(c_int),
    ChannelClosed,
    IoError(io::Error),
}

impl UnixError {
    fn last() -> UnixError {
        UnixError::Errno(io::Error::last_os_error().raw_os_error().unwrap())
    }

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub fn channel_is_closed(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, UnixError::ChannelClosed)
    }
}

impl From<UnixError> for crate::IpcError {
    fn from(error: UnixError) -> Self {
        match error {
            UnixError::ChannelClosed => crate::IpcError::Disconnected,
            e => crate::IpcError::Io(io::Error::from(e)),
        }
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for UnixError {
    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            UnixError::Errno(errno) => {
                fmt::Display::fmt(&io::Error::from_raw_os_error(*errno), fmt)
            },
            UnixError::ChannelClosed => write!(fmt, "All senders for this socket closed"),
            UnixError::IoError(e) => write!(fmt, "{e}"),
        }
    }
}

impl From<UnixError> for io::Error {
    fn from(unix_error: UnixError) -> io::Error {
        match unix_error {
            UnixError::Errno(errno) => io::Error::from_raw_os_error(errno),
            UnixError::ChannelClosed => io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset, unix_error),
            UnixError::IoError(e) => e,
        }
    }
}

impl From<UnixError> for crate::TryRecvError {
    fn from(error: UnixError) -> Self {
        match error {
            UnixError::ChannelClosed => {
                crate::TryRecvError::IpcError(crate::IpcError::Disconnected)
            },
            UnixError::Errno(code) if code == EAGAIN || code == EWOULDBLOCK => {
                crate::TryRecvError::Empty
            },
            e => crate::TryRecvError::IpcError(crate::IpcError::Io(io::Error::from(e))),
        }
    }
}

impl From<io::Error> for UnixError {
    fn from(e: io::Error) -> UnixError {
        if let Some(errno) = e.raw_os_error() {
            UnixError::Errno(errno)
        } else {
            assert!(e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset);
            UnixError::ChannelClosed
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
enum BlockingMode {
    Blocking,
    Nonblocking,
    Timeout(Duration),
}

#[allow(clippy::uninit_vec, clippy::type_complexity)]
fn recv(fd: c_int, blocking_mode: BlockingMode) -> Result<IpcMessage, UnixError> {
    let (mut channels, mut shared_memory_regions) = (Vec::new(), Vec::new());

    // First fragments begins with a header recording the total data length.
    //
    // We use this to determine whether we already got the entire message,
    // or need to receive additional fragments -- and if so, how much.
    let mut total_size = 0usize;
    let mut main_data_buffer;
    unsafe {
        // Allocate a buffer without initialising the memory.
        main_data_buffer = Vec::with_capacity(OsIpcSender::get_max_fragment_size());
        main_data_buffer.set_len(OsIpcSender::get_max_fragment_size());

        let mut iovec = [
            iovec {
                iov_base: &mut total_size as *mut _ as *mut c_void,
                iov_len: mem::size_of_val(&total_size),
            },
            iovec {
                iov_base: main_data_buffer.as_mut_ptr() as *mut c_void,
                iov_len: main_data_buffer.len(),
            },
        ];
        let mut cmsg = UnixCmsg::new(&mut iovec)?;

        let bytes_read = cmsg.recv(fd, blocking_mode)?;
        main_data_buffer.set_len(bytes_read - mem::size_of_val(&total_size));

        let cmsg_fds = CMSG_DATA(cmsg.cmsg_buffer) as *const c_int;
        let cmsg_length = cmsg.msghdr.msg_controllen;
        let channel_length = if cmsg_length == 0 {
            0
        } else {
            // The control header is followed by an array of FDs. The size of the control header is
            // determined by CMSG_SPACE. (On Linux this would the same as CMSG_ALIGN, but that isn't
            // exposed by libc. CMSG_SPACE(0) is the portable version of that.)
            (cmsg.cmsg_len() - CMSG_SPACE(0) as size_t) / mem::size_of::<c_int>()
        };
        for index in 0..channel_length {
            let fd = *cmsg_fds.add(index);
            if is_socket(fd) {
                channels.push(OsOpaqueIpcChannel::from_fd(fd));
                continue;
            }
            shared_memory_regions.push(OsIpcSharedMemory::from_fd(fd));
        }
    }

    if total_size == main_data_buffer.len() {
        // Fast path: no fragments.
        return Ok(IpcMessage::new(
            main_data_buffer,
            channels,
            shared_memory_regions,
        ));
    }

    // Reassemble fragments.
    //
    // The initial fragment carries the receive end of a dedicated channel
    // through which all the remaining fragments will be coming in.
    let dedicated_rx = channels.pop().unwrap().to_receiver();

    // Extend the buffer to hold the entire message, without initialising the memory.
    let len = main_data_buffer.len();
    main_data_buffer.reserve_exact(total_size - len);

    // Receive followup fragments directly into the main buffer.
    while main_data_buffer.len() < total_size {
        let write_pos = main_data_buffer.len();
        let end_pos = cmp::min(
            write_pos + OsIpcSender::fragment_size(*SYSTEM_SENDBUF_SIZE),
            total_size,
        );
        let result = unsafe {
            assert!(end_pos <= main_data_buffer.capacity());
            main_data_buffer.set_len(end_pos);

            // Integer underflow could make the following code unsound...
            assert!(end_pos >= write_pos);

            // Note: we always use blocking mode for followup fragments,
            // to make sure that once we start receiving a multi-fragment message,
            // we don't abort in the middle of it...
            let result = libc::recv(
                dedicated_rx.fd.get(),
                main_data_buffer[write_pos..].as_mut_ptr() as *mut c_void,
                end_pos - write_pos,
                0,
            );
            main_data_buffer.set_len(write_pos + cmp::max(result, 0) as usize);
            result
        };

        match result.cmp(&0) {
            cmp::Ordering::Greater => continue,
            cmp::Ordering::Equal => return Err(UnixError::ChannelClosed),
            cmp::Ordering::Less => return Err(UnixError::last()),
        }
    }

    Ok(IpcMessage::new(
        main_data_buffer,
        channels,
        shared_memory_regions,
    ))
}

// https://github.com/servo/ipc-channel/issues/192
fn new_msghdr(iovec: &mut [iovec], cmsg_buffer: *mut cmsghdr, cmsg_space: MsgControlLen) -> msghdr {
    let mut msghdr: msghdr = unsafe { mem::zeroed() };
    msghdr.msg_name = ptr::null_mut();
    msghdr.msg_namelen = 0;
    msghdr.msg_iov = iovec.as_mut_ptr();
    msghdr.msg_iovlen = iovec.len() as IovLen;
    msghdr.msg_control = cmsg_buffer as *mut c_void;
    msghdr.msg_controllen = cmsg_space;
    msghdr.msg_flags = 0;
    msghdr
}

fn create_shmem(name: CString, length: usize) -> c_int {
    unsafe {
        let fd = libc::memfd_create(name.as_ptr(), libc::MFD_CLOEXEC);
        assert!(fd >= 0);
        assert_eq!(libc::ftruncate(fd, length as off_t), 0);
        fd
    }
}

struct UnixCmsg {
    cmsg_buffer: *mut cmsghdr,
    msghdr: msghdr,
}

unsafe impl Send for UnixCmsg {}

impl Drop for UnixCmsg {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            libc::free(self.cmsg_buffer as *mut c_void);
        }
    }
}

impl UnixCmsg {
    unsafe fn new(iovec: &mut [iovec]) -> Result<UnixCmsg, UnixError> {
        let cmsg_length = CMSG_SPACE(MAX_FDS_IN_CMSG * (mem::size_of::<c_int>() as c_uint));
        let cmsg_buffer = libc::malloc(cmsg_length as usize) as *mut cmsghdr;
        if cmsg_buffer.is_null() {
            return Err(UnixError::last());
        }
        Ok(UnixCmsg {
            cmsg_buffer,
            msghdr: new_msghdr(iovec, cmsg_buffer, cmsg_length as MsgControlLen),
        })
    }

    unsafe fn recv(&mut self, fd: c_int, blocking_mode: BlockingMode) -> Result<usize, UnixError> {
        match blocking_mode {
            BlockingMode::Nonblocking => {
                if libc::fcntl(fd, libc::F_SETFL, libc::O_NONBLOCK) < 0 {
                    return Err(UnixError::last());
                }
            },
            BlockingMode::Timeout(duration) => {
                let events = libc::POLLIN | libc::POLLPRI | libc::POLLRDHUP;

                let mut fd = [libc::pollfd {
                    fd,
                    events,
                    revents: 0,
                }];
                let result = libc::poll(
                    fd.as_mut_ptr(),
                    fd.len() as _,
                    duration.as_millis().try_into().unwrap_or(-1),
                );

                match result.cmp(&0) {
                    cmp::Ordering::Equal => return Err(UnixError::Errno(EAGAIN)),
                    cmp::Ordering::Less => return Err(UnixError::last()),
                    cmp::Ordering::Greater => {},
                }
            },
            BlockingMode::Blocking => {},
        }

        let result = recvmsg(fd, &mut self.msghdr, RECVMSG_FLAGS);

        let result = match result.cmp(&0) {
            cmp::Ordering::Equal => Err(UnixError::ChannelClosed),
            cmp::Ordering::Less => Err(UnixError::last()),
            cmp::Ordering::Greater => Ok(result as usize),
        };

        if let BlockingMode::Nonblocking = blocking_mode {
            if libc::fcntl(fd, libc::F_SETFL, 0) < 0 {
                return Err(UnixError::last());
            }
        }
        result
    }

    unsafe fn cmsg_len(&self) -> size_t {
        (*(self.msghdr.msg_control as *const cmsghdr)).cmsg_len as size_t
    }
}

fn is_socket(fd: c_int) -> bool {
    unsafe {
        let mut st = mem::MaybeUninit::uninit();
        if libc::fstat(fd, st.as_mut_ptr()) != 0 {
            return false;
        }
        (st.assume_init().st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFSOCK
    }
}