impl_tools/

lib.rs

// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License in the LICENSE-APACHE file or at:
//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
// Lint advocates use of bool::then_some, stablizied in rustc 1.62.0
#![allow(clippy::unnecessary_lazy_evaluations)]

//! # Impl-tools
//!
//! [`#[autoimpl]`](macro@autoimpl) is an alternative to
//! [`#[derive]`](macro@derive) with more features (also usable on traits).
//!
//! [`#[impl_default]`](macro@impl_default) is an alternative to
//! `#[derive(Default)]` supporting field initializers.
//!
//! [`#[impl_self]`](macro@impl_self) provides `impl Self` syntax, avoiding the
//! need to repeat generics when writing impls on a local type definition.
//! This supercedes [`impl_scope!`] (except regarding [`macro@impl_default`]).
//!
//! [`impl_anon!`] is a function-like macro used to define and instantiate a
//! unique (single-use) type. It supports everything supported by [`impl_scope!`]
//! plus field initializers and (limited) automatic typing of fields.
//!
//! User-extensions to both [`#[autoimpl]`](macro@autoimpl) and [`macro@impl_self`]
//! are possible with a custom proc-macro crate depending on
//! [impl-tools-lib](https://crates.io/crates/impl-tools-lib).

#[cfg(doctest)]
doc_comment::doctest!("../README.md");

extern crate proc_macro;

use lib::{anon, scope};
use proc_macro::TokenStream;
use proc_macro_error3::{emit_call_site_error, proc_macro_error};
use syn::parse_macro_input;

use impl_tools_lib::{self as lib, autoimpl};

/// Impl [`Default`] with given field or type initializers
///
/// This macro may be used in one of two ways.
///
/// NOTE: this macro is already partially obsolete since Rust 1.62 added support
/// for [default enum variants](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2022/06/30/Rust-1.62.0/#default-enum-variants).
/// Once [RFC 3681](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/3681) (default field values)
/// is stable in this crate's MSRV, this macro will be deprecated.
///
/// ### Type-level initializer
///
/// ```
/// # use impl_tools::impl_default;
/// /// A simple enum; default value is Blue
/// #[impl_default(Colour::Blue)]
/// enum Colour {
///     Red,
///     Green,
///     Blue,
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
///     assert!(matches!(Colour::default(), Colour::Blue));
/// }
/// ```
///
/// A where clause is optional: `#[impl_default(EXPR where BOUNDS)]`.
///
/// ### Field-level initializer
///
/// This variant only supports structs. Fields specified as `name: type = expr`
/// will be initialized with `expr`, while other fields will be initialized with
/// `Default::default()`.
///
/// ```
/// # use impl_tools::{impl_default, impl_scope};
/// impl_scope! {
///     #[impl_default]
///     struct Person {
///         name: String = "Jane Doe".to_string(),
///         age: u32 = 72,
///         occupation: String,
///     }
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
///     let person = Person::default();
///     assert_eq!(person.name, "Jane Doe");
///     assert_eq!(person.age, 72);
///     assert_eq!(person.occupation, "");
/// }
/// ```
///
/// A where clause is optional: `#[impl_default(where BOUNDS)]`.
#[proc_macro_attribute]
#[proc_macro_error]
pub fn impl_default(args: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    let mut toks = item.clone();
    match syn::parse::<lib::ImplDefault>(args) {
        Ok(attr) => toks.extend(TokenStream::from(attr.expand(item.into()))),
        Err(err) => {
            emit_call_site_error!(err);
            // Since this form of invocation only adds implementations, we can
            // safely output the original item, thus reducing secondary errors.
        }
    }
    toks
}

/// An alternative to the standard [`macro@derive`] macro
///
/// This macro may be used:
///
/// -   [On a type definition](#on-type-definitions), to implement a specified trait
/// -   [On a trait definition](#on-trait-definitions), to implement the trait for specified types
///     supporting [`Deref`]
///
/// # On type definitions
///
/// `#[autoimpl]` on type definitions functions similarly to [`#[derive]`](macro@derive). The differences are as follows.
///
/// There is no implied bound on generic parameters. Instead, bounds must be specified explicitly, using syntax like `where T: Clone`. The special syntax `where T: trait` may be used where `trait` desugars to the target trait for each implementation. An example:
/// ```
/// # use impl_tools::autoimpl;
/// #[autoimpl(Clone, Debug where T: trait)]
/// struct Wrapper<T>(pub T);
/// ```
///
/// ### `ignore`
///
/// Traits like [`Debug`] may be implemented while `ignore`-ing some fields, for example:
/// ```
/// # use impl_tools::autoimpl;
/// #[autoimpl(Debug ignore self.f)]
/// struct PairWithFn<T> {
///     x: f32,
///     y: f32,
///     f: fn(&T),
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ### `using`
///
/// Traits like [`Deref`] may be implemented by `using` a named field, for example:
/// ```
/// # use impl_tools::autoimpl;
/// #[autoimpl(Deref, DerefMut using self.1)]
/// struct AnnotatedWrapper<T>(String, T);
/// ```
/// In the above example, [`Deref::Target`] will be implemented as `T` (the type
/// of the field `self.1`). The `Target` type may instead be specified explicitly:
/// ```
/// # use impl_tools::autoimpl;
/// #[autoimpl(Deref<Target = T> using self.0)]
/// struct MyBoxingWrapper<T: ?Sized>(Box<T>);
/// ```
///
/// ## Supported traits
///
/// | Path | *ignore* | *using* | *notes* |
/// |----- |--- |--- |--- |
/// | [`::core::borrow::Borrow<T>`] | - | borrow target | `T` is type of target field |
/// | [`::core::borrow::BorrowMut<T>`] | - | borrow target | `T` is type of target field |
/// | [`::core::clone::Clone`] | yes | - | ignored fields use `Default::default()` |
/// | [`::core::cmp::Eq`] | * | - | *allowed with `PartialEq` |
/// | [`::core::cmp::Ord`] | yes | - | |
/// | [`::core::cmp::PartialEq`] | yes | - | |
/// | [`::core::cmp::PartialOrd`] | yes | - | |
/// | [`::core::convert::AsRef<T>`] | - | ref target | `T` is type of target field |
/// | [`::core::convert::AsMut<T>`] | - | ref target | `T` is type of target field |
/// | [`::core::default::Default`] | - | - | [`macro@impl_default`] is a more flexible alternative |
/// | [`::core::fmt::Debug`] | yes | - | |
/// | [`::core::hash::Hash`] | yes | - | |
/// | [`::core::marker::Copy`] | * | - | *allowed with `Clone` |
/// | [`::core::ops::Deref`] | - | deref target | See [`Deref::Target` type](#dereftarget-type) below |
/// | [`::core::ops::DerefMut`] | - | deref target | |
///
/// Traits are matched using the path, as follows:
///
/// -   Only the last component, e.g. `#[autoimpl(Clone)]`
/// -   The full path with leading `::`, e.g. `#[autoimpl(::core::clone::Clone)]`
/// -   The full path without leading `::`, e.g. `#[autoimpl(core::clone::Clone)]`
/// -   The full path with/without leading `::`, using `std` instead of `core` or `alloc`,
///     e.g. `#[autoimpl(std::clone::Clone)]`
///
/// ## Parameter syntax
///
/// > _ParamsMulti_ :\
/// > &nbsp;&nbsp; ( _Trait_ ),+ _Using_? _Ignores_? _WhereClause_?
/// >
/// > _Using_ :\
/// > &nbsp;&nbsp; `using` `self` `.` _Member_
/// >
/// > _Ignores_ :\
/// > &nbsp;&nbsp; `ignore` ( `self` `.` _Member_ ),+
/// >
/// > _WhereClause_ :\
/// > &nbsp;&nbsp; `where` ( _WherePredicate_ ),*
///
/// **Targets:** each *Trait* listed is implemented for the annotated type.
///
///
/// # On trait definitions
///
/// `#[autoimpl]` on trait definitions generates an implementation of that trait
/// for the given targets over that targets' own implementations of the trait.
/// Targets may or may not be generic.
///
/// Method implementations either defer to a field (if `using self._Member_` is
/// specified; e.g. `using self.0` or `using self.inner`) or use [`Deref`] (and,
/// where required, [`DerefMut`]).
///
/// For example,
/// ```
/// # use impl_tools::autoimpl;
/// struct MyVec {
///     vec: Vec<()>,
/// }
///
/// #[autoimpl(for MyVec using self.vec)]
/// trait IsEmpty {
///     fn is_empty(&self) -> bool;
/// }
///
/// impl<T> IsEmpty for Vec<T> {
///     fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
///         Vec::is_empty(self)
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// Associated `const` and `type` items are only supported where the targets are
/// generic over some parameter with a bound like `T: trait`. We call this the
/// **definitive type**.
///
/// For example, the following usage implements `MyTrait` for targets `&T`,
/// `&mut T` and `Box<dyn MyTrait>` using definitive type `T`:
/// ```
/// # use impl_tools::autoimpl;
/// #[autoimpl(for<T: trait + ?Sized> &T, &mut T, Box<T>)]
/// trait MyTrait {
///     type X;
///
///     fn f(&self) -> Self::X;
/// }
/// ```
/// The expansion for target `Box<T>` looks like:
/// ```
/// # trait MyTrait {
/// #     type X;
/// #     fn f(&self) -> Self::X;
/// # }
/// #[automatically_derived]
/// impl<T: MyTrait + ?Sized> MyTrait for Box<T> {
///     type X = <T as MyTrait>::X;
///
///     fn f(&self) -> Self::X {
///         <T as MyTrait>::f(self)
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ## Generics
///
/// Traits using generics and trait items using generics are, for the most part,
/// supported.
///
/// Items with a where clause with a type bound on `Self` cannot be implemented
/// via [`Deref`] since the item is not guaranteed to exist on the definitive
/// type. Such items with a default implementation may be implemented using this
/// that default implementation, though this results in a warning by default
/// (requires feature "nightly-diagnostics").
/// In other cases an error is reported.
///
/// An example:
/// ```
/// # use impl_tools::autoimpl;
/// # use std::fmt::Debug;
/// #[autoimpl(for<'a, T> &'a T, &'a mut T, Box<T> where T: trait + ?Sized)]
/// trait G<V>
/// where
///     V: Debug,
/// {
///     fn g(&self) -> V;
///
///     fn s<X>(&self, f: impl Fn(V) -> X) -> X
///     where
///         Self: Sized,
///     {
///         f(self.g())
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// ## Parameter syntax
///
/// > _ParamsTrait_ :\
/// > &nbsp;&nbsp; `for` _Generics_ ( _Type_ ),+ _WhereClause_?
///
/// [`Deref`]: std::ops::Deref
/// [`Deref::Target`]: std::ops::Deref::Target
/// [`DerefMut`]: std::ops::DerefMut
#[proc_macro_attribute]
#[proc_macro_error]
pub fn autoimpl(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    let mut toks = item.clone();
    match syn::parse::<autoimpl::Attr>(attr) {
        Ok(autoimpl::Attr::ForDeref(ai)) => toks.extend(TokenStream::from(ai.expand(item.into()))),
        Ok(autoimpl::Attr::ImplTraits(ai)) => {
            // We could use lazy_static to construct a HashMap for fast lookups,
            // but given the small number of impls a "linear map" is fine.
            let find_impl = |path: &syn::Path| {
                autoimpl::STD_IMPLS
                    .iter()
                    .cloned()
                    .find(|impl_| impl_.path().matches_ident_or_path(path))
            };
            toks.extend(TokenStream::from(ai.expand(item.into(), find_impl)))
        }
        Err(err) => {
            emit_call_site_error!(err);
            // Since autoimpl only adds implementations, we can safely output
            // the original item, thus reducing secondary errors.
        }
    }
    toks
}

/// Support simultaneous definition of a trait and its implementation
///
/// Sometimes a trait is used only (or primarily) to provide an interface over a
/// single object. In such cases, writing out the method prototypes twice (in
/// both the trait and its implementation) should be unnecessary.
///
/// This attribute splits an implementation for a specified target off from a
/// trait definition.
///
/// # Details
///
/// This attribute must be applied to a trait definition. This trait definition
/// is retained with only modifications being that method *implementations* and
/// `#[inline]` attributes are removed. An implied limitation of this attribute
/// is that methods of the trait cannot have default implementations.
///
/// Meanwhile, an implementation of the trait is generated for the given target.
/// This implementation uses all method implementations from the trait.
///
/// Generics may be introduced for the implementation only using syntax like
/// `#[split_impl(for<'a, T> Target<'a, T> where T: Trait)]`.
/// Implementation generics are combined with trait generics.
///
/// Specific attributes of the trait are copied to the implementation: `cfg`,
/// `allow`, `warn`, `deny`, `forbid`. All trait method attributes except `doc`
/// are copied to the implementation.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```
/// # use impl_tools::split_impl;
/// #[split_impl(for str)]
/// trait Greet {
///     /// Introduce yourself
///     fn greet(&self) {
///         println!("Hello world, I am {self}!");
///     }
/// }
///
/// fn main() {
///     "Ferris".greet();
/// }
/// ```
#[proc_macro_attribute]
#[proc_macro_error]
pub fn split_impl(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    match syn::parse::<lib::SplitImpl>(attr) {
        Ok(attr) => match syn::parse::<syn::ItemTrait>(item) {
            Ok(trait_) => attr.process(trait_).into(),
            Err(err) => err.to_compile_error().into(),
        },
        Err(err) => {
            emit_call_site_error!(err);
            item
        }
    }
}

/// Implement a type with `impl Self` syntax
///
/// This macro facilitates definition of a type (struct, enum or union) plus
/// implementations via `impl Self { .. }` syntax: `Self` is expanded to the
/// type's name, including generics and bounds (as defined on the type).
///
/// Caveat: `rustfmt` can not yet format contents (see
/// [rustfmt#5254](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt/issues/5254),
/// [rustfmt#5538](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt/pull/5538)).
///
/// Note: this macro is largely redundant with the [`macro@impl_self`] macro,
/// the one exception being [`macro@impl_default`] support. This macro will be
/// deprecated simultaneously with [`macro@impl_default`].
///
/// ## Special attribute macros
///
/// Additionally, `impl_scope!` supports special attribute macros evaluated
/// within its scope:
///
/// -   [`#[impl_default]`](macro@impl_default): implement [`Default`] using
///     field initializers (which are not legal syntax outside of `impl_scope!`)
///
/// Note: matching these macros within `impl_scope!` does not use path
/// resolution. Using `#[impl_tools::impl_default]` would resolve the variant
/// of this macro which *doesn't support* field initializers.
///
/// ## Syntax
///
/// > _ImplScope_ :\
/// > &nbsp;&nbsp; `impl_scope!` `{` _ScopeItem_ _ItemImpl_ * `}`
/// >
/// > _ScopeItem_ :\
/// > &nbsp;&nbsp; _ItemEnum_ | _ItemStruct_ | _ItemType_ | _ItemUnion_
///
/// That is, one type definition followed by a set of implementations.
/// Impls must take one of two forms:
///
/// -   `impl Self { ... }` — generic parameters and bounds of the type are used
/// -   `impl MyType { ... }` where `MyType` matches the name of the defined type
///
/// Generic parameters from the type are included implicitly with the first form.
/// Additional generic parameters and where clauses are supported (parameters
/// and bounds are merged).
///
/// ## Example
///
/// ```
/// impl_tools::impl_scope! {
///     struct Pair<T>(T, T);
///
///     impl Self {
///         pub fn new(a: T, b: T) -> Self {
///             Pair(a, b)
///         }
///     }
///
///     impl Self where T: Clone {
///         pub fn splat(a: T) -> Self {
///             let b = a.clone();
///             Pair(a, b)
///         }
///     }
/// }
/// ```
#[proc_macro_error]
#[proc_macro]
pub fn impl_scope(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    let mut scope = parse_macro_input!(input as scope::Scope);
    scope.apply_attrs(scope::find_impl_default);
    scope.expand().into()
}

/// Construct an anonymous struct
///
/// Rust doesn't currently support [`impl Trait { ... }` expressions](https://github.com/canndrew/rfcs/blob/impl-trait-expressions/text/0000-impl-trait-expressions.md)
/// or implicit typing of struct fields. This macro is a **hack** allowing that.
///
/// Example:
/// ```
/// use std::fmt;
/// fn main() {
///     let world = "world";
///     let says_hello_world = impl_tools::impl_anon! {
///         struct(&'static str = world);
///         impl fmt::Display for Self {
///             fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
///                 write!(f, "hello {}", self.0)
///             }
///         }
///     };
///     assert_eq!(format!("{}", says_hello_world), "hello world");
/// }
/// ```
///
/// That is, this macro creates an anonymous struct type (must be a struct),
/// which may have trait implementations, then creates an instance of that
/// struct.
///
/// Struct fields may have a fixed type or may be generic. Syntax is as follows:
///
/// -   **regular struct:** `ident: ty = value`
/// -   **regular struct:** `ident: ty` (uses `Default` to construct value)
/// -   **regular struct:** `ident = value` (type is generic without bounds)
/// -   **tuple struct:** `ty = value`
/// -   **tuple struct:** `ty` (uses `Default` to construct value)
///
/// The field name, `ident`, may be `_` (anonymous field).
///
/// The field type, `ty`, may be or may contain inferred types (`_`) and/or
/// `impl Trait` type expressions. These are substituted with generics on the
/// type.
///
/// Refer to [examples](https://github.com/search?q=impl_anon+repo%3Akas-gui%2Fkas+path%3Aexamples&type=Code) for usage.
#[proc_macro_error]
#[proc_macro]
pub fn impl_anon(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    let mut scope = parse_macro_input!(input as anon::Anon).into_scope();
    scope.apply_attrs(scope::find_impl_default);
    scope.expand().into()
}

/// Implement a type with `impl Self` syntax
///
/// This attribute macro supports a type (struct, enum, type alias or union)
/// definition plus associated `impl` items within a `mod`.
///
/// Macro expansion discards the `mod` entirely, placing all contents into the
/// outer scope. This simplifies privacy rules in many use-cases, and highlights
/// that the usage of `mod` is purely a hack to make the macro input valid Rust
/// syntax (and thus compatible with `rustfmt`).
///
/// ## Syntax
///
/// > _ImplSelf_ :\
/// > &nbsp;&nbsp; `#[impl_self]` `mod` _Name_ `{` _ScopeItem_ _ItemImpl_ * `}`
/// >
/// > _ScopeItem_ :\
/// > &nbsp;&nbsp; _ItemEnum_ | _ItemStruct_ | _ItemType_ | _ItemUnion_
///
/// Here, _ItemEnum_, _ItemStruct_, _ItemType_ and _ItemUnion_ are `enum`,
/// `struct`, `type` alias and `union` definitions respectively. Whichever of
/// these is used, it must match the module name _Name_.
///
/// _ItemImpl_ is an `impl` item. It may use the standard implementation syntax
/// (e.g. `impl Debug for MyType { .. }`) or `impl Self` syntax (see below).
///
/// The `mod` may not contain any other items, except `doc` items (documentation
/// on the module itself is ignored in favour of documentation on the defined
/// type) and attributes (which apply as usual).
///
/// ### `impl Self` syntax
///
/// `impl Self` "syntax" is syntactically-valid (but not semantically-valid)
/// Rust syntax for writing inherent and trait `impl` blocks:
///
/// -   `impl Self { ... }` — an inherent `impl` item on the defined type
/// -   `impl Debug for Self { ... }` — a trait `impl` item on the defined type
///
/// Generic parameters and bounds are copied from the type definition.
/// Additional generic parameters may be specified; these extend the list of
/// generic parameters on the type itself, and thus must have distinct names.
/// Additional bounds (where clauses) may be specified; these extend the list of
/// bounds on the type itself.
///
/// ## Example
///
/// ```
/// #[impl_tools::impl_self]
/// mod Pair {
///     /// A pair of values of type `T`
///     pub struct Pair<T>(T, T);
///
///     impl Self {
///         pub fn new(a: T, b: T) -> Self {
///             Pair(a, b)
///         }
///     }
///
///     impl Self where T: Clone {
///         pub fn splat(a: T) -> Self {
///             let b = a.clone();
///             Pair(a, b)
///         }
///     }
/// }
/// ```
#[proc_macro_attribute]
#[proc_macro_error]
pub fn impl_self(attr: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    let _ = parse_macro_input!(attr as scope::ScopeModAttrs);
    let scope = parse_macro_input!(input as scope::ScopeMod);
    scope.contents.expand().into()
}