hypercore_protocol/

message.rs

use crate::schema::*;
use crate::util::{stat_uint24_le, write_uint24_le};
use hypercore::encoding::{
    CompactEncoding, EncodingError, EncodingErrorKind, HypercoreState, State,
};
use pretty_hash::fmt as pretty_fmt;
use std::fmt;
use std::io;

/// The type of a data frame.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub(crate) enum FrameType {
    Raw,
    Message,
}

/// Encode data into a buffer.
///
/// This trait is implemented on data frames and their components
/// (channel messages, messages, and individual message types through prost).
pub(crate) trait Encoder: Sized + fmt::Debug {
    /// Calculates the length that the encoded message needs.
    fn encoded_len(&mut self) -> Result<usize, EncodingError>;

    /// Encodes the message to a buffer.
    ///
    /// An error will be returned if the buffer does not have sufficient capacity.
    fn encode(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, EncodingError>;
}

impl Encoder for &[u8] {
    fn encoded_len(&mut self) -> Result<usize, EncodingError> {
        Ok(self.len())
    }

    fn encode(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, EncodingError> {
        let len = self.encoded_len()?;
        if len > buf.len() {
            return Err(EncodingError::new(
                EncodingErrorKind::Overflow,
                &format!("Length does not fit buffer, {} > {}", len, buf.len()),
            ));
        }
        buf[..len].copy_from_slice(&self[..]);
        Ok(len)
    }
}

/// A frame of data, either a buffer or a message.
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq)]
pub(crate) enum Frame {
    /// A raw batch binary buffer. Used in the handshaking phase.
    RawBatch(Vec<Vec<u8>>),
    /// Message batch, containing one or more channel messsages. Used for everything after the handshake.
    MessageBatch(Vec<ChannelMessage>),
}

impl fmt::Debug for Frame {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Frame::RawBatch(batch) => write!(f, "Frame(RawBatch <{}>)", batch.len()),
            Frame::MessageBatch(messages) => write!(f, "Frame({messages:?})"),
        }
    }
}

impl From<ChannelMessage> for Frame {
    fn from(m: ChannelMessage) -> Self {
        Self::MessageBatch(vec![m])
    }
}

impl From<Vec<u8>> for Frame {
    fn from(m: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
        Self::RawBatch(vec![m])
    }
}

impl Frame {
    /// Decodes a frame from a buffer containing multiple concurrent messages.
    pub(crate) fn decode_multiple(buf: &[u8], frame_type: &FrameType) -> Result<Self, io::Error> {
        match frame_type {
            FrameType::Raw => {
                let mut index = 0;
                let mut raw_batch: Vec<Vec<u8>> = vec![];
                while index < buf.len() {
                    // There might be zero bytes in between, and with LE, the next message will
                    // start with a non-zero
                    if buf[index] == 0 {
                        index += 1;
                        continue;
                    }
                    let stat = stat_uint24_le(&buf[index..]);
                    if let Some((header_len, body_len)) = stat {
                        raw_batch.push(
                            buf[index + header_len..index + header_len + body_len as usize]
                                .to_vec(),
                        );
                        index += header_len + body_len as usize;
                    } else {
                        return Err(io::Error::new(
                            io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
                            "received invalid data in raw batch",
                        ));
                    }
                }
                Ok(Frame::RawBatch(raw_batch))
            }
            FrameType::Message => {
                let mut index = 0;
                let mut combined_messages: Vec<ChannelMessage> = vec![];
                while index < buf.len() {
                    // There might be zero bytes in between, and with LE, the next message will
                    // start with a non-zero
                    if buf[index] == 0 {
                        index += 1;
                        continue;
                    }

                    let stat = stat_uint24_le(&buf[index..]);
                    if let Some((header_len, body_len)) = stat {
                        let (frame, length) = Self::decode_message(
                            &buf[index + header_len..index + header_len + body_len as usize],
                        )?;
                        if length != body_len as usize {
                            tracing::warn!(
                                "Did not know what to do with all the bytes, got {} but decoded {}. \
                                This may be because the peer implements a newer protocol version \
                                that has extra fields.",
                                body_len,
                                length
                            );
                        }
                        if let Frame::MessageBatch(messages) = frame {
                            for message in messages {
                                combined_messages.push(message);
                            }
                        } else {
                            unreachable!("Can not get Raw messages");
                        }
                        index += header_len + body_len as usize;
                    } else {
                        return Err(io::Error::new(
                            io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
                            "received invalid data in multi-message chunk",
                        ));
                    }
                }
                Ok(Frame::MessageBatch(combined_messages))
            }
        }
    }

    /// Decode a frame from a buffer.
    pub(crate) fn decode(buf: &[u8], frame_type: &FrameType) -> Result<Self, io::Error> {
        match frame_type {
            FrameType::Raw => Ok(Frame::RawBatch(vec![buf.to_vec()])),
            FrameType::Message => {
                let (frame, _) = Self::decode_message(buf)?;
                Ok(frame)
            }
        }
    }

    fn decode_message(buf: &[u8]) -> Result<(Self, usize), io::Error> {
        if buf.len() >= 3 && buf[0] == 0x00 {
            if buf[1] == 0x00 {
                // Batch of messages
                let mut messages: Vec<ChannelMessage> = vec![];
                let mut state = State::new_with_start_and_end(2, buf.len());

                // First, there is the original channel
                let mut current_channel: u64 = state.decode(buf)?;
                while state.start() < state.end() {
                    // Length of the message is inbetween here
                    let channel_message_length: usize = state.decode(buf)?;
                    if state.start() + channel_message_length > state.end() {
                        return Err(io::Error::new(
                            io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
                            format!(
                                "received invalid message length, {} + {} > {}",
                                state.start(),
                                channel_message_length,
                                state.end()
                            ),
                        ));
                    }
                    // Then the actual message
                    let (channel_message, _) = ChannelMessage::decode(
                        &buf[state.start()..state.start() + channel_message_length],
                        current_channel,
                    )?;
                    messages.push(channel_message);
                    state.add_start(channel_message_length)?;
                    // After that, if there is an extra 0x00, that means the channel
                    // changed. This works because of LE encoding, and channels starting
                    // from the index 1.
                    if state.start() < state.end() && buf[state.start()] == 0x00 {
                        state.add_start(1)?;
                        current_channel = state.decode(buf)?;
                    }
                }
                Ok((Frame::MessageBatch(messages), state.start()))
            } else if buf[1] == 0x01 {
                // Open message
                let (channel_message, length) = ChannelMessage::decode_open_message(&buf[2..])?;
                Ok((Frame::MessageBatch(vec![channel_message]), length + 2))
            } else if buf[1] == 0x03 {
                // Close message
                let (channel_message, length) = ChannelMessage::decode_close_message(&buf[2..])?;
                Ok((Frame::MessageBatch(vec![channel_message]), length + 2))
            } else {
                Err(io::Error::new(
                    io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
                    "received invalid special message",
                ))
            }
        } else if buf.len() >= 2 {
            // Single message
            let mut state = State::from_buffer(buf);
            let channel: u64 = state.decode(buf)?;
            let (channel_message, length) = ChannelMessage::decode(&buf[state.start()..], channel)?;
            Ok((
                Frame::MessageBatch(vec![channel_message]),
                state.start() + length,
            ))
        } else {
            Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
                format!("received too short message, {buf:02X?}"),
            ))
        }
    }

    fn preencode(&mut self, state: &mut State) -> Result<usize, EncodingError> {
        match self {
            Self::RawBatch(raw_batch) => {
                for raw in raw_batch {
                    state.add_end(raw.as_slice().encoded_len()?)?;
                }
            }
            #[allow(clippy::comparison_chain)]
            Self::MessageBatch(messages) => {
                if messages.len() == 1 {
                    if let Message::Open(_) = &messages[0].message {
                        // This is a special case with 0x00, 0x01 intro bytes
                        state.add_end(2 + &messages[0].encoded_len()?)?;
                    } else if let Message::Close(_) = &messages[0].message {
                        // This is a special case with 0x00, 0x03 intro bytes
                        state.add_end(2 + &messages[0].encoded_len()?)?;
                    } else {
                        (*state).preencode(&messages[0].channel)?;
                        state.add_end(messages[0].encoded_len()?)?;
                    }
                } else if messages.len() > 1 {
                    // Two intro bytes 0x00 0x00, then channel id, then lengths
                    state.add_end(2)?;
                    let mut current_channel: u64 = messages[0].channel;
                    state.preencode(&current_channel)?;
                    for message in messages.iter_mut() {
                        if message.channel != current_channel {
                            // Channel changed, need to add a 0x00 in between and then the new
                            // channel
                            state.add_end(1)?;
                            state.preencode(&message.channel)?;
                            current_channel = message.channel;
                        }
                        let message_length = message.encoded_len()?;
                        state.preencode(&message_length)?;
                        state.add_end(message_length)?;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        Ok(state.end())
    }
}

impl Encoder for Frame {
    fn encoded_len(&mut self) -> Result<usize, EncodingError> {
        let body_len = self.preencode(&mut State::new())?;
        match self {
            Self::RawBatch(_) => Ok(body_len),
            Self::MessageBatch(_) => Ok(3 + body_len),
        }
    }

    fn encode(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, EncodingError> {
        let mut state = State::new();
        let header_len = if let Self::RawBatch(_) = self { 0 } else { 3 };
        let body_len = self.preencode(&mut state)?;
        let len = body_len + header_len;
        if buf.len() < len {
            return Err(EncodingError::new(
                EncodingErrorKind::Overflow,
                &format!("Length does not fit buffer, {} > {}", len, buf.len()),
            ));
        }
        match self {
            Self::RawBatch(ref raw_batch) => {
                for raw in raw_batch {
                    raw.as_slice().encode(buf)?;
                }
            }
            #[allow(clippy::comparison_chain)]
            Self::MessageBatch(ref mut messages) => {
                write_uint24_le(body_len, buf);
                let buf = buf.get_mut(3..).expect("Buffer should be over 3 bytes");
                if messages.len() == 1 {
                    if let Message::Open(_) = &messages[0].message {
                        // This is a special case with 0x00, 0x01 intro bytes
                        state.encode(&(0_u8), buf)?;
                        state.encode(&(1_u8), buf)?;
                        state.add_start(messages[0].encode(&mut buf[state.start()..])?)?;
                    } else if let Message::Close(_) = &messages[0].message {
                        // This is a special case with 0x00, 0x03 intro bytes
                        state.encode(&(0_u8), buf)?;
                        state.encode(&(3_u8), buf)?;
                        state.add_start(messages[0].encode(&mut buf[state.start()..])?)?;
                    } else {
                        state.encode(&messages[0].channel, buf)?;
                        state.add_start(messages[0].encode(&mut buf[state.start()..])?)?;
                    }
                } else if messages.len() > 1 {
                    // Two intro bytes 0x00 0x00, then channel id, then lengths
                    state.set_slice_to_buffer(&[0_u8, 0_u8], buf)?;
                    let mut current_channel: u64 = messages[0].channel;
                    state.encode(&current_channel, buf)?;
                    for message in messages.iter_mut() {
                        if message.channel != current_channel {
                            // Channel changed, need to add a 0x00 in between and then the new
                            // channel
                            state.encode(&(0_u8), buf)?;
                            state.encode(&message.channel, buf)?;
                            current_channel = message.channel;
                        }
                        let message_length = message.encoded_len()?;
                        state.encode(&message_length, buf)?;
                        state.add_start(message.encode(&mut buf[state.start()..])?)?;
                    }
                }
            }
        };
        Ok(len)
    }
}

/// A protocol message.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
#[allow(missing_docs)]
pub enum Message {
    Open(Open),
    Close(Close),
    Synchronize(Synchronize),
    Request(Request),
    Cancel(Cancel),
    Data(Data),
    NoData(NoData),
    Want(Want),
    Unwant(Unwant),
    Bitfield(Bitfield),
    Range(Range),
    Extension(Extension),
    /// A local signalling message never sent over the wire
    LocalSignal((String, Vec<u8>)),
}

impl Message {
    /// Wire type of this message.
    pub(crate) fn typ(&self) -> u64 {
        match self {
            Self::Synchronize(_) => 0,
            Self::Request(_) => 1,
            Self::Cancel(_) => 2,
            Self::Data(_) => 3,
            Self::NoData(_) => 4,
            Self::Want(_) => 5,
            Self::Unwant(_) => 6,
            Self::Bitfield(_) => 7,
            Self::Range(_) => 8,
            Self::Extension(_) => 9,
            value => unimplemented!("{} does not have a type", value),
        }
    }

    /// Decode a message from a buffer based on type.
    pub(crate) fn decode(buf: &[u8], typ: u64) -> Result<(Self, usize), EncodingError> {
        let mut state = HypercoreState::from_buffer(buf);
        let message = match typ {
            0 => Ok(Self::Synchronize((*state).decode(buf)?)),
            1 => Ok(Self::Request(state.decode(buf)?)),
            2 => Ok(Self::Cancel((*state).decode(buf)?)),
            3 => Ok(Self::Data(state.decode(buf)?)),
            4 => Ok(Self::NoData((*state).decode(buf)?)),
            5 => Ok(Self::Want((*state).decode(buf)?)),
            6 => Ok(Self::Unwant((*state).decode(buf)?)),
            7 => Ok(Self::Bitfield((*state).decode(buf)?)),
            8 => Ok(Self::Range((*state).decode(buf)?)),
            9 => Ok(Self::Extension((*state).decode(buf)?)),
            _ => Err(EncodingError::new(
                EncodingErrorKind::InvalidData,
                &format!("Invalid message type to decode: {typ}"),
            )),
        }?;
        Ok((message, state.start()))
    }

    /// Pre-encodes a message to state, returns length
    pub(crate) fn preencode(&self, state: &mut HypercoreState) -> Result<usize, EncodingError> {
        match self {
            Self::Open(ref message) => state.0.preencode(message)?,
            Self::Close(ref message) => state.0.preencode(message)?,
            Self::Synchronize(ref message) => state.0.preencode(message)?,
            Self::Request(ref message) => state.preencode(message)?,
            Self::Cancel(ref message) => state.0.preencode(message)?,
            Self::Data(ref message) => state.preencode(message)?,
            Self::NoData(ref message) => state.0.preencode(message)?,
            Self::Want(ref message) => state.0.preencode(message)?,
            Self::Unwant(ref message) => state.0.preencode(message)?,
            Self::Bitfield(ref message) => state.0.preencode(message)?,
            Self::Range(ref message) => state.0.preencode(message)?,
            Self::Extension(ref message) => state.0.preencode(message)?,
            Self::LocalSignal(_) => 0,
        };
        Ok(state.end())
    }

    /// Encodes a message to a given buffer, using preencoded state, results size
    pub(crate) fn encode(
        &self,
        state: &mut HypercoreState,
        buf: &mut [u8],
    ) -> Result<usize, EncodingError> {
        match self {
            Self::Open(ref message) => state.0.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::Close(ref message) => state.0.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::Synchronize(ref message) => state.0.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::Request(ref message) => state.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::Cancel(ref message) => state.0.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::Data(ref message) => state.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::NoData(ref message) => state.0.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::Want(ref message) => state.0.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::Unwant(ref message) => state.0.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::Bitfield(ref message) => state.0.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::Range(ref message) => state.0.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::Extension(ref message) => state.0.encode(message, buf)?,
            Self::LocalSignal(_) => 0,
        };
        Ok(state.start())
    }
}

impl fmt::Display for Message {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Self::Open(msg) => write!(
                f,
                "Open(discovery_key: {}, capability <{}>)",
                pretty_fmt(&msg.discovery_key).unwrap(),
                msg.capability.as_ref().map_or(0, |c| c.len())
            ),
            Self::Data(msg) => write!(
                f,
                "Data(request: {}, fork: {}, block: {}, hash: {}, seek: {}, upgrade: {})",
                msg.request,
                msg.fork,
                msg.block.is_some(),
                msg.hash.is_some(),
                msg.seek.is_some(),
                msg.upgrade.is_some(),
            ),
            _ => write!(f, "{:?}", &self),
        }
    }
}

/// A message on a channel.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub(crate) struct ChannelMessage {
    pub(crate) channel: u64,
    pub(crate) message: Message,
    state: Option<HypercoreState>,
}

impl PartialEq for ChannelMessage {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.channel == other.channel && self.message == other.message
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for ChannelMessage {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        write!(f, "ChannelMessage({}, {})", self.channel, self.message)
    }
}

impl ChannelMessage {
    /// Create a new message.
    pub(crate) fn new(channel: u64, message: Message) -> Self {
        Self {
            channel,
            message,
            state: None,
        }
    }

    /// Consume self and return (channel, Message).
    pub(crate) fn into_split(self) -> (u64, Message) {
        (self.channel, self.message)
    }

    /// Decodes an open message for a channel message from a buffer.
    ///
    /// Note: `buf` has to have a valid length, and without the 3 LE
    /// bytes in it
    pub(crate) fn decode_open_message(buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<(Self, usize)> {
        if buf.len() <= 5 {
            return Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
                "received too short Open message",
            ));
        }

        let mut state = State::new_with_start_and_end(0, buf.len());
        let open_msg: Open = state.decode(buf)?;
        Ok((
            Self {
                channel: open_msg.channel,
                message: Message::Open(open_msg),
                state: None,
            },
            state.start(),
        ))
    }

    /// Decodes a close message for a channel message from a buffer.
    ///
    /// Note: `buf` has to have a valid length, and without the 3 LE
    /// bytes in it
    pub(crate) fn decode_close_message(buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<(Self, usize)> {
        if buf.is_empty() {
            return Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
                "received too short Close message",
            ));
        }
        let mut state = State::new_with_start_and_end(0, buf.len());
        let close_msg: Close = state.decode(buf)?;
        Ok((
            Self {
                channel: close_msg.channel,
                message: Message::Close(close_msg),
                state: None,
            },
            state.start(),
        ))
    }

    /// Decode a normal channel message from a buffer.
    ///
    /// Note: `buf` has to have a valid length, and without the 3 LE
    /// bytes in it
    pub(crate) fn decode(buf: &[u8], channel: u64) -> io::Result<(Self, usize)> {
        if buf.len() <= 1 {
            return Err(io::Error::new(
                io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
                "received empty message",
            ));
        }
        let mut state = State::from_buffer(buf);
        let typ: u64 = state.decode(buf)?;
        let (message, length) = Message::decode(&buf[state.start()..], typ)?;
        Ok((
            Self {
                channel,
                message,
                state: None,
            },
            state.start() + length,
        ))
    }

    /// Performance optimization for letting calling encoded_len() already do
    /// the preencode phase of compact_encoding.
    fn prepare_state(&mut self) -> Result<(), EncodingError> {
        if self.state.is_none() {
            let state = if let Message::Open(_) = self.message {
                // Open message doesn't have a type
                // https://github.com/mafintosh/protomux/blob/43d5192f31e7a7907db44c11afef3195b7797508/index.js#L41
                let mut state = HypercoreState::new();
                self.message.preencode(&mut state)?;
                state
            } else if let Message::Close(_) = self.message {
                // Close message doesn't have a type
                // https://github.com/mafintosh/protomux/blob/43d5192f31e7a7907db44c11afef3195b7797508/index.js#L162
                let mut state = HypercoreState::new();
                self.message.preencode(&mut state)?;
                state
            } else {
                // The header is the channel id uint followed by message type uint
                // https://github.com/mafintosh/protomux/blob/43d5192f31e7a7907db44c11afef3195b7797508/index.js#L179
                let mut state = HypercoreState::new();
                let typ = self.message.typ();
                (*state).preencode(&typ)?;
                self.message.preencode(&mut state)?;
                state
            };
            self.state = Some(state);
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

impl Encoder for ChannelMessage {
    fn encoded_len(&mut self) -> Result<usize, EncodingError> {
        self.prepare_state()?;
        Ok(self.state.as_ref().unwrap().end())
    }

    fn encode(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, EncodingError> {
        self.prepare_state()?;
        let state = self.state.as_mut().unwrap();
        if let Message::Open(_) = self.message {
            // Open message is different in that the type byte is missing
            self.message.encode(state, buf)?;
        } else if let Message::Close(_) = self.message {
            // Close message is different in that the type byte is missing
            self.message.encode(state, buf)?;
        } else {
            let typ = self.message.typ();
            state.0.encode(&typ, buf)?;
            self.message.encode(state, buf)?;
        }
        Ok(state.start())
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use hypercore::{
        DataBlock, DataHash, DataSeek, DataUpgrade, Node, RequestBlock, RequestSeek, RequestUpgrade,
    };

    macro_rules! message_enc_dec {
        ($( $msg:expr ),*) => {
            $(
                let channel = rand::random::<u8>() as u64;
                let mut channel_message = ChannelMessage::new(channel, $msg);
                let encoded_len = channel_message.encoded_len().expect("Failed to get encoded length");
                let mut buf = vec![0u8; encoded_len];
                let n = channel_message.encode(&mut buf[..]).expect("Failed to encode message");
                let decoded = ChannelMessage::decode(&buf[..n], channel).expect("Failed to decode message").0.into_split();
                assert_eq!(channel, decoded.0);
                assert_eq!($msg, decoded.1);
            )*
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn message_encode_decode() {
        message_enc_dec! {
            Message::Synchronize(Synchronize{
                fork: 0,
                can_upgrade: true,
                downloading: true,
                uploading: true,
                length: 5,
                remote_length: 0,
            }),
            Message::Request(Request {
                id: 1,
                fork: 1,
                block: Some(RequestBlock {
                    index: 5,
                    nodes: 10,
                }),
                hash: Some(RequestBlock {
                    index: 20,
                    nodes: 0
                }),
                seek: Some(RequestSeek {
                    bytes: 10
                }),
                upgrade: Some(RequestUpgrade {
                    start: 0,
                    length: 10
                })
            }),
            Message::Cancel(Cancel {
                request: 1,
            }),
            Message::Data(Data{
                request: 1,
                fork: 5,
                block: Some(DataBlock {
                    index: 5,
                    nodes: vec![Node::new(1, vec![0x01; 32], 100)],
                    value: vec![0xFF; 10]
                }),
                hash: Some(DataHash {
                    index: 20,
                    nodes: vec![Node::new(2, vec![0x02; 32], 200)],
                }),
                seek: Some(DataSeek {
                    bytes: 10,
                    nodes: vec![Node::new(3, vec![0x03; 32], 300)],
                }),
                upgrade: Some(DataUpgrade {
                    start: 0,
                    length: 10,
                    nodes: vec![Node::new(4, vec![0x04; 32], 400)],
                    additional_nodes: vec![Node::new(5, vec![0x05; 32], 500)],
                    signature: vec![0xAB; 32]
                })
            }),
            Message::NoData(NoData {
                request: 2,
            }),
            Message::Want(Want {
                start: 0,
                length: 100,
            }),
            Message::Unwant(Unwant {
                start: 10,
                length: 2,
            }),
            Message::Bitfield(Bitfield {
                start: 20,
                bitfield: vec![0x89ABCDEF, 0x00, 0xFFFFFFFF],
            }),
            Message::Range(Range {
                drop: true,
                start: 12345,
                length: 100000
            }),
            Message::Extension(Extension {
                name: "custom_extension/v1/open".to_string(),
                message: vec![0x44, 20]
            })
        };
    }
}