ic_testkit/artifacts/

wasm_cache.rs

use serde_json::Value;
use std::{
    collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque},
    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
    fs::{self, File},
    io,
    path::{Path, PathBuf},
    process::{Child, Command, ExitStatus, Output, Stdio},
    sync::mpsc::{self, RecvTimeoutError},
    thread,
    time::{Duration, Instant, SystemTime},
};
use toml::Value as TomlValue;

use super::{
    cache_fs::{
        ArtifactCacheMaintenance, ArtifactCachePrunePolicy, ArtifactCachePruneReport, CacheFsError,
        cache_entry_last_used, cache_maintenance_due, directory_logical_size,
        ensure_cache_directory_tag as ensure_cache_tag, is_sha256_directory, lock_cache_file,
        lock_cache_file_with_wait_observer, perform_scheduled_cache_maintenance,
        prune_direct_child_directories, record_cache_entry_use as record_entry_use,
        record_cache_maintenance, remove_path_if_present,
    },
    digest::{
        InputDigest, InputHasher, copy_file_atomic, digest_bytes, digest_file,
        digest_labeled_paths, os_bytes, write_atomic,
    },
    wasm::wasm_path,
};

const CACHE_FORMAT_VERSION: &str = "ic-testkit-wasm-build-v1";
const DEFAULT_TARGET: &str = "wasm32-unknown-unknown";
const AUTOMATIC_ENVIRONMENT: &[&str] = &[
    "CARGO_BUILD_RUSTC",
    "CARGO_ENCODED_RUSTFLAGS",
    "RUSTC",
    "RUSTC_WRAPPER",
    "RUSTC_WORKSPACE_WRAPPER",
    "RUSTFLAGS",
    "RUSTUP_TOOLCHAIN",
];

/// Complete caller-owned description of one cacheable Cargo Wasm build.
///
/// The package dependency closure, workspace manifest, lockfile, Cargo
/// configuration, Rust toolchain files, target, profile arguments, explicit
/// child environment, selected inherited environment, and additional watched
/// inputs all contribute to the build fingerprint.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct WasmBuildSpec {
    workspace_root: PathBuf,
    target_dir: PathBuf,
    packages: Vec<String>,
    profile_target_dir: String,
    cargo_profile_args: Vec<OsString>,
    extra_env: BTreeMap<OsString, OsString>,
    inherited_env: BTreeSet<OsString>,
    additional_inputs: Vec<PathBuf>,
    target: String,
    cargo_program: OsString,
    rustc_program: OsString,
    cache_mode: WasmBuildCacheMode,
    prune_policy: Option<WasmBuildCachePrunePolicy>,
    prune_interval: Option<Duration>,
    shared_incremental_maintenance_config: Option<SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceConfig>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
struct SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceConfig {
    policy: SharedIncrementalTargetPrunePolicy,
    minimum_interval: Duration,
}

/// Cargo-target ownership mode for one exact cached Wasm build.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum WasmBuildCacheMode {
    /// Build each exact fingerprint in its own content-addressed Cargo target.
    Isolated,
    /// Build misses in caller-owned shared Cargo incremental state, then cache final Wasm files.
    SharedIncremental {
        /// Mutable Cargo target directory shared across source fingerprints.
        target_dir: PathBuf,
    },
}

/// Whether a cacheable Wasm build ran Cargo or reused exact matching artifacts.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum WasmBuildOutcome {
    /// Cargo ran and a new successful stamp was published.
    Built(WasmBuildRecord),
    /// Existing artifacts and their content-addressed stamp matched exactly.
    Reused(WasmBuildRecord),
}

/// Details shared by built and reused Wasm outcomes.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct WasmBuildRecord {
    fingerprint: InputDigest,
    input_digest: InputDigest,
    artifacts: Vec<PathBuf>,
    timings: WasmBuildTimings,
    maintenance: Option<WasmBuildCacheMaintenance>,
    shared_incremental_maintenance: Option<SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome>,
}

/// Timings for cache coordination, input resolution, and Cargo execution.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct WasmBuildTimings {
    lock_wait: Duration,
    shared_incremental_lock_wait: Option<Duration>,
    input_resolution: WasmInputResolutionTimings,
    cargo_build: Option<Duration>,
    cache_maintenance: Option<Duration>,
    total: Duration,
}

/// Detailed timings for exact Wasm build-input resolution.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct WasmInputResolutionTimings {
    tool_identity: Duration,
    cargo_metadata: Duration,
    input_discovery: Duration,
    content_hashing: Duration,
    total: Duration,
}

/// One exact local Cargo source or configuration input under a stable logical label.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct CargoBuildInput {
    label: PathBuf,
    path: PathBuf,
}

/// Resolved exact inputs and identity for one [`WasmBuildSpec`].
///
/// The snapshot can be resolved again after an external operation to detect
/// source, configuration, toolchain, argument, or environment changes.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct ResolvedCargoBuildInputs {
    fingerprint: InputDigest,
    input_digest: InputDigest,
    inputs: Vec<CargoBuildInput>,
    exclusions: Vec<PathBuf>,
    timings: WasmInputResolutionTimings,
}

/// Lock-coordinated disk-usage observation for a caller-owned shared Cargo target.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct SharedIncrementalTargetInspection {
    target_dir: PathBuf,
    logical_size_bytes: u64,
    last_used: SystemTime,
    lock_wait: Duration,
}

/// Whole-target retention limits for caller-owned shared Cargo state.
///
/// Unlike immutable fingerprint entries, a shared Cargo target has no safe
/// per-entry LRU boundary. When either configured limit is exceeded,
/// maintenance clears every other target child while preserving
/// `ic-testkit`'s coordination metadata and the target root. Callers must not
/// colocate unrelated data that needs to survive a clear.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct SharedIncrementalTargetPrunePolicy {
    max_age: Option<Duration>,
    max_size_bytes: Option<u64>,
}

/// Result of explicit shared Cargo target maintenance.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance {
    target_dir: PathBuf,
    logical_size_bytes_before: u64,
    logical_size_bytes_after: u64,
    last_used_before: SystemTime,
    cleared: bool,
    lock_wait: Duration,
    maintenance: Duration,
}

/// Result of interval-limited shared Cargo target maintenance.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome {
    /// The configured shared target does not exist, so nothing was created or inspected.
    Missing {
        /// Configured target path. A missing path cannot necessarily be canonicalized.
        target_dir: PathBuf,
    },
    /// A successful matching maintenance pass is still inside the requested interval.
    Skipped {
        /// Canonical shared Cargo target directory.
        target_dir: PathBuf,
        /// Time spent waiting for another process using the shared target.
        lock_wait: Duration,
        /// Time spent checking the small cross-process schedule marker.
        schedule_check: Duration,
    },
    /// Retention was evaluated under the shared-target lock.
    Performed {
        /// Completed retention report.
        maintenance: SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance,
        /// Time spent checking the small cross-process schedule marker.
        schedule_check: Duration,
    },
}

/// Observation settings for one cacheable Wasm build.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct WasmBuildProgressConfig {
    heartbeat_interval: Option<Duration>,
    emit_cargo_output: bool,
}

/// Raw child-process stream attached to a Cargo progress event.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum WasmBuildOutputStream {
    /// Cargo standard output.
    Stdout,
    /// Cargo standard error.
    Stderr,
}

/// Final cache state reported by a successful observed build.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum WasmBuildProgressOutcome {
    /// Cargo ran and exact artifacts were published.
    Built,
    /// Exact artifacts were reused without Cargo.
    Reused,
}

/// Potentially long phase of one observed Wasm-cache acquisition.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum WasmBuildProgressPhase {
    /// Waiting for exclusive ownership of the exact artifact cache.
    ExactCacheLock,
    /// Reading the Cargo executable identity.
    CargoIdentity,
    /// Reading the Rust compiler identity.
    RustcIdentity,
    /// Resolving Cargo's package graph.
    CargoMetadata,
    /// Discovering local source and configuration inputs.
    InputDiscovery,
    /// Hashing exact source and configuration contents.
    ContentHashing,
    /// Waiting for exclusive ownership of a shared incremental Cargo target.
    SharedTargetLock,
    /// Inspecting or clearing a shared incremental Cargo target.
    SharedTargetMaintenance,
    /// Compiling the selected Wasm packages.
    CargoBuild,
    /// Validating, copying, hashing, or stamping exact artifacts.
    ArtifactPublication,
    /// Applying retention to immutable exact-cache entries.
    ExactCacheMaintenance,
}

/// Structured progress emitted by an observed cacheable Wasm build.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum WasmBuildProgressEvent {
    /// One build/cache acquisition started.
    Started,
    /// One exact Cargo input-resolution pass completed.
    InputsResolved {
        /// Complete exact build fingerprint.
        fingerprint: InputDigest,
        /// Source/configuration-only digest.
        input_digest: InputDigest,
        /// Time spent on this resolution pass.
        elapsed: Duration,
    },
    /// No reusable exact entry existed for this fingerprint.
    CacheMiss {
        /// Missing exact fingerprint.
        fingerprint: InputDigest,
    },
    /// Exact artifacts were found and materialized when necessary.
    CacheHit {
        /// Reused exact fingerprint.
        fingerprint: InputDigest,
    },
    /// The build is about to wait for a caller-owned shared Cargo target.
    SharedTargetLockStarted {
        /// Shared target selected by the build specification.
        target_dir: PathBuf,
    },
    /// Exclusive shared-target ownership was acquired.
    SharedTargetLockAcquired {
        /// Canonical shared target directory.
        target_dir: PathBuf,
        /// Time spent waiting for another process.
        wait: Duration,
    },
    /// Scheduled shared-target retention is about to be evaluated under lock.
    SharedTargetMaintenanceStarted {
        /// Canonical shared target selected by the build specification.
        target_dir: PathBuf,
    },
    /// Scheduled shared-target retention completed or was skipped.
    SharedTargetMaintenanceFinished {
        /// Structured retention result attached to the successful acquisition.
        outcome: SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome,
    },
    /// Cargo compilation started.
    CargoStarted {
        /// Cargo target receiving compilation state.
        target_dir: PathBuf,
    },
    /// One raw Cargo output chunk was read without lossy UTF-8 conversion.
    CargoOutput {
        /// Child-process stream that produced the bytes.
        stream: WasmBuildOutputStream,
        /// Raw output bytes in per-stream read order.
        bytes: Vec<u8>,
    },
    /// The current acquisition phase remained active without another event.
    Heartbeat {
        /// Phase that is still making or waiting for progress.
        phase: WasmBuildProgressPhase,
        /// Time elapsed since this phase started.
        elapsed: Duration,
    },
    /// Cargo remained active without another emitted output chunk.
    ///
    /// This compatibility event is emitted alongside [`Self::Heartbeat`] for
    /// [`WasmBuildProgressPhase::CargoBuild`]. New observers can handle the
    /// phase-aware event alone.
    CargoHeartbeat {
        /// Time elapsed since Cargo started.
        elapsed: Duration,
    },
    /// Cargo exited and all captured output was drained.
    CargoFinished {
        /// Whether Cargo reported success.
        success: bool,
        /// Portable exit code when the platform exposes one.
        code: Option<i32>,
        /// Complete Cargo execution duration.
        elapsed: Duration,
    },
    /// The complete cacheable build operation succeeded.
    Finished {
        /// Whether Cargo ran or an exact entry was reused.
        outcome: WasmBuildProgressOutcome,
        /// Exact fingerprint selected by the operation.
        fingerprint: InputDigest,
        /// Total operation duration.
        elapsed: Duration,
    },
}

impl Default for WasmBuildProgressConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            heartbeat_interval: Some(Duration::from_secs(10)),
            emit_cargo_output: true,
        }
    }
}

impl WasmBuildProgressConfig {
    /// Observe acquisition progress and emit a heartbeat at least every ten quiet seconds.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

    /// Select the maximum quiet interval between phase-aware heartbeat events.
    ///
    /// A zero interval is rejected before any build work begins.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_heartbeat_interval(mut self, interval: Duration) -> Self {
        self.heartbeat_interval = Some(interval);
        self
    }

    /// Disable time-based heartbeats while retaining phase and output events.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn without_heartbeats(mut self) -> Self {
        self.heartbeat_interval = None;
        self
    }

    /// Select whether raw Cargo stdout/stderr chunks are forwarded.
    ///
    /// Output is always captured for structured build failures.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_cargo_output(mut self, emit: bool) -> Self {
        self.emit_cargo_output = emit;
        self
    }

    /// Configured heartbeat interval, or `None` when disabled.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn heartbeat_interval(self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.heartbeat_interval
    }

    /// Whether raw Cargo output chunks are emitted to the observer.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn emits_cargo_output(self) -> bool {
        self.emit_cargo_output
    }
}

struct ProgressReporter<'a> {
    config: WasmBuildProgressConfig,
    observer: Option<&'a mut dyn FnMut(WasmBuildProgressEvent)>,
    last_event: Instant,
}

impl ProgressReporter<'_> {
    fn silent() -> Self {
        Self {
            config: WasmBuildProgressConfig {
                heartbeat_interval: None,
                emit_cargo_output: false,
            },
            observer: None,
            last_event: Instant::now(),
        }
    }

    fn observed(
        config: WasmBuildProgressConfig,
        observer: &'_ mut dyn FnMut(WasmBuildProgressEvent),
    ) -> ProgressReporter<'_> {
        ProgressReporter {
            config,
            observer: Some(observer),
            last_event: Instant::now(),
        }
    }

    fn emit(&mut self, event: WasmBuildProgressEvent) {
        if let Some(observer) = &mut self.observer {
            observer(event);
            self.last_event = Instant::now();
        }
    }

    const fn is_observed(&self) -> bool {
        self.observer.is_some()
    }

    fn heartbeat_due_in(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.config
            .heartbeat_interval
            .map(|interval| interval.saturating_sub(self.last_event.elapsed()))
    }

    fn emit_heartbeat(&mut self, phase: WasmBuildProgressPhase, elapsed: Duration) {
        self.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::Heartbeat { phase, elapsed });
        if phase == WasmBuildProgressPhase::CargoBuild {
            self.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::CargoHeartbeat { elapsed });
        }
    }

    fn emit_heartbeat_if_due(&mut self, phase: WasmBuildProgressPhase, elapsed: Duration) {
        if self.heartbeat_due_in() == Some(Duration::ZERO) {
            self.emit_heartbeat(phase, elapsed);
        }
    }

    fn run_phase<T, F>(&mut self, phase: WasmBuildProgressPhase, operation: F) -> T
    where
        T: Send,
        F: FnOnce() -> T + Send,
    {
        if !self.is_observed() || self.config.heartbeat_interval.is_none() {
            return operation();
        }

        let started = Instant::now();
        thread::scope(|scope| {
            let (finished, completion) = mpsc::sync_channel(0);
            let worker = scope.spawn(move || {
                let result = operation();
                let _ = finished.send(());
                result
            });
            loop {
                let wait = self
                    .heartbeat_due_in()
                    .expect("observed phase must have a heartbeat interval");
                match completion.recv_timeout(wait) {
                    Ok(()) | Err(RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => {
                        return worker
                            .join()
                            .unwrap_or_else(|panic| std::panic::resume_unwind(panic));
                    }
                    Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => self.emit_heartbeat(phase, started.elapsed()),
                }
            }
        })
    }
}

/// Wasm-cache compatibility name for generic artifact-cache retention limits.
pub type WasmBuildCachePrunePolicy = ArtifactCachePrunePolicy;

/// Wasm-cache compatibility name for a generic artifact-cache pruning report.
pub type WasmBuildCachePruneReport = ArtifactCachePruneReport;

/// Wasm-cache compatibility name for generic nonfatal cache maintenance.
pub type WasmBuildCacheMaintenance = ArtifactCacheMaintenance;

/// External phase associated with a cacheable Wasm build failure.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum WasmBuildPhase {
    /// Resolving Cargo's package graph.
    CargoMetadata,
    /// Reading the Cargo executable identity.
    CargoIdentity,
    /// Reading the Rust compiler identity.
    RustcIdentity,
    /// Compiling the selected Wasm packages.
    CargoBuild,
}

/// Structured failure from a cacheable Wasm build.
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum WasmBuildError {
    /// The caller supplied an incomplete or inconsistent specification.
    InvalidSpec { message: String },
    /// A filesystem operation failed.
    Io {
        operation: &'static str,
        path: PathBuf,
        source: io::Error,
    },
    /// An external command could not be launched.
    CommandSpawn {
        phase: WasmBuildPhase,
        program: OsString,
        source: io::Error,
    },
    /// An external command completed unsuccessfully.
    CommandFailed {
        phase: WasmBuildPhase,
        status: ExitStatus,
        stdout: String,
        stderr: String,
    },
    /// Cargo metadata did not contain the expected package graph.
    InvalidMetadata { message: String },
    /// A discovered Cargo configuration could not be interpreted exactly.
    InvalidCargoConfiguration { path: PathBuf, message: String },
    /// Cargo succeeded without producing every declared Wasm artifact.
    MissingArtifacts { paths: Vec<PathBuf> },
    /// Declared inputs changed while Cargo was building.
    InputsChangedDuringBuild {
        before: InputDigest,
        after: InputDigest,
    },
    /// A build failed and its incomplete fingerprint directory could not be removed.
    FailedBuildCleanup {
        build_error: Box<Self>,
        path: PathBuf,
        source: io::Error,
    },
}

impl WasmBuildSpec {
    /// Describe one Cargo build targeting `wasm32-unknown-unknown`.
    ///
    /// `profile_target_dir` is Cargo's output subdirectory, such as `debug`,
    /// `release`, or the name supplied to `--profile`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new(
        workspace_root: &Path,
        target_dir: &Path,
        packages: &[&str],
        profile_target_dir: &str,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            workspace_root: workspace_root.to_owned(),
            target_dir: target_dir.to_owned(),
            packages: packages
                .iter()
                .map(|package| (*package).to_owned())
                .collect(),
            profile_target_dir: profile_target_dir.to_owned(),
            cargo_profile_args: Vec::new(),
            extra_env: BTreeMap::new(),
            inherited_env: BTreeSet::new(),
            additional_inputs: Vec::new(),
            target: DEFAULT_TARGET.to_owned(),
            cargo_program: std::env::var_os("CARGO").unwrap_or_else(|| "cargo".into()),
            rustc_program: std::env::var_os("RUSTC").unwrap_or_else(|| "rustc".into()),
            cache_mode: WasmBuildCacheMode::Isolated,
            prune_policy: None,
            prune_interval: None,
            shared_incremental_maintenance_config: None,
        }
    }

    /// Set Cargo profile and feature arguments used for both the build and fingerprint.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_cargo_profile_args(mut self, arguments: &[&str]) -> Self {
        self.cargo_profile_args = arguments.iter().map(OsString::from).collect();
        self
    }

    /// Set OS-native Cargo profile and feature arguments used for the build and fingerprint.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_cargo_profile_args_os<I, S>(mut self, arguments: I) -> Self
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
        S: Into<OsString>,
    {
        self.cargo_profile_args = arguments.into_iter().map(Into::into).collect();
        self
    }

    /// Set deterministic child-process environment overrides.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_extra_env(mut self, environment: &[(&str, &str)]) -> Self {
        self.extra_env = environment
            .iter()
            .map(|(key, value)| (OsString::from(key), OsString::from(value)))
            .collect();
        self
    }

    /// Set OS-native deterministic child-process environment overrides.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_extra_env_os<I, K, V>(mut self, environment: I) -> Self
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = (K, V)>,
        K: Into<OsString>,
        V: Into<OsString>,
    {
        self.extra_env = environment
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(key, value)| (key.into(), value.into()))
            .collect();
        self
    }

    /// Add ambient environment variables whose current values affect the build.
    ///
    /// Common Rust and Cargo toolchain variables are included automatically.
    /// Callers must declare application-specific variables read by build scripts.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_inherited_env(mut self, names: &[&str]) -> Self {
        self.inherited_env.extend(names.iter().map(OsString::from));
        self
    }

    /// Add OS-native ambient environment names whose current values affect the build.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_inherited_env_os<I, S>(mut self, names: I) -> Self
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = S>,
        S: Into<OsString>,
    {
        self.inherited_env.extend(names.into_iter().map(Into::into));
        self
    }

    /// Add files or directories not discoverable through Cargo's local dependency graph.
    ///
    /// Relative paths are resolved from the workspace root. Use this for build
    /// script configuration, generated schemas, or other externally read inputs.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_additional_inputs(mut self, paths: &[&str]) -> Self {
        self.additional_inputs
            .extend(paths.iter().map(PathBuf::from));
        self
    }

    /// Add path-native files or directories outside Cargo's local dependency graph.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_additional_input_paths<I, P>(mut self, paths: I) -> Self
    where
        I: IntoIterator<Item = P>,
        P: Into<PathBuf>,
    {
        self.additional_inputs
            .extend(paths.into_iter().map(Into::into));
        self
    }

    /// Override the Cargo compilation target.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_target(mut self, target: &str) -> Self {
        target.clone_into(&mut self.target);
        self
    }

    /// Override the Cargo executable used by metadata, identity, and build commands.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_cargo_program(mut self, program: impl Into<OsString>) -> Self {
        self.cargo_program = program.into();
        self
    }

    /// Override the Rust compiler executable used to fingerprint the toolchain.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_rustc_program(mut self, program: impl Into<OsString>) -> Self {
        self.rustc_program = program.into();
        self
    }

    /// Build cache misses in one caller-owned shared Cargo incremental target.
    ///
    /// Exact final Wasm artifacts still live in the content-addressed cache.
    /// The shared target is coordinated across processes but is never pruned
    /// or removed by `ic-testkit` after a failed build.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_shared_incremental_target(mut self, target_dir: impl Into<PathBuf>) -> Self {
        self.cache_mode = WasmBuildCacheMode::SharedIncremental {
            target_dir: target_dir.into(),
        };
        self
    }

    /// Schedule caller-owned shared-target retention as part of acquisition.
    ///
    /// This option requires [`Self::with_shared_incremental_target`]. Every
    /// acquisition coordinates through that target, including an exact hit,
    /// so a missing target can be created and receive its first schedule
    /// marker immediately. Matching recent passes only check the marker; due
    /// passes reuse the acquisition's exact Cargo input resolution before
    /// evaluating retention. The structured result is attached to the build
    /// record and emitted through observed progress. Maintenance failures fail
    /// the acquisition and do not record a successful schedule marker.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_shared_incremental_target_maintenance_at_most_every(
        mut self,
        policy: SharedIncrementalTargetPrunePolicy,
        minimum_interval: Duration,
    ) -> Self {
        self.shared_incremental_maintenance_config =
            Some(SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceConfig {
                policy,
                minimum_interval,
            });
        self
    }

    /// Apply cache retention under the build operation's existing process lock.
    ///
    /// Maintenance is best-effort: its structured result is attached to the
    /// successful build record and cannot turn ready artifacts into a build
    /// failure. The active fingerprint is protected from this pruning pass.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_prune_policy(mut self, policy: WasmBuildCachePrunePolicy) -> Self {
        self.prune_policy = Some(policy);
        self.prune_interval = None;
        self
    }

    /// Apply exact-entry retention at most once per `minimum_interval`.
    ///
    /// The active fingerprint remains protected. A zero interval is equivalent
    /// to [`Self::with_prune_policy`]. The interval covers attempted
    /// maintenance, including a nonfatal failed attempt. This schedule never
    /// owns or scans a caller-owned shared incremental Cargo target.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_prune_policy_at_most_every(
        mut self,
        policy: WasmBuildCachePrunePolicy,
        minimum_interval: Duration,
    ) -> Self {
        self.prune_policy = Some(policy);
        self.prune_interval = Some(minimum_interval);
        self
    }

    /// Workspace containing the selected Cargo packages.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn workspace_root(&self) -> &Path {
        &self.workspace_root
    }

    /// Cargo target directory containing artifacts, lock, and stamps.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn target_dir(&self) -> &Path {
        &self.target_dir
    }

    /// Selected Cargo package names.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn packages(&self) -> &[String] {
        &self.packages
    }

    /// Cargo-target ownership mode used for cache misses.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn cache_mode(&self) -> &WasmBuildCacheMode {
        &self.cache_mode
    }
}

impl WasmBuildOutcome {
    /// Read the common build record.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn record(&self) -> &WasmBuildRecord {
        match self {
            Self::Built(record) | Self::Reused(record) => record,
        }
    }

    /// Report whether exact matching artifacts were reused.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn is_reused(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Self::Reused(_))
    }
}

impl WasmBuildRecord {
    /// Exact build fingerprint used by the atomic cache stamp.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn fingerprint(&self) -> InputDigest {
        self.fingerprint
    }

    /// Exact digest of package sources, lockfile, and configuration inputs.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn input_digest(&self) -> InputDigest {
        self.input_digest
    }

    /// Expected Wasm artifacts produced or reused by the build.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn artifacts(&self) -> &[PathBuf] {
        &self.artifacts
    }

    /// Phase timings captured by the cacheable build operation.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn timings(&self) -> WasmBuildTimings {
        self.timings
    }

    /// Cache maintenance attempted under the build lock, when configured.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn maintenance(&self) -> Option<&WasmBuildCacheMaintenance> {
        self.maintenance.as_ref()
    }

    /// Scheduled caller-owned shared-target maintenance, when configured.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn shared_incremental_maintenance(
        &self,
    ) -> Option<&SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome> {
        self.shared_incremental_maintenance.as_ref()
    }
}

impl WasmBuildTimings {
    /// Time spent waiting for the output-directory process lock.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn lock_wait(self) -> Duration {
        self.lock_wait
    }

    /// Time spent waiting for a shared incremental-target lock, when configured.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn shared_incremental_lock_wait(self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.shared_incremental_lock_wait
    }

    /// Time spent resolving toolchain identity, Cargo metadata, and exact inputs.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn input_resolution(self) -> Duration {
        self.input_resolution.total
    }

    /// Detailed tool, metadata, discovery, and hashing timings.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn input_resolution_detail(self) -> WasmInputResolutionTimings {
        self.input_resolution
    }

    /// Time spent in `cargo build`, or `None` for a cache hit.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn cargo_build(self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.cargo_build
    }

    /// Time spent on configured best-effort cache maintenance.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn cache_maintenance(self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.cache_maintenance
    }

    /// Total operation duration, including lock coordination.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn total(self) -> Duration {
        self.total
    }
}

impl WasmInputResolutionTimings {
    /// Time spent reading Cargo and rustc identities.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn tool_identity(self) -> Duration {
        self.tool_identity
    }

    /// Time spent running and decoding `cargo metadata`.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn cargo_metadata(self) -> Duration {
        self.cargo_metadata
    }

    /// Time spent resolving packages, configuration, and watched paths.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn input_discovery(self) -> Duration {
        self.input_discovery
    }

    /// Time spent reading and hashing exact input contents.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn content_hashing(self) -> Duration {
        self.content_hashing
    }

    /// Complete input-resolution duration.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn total(self) -> Duration {
        self.total
    }

    const fn include(&mut self, other: Self) {
        self.tool_identity = self.tool_identity.saturating_add(other.tool_identity);
        self.cargo_metadata = self.cargo_metadata.saturating_add(other.cargo_metadata);
        self.input_discovery = self.input_discovery.saturating_add(other.input_discovery);
        self.content_hashing = self.content_hashing.saturating_add(other.content_hashing);
        self.total = self.total.saturating_add(other.total);
    }
}

impl CargoBuildInput {
    /// Stable checkout-independent label used while hashing this input.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn label(&self) -> &Path {
        &self.label
    }

    /// Resolved file or directory read by the Cargo build.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn path(&self) -> &Path {
        &self.path
    }
}

impl ResolvedCargoBuildInputs {
    /// Exact build fingerprint including Cargo inputs, tools, arguments, and environment.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn fingerprint(&self) -> InputDigest {
        self.fingerprint
    }

    /// Exact digest of local source and configuration contents.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn input_digest(&self) -> InputDigest {
        self.input_digest
    }

    /// Stable logical labels and resolved local input paths.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn inputs(&self) -> &[CargoBuildInput] {
        &self.inputs
    }

    /// Generated-state roots excluded while recursively hashing local inputs.
    ///
    /// These exclusions are derived by `ic-testkit`; callers cannot add
    /// arbitrary exclusions through this snapshot.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn exclusions(&self) -> &[PathBuf] {
        &self.exclusions
    }

    /// Timings for tool identity, metadata, discovery, and content hashing.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn timings(&self) -> WasmInputResolutionTimings {
        self.timings
    }

    /// Resolve `spec` again and report whether its exact identity is unchanged.
    pub fn is_current(&self, spec: &WasmBuildSpec) -> Result<bool, WasmBuildError> {
        resolve_cargo_build_inputs(spec).map(|current| current.fingerprint == self.fingerprint)
    }

    /// Rehash the already discovered Cargo source/configuration set.
    ///
    /// This is cheaper than rerunning Cargo metadata and is intended for
    /// before/after guards around external artifact transformations. Resolve a
    /// new snapshot to observe tool, argument, environment, or dependency-graph
    /// identity changes between separate acquisitions.
    pub fn is_content_current(&self) -> Result<bool, WasmBuildError> {
        self.current_input_digest()
            .map(|current| current == self.input_digest)
    }

    pub(super) fn current_input_digest(&self) -> Result<InputDigest, WasmBuildError> {
        let inputs = self
            .inputs
            .iter()
            .map(|input| (input.label.clone(), input.path.clone()))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        digest_labeled_paths("wasm-source-inputs-v1", &inputs, &self.exclusions).map_err(|source| {
            WasmBuildError::Io {
                operation: "rehash resolved Cargo build inputs",
                path: self
                    .inputs
                    .first()
                    .map_or_else(PathBuf::new, |input| input.path.clone()),
                source,
            }
        })
    }
}

impl SharedIncrementalTargetInspection {
    /// Canonical shared Cargo target directory that was inspected.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn target_dir(&self) -> &Path {
        &self.target_dir
    }

    /// Logical bytes currently occupied by the complete shared target.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn logical_size_bytes(&self) -> u64 {
        self.logical_size_bytes
    }

    /// Most recent build use recorded by `ic-testkit`, or the directory mtime for older targets.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn last_used(&self) -> SystemTime {
        self.last_used
    }

    /// Time spent waiting for another process using the shared target.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn lock_wait(&self) -> Duration {
        self.lock_wait
    }
}

impl SharedIncrementalTargetPrunePolicy {
    /// Create an explicit policy without a clearing threshold.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            max_age: None,
            max_size_bytes: None,
        }
    }

    /// Clear shared Cargo state when its recorded use is older than `max_age`.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_max_age(mut self, max_age: Duration) -> Self {
        self.max_age = Some(max_age);
        self
    }

    /// Clear shared Cargo state when its logical size exceeds `bytes`.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_max_size_bytes(mut self, bytes: u64) -> Self {
        self.max_size_bytes = Some(bytes);
        self
    }

    /// Configured maximum time since recorded build use.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn max_age(self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.max_age
    }

    /// Configured maximum logical target size.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn max_size_bytes(self) -> Option<u64> {
        self.max_size_bytes
    }

    fn maintenance_identity(self) -> String {
        format!(
            "age={:?};size={:?}",
            self.max_age.map(|duration| duration.as_nanos()),
            self.max_size_bytes
        )
    }
}

impl SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance {
    /// Canonical shared Cargo target directory maintained under lock.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn target_dir(&self) -> &Path {
        &self.target_dir
    }

    /// Logical bytes observed before applying the policy.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn logical_size_bytes_before(&self) -> u64 {
        self.logical_size_bytes_before
    }

    /// Logical bytes retained after applying the policy.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn logical_size_bytes_after(&self) -> u64 {
        self.logical_size_bytes_after
    }

    /// Most recent build use observed before applying the policy.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn last_used_before(&self) -> SystemTime {
        self.last_used_before
    }

    /// Whether a configured limit caused the mutable target contents to be cleared.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn was_cleared(&self) -> bool {
        self.cleared
    }

    /// Time spent waiting for another process using the shared target.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn lock_wait(&self) -> Duration {
        self.lock_wait
    }

    /// Time spent measuring and, when required, clearing the target.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn maintenance(&self) -> Duration {
        self.maintenance
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance {
    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(
            formatter,
            "target={} action={} bytes={}=>{} lock={:?} maintenance={:?}",
            self.target_dir.display(),
            if self.cleared { "cleared" } else { "retained" },
            self.logical_size_bytes_before,
            self.logical_size_bytes_after,
            self.lock_wait,
            self.maintenance,
        )
    }
}

impl SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome {
    /// Configured or canonical target associated with this result.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn target_dir(&self) -> &Path {
        match self {
            Self::Missing { target_dir } | Self::Skipped { target_dir, .. } => target_dir,
            Self::Performed { maintenance, .. } => maintenance.target_dir(),
        }
    }

    /// Completed maintenance report, when retention was evaluated.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn maintenance(&self) -> Option<&SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance> {
        match self {
            Self::Performed { maintenance, .. } => Some(maintenance),
            Self::Missing { .. } | Self::Skipped { .. } => None,
        }
    }

    /// Whether retention was evaluated during this call.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn was_performed(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self, Self::Performed { .. })
    }

    /// Time spent waiting for another process, when the target existed.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn lock_wait(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
        match self {
            Self::Missing { .. } => None,
            Self::Skipped { lock_wait, .. } => Some(*lock_wait),
            Self::Performed { maintenance, .. } => Some(maintenance.lock_wait()),
        }
    }

    /// Time spent checking the schedule marker, when the target existed.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn schedule_check(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
        match self {
            Self::Missing { .. } => None,
            Self::Skipped { schedule_check, .. } | Self::Performed { schedule_check, .. } => {
                Some(*schedule_check)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome {
    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Self::Missing { target_dir } => {
                write!(formatter, "target={} action=missing", target_dir.display())
            }
            Self::Skipped {
                target_dir,
                lock_wait,
                schedule_check,
            } => write!(
                formatter,
                "target={} action=skipped lock={lock_wait:?} schedule={schedule_check:?}",
                target_dir.display(),
            ),
            Self::Performed {
                maintenance,
                schedule_check,
            } => write!(formatter, "{maintenance} schedule={schedule_check:?}"),
        }
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for WasmBuildTimings {
    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        write!(
            formatter,
            "total={:?} lock={:?} shared_lock={:?} inputs={:?} cargo={:?} maintenance={:?}",
            self.total,
            self.lock_wait,
            self.shared_incremental_lock_wait,
            self.input_resolution.total,
            self.cargo_build,
            self.cache_maintenance,
        )
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for WasmBuildOutcome {
    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        let state = if self.is_reused() { "reused" } else { "built" };
        write!(
            formatter,
            "{state} fingerprint={} artifacts={} {}",
            self.record().fingerprint,
            self.record().artifacts.len(),
            self.record().timings,
        )?;
        if let Some(maintenance) = self.record().shared_incremental_maintenance() {
            write!(formatter, " shared_maintenance=({maintenance})")?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Resolve the exact Cargo source, configuration, toolchain, argument, and environment identity.
///
/// This performs the same resolution used before and after cached Wasm builds
/// without running `cargo build`.
pub fn resolve_cargo_build_inputs(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
) -> Result<ResolvedCargoBuildInputs, WasmBuildError> {
    validate_spec(spec)?;
    build_fingerprint(spec)
}

/// Inspect one configured shared Cargo target under its build coordination lock.
///
/// Returns `None` without creating anything when the caller-owned target does
/// not exist. This operation never removes Cargo state.
pub fn inspect_shared_incremental_target(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
) -> Result<Option<SharedIncrementalTargetInspection>, WasmBuildError> {
    if !shared_incremental_target_exists(spec, "inspect shared incremental Cargo target")? {
        return Ok(None);
    }

    let (_lock, lock_wait, canonical) = lock_shared_incremental_target(spec)?;
    let logical_size_bytes =
        directory_logical_size(&canonical).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
            operation: "measure shared incremental Cargo target",
            path: canonical.clone(),
            source,
        })?;
    let last_used = cache_entry_last_used(&canonical).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
        operation: "read shared incremental Cargo target use time",
        path: canonical.clone(),
        source,
    })?;
    Ok(Some(SharedIncrementalTargetInspection {
        target_dir: canonical,
        logical_size_bytes,
        last_used,
        lock_wait,
    }))
}

/// Apply explicit whole-target retention to caller-owned shared Cargo state.
///
/// Returns `None` without creating anything when the target does not exist.
/// Policy evaluation and any clearing occur under the same cross-process lock
/// used by shared-incremental builds. The target root, `CACHEDIR.TAG`, and
/// `.ic-testkit` lock metadata are preserved, so another process cannot enter
/// through a replacement lock while maintenance is active.
/// Every other target child is removed when a limit is exceeded; unrelated
/// data that must survive must not be colocated there. Exact Cargo input
/// resolution first rejects targets overlapping source or configuration.
///
/// This function is never called automatically by exact Wasm acquisitions.
/// Consumers retain ownership of when mutable incremental state may be lost.
pub fn maintain_shared_incremental_target(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    policy: SharedIncrementalTargetPrunePolicy,
) -> Result<Option<SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance>, WasmBuildError> {
    if !shared_incremental_target_exists(
        spec,
        "inspect shared incremental Cargo target before maintenance",
    )? {
        return Ok(None);
    }

    // Reuse the exact build resolver so destructive maintenance cannot act on
    // a target that overlaps Cargo sources, configuration, or additional
    // inputs. The target itself is excluded as generated state during hashing.
    let _ = resolve_cargo_build_inputs(spec)?;
    let (_lock, lock_wait, canonical) = lock_shared_incremental_target(spec)?;
    maintain_shared_incremental_target_locked(&canonical, policy, lock_wait).map(Some)
}

/// Apply whole-target retention at most once per interval across processes.
///
/// The schedule marker is checked under the same lock used by shared Cargo
/// builds. A matching successful pass inside `minimum_interval` returns
/// [`SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome::Skipped`] without resolving
/// Cargo inputs or traversing the target. Missing targets are not created.
/// Changing the policy makes maintenance immediately due, and a zero interval
/// always evaluates retention.
///
/// Due maintenance performs exact Cargo input resolution before inspecting or
/// clearing the target. Failures are returned and are not recorded as a
/// successful pass, so an unsafe configuration cannot be hidden by the
/// schedule.
pub fn maintain_shared_incremental_target_at_most_every(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    policy: SharedIncrementalTargetPrunePolicy,
    minimum_interval: Duration,
) -> Result<SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome, WasmBuildError> {
    let target_dir =
        shared_incremental_target(spec).ok_or_else(|| WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
            message: "shared incremental target is not configured".to_owned(),
        })?;
    if !shared_incremental_target_exists(
        spec,
        "inspect shared incremental Cargo target before scheduled maintenance",
    )? {
        return Ok(SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome::Missing { target_dir });
    }

    let (_lock, lock_wait, canonical) = lock_shared_incremental_target(spec)?;
    let schedule = schedule_shared_incremental_target_maintenance(
        &canonical,
        policy,
        minimum_interval,
        lock_wait,
    )?;
    let schedule = match schedule {
        SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceSchedule::Skipped(outcome) => return Ok(outcome),
        SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceSchedule::Due(due) => due,
    };

    // Keep the schedule decision and maintenance in one critical section so
    // concurrent test binaries cannot all perform the same expensive scan.
    let _ = resolve_cargo_build_inputs(spec)?;
    perform_due_shared_incremental_target_maintenance(&canonical, policy, lock_wait, schedule)
}

enum SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceSchedule {
    Skipped(SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome),
    Due(DueSharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance),
}

struct DueSharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance {
    schedule_root: PathBuf,
    maintenance_identity: String,
    schedule_check: Duration,
}

fn schedule_shared_incremental_target_maintenance(
    canonical: &Path,
    policy: SharedIncrementalTargetPrunePolicy,
    minimum_interval: Duration,
    lock_wait: Duration,
) -> Result<SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceSchedule, WasmBuildError> {
    let schedule_root = canonical.join(".ic-testkit");
    let maintenance_identity = policy.maintenance_identity();
    let schedule_started = Instant::now();
    let due = cache_maintenance_due(
        &schedule_root,
        Some(minimum_interval),
        &maintenance_identity,
    )
    .map_err(wasm_cache_fs_error)?;
    let schedule_check = schedule_started.elapsed();
    if !due {
        return Ok(SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceSchedule::Skipped(
            SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome::Skipped {
                target_dir: canonical.to_owned(),
                lock_wait,
                schedule_check,
            },
        ));
    }
    Ok(SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceSchedule::Due(
        DueSharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance {
            schedule_root,
            maintenance_identity,
            schedule_check,
        },
    ))
}

fn perform_due_shared_incremental_target_maintenance(
    canonical: &Path,
    policy: SharedIncrementalTargetPrunePolicy,
    lock_wait: Duration,
    due: DueSharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance,
) -> Result<SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome, WasmBuildError> {
    let DueSharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance {
        schedule_root,
        maintenance_identity,
        schedule_check,
    } = due;
    let maintenance = maintain_shared_incremental_target_locked(canonical, policy, lock_wait)?;
    record_cache_maintenance(&schedule_root, &maintenance_identity).map_err(wasm_cache_fs_error)?;
    Ok(SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome::Performed {
        maintenance,
        schedule_check,
    })
}

fn maintain_shared_incremental_target_locked(
    canonical: &Path,
    policy: SharedIncrementalTargetPrunePolicy,
    lock_wait: Duration,
) -> Result<SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance, WasmBuildError> {
    let started = Instant::now();
    let logical_size_bytes_before =
        directory_logical_size(canonical).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
            operation: "measure shared incremental Cargo target before maintenance",
            path: canonical.to_owned(),
            source,
        })?;
    let last_used_before =
        cache_entry_last_used(canonical).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
            operation: "read shared incremental Cargo target use time before maintenance",
            path: canonical.to_owned(),
            source,
        })?;
    let expired = policy.max_age.is_some_and(|max_age| {
        SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(last_used_before)
            .is_ok_and(|age| age > max_age)
    });
    let oversized = policy
        .max_size_bytes
        .is_some_and(|max_size_bytes| logical_size_bytes_before > max_size_bytes);
    let cleared = expired || oversized;
    if cleared {
        clear_shared_incremental_target_contents(canonical)?;
        record_cache_entry_use(canonical)?;
    }
    let logical_size_bytes_after = if cleared {
        directory_logical_size(canonical).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
            operation: "measure shared incremental Cargo target after maintenance",
            path: canonical.to_owned(),
            source,
        })?
    } else {
        logical_size_bytes_before
    };
    Ok(SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenance {
        target_dir: canonical.to_owned(),
        logical_size_bytes_before,
        logical_size_bytes_after,
        last_used_before,
        cleared,
        lock_wait,
        maintenance: started.elapsed(),
    })
}

fn clear_shared_incremental_target_contents(target_dir: &Path) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    let entries = fs::read_dir(target_dir).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
        operation: "read shared incremental Cargo target for maintenance",
        path: target_dir.to_owned(),
        source,
    })?;
    for entry in entries {
        let path = entry
            .map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
                operation: "read shared incremental Cargo target entry for maintenance",
                path: target_dir.to_owned(),
                source,
            })?
            .path();
        let preserved = path
            .file_name()
            .is_some_and(|name| name == ".ic-testkit" || name == "CACHEDIR.TAG");
        if !preserved {
            remove_path_if_present(&path).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
                operation: "clear shared incremental Cargo target entry",
                path,
                source,
            })?;
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// Build or reuse one exact set of Cargo Wasm artifacts.
///
/// The operation takes an exclusive process lock scoped to `target_dir`, then
/// fingerprints all declared inputs. A cache hit requires both a matching
/// atomic stamp and every expected nonempty Wasm output. Failed or interrupted
/// builds never publish a successful stamp.
pub fn build_wasm_canisters_cached(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
) -> Result<WasmBuildOutcome, WasmBuildError> {
    build_wasm_canisters_cached_internal(spec, &mut ProgressReporter::silent())
}

/// Build or reuse one exact Wasm set while streaming structured progress.
///
/// Cargo output remains captured for [`WasmBuildError::CommandFailed`] and is
/// additionally forwarded as raw chunks when enabled. Potentially long input
/// resolution, lock waits, maintenance, Cargo, and publication phases emit
/// periodic heartbeats, so a legitimate acquisition need not appear stalled.
/// Observer panics propagate after joining active phase work, terminating the
/// Cargo child when applicable, and preserving normal cleanup.
pub fn build_wasm_canisters_cached_with_progress<F>(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    config: WasmBuildProgressConfig,
    mut observer: F,
) -> Result<WasmBuildOutcome, WasmBuildError>
where
    F: FnMut(WasmBuildProgressEvent),
{
    if config.heartbeat_interval == Some(Duration::ZERO) {
        return Err(WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
            message: "Wasm build progress heartbeat interval must be greater than zero".to_owned(),
        });
    }
    build_wasm_canisters_cached_internal(
        spec,
        &mut ProgressReporter::observed(config, &mut observer),
    )
}

fn build_wasm_canisters_cached_internal(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<WasmBuildOutcome, WasmBuildError> {
    let total_started = Instant::now();
    validate_spec(spec)?;
    progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::Started);
    if spec.shared_incremental_maintenance_config.is_some() {
        let outcome = build_wasm_canisters_cached_with_scheduled_shared_maintenance(
            spec,
            total_started,
            progress,
        )?;
        emit_finished_progress(&outcome, progress);
        return Ok(outcome);
    }
    let (cache_lock, first_lock_wait) =
        lock_wasm_build_cache_with_progress(&spec.target_dir, progress)?;
    ensure_cache_directory_tag(&spec.target_dir)?;

    let resolved = resolve_inputs_with_progress(spec, progress)?;
    if let Some(outcome) = try_reuse_wasm_artifacts(
        spec,
        &resolved,
        first_lock_wait,
        &SharedIncrementalAcquisitionContext::default(),
        total_started,
        progress,
    )? {
        emit_finished_progress(&outcome, progress);
        return Ok(outcome);
    }
    progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::CacheMiss {
        fingerprint: resolved.fingerprint,
    });

    let outcome = match &spec.cache_mode {
        WasmBuildCacheMode::Isolated => {
            let cache_entry = cache_entry_directory(spec, resolved.fingerprint);
            build_wasm_cache_miss(
                spec,
                resolved,
                first_lock_wait,
                SharedIncrementalAcquisitionContext::default(),
                cache_entry,
                total_started,
                progress,
            )
        }
        WasmBuildCacheMode::SharedIncremental { .. } => {
            drop(cache_lock);
            let configured_target = shared_incremental_target(spec)
                .expect("shared cache mode must resolve a shared Cargo target");
            progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::SharedTargetLockStarted {
                target_dir: configured_target,
            });
            let (shared_lock, shared_lock_wait, shared_target) =
                lock_shared_incremental_target_with_progress(spec, progress)?;
            progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::SharedTargetLockAcquired {
                target_dir: shared_target.clone(),
                wait: shared_lock_wait,
            });
            let (_cache_lock, second_lock_wait) =
                lock_wasm_build_cache_with_progress(&spec.target_dir, progress)?;
            ensure_cache_directory_tag(&spec.target_dir)?;

            let mut current = resolve_inputs_with_progress(spec, progress)?;
            current.timings.include(resolved.timings);
            let lock_wait = first_lock_wait.saturating_add(second_lock_wait);
            let shared_incremental = SharedIncrementalAcquisitionContext {
                lock_wait: Some(shared_lock_wait),
                maintenance: None,
            };
            if let Some(outcome) = try_reuse_wasm_artifacts(
                spec,
                &current,
                lock_wait,
                &shared_incremental,
                total_started,
                progress,
            )? {
                emit_finished_progress(&outcome, progress);
                return Ok(outcome);
            }

            let outcome = build_wasm_cache_miss(
                spec,
                current,
                lock_wait,
                shared_incremental,
                shared_target,
                total_started,
                progress,
            );
            drop(shared_lock);
            outcome
        }
    }?;
    emit_finished_progress(&outcome, progress);
    Ok(outcome)
}

fn build_wasm_canisters_cached_with_scheduled_shared_maintenance(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    total_started: Instant,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<WasmBuildOutcome, WasmBuildError> {
    let configured_target = shared_incremental_target(spec)
        .expect("validated scheduled maintenance must have a shared Cargo target");
    progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::SharedTargetLockStarted {
        target_dir: configured_target,
    });
    let (_shared_lock, shared_lock_wait, shared_target) =
        lock_shared_incremental_target_with_progress(spec, progress)?;
    progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::SharedTargetLockAcquired {
        target_dir: shared_target.clone(),
        wait: shared_lock_wait,
    });
    let (_cache_lock, lock_wait) = lock_wasm_build_cache_with_progress(&spec.target_dir, progress)?;
    ensure_cache_directory_tag(&spec.target_dir)?;

    // Resolution under both locks proves the target boundary once for the
    // scheduled retention pass and the following exact-cache acquisition.
    let resolved = resolve_inputs_with_progress(spec, progress)?;
    let shared_maintenance = perform_configured_shared_incremental_target_maintenance(
        spec,
        &shared_target,
        shared_lock_wait,
        progress,
    )?;
    let shared_incremental = SharedIncrementalAcquisitionContext {
        lock_wait: Some(shared_lock_wait),
        maintenance: Some(shared_maintenance),
    };
    if let Some(outcome) = try_reuse_wasm_artifacts(
        spec,
        &resolved,
        lock_wait,
        &shared_incremental,
        total_started,
        progress,
    )? {
        return Ok(outcome);
    }
    progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::CacheMiss {
        fingerprint: resolved.fingerprint,
    });
    build_wasm_cache_miss(
        spec,
        resolved,
        lock_wait,
        shared_incremental,
        shared_target,
        total_started,
        progress,
    )
}

fn perform_configured_shared_incremental_target_maintenance(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    shared_target: &Path,
    lock_wait: Duration,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome, WasmBuildError> {
    let config = spec
        .shared_incremental_maintenance_config
        .expect("configured shared-target maintenance must have settings");
    progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::SharedTargetMaintenanceStarted {
        target_dir: shared_target.to_owned(),
    });
    let schedule = schedule_shared_incremental_target_maintenance(
        shared_target,
        config.policy,
        config.minimum_interval,
        lock_wait,
    )?;
    let outcome =
        progress.run_phase(
            WasmBuildProgressPhase::SharedTargetMaintenance,
            || match schedule {
                SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceSchedule::Skipped(outcome) => Ok(outcome),
                SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceSchedule::Due(due) => {
                    perform_due_shared_incremental_target_maintenance(
                        shared_target,
                        config.policy,
                        lock_wait,
                        due,
                    )
                }
            },
        )?;
    progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::SharedTargetMaintenanceFinished {
        outcome: outcome.clone(),
    });
    Ok(outcome)
}

fn resolve_inputs_with_progress(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<ResolvedCargoBuildInputs, WasmBuildError> {
    let resolved = build_fingerprint_with_progress(spec, progress)?;
    progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::InputsResolved {
        fingerprint: resolved.fingerprint,
        input_digest: resolved.input_digest,
        elapsed: resolved.timings.total,
    });
    Ok(resolved)
}

fn emit_finished_progress(outcome: &WasmBuildOutcome, progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>) {
    let state = if outcome.is_reused() {
        progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::CacheHit {
            fingerprint: outcome.record().fingerprint,
        });
        WasmBuildProgressOutcome::Reused
    } else {
        WasmBuildProgressOutcome::Built
    };
    progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::Finished {
        outcome: state,
        fingerprint: outcome.record().fingerprint,
        elapsed: outcome.record().timings.total,
    });
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
struct SharedIncrementalAcquisitionContext {
    lock_wait: Option<Duration>,
    maintenance: Option<SharedIncrementalTargetMaintenanceOutcome>,
}

fn try_reuse_wasm_artifacts(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    resolved: &ResolvedCargoBuildInputs,
    lock_wait: Duration,
    shared_incremental: &SharedIncrementalAcquisitionContext,
    total_started: Instant,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<Option<WasmBuildOutcome>, WasmBuildError> {
    let fingerprint = resolved.fingerprint;
    let artifacts = expected_artifacts(spec, &spec.target_dir);
    let cache_entry = cache_entry_directory(spec, fingerprint);
    let artifacts_match = progress.run_phase(WasmBuildProgressPhase::ArtifactPublication, || {
        artifact_set_matches(&artifacts, fingerprint)
    });
    if artifacts_match {
        progress.run_phase(WasmBuildProgressPhase::ArtifactPublication, || {
            record_cache_entry_use_if_present(&cache_entry)
        })?;
        return Ok(Some(WasmBuildOutcome::Reused(complete_build_record(
            spec,
            BuildRecordInput {
                fingerprint,
                input_digest: resolved.input_digest,
                artifacts,
                lock_wait,
                shared_incremental: shared_incremental.clone(),
                input_resolution: resolved.timings,
                cargo_build: None,
                active_entry: &cache_entry,
            },
            total_started,
            progress,
        ))));
    }

    let cached_artifacts = expected_artifacts(spec, &cache_entry);
    let cached_artifacts_match = progress
        .run_phase(WasmBuildProgressPhase::ArtifactPublication, || {
            artifact_set_matches(&cached_artifacts, fingerprint)
        });
    if !cached_artifacts_match {
        return Ok(None);
    }
    progress.run_phase(WasmBuildProgressPhase::ArtifactPublication, || {
        materialize_artifacts(&cached_artifacts, &artifacts, fingerprint)?;
        record_cache_entry_use(&cache_entry)
    })?;
    Ok(Some(WasmBuildOutcome::Reused(complete_build_record(
        spec,
        BuildRecordInput {
            fingerprint,
            input_digest: resolved.input_digest,
            artifacts,
            lock_wait,
            shared_incremental: shared_incremental.clone(),
            input_resolution: resolved.timings,
            cargo_build: None,
            active_entry: &cache_entry,
        },
        total_started,
        progress,
    ))))
}

fn build_wasm_cache_miss(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    resolved: ResolvedCargoBuildInputs,
    lock_wait: Duration,
    shared_incremental: SharedIncrementalAcquisitionContext,
    cargo_target_dir: PathBuf,
    total_started: Instant,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<WasmBuildOutcome, WasmBuildError> {
    let fingerprint = resolved.fingerprint;
    let mut input_resolution = resolved.timings;
    let artifacts = expected_artifacts(spec, &spec.target_dir);
    let cache_entry = cache_entry_directory(spec, fingerprint);
    remove_directory_if_present(&cache_entry)?;
    create_dir_all(
        &cache_entry,
        "create content-addressed Cargo target directory",
    )?;
    let incomplete_directory = IncompleteBuildDirectory::new(cache_entry.clone());
    let build_result = (|| {
        if matches!(
            spec.cache_mode,
            WasmBuildCacheMode::SharedIncremental { .. }
        ) {
            record_cache_entry_use(&cargo_target_dir)?;
        }
        let build_started = Instant::now();
        run_cargo_build(spec, &cargo_target_dir, progress)?;
        let cargo_build = build_started.elapsed();
        let built_artifacts = expected_artifacts(spec, &cargo_target_dir);
        let missing = missing_artifacts(&built_artifacts);
        if !missing.is_empty() {
            return Err(WasmBuildError::MissingArtifacts { paths: missing });
        }

        let verified = resolve_inputs_with_progress(spec, progress)?;
        input_resolution.include(verified.timings);
        if fingerprint != verified.fingerprint {
            return Err(WasmBuildError::InputsChangedDuringBuild {
                before: fingerprint,
                after: verified.fingerprint,
            });
        }

        let cached_artifacts = expected_artifacts(spec, &cache_entry);
        progress.run_phase(WasmBuildProgressPhase::ArtifactPublication, || {
            if cargo_target_dir != cache_entry {
                copy_wasm_artifacts(&built_artifacts, &cached_artifacts)?;
            }
            publish_artifact_stamps(&cached_artifacts, fingerprint)?;
            materialize_artifacts(&cached_artifacts, &artifacts, fingerprint)?;
            record_cache_entry_use(&cache_entry)
        })?;

        Ok(WasmBuildOutcome::Built(complete_build_record(
            spec,
            BuildRecordInput {
                fingerprint,
                input_digest: resolved.input_digest,
                artifacts,
                lock_wait,
                shared_incremental,
                input_resolution,
                cargo_build: Some(cargo_build),
                active_entry: &cache_entry,
            },
            total_started,
            progress,
        )))
    })();
    finish_fingerprint_build(build_result, incomplete_directory)
}

/// Prune fingerprint-specific Cargo target directories under `target_dir`.
///
/// Pruning uses the same exclusive process lock as builds. Entries older than
/// the configured age are removed first, then least-recently-used entries are
/// removed until the configured logical byte limit is met. Only direct child
/// directories with SHA-256 fingerprint names are eligible; caller-facing
/// artifacts and unrelated target contents are never removed.
pub fn prune_wasm_build_cache(
    target_dir: &Path,
    policy: WasmBuildCachePrunePolicy,
) -> Result<WasmBuildCachePruneReport, WasmBuildError> {
    let (_lock_file, _) = lock_wasm_build_cache(target_dir)?;
    ensure_cache_directory_tag(target_dir)?;

    prune_wasm_build_cache_locked(target_dir, policy, None)
}

struct BuildRecordInput<'a> {
    fingerprint: InputDigest,
    input_digest: InputDigest,
    artifacts: Vec<PathBuf>,
    lock_wait: Duration,
    shared_incremental: SharedIncrementalAcquisitionContext,
    input_resolution: WasmInputResolutionTimings,
    cargo_build: Option<Duration>,
    active_entry: &'a Path,
}

fn complete_build_record(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    input: BuildRecordInput<'_>,
    total_started: Instant,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> WasmBuildRecord {
    let (maintenance, cache_maintenance) = spec.prune_policy.map_or((None, None), |policy| {
        progress.run_phase(WasmBuildProgressPhase::ExactCacheMaintenance, || {
            let cache_root = spec.target_dir.join(".ic-testkit/wasm-targets");
            let identity = policy.maintenance_identity();
            perform_scheduled_cache_maintenance(&cache_root, spec.prune_interval, &identity, || {
                prune_wasm_build_cache_locked(&spec.target_dir, policy, Some(input.active_entry))
                    .map_err(|error| error.to_string())
            })
        })
    });
    WasmBuildRecord {
        fingerprint: input.fingerprint,
        input_digest: input.input_digest,
        artifacts: input.artifacts,
        timings: WasmBuildTimings {
            lock_wait: input.lock_wait,
            shared_incremental_lock_wait: input.shared_incremental.lock_wait,
            input_resolution: input.input_resolution,
            cargo_build: input.cargo_build,
            cache_maintenance,
            total: total_started.elapsed(),
        },
        maintenance,
        shared_incremental_maintenance: input.shared_incremental.maintenance,
    }
}

fn prune_wasm_build_cache_locked(
    target_dir: &Path,
    policy: WasmBuildCachePrunePolicy,
    protected_entry: Option<&Path>,
) -> Result<WasmBuildCachePruneReport, WasmBuildError> {
    let cache_root = target_dir.join(".ic-testkit/wasm-targets");
    prune_direct_child_directories(&cache_root, policy, protected_entry, is_sha256_directory)
        .map_err(wasm_cache_fs_error)
}

struct IncompleteBuildDirectory {
    path: PathBuf,
    armed: bool,
}

impl IncompleteBuildDirectory {
    const fn new(path: PathBuf) -> Self {
        Self { path, armed: true }
    }

    fn preserve(mut self) {
        self.armed = false;
    }

    fn cleanup(mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
        let result = remove_path_if_present(&self.path);
        if result.is_ok() {
            self.armed = false;
        }
        result
    }
}

impl Drop for IncompleteBuildDirectory {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.armed {
            let _ = remove_path_if_present(&self.path);
        }
    }
}

fn finish_fingerprint_build(
    result: Result<WasmBuildOutcome, WasmBuildError>,
    incomplete_directory: IncompleteBuildDirectory,
) -> Result<WasmBuildOutcome, WasmBuildError> {
    match result {
        Ok(outcome) => {
            incomplete_directory.preserve();
            Ok(outcome)
        }
        Err(build_error) => {
            let path = incomplete_directory.path.clone();
            match incomplete_directory.cleanup() {
                Ok(()) => Err(build_error),
                Err(source) => Err(WasmBuildError::FailedBuildCleanup {
                    build_error: Box::new(build_error),
                    path,
                    source,
                }),
            }
        }
    }
}

fn lock_wasm_build_cache(target_dir: &Path) -> Result<(File, Duration), WasmBuildError> {
    create_dir_all(target_dir, "create Cargo target directory")?;
    let lock_path = target_dir.join(".ic-testkit/wasm-build.lock");
    lock_cache_file(&lock_path).map_err(wasm_cache_fs_error)
}

fn lock_wasm_build_cache_with_progress(
    target_dir: &Path,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<(File, Duration), WasmBuildError> {
    create_dir_all(target_dir, "create Cargo target directory")?;
    let lock_path = target_dir.join(".ic-testkit/wasm-build.lock");
    lock_cache_file_with_progress(&lock_path, WasmBuildProgressPhase::ExactCacheLock, progress)
}

fn lock_shared_incremental_target(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
) -> Result<(File, Duration, PathBuf), WasmBuildError> {
    lock_shared_incremental_target_internal(spec, None)
}

fn lock_shared_incremental_target_with_progress(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<(File, Duration, PathBuf), WasmBuildError> {
    lock_shared_incremental_target_internal(spec, Some(progress))
}

fn lock_shared_incremental_target_internal(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    progress: Option<&mut ProgressReporter<'_>>,
) -> Result<(File, Duration, PathBuf), WasmBuildError> {
    let target_dir =
        shared_incremental_target(spec).ok_or_else(|| WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
            message: "shared incremental target is not configured".to_owned(),
        })?;
    create_dir_all(
        &target_dir,
        "create shared incremental Cargo target directory",
    )?;
    ensure_cache_tag(&target_dir).map_err(wasm_cache_fs_error)?;
    let canonical = target_dir
        .canonicalize()
        .map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
            operation: "resolve shared incremental Cargo target directory",
            path: target_dir.clone(),
            source,
        })?;
    let lock_path = canonical.join(".ic-testkit/wasm-incremental.lock");
    let (lock, wait) = if let Some(progress) = progress {
        lock_cache_file_with_progress(
            &lock_path,
            WasmBuildProgressPhase::SharedTargetLock,
            progress,
        )?
    } else {
        lock_cache_file(&lock_path).map_err(wasm_cache_fs_error)?
    };
    Ok((lock, wait, canonical))
}

fn lock_cache_file_with_progress(
    lock_path: &Path,
    phase: WasmBuildProgressPhase,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<(File, Duration), WasmBuildError> {
    if !progress.is_observed() || progress.config.heartbeat_interval.is_none() {
        return lock_cache_file(lock_path).map_err(wasm_cache_fs_error);
    }
    let heartbeat_interval = progress
        .config
        .heartbeat_interval
        .expect("observed cache lock must have a heartbeat interval");
    lock_cache_file_with_wait_observer(lock_path, heartbeat_interval, |elapsed| {
        progress.emit_heartbeat_if_due(phase, elapsed);
    })
    .map_err(wasm_cache_fs_error)
}

fn ensure_cache_directory_tag(target_dir: &Path) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    ensure_cache_tag(target_dir).map_err(wasm_cache_fs_error)
}

fn record_cache_entry_use_if_present(path: &Path) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    if path.is_dir() {
        record_cache_entry_use(path)?;
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn record_cache_entry_use(path: &Path) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    record_entry_use(path).map_err(wasm_cache_fs_error)
}

fn wasm_cache_fs_error(error: CacheFsError) -> WasmBuildError {
    WasmBuildError::Io {
        operation: error.operation,
        path: error.path,
        source: error.source,
    }
}

fn validate_spec(spec: &WasmBuildSpec) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    if spec.packages.is_empty() {
        return Err(WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
            message: "at least one Cargo package is required".to_owned(),
        });
    }
    if spec.profile_target_dir.is_empty() {
        return Err(WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
            message: "Cargo profile target directory must not be empty".to_owned(),
        });
    }
    if spec.target.is_empty() {
        return Err(WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
            message: "Cargo compilation target must not be empty".to_owned(),
        });
    }
    if matches!(
        &spec.cache_mode,
        WasmBuildCacheMode::SharedIncremental { target_dir } if target_dir.as_os_str().is_empty()
    ) {
        return Err(WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
            message: "shared incremental Cargo target directory must not be empty".to_owned(),
        });
    }
    if spec.shared_incremental_maintenance_config.is_some()
        && !matches!(
            spec.cache_mode,
            WasmBuildCacheMode::SharedIncremental { .. }
        )
    {
        return Err(WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
            message:
                "scheduled shared-target maintenance requires a shared incremental Cargo target"
                    .to_owned(),
        });
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn build_fingerprint(spec: &WasmBuildSpec) -> Result<ResolvedCargoBuildInputs, WasmBuildError> {
    build_fingerprint_with_progress(spec, &mut ProgressReporter::silent())
}

fn build_fingerprint_with_progress(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<ResolvedCargoBuildInputs, WasmBuildError> {
    let total_started = Instant::now();
    let tool_started = Instant::now();
    let cargo_identity = progress.run_phase(WasmBuildProgressPhase::CargoIdentity, || {
        command_identity(
            spec,
            WasmBuildPhase::CargoIdentity,
            &spec.cargo_program,
            &["--version", "--verbose"],
        )
    })?;
    let rustc_program = spec
        .extra_env
        .get(OsStr::new("RUSTC"))
        .unwrap_or(&spec.rustc_program);
    let rustc_identity = progress.run_phase(WasmBuildProgressPhase::RustcIdentity, || {
        command_identity(spec, WasmBuildPhase::RustcIdentity, rustc_program, &["-vV"])
    })?;
    let tool_identity = tool_started.elapsed();

    let metadata_started = Instant::now();
    let metadata = progress.run_phase(WasmBuildProgressPhase::CargoMetadata, || {
        cargo_metadata(spec)
    })?;
    let cargo_metadata = metadata_started.elapsed();

    let discovery_started = Instant::now();
    let (inputs, exclusions) =
        progress.run_phase(WasmBuildProgressPhase::InputDiscovery, || {
            let inputs = resolve_local_inputs(spec, &metadata)?;
            validate_shared_incremental_target_boundary(spec, &inputs)?;
            let exclusions = source_exclusions(spec, &inputs);
            Ok::<_, WasmBuildError>((inputs, exclusions))
        })?;
    let input_discovery = discovery_started.elapsed();

    let hashing_started = Instant::now();
    let input_digest = progress.run_phase(WasmBuildProgressPhase::ContentHashing, || {
        digest_labeled_paths("wasm-source-inputs-v1", &inputs, &exclusions).map_err(|source| {
            WasmBuildError::Io {
                operation: "hash Wasm build inputs",
                path: spec.workspace_root.clone(),
                source,
            }
        })
    })?;
    let content_hashing = hashing_started.elapsed();

    let mut hasher = InputHasher::new(CACHE_FORMAT_VERSION);
    let mut packages = spec.packages.clone();
    packages.sort();
    packages.dedup();
    for package in packages {
        hasher.field("package", package.as_bytes());
    }
    hasher.field("target", spec.target.as_bytes());
    hasher.field("profile-target-dir", spec.profile_target_dir.as_bytes());
    for argument in &spec.cargo_profile_args {
        hasher.field("cargo-argument", &os_bytes(argument));
    }
    for (key, value) in effective_environment(spec) {
        hasher.field("environment-key", &os_bytes(&key));
        if let Some(value) = value {
            hasher.field("environment-value", &os_bytes(&value));
        } else {
            hasher.field("environment-unset", b"");
        }
    }
    hasher.field("cargo-identity", &cargo_identity);
    hasher.field("rustc-identity", &rustc_identity);
    hasher.field("source-input-digest", input_digest.as_bytes());
    Ok(ResolvedCargoBuildInputs {
        fingerprint: hasher.finish(),
        input_digest,
        inputs: inputs
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(label, path)| CargoBuildInput { label, path })
            .collect(),
        exclusions,
        timings: WasmInputResolutionTimings {
            tool_identity,
            cargo_metadata,
            input_discovery,
            content_hashing,
            total: total_started.elapsed(),
        },
    })
}

fn command_identity(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    phase: WasmBuildPhase,
    program: &OsStr,
    arguments: &[&str],
) -> Result<Vec<u8>, WasmBuildError> {
    let mut command = Command::new(program);
    command.current_dir(&spec.workspace_root).args(arguments);
    apply_command_environment(&mut command, spec);
    let output = command
        .output()
        .map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::CommandSpawn {
            phase,
            program: program.to_owned(),
            source,
        })?;
    ensure_command_success(phase, output).map(|output| {
        let mut identity = output.stdout;
        identity.extend_from_slice(&output.stderr);
        identity
    })
}

fn cargo_metadata(spec: &WasmBuildSpec) -> Result<Value, WasmBuildError> {
    let mut command = Command::new(&spec.cargo_program);
    command
        .current_dir(&spec.workspace_root)
        .args(["metadata", "--format-version", "1"]);
    for argument in metadata_arguments(&spec.cargo_profile_args) {
        command.arg(argument);
    }
    apply_command_environment(&mut command, spec);
    let output = command
        .output()
        .map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::CommandSpawn {
            phase: WasmBuildPhase::CargoMetadata,
            program: spec.cargo_program.clone(),
            source,
        })?;
    let output = ensure_command_success(WasmBuildPhase::CargoMetadata, output)?;
    serde_json::from_slice(&output.stdout).map_err(|error| WasmBuildError::InvalidMetadata {
        message: format!("Cargo metadata was not valid JSON: {error}"),
    })
}

fn metadata_arguments(arguments: &[OsString]) -> Vec<OsString> {
    let mut selected = Vec::new();
    let mut arguments = arguments.iter();
    while let Some(argument) = arguments.next() {
        let argument_text = argument.to_string_lossy();
        match argument_text.as_ref() {
            "--all-features" | "--no-default-features" | "--locked" | "--offline" | "--frozen" => {
                selected.push(argument.clone());
            }
            "--features" | "-F" | "--filter-platform" => {
                selected.push(argument.clone());
                if let Some(value) = arguments.next() {
                    selected.push(value.clone());
                }
            }
            _ if argument_text.starts_with("--features=")
                || argument_text.starts_with("--filter-platform=") =>
            {
                selected.push(argument.clone());
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }
    selected
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct MetadataPackage {
    id: String,
    name: String,
    version: String,
    manifest_path: PathBuf,
    is_local: bool,
}

fn resolve_local_inputs(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    metadata: &Value,
) -> Result<Vec<(PathBuf, PathBuf)>, WasmBuildError> {
    let packages = metadata_packages(metadata)?;
    let mut selected_ids = selected_package_ids(spec, metadata, &packages)?;
    let dependencies = metadata_dependencies(metadata)?;
    let mut closure = BTreeSet::new();
    while let Some(id) = selected_ids.pop_front() {
        if !closure.insert(id.clone()) {
            continue;
        }
        if let Some(deps) = dependencies.get(&id) {
            selected_ids.extend(deps.iter().cloned());
        }
    }

    let workspace_root = metadata
        .get("workspace_root")
        .and_then(Value::as_str)
        .map_or_else(|| spec.workspace_root.clone(), PathBuf::from);
    let mut inputs = workspace_configuration_inputs(spec, &workspace_root)?;
    append_package_inputs(&mut inputs, &packages, closure, &workspace_root)?;
    append_additional_inputs(&mut inputs, spec, &workspace_root);
    Ok(inputs)
}

fn metadata_packages(metadata: &Value) -> Result<HashMap<String, MetadataPackage>, WasmBuildError> {
    let packages_value = metadata
        .get("packages")
        .and_then(Value::as_array)
        .ok_or_else(|| invalid_metadata("Cargo metadata has no package array"))?;
    let mut packages = HashMap::new();
    for value in packages_value {
        let package = MetadataPackage {
            id: required_string(value, "id")?,
            name: required_string(value, "name")?,
            version: required_string(value, "version")?,
            manifest_path: PathBuf::from(required_string(value, "manifest_path")?),
            is_local: value.get("source").is_some_and(Value::is_null),
        };
        packages.insert(package.id.clone(), package);
    }
    Ok(packages)
}

fn selected_package_ids(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    metadata: &Value,
    packages: &HashMap<String, MetadataPackage>,
) -> Result<VecDeque<String>, WasmBuildError> {
    let workspace_members = metadata
        .get("workspace_members")
        .and_then(Value::as_array)
        .ok_or_else(|| invalid_metadata("Cargo metadata has no workspace member array"))?
        .iter()
        .filter_map(Value::as_str)
        .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
    let mut selected_ids = VecDeque::new();
    for requested in &spec.packages {
        let matches = packages
            .values()
            .filter(|package| {
                package.name == *requested && workspace_members.contains(package.id.as_str())
            })
            .map(|package| package.id.clone())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        match matches.as_slice() {
            [id] => selected_ids.push_back(id.clone()),
            [] => {
                return Err(WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
                    message: format!("Cargo workspace contains no package named `{requested}`"),
                });
            }
            _ => {
                return Err(WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
                    message: format!("Cargo workspace package name `{requested}` is ambiguous"),
                });
            }
        }
    }
    Ok(selected_ids)
}

fn metadata_dependencies(metadata: &Value) -> Result<HashMap<String, Vec<String>>, WasmBuildError> {
    let mut dependencies = HashMap::<String, Vec<String>>::new();
    let nodes = metadata
        .pointer("/resolve/nodes")
        .and_then(Value::as_array)
        .ok_or_else(|| invalid_metadata("Cargo metadata has no resolved dependency nodes"))?;
    for node in nodes {
        let id = required_string(node, "id")?;
        let deps = node
            .get("deps")
            .and_then(Value::as_array)
            .ok_or_else(|| invalid_metadata("Cargo metadata dependency node has no deps array"))?
            .iter()
            .map(|dependency| required_string(dependency, "pkg"))
            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
        dependencies.insert(id, deps);
    }
    Ok(dependencies)
}

fn workspace_configuration_inputs(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    workspace_root: &Path,
) -> Result<Vec<(PathBuf, PathBuf)>, WasmBuildError> {
    let mut inputs = Vec::new();
    add_if_present(
        &mut inputs,
        "workspace/Cargo.toml",
        workspace_root.join("Cargo.toml"),
    );
    add_if_present(
        &mut inputs,
        "workspace/Cargo.lock",
        workspace_root.join("Cargo.lock"),
    );
    add_if_present(
        &mut inputs,
        "workspace/rust-toolchain.toml",
        workspace_root.join("rust-toolchain.toml"),
    );
    add_if_present(
        &mut inputs,
        "workspace/rust-toolchain",
        workspace_root.join("rust-toolchain"),
    );
    append_cargo_configuration_inputs(&mut inputs, spec, workspace_root)?;
    Ok(inputs)
}

fn append_cargo_configuration_inputs(
    inputs: &mut Vec<(PathBuf, PathBuf)>,
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    workspace_root: &Path,
) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    let invocation_root =
        spec.workspace_root
            .canonicalize()
            .map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
                operation: "resolve Cargo invocation directory",
                path: spec.workspace_root.clone(),
                source,
            })?;
    let canonical_workspace =
        workspace_root
            .canonicalize()
            .map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
                operation: "resolve Cargo workspace directory",
                path: workspace_root.to_owned(),
                source,
            })?;

    let mut roots = invocation_root
        .ancestors()
        .filter_map(|directory| effective_cargo_config(&directory.join(".cargo")))
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    if let Some(cargo_home) = effective_cargo_home(spec, &invocation_root)
        && let Some(config) = effective_cargo_config(&cargo_home)
    {
        roots.push(config);
    }

    let mut visited = BTreeSet::new();
    for config in roots {
        append_cargo_configuration_tree(
            inputs,
            &config,
            &canonical_workspace,
            &mut visited,
            false,
        )?;
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn effective_cargo_config(directory: &Path) -> Option<PathBuf> {
    let extensionless = directory.join("config");
    if extensionless.exists() {
        return Some(extensionless);
    }
    let toml = directory.join("config.toml");
    toml.exists().then_some(toml)
}

fn effective_cargo_home(spec: &WasmBuildSpec, invocation_root: &Path) -> Option<PathBuf> {
    if let Some(cargo_home) = command_environment_value(spec, "CARGO_HOME") {
        let cargo_home = PathBuf::from(cargo_home);
        return Some(if cargo_home.is_absolute() {
            cargo_home
        } else {
            invocation_root.join(cargo_home)
        });
    }

    default_home_directory(spec).map(|home| {
        let home = if home.is_absolute() {
            home
        } else {
            invocation_root.join(home)
        };
        home.join(".cargo")
    })
}

#[cfg(windows)]
fn default_home_directory(spec: &WasmBuildSpec) -> Option<PathBuf> {
    command_environment_value(spec, "USERPROFILE")
        .or_else(|| command_environment_value(spec, "HOME"))
        .map(PathBuf::from)
}

#[cfg(not(windows))]
fn default_home_directory(spec: &WasmBuildSpec) -> Option<PathBuf> {
    command_environment_value(spec, "HOME").map(PathBuf::from)
}

fn command_environment_value(spec: &WasmBuildSpec, name: &str) -> Option<OsString> {
    spec.extra_env
        .get(OsStr::new(name))
        .cloned()
        .or_else(|| std::env::var_os(name))
}

fn append_cargo_configuration_tree(
    inputs: &mut Vec<(PathBuf, PathBuf)>,
    config: &Path,
    workspace_root: &Path,
    visited: &mut BTreeSet<PathBuf>,
    optional: bool,
) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    let canonical = match config.canonicalize() {
        Ok(canonical) => canonical,
        Err(error) if optional && error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(()),
        Err(source) => {
            return Err(WasmBuildError::Io {
                operation: "resolve Cargo configuration",
                path: config.to_owned(),
                source,
            });
        }
    };
    if !visited.insert(canonical.clone()) {
        return Ok(());
    }

    let contents = fs::read_to_string(&canonical).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
        operation: "read Cargo configuration",
        path: canonical.clone(),
        source,
    })?;
    let configuration = toml::from_str::<TomlValue>(&contents).map_err(|error| {
        WasmBuildError::InvalidCargoConfiguration {
            path: canonical.clone(),
            message: error.to_string(),
        }
    })?;
    inputs.push((
        cargo_configuration_label(&canonical, workspace_root),
        canonical.clone(),
    ));

    let Some(include) = configuration.get("include") else {
        return Ok(());
    };
    let parent = canonical
        .parent()
        .ok_or_else(|| WasmBuildError::InvalidCargoConfiguration {
            path: canonical.clone(),
            message: "configuration path has no parent directory".to_owned(),
        })?;
    for (included, optional) in cargo_configuration_includes(include, &canonical)? {
        let included = if included.is_absolute() {
            included
        } else {
            parent.join(included)
        };
        append_cargo_configuration_tree(inputs, &included, workspace_root, visited, optional)?;
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn cargo_configuration_includes(
    include: &TomlValue,
    config: &Path,
) -> Result<Vec<(PathBuf, bool)>, WasmBuildError> {
    let values = match include {
        TomlValue::Array(values) => values.as_slice(),
        value => std::slice::from_ref(value),
    };
    values
        .iter()
        .map(|value| match value {
            TomlValue::String(path) => Ok((PathBuf::from(path), false)),
            TomlValue::Table(table) => {
                let path = table
                    .get("path")
                    .and_then(TomlValue::as_str)
                    .ok_or_else(|| {
                        invalid_cargo_configuration(
                            config,
                            "Cargo configuration include table requires a string `path`",
                        )
                    })?;
                let optional = table
                    .get("optional")
                    .map(|value| {
                        value.as_bool().ok_or_else(|| {
                            invalid_cargo_configuration(
                                config,
                                "Cargo configuration include `optional` must be a boolean",
                            )
                        })
                    })
                    .transpose()?
                    .unwrap_or(false);
                Ok((PathBuf::from(path), optional))
            }
            _ => Err(invalid_cargo_configuration(
                config,
                "Cargo configuration `include` must contain paths or include tables",
            )),
        })
        .collect()
}

fn cargo_configuration_label(config: &Path, workspace_root: &Path) -> PathBuf {
    if let Ok(relative) = config.strip_prefix(workspace_root) {
        return PathBuf::from("cargo-config/workspace").join(relative);
    }
    let location = digest_bytes("cargo-config-location-v1", &os_bytes(config.as_os_str()));
    PathBuf::from("cargo-config/external").join(location.to_hex())
}

fn invalid_cargo_configuration(path: &Path, message: &str) -> WasmBuildError {
    WasmBuildError::InvalidCargoConfiguration {
        path: path.to_owned(),
        message: message.to_owned(),
    }
}

fn append_package_inputs(
    inputs: &mut Vec<(PathBuf, PathBuf)>,
    packages: &HashMap<String, MetadataPackage>,
    closure: BTreeSet<String>,
    workspace_root: &Path,
) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    for id in closure {
        let Some(package) = packages.get(&id) else {
            return Err(invalid_metadata(&format!(
                "resolved package `{id}` is missing"
            )));
        };
        if !package.is_local {
            continue;
        }
        let root = package.manifest_path.parent().ok_or_else(|| {
            invalid_metadata(&format!(
                "package `{}` manifest has no parent",
                package.name
            ))
        })?;
        let relative_manifest = package
            .manifest_path
            .strip_prefix(workspace_root)
            .unwrap_or(&package.manifest_path);
        let label = PathBuf::from(format!("package/{}@{}", package.name, package.version))
            .join(relative_manifest.parent().unwrap_or_else(|| Path::new(".")));
        inputs.push((label, root.to_owned()));
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn append_additional_inputs(
    inputs: &mut Vec<(PathBuf, PathBuf)>,
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    workspace_root: &Path,
) {
    for additional in &spec.additional_inputs {
        let path = if additional.is_absolute() {
            additional.clone()
        } else {
            workspace_root.join(additional)
        };
        inputs.push((PathBuf::from("additional").join(additional), path));
    }
}

fn source_exclusions(spec: &WasmBuildSpec, inputs: &[(PathBuf, PathBuf)]) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
    let mut exclusions = vec![
        spec.target_dir.clone(),
        spec.workspace_root.join("target"),
        spec.workspace_root.join(".git"),
    ];
    if let Some(shared_target) = shared_incremental_target(spec) {
        exclusions.push(shared_target);
    }
    for (_, path) in inputs {
        if path.is_dir() {
            exclusions.push(path.join("target"));
            exclusions.push(path.join(".git"));
        }
    }
    exclusions
}

fn validate_shared_incremental_target_boundary(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    inputs: &[(PathBuf, PathBuf)],
) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    let Some(shared_target) = shared_incremental_target(spec) else {
        return Ok(());
    };
    let shared_target =
        canonicalize_allow_missing(&shared_target).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
            operation: "resolve shared incremental Cargo target boundary",
            path: shared_target.clone(),
            source,
        })?;
    let resolved_inputs = inputs
        .iter()
        .map(|(_, input)| {
            let canonical = input.canonicalize().map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
                operation: "resolve Cargo input boundary",
                path: input.clone(),
                source,
            })?;
            let metadata = fs::metadata(&canonical).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
                operation: "inspect Cargo input boundary",
                path: canonical.clone(),
                source,
            })?;
            Ok((canonical, metadata.is_dir()))
        })
        .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, WasmBuildError>>()?;
    let safe_generated_roots = std::iter::once(spec.target_dir.clone())
        .chain(std::iter::once(spec.workspace_root.join("target")))
        .chain(
            inputs
                .iter()
                .filter(|(_, path)| path.is_dir())
                .map(|(_, path)| path.join("target")),
        )
        .filter_map(|path| canonicalize_allow_missing(&path).ok())
        .filter(|root| {
            !resolved_inputs
                .iter()
                .any(|(input, _is_directory)| input.starts_with(root))
        })
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    if safe_generated_roots
        .iter()
        .any(|root| shared_target.starts_with(root))
    {
        return Ok(());
    }

    for (input, is_directory) in resolved_inputs {
        if shared_target == input
            || (is_directory && shared_target.starts_with(&input))
            || input.starts_with(&shared_target)
        {
            return Err(WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
                message: format!(
                    "shared incremental target {} must not overlap exact Cargo inputs unless it is inside a generated target directory",
                    shared_target.display()
                ),
            });
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn canonicalize_allow_missing(path: &Path) -> io::Result<PathBuf> {
    let absolute = if path.is_absolute() {
        path.to_owned()
    } else {
        std::env::current_dir()?.join(path)
    };
    let mut unresolved = Vec::<OsString>::new();
    let mut existing = absolute.as_path();
    loop {
        match existing.canonicalize() {
            Ok(mut canonical) => {
                for component in unresolved.into_iter().rev() {
                    canonical.push(component);
                }
                return Ok(canonical);
            }
            Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
                let Some(name) = existing.file_name() else {
                    return Err(error);
                };
                unresolved.push(name.to_owned());
                existing = existing.parent().ok_or(error)?;
            }
            Err(error) => return Err(error),
        }
    }
}

fn shared_incremental_target(spec: &WasmBuildSpec) -> Option<PathBuf> {
    let WasmBuildCacheMode::SharedIncremental { target_dir } = &spec.cache_mode else {
        return None;
    };
    Some(if target_dir.is_absolute() {
        target_dir.clone()
    } else {
        spec.workspace_root.join(target_dir)
    })
}

fn shared_incremental_target_exists(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    operation: &'static str,
) -> Result<bool, WasmBuildError> {
    let target_dir =
        shared_incremental_target(spec).ok_or_else(|| WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
            message: "shared incremental target is not configured".to_owned(),
        })?;
    match fs::symlink_metadata(&target_dir) {
        Ok(metadata) if metadata.is_dir() => Ok(true),
        Ok(_) => Err(WasmBuildError::InvalidSpec {
            message: format!(
                "shared incremental Cargo target {} must be a directory",
                target_dir.display()
            ),
        }),
        Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(false),
        Err(source) => Err(WasmBuildError::Io {
            operation,
            path: target_dir,
            source,
        }),
    }
}

fn effective_environment(spec: &WasmBuildSpec) -> BTreeMap<OsString, Option<OsString>> {
    let mut names = spec.inherited_env.clone();
    names.extend(AUTOMATIC_ENVIRONMENT.iter().map(OsString::from));
    let mut environment = names
        .into_iter()
        .map(|name| {
            let value = std::env::var_os(&name);
            (name, value)
        })
        .collect::<BTreeMap<_, _>>();
    for (key, value) in &spec.extra_env {
        environment.insert(key.clone(), Some(value.clone()));
    }
    environment
}

fn apply_command_environment(command: &mut Command, spec: &WasmBuildSpec) {
    for (key, value) in &spec.extra_env {
        command.env(key, value);
    }
}

fn run_cargo_build(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    build_target_dir: &Path,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    let mut command = Command::new(&spec.cargo_program);
    command
        .current_dir(&spec.workspace_root)
        .env("CARGO_TARGET_DIR", build_target_dir)
        .args(["build", "--target", &spec.target])
        .args(&spec.cargo_profile_args);
    apply_command_environment(&mut command, spec);
    for package in &spec.packages {
        command.args(["-p", package]);
    }

    if !progress.is_observed() {
        let output = command
            .output()
            .map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::CommandSpawn {
                phase: WasmBuildPhase::CargoBuild,
                program: spec.cargo_program.clone(),
                source,
            })?;
        return ensure_command_success(WasmBuildPhase::CargoBuild, output).map(|_| ());
    }

    run_observed_cargo_build(spec, build_target_dir, command, progress)
}

fn run_observed_cargo_build(
    spec: &WasmBuildSpec,
    build_target_dir: &Path,
    mut command: Command,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    command.stdout(Stdio::piped()).stderr(Stdio::piped());
    let started = Instant::now();
    let child = command
        .spawn()
        .map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::CommandSpawn {
            phase: WasmBuildPhase::CargoBuild,
            program: spec.cargo_program.clone(),
            source,
        })?;
    let mut child = ObservedChild::new(child);
    progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::CargoStarted {
        target_dir: build_target_dir.to_owned(),
    });

    let stdout = child
        .child_mut()
        .stdout
        .take()
        .expect("Cargo stdout must be piped");
    let stderr = child
        .child_mut()
        .stderr
        .take()
        .expect("Cargo stderr must be piped");
    let (sender, chunks) = mpsc::channel();
    let stdout_sender = sender.clone();
    let stdout_reader = thread::spawn(move || {
        read_process_output(stdout, WasmBuildOutputStream::Stdout, stdout_sender)
    });
    let stderr_reader =
        thread::spawn(move || read_process_output(stderr, WasmBuildOutputStream::Stderr, sender));

    let captured = capture_observed_cargo_output(chunks, progress, started);

    let status = child.wait().map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
        operation: "wait for observed cargo build",
        path: PathBuf::from(&spec.cargo_program),
        source,
    })?;
    join_output_reader(
        stdout_reader,
        "read observed cargo stdout",
        &spec.cargo_program,
    )?;
    join_output_reader(
        stderr_reader,
        "read observed cargo stderr",
        &spec.cargo_program,
    )?;
    let elapsed = started.elapsed();
    progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::CargoFinished {
        success: status.success(),
        code: status.code(),
        elapsed,
    });

    ensure_command_success(
        WasmBuildPhase::CargoBuild,
        Output {
            status,
            stdout: captured.stdout,
            stderr: captured.stderr,
        },
    )
    .map(|_| ())
}

struct CapturedProcessOutput {
    stdout: Vec<u8>,
    stderr: Vec<u8>,
}

fn capture_observed_cargo_output(
    chunks: mpsc::Receiver<ProcessOutputChunk>,
    progress: &mut ProgressReporter<'_>,
    started: Instant,
) -> CapturedProcessOutput {
    let mut stdout = Vec::new();
    let mut stderr = Vec::new();
    loop {
        let message = match progress.heartbeat_due_in() {
            Some(wait) => match chunks.recv_timeout(wait) {
                Ok(chunk) => Some(chunk),
                Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {
                    progress.emit_heartbeat(WasmBuildProgressPhase::CargoBuild, started.elapsed());
                    None
                }
                Err(RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => break,
            },
            None => match chunks.recv() {
                Ok(chunk) => Some(chunk),
                Err(_) => break,
            },
        };
        let Some(chunk) = message else {
            continue;
        };
        match chunk.stream {
            WasmBuildOutputStream::Stdout => stdout.extend_from_slice(&chunk.bytes),
            WasmBuildOutputStream::Stderr => stderr.extend_from_slice(&chunk.bytes),
        }
        if progress.config.emit_cargo_output {
            progress.emit(WasmBuildProgressEvent::CargoOutput {
                stream: chunk.stream,
                bytes: chunk.bytes,
            });
        }
    }
    CapturedProcessOutput { stdout, stderr }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct ProcessOutputChunk {
    stream: WasmBuildOutputStream,
    bytes: Vec<u8>,
}

fn read_process_output<R: io::Read>(
    mut reader: R,
    stream: WasmBuildOutputStream,
    sender: mpsc::Sender<ProcessOutputChunk>,
) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut buffer = [0_u8; 8 * 1024];
    loop {
        let count = reader.read(&mut buffer)?;
        if count == 0 {
            return Ok(());
        }
        if sender
            .send(ProcessOutputChunk {
                stream,
                bytes: buffer[..count].to_vec(),
            })
            .is_err()
        {
            return Ok(());
        }
    }
}

fn join_output_reader(
    reader: thread::JoinHandle<io::Result<()>>,
    operation: &'static str,
    cargo_program: &OsStr,
) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    let result = reader.join().map_err(|_| WasmBuildError::Io {
        operation,
        path: PathBuf::from(cargo_program),
        source: io::Error::other("Cargo output reader panicked"),
    })?;
    result.map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
        operation,
        path: PathBuf::from(cargo_program),
        source,
    })
}

struct ObservedChild(Option<Child>);

impl ObservedChild {
    const fn new(child: Child) -> Self {
        Self(Some(child))
    }

    const fn child_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Child {
        self.0.as_mut().expect("observed child must be present")
    }

    fn wait(&mut self) -> io::Result<ExitStatus> {
        let status = self.child_mut().wait()?;
        self.0.take();
        Ok(status)
    }
}

impl Drop for ObservedChild {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if let Some(mut child) = self.0.take() {
            let _ = child.kill();
            let _ = child.wait();
        }
    }
}

fn ensure_command_success(phase: WasmBuildPhase, output: Output) -> Result<Output, WasmBuildError> {
    if output.status.success() {
        return Ok(output);
    }
    Err(WasmBuildError::CommandFailed {
        phase,
        status: output.status,
        stdout: String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout).into_owned(),
        stderr: String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr).into_owned(),
    })
}

fn expected_artifacts(spec: &WasmBuildSpec, target_dir: &Path) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
    let mut packages = spec.packages.iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>();
    packages.sort_unstable();
    packages.dedup();
    packages
        .into_iter()
        .map(|package| {
            if spec.target == DEFAULT_TARGET {
                wasm_path(target_dir, package, &spec.profile_target_dir)
            } else {
                target_dir
                    .join(&spec.target)
                    .join(&spec.profile_target_dir)
                    .join(format!("{package}.wasm"))
            }
        })
        .collect()
}

fn cache_entry_directory(spec: &WasmBuildSpec, fingerprint: InputDigest) -> PathBuf {
    spec.target_dir
        .join(".ic-testkit/wasm-targets")
        .join(fingerprint.to_hex())
}

fn artifact_set_matches(artifacts: &[PathBuf], fingerprint: InputDigest) -> bool {
    artifacts.iter().all(|path| {
        fs::metadata(path).is_ok_and(|metadata| metadata.is_file() && metadata.len() > 0)
            && cache_stamp_matches(path, fingerprint)
    })
}

fn missing_artifacts(artifacts: &[PathBuf]) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
    artifacts
        .iter()
        .filter(|path| {
            fs::metadata(path).map_or(true, |metadata| !metadata.is_file() || metadata.len() == 0)
        })
        .cloned()
        .collect()
}

fn cache_stamp_matches(artifact: &Path, fingerprint: InputDigest) -> bool {
    let stamp_path = artifact_stamp_path(artifact);
    let Ok(expected) = artifact_stamp_contents(artifact, fingerprint) else {
        return false;
    };
    fs::read_to_string(stamp_path).is_ok_and(|stamp| stamp == expected)
}

fn artifact_stamp_path(artifact: &Path) -> PathBuf {
    let mut name = artifact
        .file_name()
        .map_or_else(|| OsString::from("artifact"), OsString::from);
    name.push(".ic-testkit-build");
    artifact.with_file_name(name)
}

fn artifact_stamp_contents(artifact: &Path, fingerprint: InputDigest) -> io::Result<String> {
    let (_, artifact_digest) = digest_file("wasm-artifact-v1", artifact)?;
    Ok(format!(
        "{CACHE_FORMAT_VERSION}\nbuild-sha256:{fingerprint}\nartifact-sha256:{artifact_digest}\n"
    ))
}

fn publish_artifact_stamps(
    artifacts: &[PathBuf],
    fingerprint: InputDigest,
) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    for artifact in artifacts {
        let stamp_path = artifact_stamp_path(artifact);
        let stamp = artifact_stamp_contents(artifact, fingerprint).map_err(|source| {
            WasmBuildError::Io {
                operation: "hash built Wasm artifact",
                path: artifact.clone(),
                source,
            }
        })?;
        write_atomic(&stamp_path, stamp.as_bytes()).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
            operation: "publish Wasm build stamp",
            path: stamp_path,
            source,
        })?;
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn materialize_artifacts(
    cached_artifacts: &[PathBuf],
    artifacts: &[PathBuf],
    fingerprint: InputDigest,
) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    for (cached, artifact) in cached_artifacts.iter().zip(artifacts) {
        copy_file_atomic(cached, artifact).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
            operation: "publish Wasm artifact",
            path: artifact.clone(),
            source,
        })?;
    }
    publish_artifact_stamps(artifacts, fingerprint)
}

fn copy_wasm_artifacts(
    source_artifacts: &[PathBuf],
    cached_artifacts: &[PathBuf],
) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    for (source, cached) in source_artifacts.iter().zip(cached_artifacts) {
        copy_file_atomic(source, cached).map_err(|source_error| WasmBuildError::Io {
            operation: "cache shared-incremental Wasm artifact",
            path: cached.clone(),
            source: source_error,
        })?;
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn remove_directory_if_present(path: &Path) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    remove_path_if_present(path).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
        operation: "remove incomplete content-addressed Cargo target directory",
        path: path.to_owned(),
        source,
    })
}

fn create_dir_all(path: &Path, operation: &'static str) -> Result<(), WasmBuildError> {
    fs::create_dir_all(path).map_err(|source| WasmBuildError::Io {
        operation,
        path: path.to_owned(),
        source,
    })
}

fn add_if_present(inputs: &mut Vec<(PathBuf, PathBuf)>, label: &str, path: PathBuf) {
    if path.exists() {
        inputs.push((PathBuf::from(label), path));
    }
}

fn required_string(value: &Value, field: &str) -> Result<String, WasmBuildError> {
    value
        .get(field)
        .and_then(Value::as_str)
        .map(str::to_owned)
        .ok_or_else(|| invalid_metadata(&format!("Cargo metadata field `{field}` is missing")))
}

fn invalid_metadata(message: &str) -> WasmBuildError {
    WasmBuildError::InvalidMetadata {
        message: message.to_owned(),
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for WasmBuildPhase {
    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        formatter.write_str(match self {
            Self::CargoMetadata => "cargo metadata",
            Self::CargoIdentity => "Cargo identity",
            Self::RustcIdentity => "Rust compiler identity",
            Self::CargoBuild => "cargo build",
        })
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for WasmBuildProgressPhase {
    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        formatter.write_str(match self {
            Self::ExactCacheLock => "exact cache lock",
            Self::CargoIdentity => "Cargo identity",
            Self::RustcIdentity => "Rust compiler identity",
            Self::CargoMetadata => "Cargo metadata",
            Self::InputDiscovery => "input discovery",
            Self::ContentHashing => "content hashing",
            Self::SharedTargetLock => "shared target lock",
            Self::SharedTargetMaintenance => "shared target maintenance",
            Self::CargoBuild => "Cargo build",
            Self::ArtifactPublication => "artifact publication",
            Self::ExactCacheMaintenance => "exact cache maintenance",
        })
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for WasmBuildError {
    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Self::InvalidSpec { message } => {
                write!(formatter, "invalid Wasm build spec: {message}")
            }
            Self::Io {
                operation,
                path,
                source,
            } => write!(
                formatter,
                "failed to {operation} at {}: {source}",
                path.display()
            ),
            Self::CommandSpawn {
                phase,
                program,
                source,
            } => write!(
                formatter,
                "failed to launch {phase} using `{}`: {source}",
                program.to_string_lossy(),
            ),
            Self::CommandFailed {
                phase,
                status,
                stdout,
                stderr,
            } => write!(
                formatter,
                "{phase} failed with {status}\nstdout:\n{stdout}\nstderr:\n{stderr}",
            ),
            Self::InvalidMetadata { message } => {
                write!(formatter, "invalid Cargo metadata: {message}")
            }
            Self::InvalidCargoConfiguration { path, message } => write!(
                formatter,
                "invalid Cargo configuration at {}: {message}",
                path.display(),
            ),
            Self::MissingArtifacts { paths } => write!(
                formatter,
                "cargo build succeeded without producing: {}",
                paths
                    .iter()
                    .map(|path| path.display().to_string())
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .join(", "),
            ),
            Self::InputsChangedDuringBuild { before, after } => write!(
                formatter,
                "Wasm build inputs changed while Cargo was running: {before} -> {after}",
            ),
            Self::FailedBuildCleanup {
                build_error,
                path,
                source,
            } => write!(
                formatter,
                "Wasm build failed ({build_error}) and its incomplete target directory at {} could not be removed: {source}",
                path.display(),
            ),
        }
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for WasmBuildError {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
        match self {
            Self::Io { source, .. }
            | Self::CommandSpawn { source, .. }
            | Self::FailedBuildCleanup { source, .. } => Some(source),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;