hyperlight_component_util/

rtypes.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
// Copyright 2025 The Hyperlight Authors.

//! The Rust representation of a component type (etype)

use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet, VecDeque};
use std::vec::Vec;

use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
use quote::{format_ident, quote};
use syn::Ident;

use crate::emit::{
    FnName, ResourceItemName, State, WitName, find_colliding_import_names, import_member_names,
    kebab_to_cons, kebab_to_exports_name, kebab_to_flags_const, kebab_to_fn, kebab_to_getter,
    kebab_to_imports_name, kebab_to_namespace, kebab_to_type, kebab_to_var, split_wit_name,
};
use crate::etypes::{
    self, Component, Defined, ExternDecl, ExternDesc, Func, Handleable, ImportExport, Instance,
    Param, TypeBound, Tyvar, Value,
};

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub(crate) enum EmitPositivity {
    Same,
    Opposite,
}
impl EmitPositivity {
    fn invert(self) -> Self {
        match self {
            EmitPositivity::Same => EmitPositivity::Opposite,
            EmitPositivity::Opposite => EmitPositivity::Same,
        }
    }
}

/// When referring to an instance or resource trait, emit a token
/// stream that instantiates any types it is parametrized by with our
/// own best understanding of how to name the relevant type variables
fn emit_tvis(s: &mut State, ep: EmitPositivity, tvs: Vec<u32>) -> TokenStream {
    let tvs = tvs
        .iter()
        .map(|tv| emit_var_ref_noff(s, *tv, false))
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    let p = s.positivity_param.clone().unwrap_or(quote! { P });
    match ep {
        EmitPositivity::Same => quote! { <#p #(,#tvs)*> },
        EmitPositivity::Opposite => {
            quote! { <<#p as ::hyperlight_common::component::Positivity>::NegativeOfThis #(,#tvs)*> }
        }
    }
}

/// Construct a token stream referencing a trait at a given trait path
pub(crate) fn trait_ref(
    s: &mut State,
    ep: EmitPositivity,
    absolute: bool,
    path: &[Ident],
) -> TokenStream {
    let rp = if absolute {
        s.root_path()
    } else {
        TokenStream::new()
    };
    let t = s.resolve_trait_immut(absolute, path);
    let tvis = emit_tvis(s, ep, t.tv_idxs());
    quote! { #rp #(#path)::* #tvis }
}

/// Emit a token stream that references the type of a particular resource
///
/// - `n`: the absolute index (i.e. ignoring [`State::var_offset`]) of
///   the component tyvar being referenced
/// - `path`: the origin path between the module where we are and the
///   module where the resource is defined.  The existence of this
///   path implies that the var is "locally defined".
fn emit_resource_ref(s: &mut State, n: u32, path: Vec<ImportExport>) -> TokenStream {
    // todo: when the guest codegen is split into generic and wasm,
    // this can go away, since an appropriate impl for the imports
    // trait will be there
    if s.is_guest && s.is_impl {
        // Morally, this should check that the var is imported, but
        // that information is gone by now (in the common prefix of
        // the path that was chopped off), and we won't support
        // resources exported from the guest until this whole special
        // case is gone, so ignore it.
        let id = format_ident!("HostResource{}", n);
        return quote! { #id };
    }
    let Some(resource) = path.last() else {
        panic!("resource reference path must contain the resource type");
    };
    let rtrait = kebab_to_type(resource.name());

    // Deal specially with being in the local instance, where there is
    // no instance type & so it is not easy to resolve the
    // path-from-the-root to the resource type trait in question
    if path.len() == 1 {
        let helper = s.cur_helper_mod.clone().unwrap();
        let rtrait = kebab_to_type(path[0].name());
        let trait_ref = trait_ref(
            s,
            EmitPositivity::Same,
            false,
            &[helper.clone(), rtrait.clone()],
        );
        let mut sv = quote! { Self };
        if let Some(s) = &s.self_param_var {
            sv = quote! { #s };
        };
        return quote! { <#sv as #trait_ref>::T };
    };

    // Generally speaking, the structure that we expect to see in
    // `path` ends in an instance that exports the resource type,
    // followed by the resource type itself.

    let mut toks = quote! { Self };
    if path[0].imported() {
        if let Some(iv) = &s.import_param_var {
            toks = quote! { #iv }
        }
    } else if let Some(s) = &s.self_param_var {
        toks = quote! { #s }
    }
    // todo: this will need a bit of adjustment to work well with
    // plainname externs, which may require keeping track of the last
    // interfacename we saw
    let mut ep = EmitPositivity::Same;
    for (i, p) in path[0..path.len() - 1].iter().enumerate() {
        // Don't update ep if the import is the first item on the path
        // and we don't have a var pointing at a different imports
        // trait instance, since that means we are in an `Imports`
        // trait, and our `P` has already been negative'd.
        if p.imported() && (i != 0 || s.import_param_var.is_some()) {
            ep = ep.invert();
        }
        let iwn = split_wit_name(p.name());
        let export_name = if p.imported() {
            import_member_names(&iwn, &s.colliding_import_names).0
        } else {
            kebab_to_type(iwn.name)
        };

        // The final item in the path will be referring to the
        // relevant resource trait, while the others will be referring
        // instance traits on the way there. So, we need to treat them
        // separately.
        let namespace_suffix = if i == path.len() - 2 {
            &[kebab_to_namespace(iwn.name), rtrait.clone()] as &[Ident]
        } else {
            &[kebab_to_type(iwn.name)] as &[Ident]
        };
        let trait_path = iwn
            .namespace_idents()
            .iter()
            .chain(namespace_suffix.iter())
            .cloned()
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let trait_ref = trait_ref(s, ep, true, &trait_path);

        toks = quote! { <#toks::#export_name as #trait_ref> };
    }
    quote! { #toks::T }
}

/// Try to find a way to refer to the given type variable from the
/// current module/trait. If this fails, the type must be coming from
/// a sibling package, so we will have to emit a parametrization that
/// the root (or at least someone higher up the tree) can instantiate.
/// - `n`: the absolute index (i.e. ignoring [`State::var_offset`]) of
///   the component tyvar being referenced
fn try_find_local_var_id(
    s: &mut State,
    // this should be an absolute var number (no noff)
    n: u32,
) -> Option<TokenStream> {
    if let Some((path, bound)) = s.is_noff_var_local(n) {
        let var_is_helper = match bound {
            TypeBound::Eq(_) => true,
            TypeBound::SubResource => false,
        };
        if !var_is_helper {
            // it is a resource type
            if s.is_helper {
                // but we're in that resource type, so that's ok
                if path.len() == 1 && s.cur_trait == Some(kebab_to_type(path[0].name())) {
                    return Some(quote! { Self::T });
                }
                // otherwise, there is no way to reference that from here
                return None;
            } else {
                let mut path_strs = vec!["".to_string(); path.len()];
                for (i, p) in path.iter().enumerate() {
                    path_strs[i] = p.name().to_string();
                }
                let path = path
                    .into_iter()
                    .enumerate()
                    .map(|(i, p)| match p {
                        ImportExport::Import(_) => ImportExport::Import(&path_strs[i]),
                        ImportExport::Export(_) => ImportExport::Export(&path_strs[i]),
                    })
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                return Some(emit_resource_ref(s, n, path));
            }
        }
        tracing::debug!("path is {:?}\n", path);
        let mut path = path.iter().rev();
        let name = kebab_to_type(path.next().unwrap().name());
        let owner = path.next();
        if let Some(owner) = owner {
            // if we have an instance type, use it
            let wn = split_wit_name(owner.name());
            let rp = s.root_path();
            let tns = wn.namespace_path();
            let helper = kebab_to_namespace(wn.name);
            if tns.is_empty() {
                Some(quote! { #rp #helper::#name })
            } else {
                Some(quote! { #rp #tns::#helper::#name })
            }
        } else {
            let hp = s.helper_path();
            Some(quote! { #hp #name })
        }
    } else {
        None
    }
}

/// Emit a token stream that references the given type variable in a
/// type context, either directly if it is locally defined or by
/// adding a parameter to the current type/trait/etc if necessary.
/// - `tv`: the variable to reference
///
/// Precondition: `tv` must be a [`Tyvar::Bound`] tyvar
pub fn emit_var_ref(s: &mut State, tv: &Tyvar) -> TokenStream {
    let Tyvar::Bound(n) = tv else {
        panic!("free tyvar in rust emit")
    };
    emit_var_ref_noff(s, n + s.var_offset as u32, false)
}
/// Emit a token stream that references the given type variable in a
/// value context (e.g. a constructor), either directly if it is
/// locally defined or by adding a parameter to the current
/// type/trait/etc if necessary.
/// - `tv`: the variable to reference
///
/// Precondition: `tv` must be a [`Tyvar::Bound`] tyvar
pub fn emit_var_ref_value(s: &mut State, tv: &Tyvar) -> TokenStream {
    let Tyvar::Bound(n) = tv else {
        panic!("free tyvar in rust emit")
    };
    emit_var_ref_noff(s, n + s.var_offset as u32, true)
}
/// Emit a token stream that references the given bound type variable,
/// either directly if it is locally defined or by adding a parameter
/// to the current type/trait/etc if necessary.
/// - `n`: the absolute index (i.e. ignoring [`State::var_offset`]) of
///   the bound variable being referenced
/// - `is_value`: whether this is a value (e.g. constructor) or type context.
pub fn emit_var_ref_noff(s: &mut State, n: u32, is_value: bool) -> TokenStream {
    tracing::debug!("var_ref {:?} {:?}", &s.bound_vars[n as usize], s.origin);
    // if the variable was defined locally, try to reference it directly
    let id = try_find_local_var_id(s, n);
    let id = match id {
        Some(id) => {
            // if we are referencing the local one, we need to give it
            // the variables it wants
            let vs = s.get_noff_var_refs(n);
            let vs = vs
                .iter()
                .map(|n| emit_var_ref_noff(s, *n, false))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
            let vs_toks = if !vs.is_empty() {
                if is_value {
                    quote! { ::<#(#vs),*> }
                } else {
                    quote! { <#(#vs),*> }
                }
            } else {
                TokenStream::new()
            };

            quote! { #id #vs_toks }
        }
        None => {
            // otherwise, record that whatever type is referencing it needs to
            // have it in scope
            s.need_noff_var(n);
            let id = s.noff_var_id(n);
            quote! { #id }
        }
    };
    quote! { #id }
}

/// Format the name of the rust type corresponding to a component
/// numeric type.
///
/// Precondition: `vt` is a numeric type (`S`, `U`, `F`)
pub fn numeric_rtype(vt: &Value) -> (Ident, u8) {
    match vt {
        Value::S(w) => (format_ident!("i{}", w.width()), w.width()),
        Value::U(w) => (format_ident!("u{}", w.width()), w.width()),
        Value::F(w) => (format_ident!("f{}", w.width()), w.width()),
        _ => panic!("numeric_rtype: internal invariant violation"),
    }
}

/// Emit a Rust type corresponding to a given value type. The
/// resultant token stream will parse as a Rust type.
///
/// Precondition: `vt` is an inline-able value type.
pub fn emit_value(s: &mut State, vt: &Value) -> TokenStream {
    match vt {
        Value::Bool => quote! { bool },
        Value::S(_) | Value::U(_) | Value::F(_) => {
            let (id, _) = numeric_rtype(vt);
            quote! { #id }
        }
        Value::Char => quote! { char },
        Value::String => quote! { alloc::string::String },
        Value::List(vt) => {
            let vt = emit_value(s, vt);
            quote! { alloc::vec::Vec<#vt> }
        }
        Value::FixList(vt, size) => {
            let vt = emit_value(s, vt);
            let size = *size as usize;
            quote! { [#vt; #size] }
        }
        Value::Record(_) => panic!("record not at top level of valtype"),
        Value::Tuple(vts) => {
            let vts = vts.iter().map(|vt| emit_value(s, vt)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
            quote! { (#(#vts),*) }
        }
        Value::Flags(_) => panic!("flags not at top level of valtype"),
        Value::Variant(_) => panic!("flags not at top level of valtype"),
        Value::Enum(_) => panic!("enum not at top level of valtype"),
        Value::Option(vt) => {
            let vt = emit_value(s, vt);
            quote! { ::core::option::Option<#vt> }
        }
        Value::Result(vt1, vt2) => {
            let unit = Value::Tuple(Vec::new());
            let vt1 = emit_value(s, vt1.as_ref().as_ref().unwrap_or(&unit));
            let vt2 = emit_value(s, vt2.as_ref().as_ref().unwrap_or(&unit));
            quote! { ::core::result::Result<#vt1, #vt2> }
        }
        Value::Own(ht) => match ht {
            Handleable::Resource(_) => panic!("bare resource in type"),
            Handleable::Var(tv) => {
                if s.is_guest {
                    let wrap = if s.is_wasmtime_guest {
                        |toks| quote! { ::wasmtime::component::Resource<#toks> }
                    } else {
                        |toks| toks
                    };
                    if !s.is_impl {
                        wrap(emit_var_ref(s, tv))
                    } else {
                        let n = crate::hl::resolve_handleable_to_resource(s, ht);
                        tracing::debug!("resolved ht to r (4) {:?} {:?}", ht, n);
                        let id = format_ident!("HostResource{}", n);
                        wrap(quote! { #id })
                    }
                } else {
                    emit_var_ref(s, tv)
                }
            }
        },
        Value::Borrow(ht) => match ht {
            Handleable::Resource(_) => panic!("bare resource in type"),
            Handleable::Var(tv) => {
                if s.is_guest {
                    let wrap = if s.is_wasmtime_guest {
                        |toks| quote! { ::wasmtime::component::Resource<#toks> }
                    } else {
                        |toks| quote! { &#toks }
                    };
                    if !s.is_impl {
                        wrap(emit_var_ref(s, tv))
                    } else {
                        let n = crate::hl::resolve_handleable_to_resource(s, ht);
                        tracing::debug!("resolved ht to r (5) {:?} {:?}", ht, n);
                        let id = format_ident!("HostResource{}", n);
                        wrap(quote! { #id })
                    }
                } else {
                    let vr = emit_var_ref(s, tv);
                    let p = s.positivity_param.clone().unwrap_or(quote! { P });
                    quote! { <#p as ::hyperlight_common::component::Positivity>::Borrow<'_, #vr> }
                }
            }
        },
        Value::Var(Some(tv), _) => emit_var_ref(s, tv),
        Value::Var(None, _) => panic!("value type with recorded but unknown var"),
    }
}

/// Emit a Rust type corresponding to a given toplevel value type. The
/// resultant token stream will parse as a Rust type declaration that
/// defines a type named `id`.
fn emit_value_toplevel(s: &mut State, v: Option<u32>, id: Ident, vt: &Value) -> TokenStream {
    let is_wasmtime_guest = s.is_wasmtime_guest;
    match vt {
        Value::Record(rfs) => {
            let (vs, toks) = gather_needed_vars(s, v, |s| {
                let rfs = rfs
                    .iter()
                    .map(|rf| {
                        let orig_name = rf.name.name;
                        let id = kebab_to_var(orig_name);
                        let derives = if s.is_wasmtime_guest {
                            quote! { #[component(name = #orig_name)] }
                        } else {
                            TokenStream::new()
                        };
                        let ty = emit_value(s, &rf.ty);
                        quote! { #derives pub #id: #ty }
                    })
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                quote! { #(#rfs),* }
            });
            let vs = emit_type_defn_var_list(s, vs);
            let derives = if s.is_wasmtime_guest {
                quote! {
                    #[derive(::wasmtime::component::ComponentType)]
                    #[derive(::wasmtime::component::Lift)]
                    #[derive(::wasmtime::component::Lower)]
                    #[component(record)]
                }
            } else {
                TokenStream::new()
            };
            quote! {
                #derives
                #[derive(Debug)]
                pub struct #id #vs { #toks }
            }
        }
        Value::Flags(ns) => {
            if s.is_wasmtime_guest {
                let flags = ns
                    .iter()
                    .map(|n| {
                        let orig_name = n.name;
                        let const_name = kebab_to_flags_const(orig_name);
                        quote! {
                            #[component(name = #orig_name)]
                            const #const_name;
                        }
                    })
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                quote! {
                    ::wasmtime::component::flags! {
                        #id {
                            #(#flags)*
                        }
                    }
                }
            } else {
                let (vs, toks) = gather_needed_vars(s, v, |_| {
                    let ns = ns
                        .iter()
                        .map(|n| {
                            let id = kebab_to_var(n.name);
                            quote! { pub #id: bool }
                        })
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                    quote! { #(#ns),* }
                });
                let vs = emit_type_defn_var_list(s, vs);
                quote! {
                    #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
                    pub struct #id #vs { #toks }
                }
            }
        }
        Value::Variant(vcs) => {
            let (vs, toks) = gather_needed_vars(s, v, |s| {
                let vcs = vcs
                    .iter()
                    .map(|vc| {
                        let orig_name = vc.name.name;
                        let id = kebab_to_cons(orig_name);
                        let derives = if s.is_wasmtime_guest {
                            quote! { #[component(name = #orig_name)] }
                        } else {
                            TokenStream::new()
                        };
                        match &vc.ty {
                            Some(ty) => {
                                let ty = emit_value(s, ty);
                                quote! { #derives #id(#ty) }
                            }
                            None => quote! { #derives #id },
                        }
                    })
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                quote! { #(#vcs),* }
            });
            let vs = emit_type_defn_var_list(s, vs);
            let derives = if s.is_wasmtime_guest {
                quote! {
                    #[derive(::wasmtime::component::ComponentType)]
                    #[derive(::wasmtime::component::Lift)]
                    #[derive(::wasmtime::component::Lower)]
                    #[component(variant)]
                }
            } else {
                TokenStream::new()
            };
            quote! {
                #derives
                #[derive(Debug)]
                pub enum #id #vs { #toks }
            }
        }
        Value::Enum(ns) => {
            let (vs, toks) = gather_needed_vars(s, v, |_| {
                let ns = ns
                    .iter()
                    .map(|n| {
                        let orig_name = n.name;
                        let id = kebab_to_cons(orig_name);
                        let derives = if is_wasmtime_guest {
                            quote! { #[component(name = #orig_name)] }
                        } else {
                            TokenStream::new()
                        };
                        quote! { #derives #id }
                    })
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                quote! { #(#ns),* }
            });
            let vs = emit_type_defn_var_list(s, vs);
            let derives = if s.is_wasmtime_guest {
                quote! {
                    #[derive(::wasmtime::component::ComponentType)]
                    #[derive(::wasmtime::component::Lift)]
                    #[derive(::wasmtime::component::Lower)]
                    #[component(enum)]
                    #[repr(u8)] // todo: should this always be u8?
                }
            } else {
                TokenStream::new()
            };
            quote! {
                #derives
                #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
                pub enum #id #vs { #toks }
            }
        }
        _ => emit_type_alias(s, v, id, |s| emit_value(s, vt)),
    }
}

/// Emit a Rust type corresponding to a defined type. The token stream
/// will parse as a Rust type declaration that defines a type named `id`.
///
/// Precondition: `dt` is not an instance or component, which we
/// cannot deal with as first-class at the moment, or a bare resource
/// type.
fn emit_defined(s: &mut State, v: Option<u32>, id: Ident, dt: &Defined) -> TokenStream {
    match dt {
        // the lack of trait aliases makes emitting a name for an
        // instance/component difficult in rust
        Defined::Instance(_) | Defined::Component(_) => TokenStream::new(),
        // toplevel vars should have been handled elsewhere
        Defined::Handleable(Handleable::Resource(_)) => panic!("bare resource in type"),
        Defined::Handleable(Handleable::Var(tv)) => {
            emit_type_alias(s, v, id, |s| emit_var_ref(s, tv))
        }
        Defined::Value(vt) => emit_value_toplevel(s, v, id, vt),
        Defined::Func(ft) => emit_type_alias(s, v, id, |s| emit_func(s, ft)),
    }
}

/// Emit a Rust argument declaration, suitable for placing in the
/// argument list of a function, for a given component function type
/// parameter.
pub fn emit_func_param(s: &mut State, p: &Param) -> TokenStream {
    let name = kebab_to_var(p.name.name);
    let ty = emit_value(s, &p.ty);
    quote! { #name: #ty }
}

/// Emit a Rust version of a component function return type.
///
/// Precondition: the result type must only be a named result if there
/// are no names in it (i.e. a unit type)
pub fn emit_func_result(s: &mut State, r: &etypes::Result<'_>) -> TokenStream {
    let inner = match r {
        Some(vt) => emit_value(s, vt),
        None => quote! { () },
    };
    let p = s.positivity_param.clone().unwrap_or(quote! { P });
    quote! { <#p as ::hyperlight_common::component::Positivity>::CallResult<#inner> }
}

/// Emit a Rust typeversion of a component function type. This is only
/// used for defining certain type aliases of functions, and so it
/// truly is a Rust type-level function type, not a value-level
/// declaration.
fn emit_func(s: &mut State, ft: &Func) -> TokenStream {
    let params = ft
        .params
        .iter()
        .map(|p| emit_func_param(s, p))
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    let result = emit_func_result(s, &ft.result);
    quote! { fn(#(#params),*) -> #result }
}

/// Gather the vars that are referenced when running `f`. If `v` is
/// [`Some(vn)`], also record this as the set of vars needed by the
/// bound tyvar with absolute index `vn`.
fn gather_needed_vars<F: Fn(&mut State) -> TokenStream>(
    s: &mut State,
    v: Option<u32>,
    f: F,
) -> (BTreeSet<u32>, TokenStream) {
    let mut needs_vars = BTreeSet::new();
    let mut sv = s.with_needs_vars(&mut needs_vars);
    let toks = f(&mut sv);
    if let Some(vn) = v {
        sv.record_needs_vars(vn);
    }
    drop(sv);
    (needs_vars, toks)
}
/// Emit a Rust type parameter list that can be affixed to a type
/// definition, given a set `vs` of the component-level bound tyvars
/// that the type references but are not locally-defined.
fn emit_type_defn_var_list(s: &mut State, vs: BTreeSet<u32>) -> TokenStream {
    if vs.is_empty() {
        TokenStream::new()
    } else {
        let vs = vs
            .iter()
            .map(|n| {
                if s.is_guest {
                    let t = s.noff_var_id(*n);
                    quote! { #t: 'static }
                } else {
                    let t = s.noff_var_id(*n);
                    quote! { #t }
                }
            })
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        quote! { <#(#vs),*> }
    }
}
/// Emit a type alias declaration, allowing one to name an anonymous
/// Rust type without creating a new nominal type.
///
/// - `v`: If [`Some(vn)`], the component-level bound tyvar absolute
///   index that this declaration corresponds to
/// - `id`: The name of the alias to produce
/// - `f`: A function which produces a token stream that parses as a
///   Rust type, to use as the body of the alias
fn emit_type_alias<F: Fn(&mut State) -> TokenStream>(
    s: &mut State,
    v: Option<u32>,
    id: Ident,
    f: F,
) -> TokenStream {
    let (vs, toks) = gather_needed_vars(s, v, f);
    let vs = emit_type_defn_var_list(s, vs);
    quote! { pub type #id #vs = #toks; }
}

/// Emit (via returning) a Rust trait item corresponding to this
/// extern decl
fn emit_extern_decl<'a, 'b, 'c>(
    origin_was_export: bool,
    s: &'c mut State<'a, 'b>,
    ed: &'c ExternDecl<'b>,
) -> TokenStream {
    tracing::debug!("  emitting decl {:?}", ed.kebab_name);
    match &ed.desc {
        ExternDesc::CoreModule(_) => panic!("core module (im/ex)ports are not supported"),
        ExternDesc::Func(ft) => {
            let mut s = s.push_origin(origin_was_export, ed.kebab_name);
            match kebab_to_fn(ed.kebab_name) {
                FnName::Plain(n) => {
                    let params = ft
                        .params
                        .iter()
                        .map(|p| emit_func_param(&mut s, p))
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                    let result = emit_func_result(&mut s, &ft.result);
                    quote! {
                        fn #n(&mut self, #(#params),*) -> #result;
                    }
                }
                FnName::Associated(r, n) => {
                    let mut s = s.helper();
                    s.cur_trait = Some(r.clone());
                    let mut needs_vars = BTreeSet::new();
                    let mut sv = s.with_needs_vars(&mut needs_vars);
                    let params = ft
                        .params
                        .iter()
                        .map(|p| emit_func_param(&mut sv, p))
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                    match n {
                        ResourceItemName::Constructor => {
                            sv.cur_trait().items.extend(quote! {
                                fn new(&mut self, #(#params),*) -> Self::T;
                            });
                        }
                        ResourceItemName::Method(n) => {
                            let result = emit_func_result(&mut sv, &ft.result);
                            sv.cur_trait().items.extend(quote! {
                                fn #n(&mut self, #(#params),*) -> #result;
                            });
                        }
                        ResourceItemName::Static(n) => {
                            let result = emit_func_result(&mut sv, &ft.result);
                            sv.cur_trait().items.extend(quote! {
                                fn #n(&mut self, #(#params),*) -> #result;
                            });
                        }
                    }
                    for v in needs_vars {
                        let id = s.noff_var_id(v);
                        s.cur_trait().tvs.insert(id, (Some(v), TokenStream::new()));
                    }
                    quote! {}
                }
            }
        }
        ExternDesc::Type(t) => {
            fn go_defined<'a, 'b, 'c>(
                s: &'c mut State<'a, 'b>,
                ed: &'c ExternDecl<'b>,
                t: &'c Defined<'b>,
                v: Option<u32>,
            ) -> TokenStream {
                let id = kebab_to_type(ed.kebab_name);
                let mut s = s.helper();

                let t = emit_defined(&mut s, v, id, t);
                s.cur_mod().items.extend(t);
                TokenStream::new()
            }
            let edn: &'b str = ed.kebab_name;
            let mut s: State<'_, 'b> = s.push_origin(origin_was_export, edn);
            if let Some((n, bound)) = s.is_var_defn(t) {
                match bound {
                    TypeBound::Eq(t) => {
                        // ensure that when go_defined() looks up vars
                        // that might occur in the type, they resolve
                        // properly
                        let noff = s.var_offset as u32 + n;
                        s.var_offset += n as usize + 1;
                        go_defined(&mut s, ed, &t, Some(noff))
                    }
                    TypeBound::SubResource => {
                        let rn = kebab_to_type(ed.kebab_name);
                        s.add_helper_supertrait(rn.clone());
                        let mut s = s.helper();
                        s.cur_trait = Some(rn.clone());
                        s.cur_trait().items.extend(quote! {
                            type T: ::core::marker::Send;
                        });
                        quote! {}
                    }
                }
            } else {
                go_defined(&mut s, ed, t, None)
            }
        }
        ExternDesc::Instance(it) => {
            let mut s = s.push_origin(origin_was_export, ed.kebab_name);
            let wn = split_wit_name(ed.kebab_name);
            emit_instance(&mut s, wn.clone(), it);

            let (member_tn, member_getter) = if origin_was_export {
                (kebab_to_type(wn.name), kebab_to_getter(wn.name))
            } else {
                import_member_names(&wn, &s.colliding_import_names)
            };
            let trait_path = wn
                .namespace_idents()
                .iter()
                .chain(&[kebab_to_type(wn.name)])
                .cloned()
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
            let trait_ref = trait_ref(&mut s, EmitPositivity::Same, true, &trait_path);
            quote! {
                type #member_tn: #trait_ref;
                fn #member_getter(&mut self) -> impl ::core::borrow::BorrowMut<Self::#member_tn>;
            }
        }
        ExternDesc::Component(_) => {
            panic!("nested components not yet supported in rust bindings");
        }
    }
}

/// Emit (via mutating `s`) a Rust trait declaration corresponding to
/// this instance type
fn emit_instance<'a, 'b, 'c>(s: &'c mut State<'a, 'b>, wn: WitName, it: &'c Instance<'b>) {
    tracing::debug!("emitting instance {:?}", wn);
    let mut s = s.with_cursor(wn.namespace_idents());

    let name = kebab_to_type(wn.name);

    s.cur_helper_mod = Some(kebab_to_namespace(wn.name));
    s.cur_trait = Some(name.clone());

    // Temporary hack: if some items have already been generated for
    // this wit:package/instance, implying that we have visited it
    // before, we use [`State::for_var_effects_only`] to avoid adding
    // duplicates of everything. We still bother running it, instead
    // of bailing out entirely, to, as the name implies, get the
    // effects on the variable tracking---otherwise the "second copy"
    // of some Eq-bounded type variables will not properly acquire
    // dependency tracking information.
    //
    // Since we don't really have strong semantic guarantees that the
    // exact same contents will be in each occurrence of a
    // wit:package/instance (and indeed they may well be stripped down
    // to the essentials in each occurrence), this is NOT sound, and
    // will need to be revisited. The really proper approach here is
    // probably to properly spec some unification/principle type at
    // the component level and preemptively run it on everything with
    // the same extern name.
    fn run_normally<'a, 'b, 'c>(
        s: &'c mut State<'a, 'b>,
        f: impl for<'d> FnOnce(&mut State<'d, 'b>),
    ) {
        f(s)
    }
    fn run_for_var_effects_only<'a, 'b, 'c>(
        s: &'c mut State<'a, 'b>,
        f: impl for<'d> FnOnce(&mut State<'d, 'b>),
    ) {
        s.for_var_effects_only(f)
    }
    let run = if s.cur_trait().items.is_empty() {
        run_normally
    } else {
        run_for_var_effects_only
    };
    run(&mut s, &mut |s: &mut State<'_, 'b>| {
        let mut needs_vars = BTreeSet::new();
        let mut sv = s.with_needs_vars(&mut needs_vars);

        let exports = it
            .exports
            .iter()
            .map(|ed| emit_extern_decl(true, &mut sv, ed))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        // instantiations for the supertraits

        let mut stvs = BTreeMap::new();
        let _ = sv.cur_trait(); // make sure it exists
        let t = sv.cur_trait_immut();
        for (ti, _) in t.supertraits.iter() {
            let t = sv.resolve_trait_immut(false, ti);
            stvs.insert(ti.clone(), t.tv_idxs());
        }
        // hack to make the local-definedness check work properly, since
        // it usually should ignore the last origin component
        sv.origin.push(ImportExport::Export("self"));
        let mut stis = BTreeMap::new();
        for (id, tvs) in stvs.into_iter() {
            stis.insert(id, emit_tvis(&mut sv, EmitPositivity::Same, tvs));
        }
        for (id, ts) in stis.into_iter() {
            sv.cur_trait().supertraits.get_mut(&id).unwrap().extend(ts);
        }

        drop(sv);
        tracing::debug!("after exports, ncur_needs_vars is {:?}", needs_vars);
        for v in needs_vars {
            let id = s.noff_var_id(v);
            s.cur_trait().tvs.insert(id, (Some(v), TokenStream::new()));
        }

        s.cur_trait().items.extend(quote! { #(#exports)* });
    });
}

/// Emit (via mutating `s`) a set of Rust trait declarations
/// corresponding to this component. This includes an `Imports` and an
/// `Exports` trait, as well as a main trait with an `instantiate()`
/// function that maps from an implementer of the imports to an
/// implementor of the exports
fn emit_component<'a, 'b, 'c>(s: &'c mut State<'a, 'b>, wn: WitName, ct: &'c Component<'b>) {
    let mut s = s.with_cursor(wn.namespace_idents());

    let base_name = kebab_to_type(wn.name);

    s.cur_helper_mod = Some(kebab_to_namespace(wn.name));

    let import_name = kebab_to_imports_name(wn.name);
    *s.bound_vars = ct
        .uvars
        .iter()
        .rev()
        .map(Clone::clone)
        .collect::<VecDeque<_>>();
    s.cur_trait = Some(import_name.clone());
    s.colliding_import_names = find_colliding_import_names(&ct.imports);
    let imports = ct
        .imports
        .iter()
        .map(|ed| emit_extern_decl(false, &mut s, ed))
        .collect::<Vec<TokenStream>>();
    s.cur_trait().items.extend(quote! { #(#imports)* });

    s.adjust_vars(ct.instance.evars.len() as u32);
    s.import_param_var = Some(format_ident!("I"));

    let export_name = kebab_to_exports_name(wn.name);
    *s.bound_vars = ct
        .instance
        .evars
        .iter()
        .rev()
        .chain(ct.uvars.iter().rev())
        .map(Clone::clone)
        .collect::<VecDeque<_>>();
    s.cur_trait = Some(export_name.clone());
    let exports = ct
        .instance
        .unqualified
        .exports
        .iter()
        .map(|ed| emit_extern_decl(true, &mut s, ed))
        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
    s.cur_trait().tvs.insert(
        format_ident!("I"),
        (
            None,
            quote! { #import_name<P::NegativeOfThis> + ::core::marker::Send },
        ),
    );
    s.cur_trait().items.extend(quote! { #(#exports)* });

    s.cur_helper_mod = None;
    s.cur_trait = None;

    s.cur_mod().items.extend(quote! {
        pub trait #base_name<P: ::hyperlight_common::component::Positivity> {
            type Exports<I: #import_name<P::NegativeOfThis> + ::core::marker::Send>: #export_name<P, I>;
            // todo: can/should this 'static bound be avoided?
            // it is important right now because this is closed over in host functions
            fn instantiate<I: #import_name<P::NegativeOfThis> + ::core::marker::Send + 'static>(self, imports: I) -> <P as ::hyperlight_common::component::Positivity>::CallResult<Self::Exports<I>>;
        }
    });
}

/// See [`emit_component`]
pub fn emit_toplevel<'a, 'b, 'c>(s: &'c mut State<'a, 'b>, n: &str, ct: &'c Component<'b>) {
    let wn = split_wit_name(n);
    emit_component(s, wn, ct);
}