http_net/

blocking.rs

//! A small blocking adapter over `std::net`: the Tier-1 path.
//!
//! [`Server`] serves a handler on a socket with one thread per connection
//! (bounded by [`ServerConfig::with_max_connections`]); [`Connection`] is the
//! per-connection loop for callers who run their own accept loop or need the
//! socket back after an upgrade; [`get`] fetches a URL. Everything here is a
//! thin shell around [`ServerConn`] and [`ClientConn`]: all parsing, framing,
//! and limit enforcement happens in the sans-IO core.
//!
//! Only plain `http://` is spoken; there is no TLS in this crate.

use std::{
    cell::Cell,
    fmt, io,
    io::{IoSlice, Read, Write},
    net::{
        IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr, Shutdown, SocketAddr, TcpListener, TcpStream, ToSocketAddrs,
    },
    string::{String, ToString},
    sync::{
        Arc, Condvar, Mutex,
        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
    },
    thread,
    time::{Duration, Instant, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH},
    vec::Vec,
};

use crate::{
    BodyPlan, ClientConn, ClientEvent, DateCache, HttpDate, HttpError, Limits, Method, Progress,
    Request, RequestHead, Response, ServerConn, ServerEvent,
    message::OutBody,
    redact::{FieldValue, serialized_fields},
};

/// Bytes a closing connection reads and discards so the peer's unread data
/// does not turn the close into a reset that destroys the last response.
const DRAIN_LIMIT: usize = 256 * 1024;
/// How long one read of the lingering close may wait.
const DRAIN_READ_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(250);
/// How long the whole lingering close may take, however the peer behaves:
/// a peer that keeps sending must not keep the connection (and its slot).
const DRAIN_TOTAL: Duration = Duration::from_secs(1);
/// Responses larger than this do not keep their output buffer afterwards.
const OUT_RETAIN: usize = 64 * 1024;
/// Full bodies larger than this are written after the head with one
/// vectored write instead of being copied into the output buffer.
const VECTORED_BODY: usize = 4 * 1024;

/// What can go wrong in the blocking adapter.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let err = http_net::blocking::get("https://example.com/").unwrap_err();
/// assert!(matches!(err, http_net::blocking::Error::InvalidUrl(_)));
/// ```
#[non_exhaustive]
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum Error {
    /// The socket failed (connect, read, write, or timeout).
    Io(io::Error),
    /// The peer sent a message this crate refuses, or a call was out of
    /// order.
    Http(HttpError),
    /// The URL is not `http://host[:port][/path[?query]]` (a `#fragment` is
    /// dropped); the text says which part is wrong.
    InvalidUrl(&'static str),
}

impl fmt::Display for Error {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        match self {
            Self::Io(e) => write!(f, "I/O error: {e}"),
            Self::Http(e) => write!(f, "HTTP error: {e}"),
            Self::InvalidUrl(why) => write!(f, "invalid URL: {why}"),
        }
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for Error {
    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
        match self {
            Self::Io(e) => Some(e),
            Self::Http(e) => Some(e),
            Self::InvalidUrl(_) => None,
        }
    }
}

impl From<io::Error> for Error {
    fn from(e: io::Error) -> Self {
        Self::Io(e)
    }
}

impl From<HttpError> for Error {
    fn from(e: HttpError) -> Self {
        Self::Http(e)
    }
}

/// Settings for [`Server`].
///
/// | Setting | Default |
/// |---|---|
/// | limits | [`Limits::new`] |
/// | concurrent connections | 64 (the 65th is answered `503` and closed) |
/// | read timeout (also the idle keep-alive timeout) | 10 s |
/// | request timeout (first byte of a request to the end of its body) | 30 s |
/// | write timeout (each write) | 10 s |
/// | response deadline (writing one whole response) | 60 s |
/// | requests per connection | no cap |
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::time::Duration;
/// use http_net::{blocking::ServerConfig, Limits};
///
/// let config = ServerConfig::new()
///     .with_limits(Limits::new().with_max_body(16 * 1024))
///     .with_max_connections(8)
///     .with_read_timeout(Some(Duration::from_secs(5)));
/// assert_eq!(config.max_connections(), 8);
/// ```
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct ServerConfig {
    limits: Limits,
    max_connections: usize,
    read_timeout: Option<Duration>,
    request_timeout: Option<Duration>,
    write_timeout: Option<Duration>,
    response_deadline: Option<Duration>,
    max_requests: Option<u64>,
}

impl Default for ServerConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl ServerConfig {
    /// The defaults (see the table on [`ServerConfig`]).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// assert_eq!(http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().max_connections(), 64);
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            limits: Limits::new(),
            max_connections: 64,
            read_timeout: Some(Duration::from_secs(10)),
            request_timeout: Some(Duration::from_secs(30)),
            write_timeout: Some(Duration::from_secs(10)),
            response_deadline: Some(Duration::from_secs(60)),
            max_requests: None,
        }
    }

    /// Sets the message limits for every connection.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let c = http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new()
    ///     .with_limits(http_net::Limits::new().with_max_headers(10));
    /// assert_eq!(c.limits().max_headers(), 10);
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_limits(mut self, limits: Limits) -> Self {
        self.limits = limits;
        self
    }

    /// Sets how many connections are served at once (at least 1).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let c = http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().with_max_connections(0);
    /// assert_eq!(c.max_connections(), 1);
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_max_connections(mut self, n: usize) -> Self {
        self.max_connections = if n == 0 { 1 } else { n };
        self
    }

    /// Sets the socket read timeout: the longest a single read may wait for
    /// bytes (the longest pause within a request), and how long an idle
    /// keep-alive connection is held. `None` waits forever.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let c = http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().with_read_timeout(None);
    /// assert_eq!(c.read_timeout(), None);
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_read_timeout(mut self, timeout: Option<Duration>) -> Self {
        self.read_timeout = timeout;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the request timeout: the most time one request may take to
    /// arrive, from its first byte to the end of its body. The read timeout
    /// alone cannot stop a client that sends one byte just inside it
    /// ("slowloris"); this deadline can. A request still incomplete when it
    /// passes is answered `408 Request Timeout` and the connection closed.
    /// Time spent idle between keep-alive requests does not count (the read
    /// timeout governs that). `None` disables the deadline.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::time::Duration;
    /// let c = http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().with_request_timeout(Some(Duration::from_secs(10)));
    /// assert_eq!(c.request_timeout(), Some(Duration::from_secs(10)));
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_request_timeout(mut self, timeout: Option<Duration>) -> Self {
        self.request_timeout = timeout;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the socket write timeout. `None` waits forever.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::time::Duration;
    /// let c = http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().with_write_timeout(Some(Duration::from_secs(1)));
    /// assert_eq!(c.write_timeout(), Some(Duration::from_secs(1)));
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_write_timeout(mut self, timeout: Option<Duration>) -> Self {
        self.write_timeout = timeout;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the response deadline: the most time writing one response may
    /// take, from its first byte to its last (a streamed body included).
    /// The write timeout bounds each write; it cannot stop a client that
    /// reads one byte just inside it and so holds a thread for as long as a
    /// large response takes. This deadline can: when it passes, the
    /// connection is closed. `None` disables it.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::time::Duration;
    /// let c = http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().with_response_deadline(Some(Duration::from_secs(5)));
    /// assert_eq!(c.response_deadline(), Some(Duration::from_secs(5)));
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_response_deadline(mut self, deadline: Option<Duration>) -> Self {
        self.response_deadline = deadline;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the most requests served on one connection: the response that
    /// reaches the cap carries `connection: close` and the connection ends
    /// after it. `Some(0)` is raised to 1; `None` (the default) sets no cap.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let c = http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().with_max_requests_per_connection(Some(100));
    /// assert_eq!(c.max_requests_per_connection(), Some(100));
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_max_requests_per_connection(mut self, max: Option<u64>) -> Self {
        self.max_requests = match max {
            Some(0) => Some(1),
            other => other,
        };
        self
    }

    /// The message limits.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// assert_eq!(http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().limits(), http_net::Limits::new());
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn limits(&self) -> Limits {
        self.limits
    }

    /// The concurrent connection cap.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// assert_eq!(http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().max_connections(), 64);
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn max_connections(&self) -> usize {
        self.max_connections
    }

    /// The read timeout.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::time::Duration;
    /// assert_eq!(http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().read_timeout(), Some(Duration::from_secs(10)));
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn read_timeout(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.read_timeout
    }

    /// The request timeout.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::time::Duration;
    /// assert_eq!(http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().request_timeout(), Some(Duration::from_secs(30)));
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn request_timeout(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.request_timeout
    }

    /// The write timeout.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::time::Duration;
    /// assert_eq!(http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().write_timeout(), Some(Duration::from_secs(10)));
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn write_timeout(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.write_timeout
    }

    /// The response deadline.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::time::Duration;
    /// assert_eq!(http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().response_deadline(), Some(Duration::from_secs(60)));
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn response_deadline(&self) -> Option<Duration> {
        self.response_deadline
    }

    /// The cap on requests per connection.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// assert_eq!(http_net::blocking::ServerConfig::new().max_requests_per_connection(), None);
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn max_requests_per_connection(&self) -> Option<u64> {
        self.max_requests
    }
}

/// A connection handed over by a `101 Switching Protocols` (or a 2xx to
/// `CONNECT`): the socket, the bytes of the new protocol that already
/// arrived, and the target of the request that asked for the switch.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Not run: it serves until the process ends.
///
/// ```no_run
/// use http_net::{blocking::Server, Response};
///
/// let server = Server::bind("127.0.0.1:0")?.on_upgrade(|up| {
///     // Hand `up.stream` and `up.leftover` to a protocol engine.
///     let _ = (up.stream, up.leftover, up.target);
/// });
/// server.serve(|req, _body| {
///     if req.is_upgrade() {
///         Response::switching_protocols("x")
///     } else {
///         Response::new(404)
///     }
/// })?;
/// # Ok::<(), std::io::Error>(())
/// ```
#[derive(Debug)]
#[non_exhaustive]
pub struct Upgraded {
    /// The socket, now speaking the new protocol.
    pub stream: TcpStream,
    /// Bytes of the new protocol received together with the request.
    pub leftover: Vec<u8>,
    /// The target of the request that asked for the switch.
    pub target: String,
}

type UpgradeHook = Arc<dyn Fn(Upgraded) + Send + Sync>;

/// A blocking HTTP/1.1 server: one thread per connection, bounded.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use http_net::{blocking::{self, Server}, Response};
///
/// let server = Server::bind("127.0.0.1:0")?;
/// let addr = server.local_addr();
/// let stop = server.shutdown_handle();
/// let thread = std::thread::spawn(move || {
///     server.serve(|req, _body| Response::text(200, &format!("you asked for {}", req.path())))
/// });
///
/// let resp = blocking::get(&format!("http://{addr}/hello"))?;
/// assert_eq!(resp.status(), 200);
/// assert_eq!(resp.text(), Some("you asked for /hello"));
///
/// stop.shutdown();
/// thread.join().unwrap()?;
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
pub struct Server {
    listener: TcpListener,
    local: SocketAddr,
    config: ServerConfig,
    stop: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    upgrade: Option<UpgradeHook>,
}

impl fmt::Debug for Server {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Server")
            .field("local_addr", &self.local)
            .field("config", &self.config)
            .finish()
    }
}

/// Stops a running [`Server::serve`] from another thread.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let server = http_net::blocking::Server::bind("127.0.0.1:0")?;
/// let stop = server.shutdown_handle();
/// let t = std::thread::spawn(move || server.serve(|_, _| http_net::Response::new(204)));
/// stop.shutdown();
/// t.join().unwrap()?;
/// # Ok::<(), std::io::Error>(())
/// ```
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct ShutdownHandle {
    stop: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    wake: SocketAddr,
}

impl ShutdownHandle {
    /// Asks the server to stop: it accepts no new connections and returns
    /// from `serve` once every open connection has ended. The stop is
    /// checked between exchanges, so an exchange in progress finishes. An
    /// idle keep-alive connection ends when its read timeout passes, or
    /// after one more request if the client sends one first; with no read
    /// timeout, `serve` does not return while a client holds an idle
    /// connection.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`ShutdownHandle`].
    pub fn shutdown(&self) {
        self.stop.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        // `accept` blocks; a throwaway connection wakes it so it sees the
        // flag. If the connect fails the listener is already gone, which is
        // the outcome being asked for, so the error carries no information.
        if let Ok(stream) = TcpStream::connect_timeout(&self.wake, Duration::from_secs(1)) {
            drop(stream);
        }
    }
}

/// Counts live connection threads so shutdown can wait for them.
#[derive(Default)]
struct Active {
    count: Mutex<usize>,
    idle: Condvar,
}

impl Active {
    fn try_enter(&self, max: usize) -> bool {
        let mut n = self
            .count
            .lock()
            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
        if *n >= max {
            return false;
        }
        *n += 1;
        true
    }

    fn leave(&self) {
        let mut n = self
            .count
            .lock()
            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
        *n = n.saturating_sub(1);
        if *n == 0 {
            self.idle.notify_all();
        }
    }

    fn wait_idle(&self) {
        let mut n = self
            .count
            .lock()
            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
        while *n > 0 {
            n = self
                .idle
                .wait(n)
                .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
        }
    }
}

/// Leaves the active set even if the handler panics.
struct ActiveGuard(Arc<Active>);

impl Drop for ActiveGuard {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.0.leave();
    }
}

impl Server {
    /// Binds a listening socket. Use `127.0.0.1:0` for an ephemeral
    /// localhost port and read it back with [`local_addr`](Self::local_addr).
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// The bind error from the operating system.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let server = http_net::blocking::Server::bind("127.0.0.1:0")?;
    /// assert!(server.local_addr().ip().is_loopback());
    /// # Ok::<(), std::io::Error>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn bind(addr: impl ToSocketAddrs) -> io::Result<Self> {
        let listener = TcpListener::bind(addr)?;
        let local = listener.local_addr()?;
        Ok(Self {
            listener,
            local,
            config: ServerConfig::new(),
            stop: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
            upgrade: None,
        })
    }

    /// Replaces the configuration.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use http_net::blocking::{Server, ServerConfig};
    /// let s = Server::bind("127.0.0.1:0")?.with_config(ServerConfig::new().with_max_connections(4));
    /// # Ok::<(), std::io::Error>(())
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_config(mut self, config: ServerConfig) -> Self {
        self.config = config;
        self
    }

    /// Sets what happens to a connection after the handler answers with
    /// `101 Switching Protocols` (or a 2xx to `CONNECT`): `hook` receives
    /// the socket on the
    /// connection's thread. Without a hook such connections are closed.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Upgraded`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn on_upgrade(mut self, hook: impl Fn(Upgraded) + Send + Sync + 'static) -> Self {
        self.upgrade = Some(Arc::new(hook));
        self
    }

    /// The bound address (with the real port when bound to port 0).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let server = http_net::blocking::Server::bind("127.0.0.1:0")?;
    /// assert_ne!(server.local_addr().port(), 0);
    /// # Ok::<(), std::io::Error>(())
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn local_addr(&self) -> SocketAddr {
        self.local
    }

    /// A handle that stops [`serve`](Self::serve) from another thread.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`ShutdownHandle`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn shutdown_handle(&self) -> ShutdownHandle {
        let mut wake = self.local;
        if wake.ip().is_unspecified() {
            wake.set_ip(match wake.ip() {
                IpAddr::V4(_) => IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::LOCALHOST),
                IpAddr::V6(_) => IpAddr::V6(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST),
            });
        }
        ShutdownHandle {
            stop: Arc::clone(&self.stop),
            wake,
        }
    }

    /// Serves `handler` until [`ShutdownHandle::shutdown`] is called.
    ///
    /// The handler gets each request's head and its complete body (bounded
    /// by [`Limits::max_body`]) and returns the response. Requests that fail
    /// to parse are answered with [`Response::from_error`] and the
    /// connection is closed; the handler never sees them. A request with
    /// `Expect: 100-continue` gets `100 Continue` before its body is read;
    /// one with any other expectation is answered `417 Expectation Failed`
    /// without reading its body (RFC 9110 section 10.1.1), and the
    /// connection is closed. A handler that returns a streamed response
    /// (`chunked` or `content_length`, except to `HEAD`), or one that
    /// [`ServerConn::respond`] refuses, is replaced by a `500` with
    /// `connection: close`. Every response gets a `date` field (from
    /// [`now_date`]) unless the handler set one, except the `503` sent to a
    /// connection over the connection cap. The time limits and the request
    /// cap of [`ServerConfig`] apply to every connection.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Only if accepting connections fails persistently; transient accept
    /// errors are retried.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Server`].
    pub fn serve<H>(self, handler: H) -> io::Result<()>
    where
        H: Fn(&RequestHead<'_>, &[u8]) -> Response + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let handler = Arc::new(handler);
        let active = Arc::new(Active::default());
        let mut backoff = AcceptBackoff::default();
        for incoming in self.listener.incoming() {
            if self.stop.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                break;
            }
            let stream = match incoming {
                Ok(stream) => {
                    backoff.success();
                    stream
                }
                Err(e) => {
                    thread::sleep(backoff.failure(e)?);
                    continue;
                }
            };
            if !active.try_enter(self.config.max_connections) {
                refuse_busy(stream, &self.config);
                continue;
            }
            let guard = ActiveGuard(Arc::clone(&active));
            let handler = Arc::clone(&handler);
            let upgrade = self.upgrade.clone();
            let stop = Arc::clone(&self.stop);
            let config = self.config;
            let spawned = thread::Builder::new()
                .name("http-net-conn".into())
                .spawn(move || {
                    let _guard = guard;
                    serve_stream(stream, &config, &*handler, upgrade.as_deref(), &stop);
                });
            // A failed spawn drops the closure, its guard, and the stream:
            // the connection is closed and the slot released.
            drop(spawned);
        }
        active.wait_idle();
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// What the accept loop does after an accept error (threat T-41). Aborted
/// handshakes and descriptor exhaustion are transient, so it waits instead
/// of spinning a core, and gives up only when accept never recovers.
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
struct AcceptBackoff {
    consecutive: u32,
}

impl AcceptBackoff {
    /// The wait after each failed accept.
    const WAIT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(10);
    /// Consecutive failures tolerated before `serve` returns the error.
    const LIMIT: u32 = 1000;

    fn success(&mut self) {
        self.consecutive = 0;
    }

    /// The wait before the next accept, or the error to stop with.
    fn failure(&mut self, error: io::Error) -> io::Result<Duration> {
        self.consecutive += 1;
        if self.consecutive > Self::LIMIT {
            Err(error)
        } else {
            Ok(Self::WAIT)
        }
    }
}

fn refuse_busy(mut stream: TcpStream, config: &ServerConfig) {
    const BUSY: &[u8] =
        b"HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable\r\ncontent-length: 0\r\nconnection: close\r\n\r\n";
    // Best effort on a connection being turned away: a failure here only
    // means the client already left. This runs on the accept thread, so it
    // must never wait on the peer: the 503 fits in an empty send buffer,
    // and only what has already arrived is drained (without blocking) so
    // that it does not turn the close into a reset.
    if stream.set_write_timeout(config.write_timeout).is_err()
        || stream.write_all(BUSY).is_err()
        || stream.shutdown(Shutdown::Write).is_err()
        || stream.set_nonblocking(true).is_err()
    {
        return;
    }
    let mut scratch = [0u8; 4096];
    let mut drained = 0;
    while drained < DRAIN_LIMIT {
        match stream.read(&mut scratch) {
            Ok(n) if n > 0 => drained += n,
            _ => break,
        }
    }
}

fn serve_stream(
    stream: TcpStream,
    config: &ServerConfig,
    handler: &(dyn Fn(&RequestHead<'_>, &[u8]) -> Response + Send + Sync),
    upgrade: Option<&(dyn Fn(Upgraded) + Send + Sync)>,
    stop: &AtomicBool,
) {
    let configured = stream.set_read_timeout(config.read_timeout).is_ok()
        && stream.set_write_timeout(config.write_timeout).is_ok()
        && stream.set_nodelay(true).is_ok();
    if !configured {
        return;
    }
    let mut conn = Connection::new(stream, config.limits)
        .with_request_timeout(config.request_timeout)
        .with_response_deadline(config.response_deadline);
    conn.refuse_unknown_expectations = true;
    while !stop.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
        // The handler runs inside the first match; errors (which borrow
        // nothing) are handled in the second, where `conn` is free again.
        let outcome = match conn.next_request() {
            Ok(Some(incoming)) => {
                let head = incoming.head();
                Ok((
                    handler(&head, incoming.body()),
                    head.method() == Method::Head,
                ))
            }
            Ok(None) => break,
            Err(e) => Err(e),
        };
        let (response, is_head) = match outcome {
            Ok(answer) => answer,
            Err(Error::Http(e)) => {
                if conn.respond(&Response::from_error(&e)).is_err() {
                    return;
                }
                break;
            }
            Err(Error::Io(e)) if is_timeout(&e) && conn.request_in_progress() => {
                // A request that did not arrive in time: say so, then
                // close (the rest of it can no longer be framed).
                if conn.send_request_timeout().is_ok() {
                    conn.close();
                }
                return;
            }
            Err(_) => return,
        };
        // `Server` writes full bodies only: the handler has no way to send
        // a streamed one, so it would leave the client waiting. A `HEAD`
        // answer is the exception: it announces a length or chunked
        // framing but carries no body, so it is complete once written.
        let streamed = response.body_bytes().is_none();
        let response = if streamed && !is_head {
            Response::text(
                500,
                "handler error: Server cannot send a streamed response; \
                 use Connection for streaming",
            )
            .close()
        } else {
            response
        };
        if config
            .max_requests
            .is_some_and(|max| conn.conn.requests_served().saturating_add(1) >= max)
        {
            // This response reaches the cap: it carries `connection: close`.
            conn.conn.set_keep_alive(false);
        }
        match conn.respond(&response) {
            Ok(()) if streamed && is_head => {
                if conn.end_body().is_err() {
                    return;
                }
            }
            Ok(()) => {}
            // Refused before anything was written (a builder error, or a
            // 101 to a request that did not ask): answer 500 instead.
            Err(Error::Http(e)) => {
                let message = format!("handler error: invalid response: {e}");
                if conn
                    .respond(&Response::text(500, &message).close())
                    .is_err()
                {
                    return;
                }
            }
            Err(_) => return,
        }
        if conn.is_upgraded() {
            match (conn.into_upgraded(), upgrade) {
                (Some(up), Some(hook)) => hook(up),
                (Some(up), None) => drain_and_close(up.stream),
                (None, _) => {}
            }
            return;
        }
    }
    conn.close();
}

fn drain_and_close(mut stream: TcpStream) {
    // Lingering close (RFC 9112 section 9.6): stop sending, then read what
    // the peer is still sending so the close does not become a reset that
    // discards the response before the peer reads it.
    // The drain is bounded in bytes and in total time, not only per read:
    // a peer that keeps trickling data must not hold the thread.
    if stream.flush().is_err() || stream.shutdown(Shutdown::Write).is_err() {
        return;
    }
    let deadline = Instant::now() + DRAIN_TOTAL;
    let mut scratch = [0u8; 4096];
    let mut drained = 0;
    while drained < DRAIN_LIMIT {
        let left = deadline.saturating_duration_since(Instant::now());
        if left.is_zero()
            || stream
                .set_read_timeout(Some(left.min(DRAIN_READ_TIMEOUT)))
                .is_err()
        {
            break;
        }
        match stream.read(&mut scratch) {
            Ok(0) | Err(_) => break,
            Ok(n) => drained += n,
        }
    }
}

fn response_timed_out() -> Error {
    Error::Io(io::Error::new(
        io::ErrorKind::TimedOut,
        "the response was not written within the response deadline",
    ))
}

/// The error for a request that missed its deadline.
fn request_timed_out() -> Error {
    Error::Io(io::Error::new(
        io::ErrorKind::TimedOut,
        "the request did not arrive within the request timeout",
    ))
}

fn is_timeout(e: &io::Error) -> bool {
    // Unix reports an expired socket timeout as WouldBlock, Windows as
    // TimedOut.
    matches!(
        e.kind(),
        io::ErrorKind::TimedOut | io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock
    )
}

/// One request read by [`Connection::next_request`]: its head and its
/// complete body.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// See [`Connection`].
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Incoming<'a> {
    head: RequestHead<'a>,
    body: &'a [u8],
}

impl<'a> Incoming<'a> {
    /// The request head.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Connection`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn head(&self) -> RequestHead<'a> {
        self.head
    }

    /// The complete request body (empty when there is none).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Connection`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn body(&self) -> &'a [u8] {
        self.body
    }
}

/// A blocking server connection: [`ServerConn`] driven over a `TcpStream`.
///
/// Use it for your own accept loop, or to keep the socket after an
/// upgrade with [`into_upgraded`](Self::into_upgraded).
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use std::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};
/// use std::io::{Read, Write};
/// use http_net::{blocking::Connection, Limits, Response};
///
/// let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0")?;
/// let addr = listener.local_addr()?;
/// let client = std::thread::spawn(move || -> std::io::Result<Vec<u8>> {
///     let mut s = TcpStream::connect(addr)?;
///     s.write_all(b"POST /sum HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: x\r\nContent-Length: 3\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n1 2")?;
///     let mut reply = Vec::new();
///     s.read_to_end(&mut reply)?;
///     Ok(reply)
/// });
///
/// let (stream, _) = listener.accept()?;
/// let mut conn = Connection::new(stream, Limits::new());
/// while let Some(req) = conn.next_request()? {
///     let sum: u32 = std::str::from_utf8(req.body())?.split(' ').filter_map(|n| n.parse::<u32>().ok()).sum();
///     let response = Response::text(200, &sum.to_string());
///     conn.respond(&response)?;
/// }
/// conn.close();
/// let reply = client.join().unwrap()?;
/// assert!(reply.ends_with(b"\r\n\r\n3"));
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
pub struct Connection {
    stream: TcpStream,
    conn: ServerConn,
    body: Vec<u8>,
    out: Vec<u8>,
    /// The socket's own read timeout, restored once a request deadline no
    /// longer applies.
    read_timeout: Option<Duration>,
    request_timeout: Option<Duration>,
    /// When the request being read must be complete.
    deadline: Option<Instant>,
    /// Whether the socket's read timeout is currently shortened to the
    /// deadline.
    shortened: bool,
    /// The socket's own write timeout, restored after a response deadline
    /// shortened it.
    write_timeout: Option<Duration>,
    response_deadline: Option<Duration>,
    /// When the response being written must be complete.
    write_deadline: Option<Instant>,
    write_shortened: bool,
    /// `Server` answers expectations other than `100-continue` with 417
    /// before the body is read; a bare `Connection` leaves them to the
    /// caller.
    refuse_unknown_expectations: bool,
}

/// The buffers print as lengths only: they hold the last request body and
/// the last serialized response, which may carry credentials.
impl fmt::Debug for Connection {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("Connection")
            .field("stream", &self.stream)
            .field("conn", &self.conn)
            .field("body_len", &self.body.len())
            .field("out_len", &self.out.len())
            .field("read_timeout", &self.read_timeout)
            .field("request_timeout", &self.request_timeout)
            .field("write_timeout", &self.write_timeout)
            .field("response_deadline", &self.response_deadline)
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

impl Connection {
    /// Wraps an accepted socket. Set its timeouts first if you want them:
    /// the read timeout set on `stream` is the idle timeout, and
    /// [`with_request_timeout`](Self::with_request_timeout) adds a deadline
    /// for each request as a whole.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Connection`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new(stream: TcpStream, limits: Limits) -> Self {
        let read_timeout = stream.read_timeout().ok().flatten();
        let write_timeout = stream.write_timeout().ok().flatten();
        Self {
            stream,
            conn: ServerConn::with_limits(limits),
            body: Vec::new(),
            out: Vec::new(),
            read_timeout,
            request_timeout: None,
            deadline: None,
            shortened: false,
            write_timeout,
            response_deadline: None,
            write_deadline: None,
            write_shortened: false,
            refuse_unknown_expectations: false,
        }
    }

    /// Sets a deadline for writing each response, from its first byte to
    /// its last, a streamed body included (see
    /// [`ServerConfig::with_response_deadline`]). When it passes, the write
    /// fails with an [`Error::Io`] of kind `TimedOut`; close the connection
    /// then (the response cannot be finished). `None` (the default for a
    /// bare `Connection`) leaves only the socket's own write timeout.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::time::Duration;
    /// # fn demo(stream: std::net::TcpStream) {
    /// let conn = http_net::blocking::Connection::new(stream, http_net::Limits::new())
    ///     .with_response_deadline(Some(Duration::from_secs(60)));
    /// # let _ = conn;
    /// # }
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_response_deadline(mut self, deadline: Option<Duration>) -> Self {
        self.response_deadline = deadline;
        self
    }

    /// Sets a deadline for each request: from the moment its first byte is
    /// seen to the end of its body (see
    /// [`ServerConfig::with_request_timeout`]). When it passes,
    /// [`next_request`](Self::next_request) fails with an [`Error::Io`] of
    /// kind `TimedOut`. `None` (the default for a bare `Connection`) leaves
    /// only the socket's own read timeout.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::time::Duration;
    /// # fn demo(stream: std::net::TcpStream) {
    /// let conn = http_net::blocking::Connection::new(stream, http_net::Limits::new())
    ///     .with_request_timeout(Some(Duration::from_secs(10)));
    /// # let _ = conn;
    /// # }
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_request_timeout(mut self, timeout: Option<Duration>) -> Self {
        self.request_timeout = timeout;
        self
    }

    /// Whether part of a request has arrived and the rest is outstanding.
    fn request_in_progress(&self) -> bool {
        self.conn.request().is_some() || !self.conn.remaining_input().is_empty()
    }

    /// Answers a request that did not arrive in time with `408`, unless a
    /// response is already on its way.
    fn send_request_timeout(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        if self.conn.response_started() {
            return Err(Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidState(
                "a response was already started",
            )));
        }
        const BODY: &[u8] = b"request timed out";
        self.out.clear();
        self.out.extend_from_slice(
            b"HTTP/1.1 408 Request Timeout\r\ncontent-type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\n\
              content-length: ",
        );
        self.out
            .extend_from_slice(BODY.len().to_string().as_bytes());
        self.out
            .extend_from_slice(b"\r\nconnection: close\r\ndate: ");
        self.out.extend_from_slice(now_date().as_bytes());
        self.out.extend_from_slice(b"\r\n\r\n");
        self.out.extend_from_slice(BODY);
        self.flush_out()
    }

    /// Reads into the parser's buffer, under the request deadline if one
    /// is running.
    fn fill(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        if let Some(limit) = self.request_timeout {
            if self.deadline.is_none() && self.request_in_progress() {
                self.deadline = Some(Instant::now() + limit);
            }
        }
        // Whether this read's timeout is the time left before the deadline,
        // so a timeout means the deadline passed.
        let mut at_deadline = false;
        match self.deadline {
            Some(deadline) => {
                let left = deadline.saturating_duration_since(Instant::now());
                if left.is_zero() {
                    return Err(request_timed_out());
                }
                let wait = self.read_timeout.map_or(left, |t| t.min(left));
                at_deadline = wait == left;
                self.stream.set_read_timeout(Some(wait))?;
                self.shortened = true;
            }
            None if self.shortened => {
                self.stream.set_read_timeout(self.read_timeout)?;
                self.shortened = false;
            }
            None => {}
        }
        let spare = self.conn.read_buf();
        if spare.is_empty() {
            return Err(Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidState(
                "input buffer full while the parser needs input",
            )));
        }
        let n = loop {
            match self.stream.read(spare) {
                Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => {}
                // Unix reports the expired socket timeout as `WouldBlock`;
                // the deadline is reported as `TimedOut` on every platform.
                Err(e) if at_deadline && is_timeout(&e) => return Err(request_timed_out()),
                other => break other?,
            }
        };
        if n == 0 {
            self.conn.feed_eof();
        } else {
            self.conn.commit(n);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Reads the next complete request. `Ok(None)` means the connection is
    /// finished (the client closed between requests, the previous exchange
    /// ended with `connection: close`, or the connection was upgraded).
    ///
    /// A request that carries `Expect: 100-continue` is answered with
    /// `100 Continue` before its body is read. Other expectations are left
    /// to the caller (see [`RequestHead::has_unknown_expectation`]);
    /// [`Server`] answers them with 417.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// [`Error::Http`] for a request this crate refuses (answer it with its
    /// [`HttpError::status`] and close), [`Error::Io`] for socket failures
    /// and timeouts (including the request deadline, as `TimedOut`), and
    /// [`Error::Http`] with [`HttpError::InvalidState`] if the previous
    /// request has not been answered.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Connection`].
    pub fn next_request(&mut self) -> Result<Option<Incoming<'_>>, Error> {
        self.body.clear();
        self.deadline = None;
        loop {
            match self.conn.poll()? {
                ServerEvent::Request(head) => {
                    // The whole body is read before the caller sees the
                    // request, so the expectation is answered here (RFC 9110
                    // section 10.1.1). A body over the limit was already
                    // refused from its Content-Length.
                    let unknown = head.has_unknown_expectation();
                    let expects_continue = head.expects_continue();
                    if self.refuse_unknown_expectations && unknown {
                        // An expectation this server cannot meet: 417, the
                        // body left unread, so the connection closes after.
                        let refusal =
                            Response::text(417, "expectation not supported; send without Expect")
                                .close();
                        self.respond(&refusal)?;
                        return Ok(None);
                    }
                    if expects_continue {
                        self.out.clear();
                        self.conn.send_continue(&mut self.out)?;
                        self.flush_out()?;
                    }
                }
                ServerEvent::Body(chunk) => self.body.extend_from_slice(chunk),
                ServerEvent::RequestEnd => break,
                ServerEvent::NeedInput => self.fill()?,
                ServerEvent::AwaitingResponse => {
                    return Err(Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidState(
                        "respond to the previous request first",
                    )));
                }
                _ => return Ok(None),
            }
        }
        match self.conn.request() {
            Some(head) => Ok(Some(Incoming {
                head,
                body: &self.body,
            })),
            None => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    /// Writes `response` to the socket. A streamed response continues with
    /// [`send_body`](Self::send_body) and [`end_body`](Self::end_body).
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// [`Error::Http`] when the response is invalid or out of order (see
    /// [`ServerConn::respond`]); [`Error::Io`] when the write fails.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Connection`].
    pub fn respond(&mut self, response: &Response) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.out.clear();
        let date = now_date();
        // A large full body goes out after the head in one vectored write
        // instead of being copied into the output buffer.
        let tail = match response.body_bytes() {
            Some(body) if body.len() > VECTORED_BODY => {
                let plan = self.conn.respond_head_dated(
                    response,
                    Some(&date.as_bytes()[..]),
                    &mut self.out,
                )?;
                if plan == BodyPlan::Raw { body } else { &[][..] }
            }
            _ => {
                self.conn
                    .respond_with_date(response, &date, &mut self.out)?;
                &[][..]
            }
        };
        self.write_deadline = self.response_deadline.map(|d| Instant::now() + d);
        self.flush_with(tail)
    }

    /// Writes an interim response (for example `103 Early Hints`) before
    /// the final one, through [`ServerConn::send_informational`].
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// As [`ServerConn::send_informational`], plus [`Error::Io`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # fn demo(conn: &mut http_net::blocking::Connection) -> Result<(), http_net::blocking::Error> {
    /// use http_net::Response;
    ///
    /// conn.send_informational(&Response::new(103).header("link", "</app.css>; rel=preload; as=style"))?;
    /// conn.respond(&Response::text(200, "page"))?;
    /// # Ok(()) }
    /// ```
    pub fn send_informational(&mut self, response: &Response) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.out.clear();
        self.conn.send_informational(response, &mut self.out)?;
        self.flush_out()
    }

    /// Writes body bytes of a streamed response.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// As [`ServerConn::send_body`], plus [`Error::Io`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # fn demo(conn: &mut http_net::blocking::Connection) -> Result<(), http_net::blocking::Error> {
    /// conn.respond(&http_net::Response::new(200).chunked())?;
    /// conn.send_body(b"first")?;
    /// conn.end_body()?;
    /// # Ok(()) }
    /// ```
    pub fn send_body(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.out.clear();
        self.conn.send_body(data, &mut self.out)?;
        self.flush_out()
    }

    /// Ends a streamed response.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// As [`ServerConn::end_body`], plus [`Error::Io`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`send_body`](Self::send_body).
    pub fn end_body(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.out.clear();
        self.conn.end_body(&mut self.out)?;
        self.flush_out()
    }

    /// Writes `out`. While a response deadline runs, each write waits at
    /// most the time left (and never longer than the socket's own write
    /// timeout); the deadline ends with the response.
    fn flush_out(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        self.flush_with(&[])
    }

    /// Writes the serialized bytes in `out` and then `tail` (a full body
    /// sent as it is, not copied into `out`), with vectored writes while
    /// both remain.
    fn flush_with(&mut self, tail: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Error> {
        let head_len = self.out.len();
        let total = head_len + tail.len();
        let mut written = 0;
        while written < total {
            if let Some(deadline) = self.write_deadline {
                let left = deadline.saturating_duration_since(Instant::now());
                if left.is_zero() {
                    return Err(response_timed_out());
                }
                let wait = self.write_timeout.map_or(left, |t| t.min(left));
                self.stream.set_write_timeout(Some(wait))?;
                self.write_shortened = true;
            }
            let result = if written >= head_len {
                self.stream.write(&tail[written - head_len..])
            } else if tail.is_empty() {
                self.stream.write(&self.out[written..])
            } else {
                let parts = [IoSlice::new(&self.out[written..]), IoSlice::new(tail)];
                self.stream.write_vectored(&parts)
            };
            match result {
                Ok(0) => return Err(Error::Io(io::ErrorKind::WriteZero.into())),
                Ok(n) => written += n,
                Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => {}
                Err(e)
                    if is_timeout(&e)
                        && self.write_deadline.is_some_and(|d| Instant::now() >= d) =>
                {
                    return Err(response_timed_out());
                }
                Err(e) => return Err(Error::Io(e)),
            }
        }
        if self.conn.progress() != Progress::WritingBody {
            self.write_deadline = None;
            if self.write_shortened {
                self.stream.set_write_timeout(self.write_timeout)?;
                self.write_shortened = false;
            }
        }
        if self.out.capacity() > OUT_RETAIN {
            self.out = Vec::new();
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Whether a `101` (or a 2xx to `CONNECT`) was sent.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`into_upgraded`](Self::into_upgraded).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_upgraded(&self) -> bool {
        self.conn.is_upgraded()
    }

    /// The socket and the bytes of the new protocol, after an upgrade;
    /// `None` if the connection was not upgraded. The socket's read timeout
    /// is the one it had when the `Connection` was created (a request
    /// deadline may have shortened it while the request was read).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # fn demo(mut conn: http_net::blocking::Connection) {
    /// if conn.is_upgraded() {
    ///     let up = conn.into_upgraded().unwrap();
    ///     // speak the new protocol on up.stream, starting with up.leftover
    /// #   let _ = up;
    /// }
    /// # }
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn into_upgraded(self) -> Option<Upgraded> {
        if !self.is_upgraded() {
            return None;
        }
        let target = self
            .conn
            .request()
            .map(|r| r.target().to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        if self.shortened {
            // Best effort: the new protocol must not inherit what was left
            // of the request deadline. Setting a timeout this socket has
            // already accepted does not fail in practice, and the hand-off
            // is more useful than refusing it over one.
            let _ = self.stream.set_read_timeout(self.read_timeout);
        }
        Some(Upgraded {
            leftover: self.conn.remaining_input().to_vec(),
            target,
            stream: self.stream,
        })
    }

    /// Closes the connection gracefully: stops sending, briefly drains what
    /// the client is still sending, and drops the socket.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Connection`].
    pub fn close(self) {
        drain_and_close(self.stream);
    }
}

/// A response fetched by [`get`], [`post`], [`Client::get`], or
/// [`Client::request`], fully read.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// See [`Server`].
#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct ClientResponse {
    status: u16,
    headers: Vec<(String, Vec<u8>)>,
    body: Vec<u8>,
}

/// Shows status, fields, and body size; the values of credential fields
/// (`set-cookie` above all) are replaced by `<redacted N bytes>`.
impl fmt::Debug for ClientResponse {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
        struct Fields<'a>(&'a [(String, Vec<u8>)]);
        impl fmt::Debug for Fields<'_> {
            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
                f.debug_list()
                    .entries(self.0.iter().map(|(name, value)| {
                        (
                            name.as_str(),
                            FieldValue {
                                name: name.as_bytes(),
                                value,
                            },
                        )
                    }))
                    .finish()
            }
        }
        f.debug_struct("ClientResponse")
            .field("status", &self.status)
            .field("headers", &Fields(&self.headers))
            .field("body", &format_args!("{} bytes", self.body.len()))
            .finish()
    }
}

impl ClientResponse {
    /// The status code.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Server`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn status(&self) -> u16 {
        self.status
    }

    /// The fields in arrival order.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// Not run: it needs a server on port 8080.
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// let resp = http_net::blocking::get("http://127.0.0.1:8080/")?;
    /// for (name, value) in resp.headers() {
    ///     let _ = (name, value);
    /// }
    /// # Ok::<(), http_net::blocking::Error>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn headers(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (&str, &[u8])> {
        self.headers.iter().map(|(n, v)| (n.as_str(), v.as_slice()))
    }

    /// The first field named `name` (ASCII case-insensitive).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// Not run: it needs a server on port 8080.
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// let resp = http_net::blocking::get("http://127.0.0.1:8080/")?;
    /// let _ = resp.header("content-type");
    /// # Ok::<(), http_net::blocking::Error>(())
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn header(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&[u8]> {
        self.headers
            .iter()
            .find(|(n, _)| n.eq_ignore_ascii_case(name))
            .map(|(_, v)| v.as_slice())
    }

    /// The body.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Server`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn body(&self) -> &[u8] {
        &self.body
    }

    /// The body, if it is UTF-8.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Server`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn text(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        core::str::from_utf8(&self.body).ok()
    }

    /// Takes the body.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// Not run: it needs a server on port 8080.
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// let bytes = http_net::blocking::get("http://127.0.0.1:8080/")?.into_body();
    /// # let _ = bytes;
    /// # Ok::<(), http_net::blocking::Error>(())
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn into_body(self) -> Vec<u8> {
        self.body
    }
}

/// Fetches `url` with `GET` using the default [`Client`].
///
/// # Errors
///
/// [`Error::InvalidUrl`] for anything but `http://host[:port][/path[?query]]`
/// (a `#fragment` is dropped),
/// [`Error::Io`] for connection failures and timeouts, [`Error::Http`] for
/// a response this crate refuses (including one over the body limit).
///
/// # Examples
///
/// See [`Server`].
pub fn get(url: &str) -> Result<ClientResponse, Error> {
    Client::new().get(url)
}

/// Sends `body` to `url` with `POST` and `content-type: content_type`,
/// using the default [`Client`].
///
/// # Errors
///
/// As [`get`], plus [`Error::Http`] for a content type that is not a valid
/// field value.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// use http_net::{blocking, Response};
///
/// let server = blocking::Server::bind("127.0.0.1:0")?;
/// let addr = server.local_addr();
/// let stop = server.shutdown_handle();
/// let t = std::thread::spawn(move || server.serve(|_, body| Response::text(200, &body.len().to_string())));
///
/// let resp = blocking::post(&format!("http://{addr}/notes"), "text/plain", b"hello")?;
/// assert_eq!(resp.text(), Some("5"));
///
/// stop.shutdown();
/// t.join().unwrap()?;
/// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
/// ```
pub fn post(url: &str, content_type: &str, body: &[u8]) -> Result<ClientResponse, Error> {
    let request = Request::post("/")
        .header("content-type", content_type)
        .body(body.to_vec());
    Client::new().request(url, request)
}

/// Binds `addr` and serves `handler` with the default [`ServerConfig`]
/// until the process ends: the shortest way to run a server. Use
/// [`Server`] for a shutdown handle, settings, or an upgrade hook.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// The bind error, or a persistent accept failure (see [`Server::serve`]).
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Not run: it serves until the process ends.
///
/// ```no_run
/// use http_net::{blocking, Response};
///
/// blocking::serve("127.0.0.1:8080", |req, _body| Response::text(200, req.path()))?;
/// # Ok::<(), std::io::Error>(())
/// ```
pub fn serve<H>(addr: impl ToSocketAddrs, handler: H) -> io::Result<()>
where
    H: Fn(&RequestHead<'_>, &[u8]) -> Response + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    Server::bind(addr)?.serve(handler)
}

/// A blocking HTTP/1.1 client: one connection per request.
///
/// | Setting | Default |
/// |---|---|
/// | limits | [`Limits::new`] with a 16 MiB body |
/// | connect, read, and write timeout | 30 s each |
/// | total deadline for one exchange (connect, write, read) | none |
///
/// # Examples
///
/// Not run: it needs a server on port 8080.
///
/// ```no_run
/// use std::time::Duration;
/// use http_net::{blocking::Client, Limits};
///
/// let client = Client::new()
///     .with_limits(Limits::new().with_max_body(64 << 20))
///     .with_timeout(Duration::from_secs(5));
/// let resp = client.get("http://127.0.0.1:8080/big")?;
/// # let _ = resp;
/// # Ok::<(), http_net::blocking::Error>(())
/// ```
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct Client {
    limits: Limits,
    timeout: Duration,
    deadline: Option<Duration>,
}

impl Default for Client {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl Client {
    /// The defaults (see the table on [`Client`]).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let _ = http_net::blocking::Client::new();
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            limits: Limits::new().with_max_body(16 * 1024 * 1024),
            timeout: Duration::from_secs(30),
            deadline: None,
        }
    }

    /// Sets the response limits.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let _ = http_net::blocking::Client::new().with_limits(http_net::Limits::new());
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_limits(mut self, limits: Limits) -> Self {
        self.limits = limits;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the connect, read, and write timeout (zero is raised to 1 ms).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// let _ = http_net::blocking::Client::new().with_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2));
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_timeout(mut self, timeout: Duration) -> Self {
        self.timeout = if timeout.is_zero() {
            Duration::from_millis(1)
        } else {
            timeout
        };
        self
    }

    /// Sets a total deadline for one exchange: connecting, writing the
    /// request, and reading the whole response. The per-operation timeout
    /// of [`with_timeout`](Self::with_timeout) cannot stop a server that
    /// sends one byte just inside it; this deadline can. `None` (the
    /// default) disables it.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::time::Duration;
    /// let _ = http_net::blocking::Client::new().with_deadline(Some(Duration::from_secs(10)));
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn with_deadline(mut self, deadline: Option<Duration>) -> Self {
        self.deadline = deadline;
        self
    }

    /// Fetches `url` with `GET`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// As [`get`].
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// See [`Client`].
    pub fn get(&self, url: &str) -> Result<ClientResponse, Error> {
        self.request(url, Request::get("/"))
    }

    /// Sends `request` to the `http://` URL `url` and reads the response.
    /// The URL gives the authority (written as `host`) and the target, which
    /// replaces the target `request` was built with; the method, fields,
    /// and body come from `request`. The request is sent with
    /// `connection: close` on a connection of its own.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// As [`get`]; [`Error::Http`] with the builder's first error;
    /// [`HttpError::InvalidHost`] when `request` already has a `host` (the
    /// URL supplies it); [`HttpError::InvalidState`] for a streamed body
    /// (`chunked` or `content_length`: this client sends full bodies) or an
    /// upgrade request (it cannot hand the connection over; use
    /// [`ClientConn`]). A [`Request::expect_continue`] request with its full
    /// body fails with [`Error::Http`] of [`HttpError::InvalidState`] (the
    /// expectation needs a streamed body).
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use http_net::{blocking::{self, Client}, Request, Response};
    ///
    /// let server = blocking::Server::bind("127.0.0.1:0")?;
    /// let addr = server.local_addr();
    /// let stop = server.shutdown_handle();
    /// let t = std::thread::spawn(move || {
    ///     server.serve(|req, body| Response::text(200, &format!("{} {} {}", req.method_str(), req.path(), body.len())))
    /// });
    ///
    /// let put = Request::put("/").header("content-type", "application/json").body(&b"{}"[..]);
    /// let resp = Client::new().request(&format!("http://{addr}/items/7"), put)?;
    /// assert_eq!(resp.text(), Some("PUT /items/7 2"));
    ///
    /// stop.shutdown();
    /// t.join().unwrap()?;
    /// # Ok::<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>(())
    /// ```
    pub fn request(&self, url: &str, request: Request) -> Result<ClientResponse, Error> {
        let url = Url::parse(url)?;
        let request = retarget(&request, url.target, url.authority)?;
        let deadline = self.deadline.map(|d| Instant::now() + d);
        let addrs = (url.host, url.port).to_socket_addrs()?;
        let mut stream = connect_any(addrs, self.timeout, deadline)?;
        let mut conn = ClientConn::with_limits(self.limits);
        let mut out = Vec::new();
        conn.send_request(&request, &mut out)?;
        let mut io = Timed {
            stream: &mut stream,
            timeout: self.timeout,
            deadline,
        };
        io.write_all(&out)?;
        read_response(&mut io, &mut conn)
    }
}

/// Rebuilds `request` for a URL: the URL's target, `host` from its
/// authority first, then the request's own fields, body, and flags, and
/// always `connection: close` (one connection per exchange).
fn retarget(request: &Request, target: &str, authority: &str) -> Result<Request, Error> {
    if let Some(e) = request.error() {
        return Err(Error::Http(e));
    }
    if request.has_host {
        return Err(Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidHost));
    }
    if request.upgrade {
        return Err(Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidState(
            "the blocking client cannot hand over an upgraded connection; use ClientConn",
        )));
    }
    let mut rebuilt = Request::new(request.method(), target).header("host", authority);
    for (name, value) in serialized_fields(request.fields()) {
        let name = core::str::from_utf8(name).unwrap_or("");
        if request.expect_continue
            && name.eq_ignore_ascii_case("expect")
            && value.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b"100-continue")
        {
            // Added again below by its builder method.
            continue;
        }
        rebuilt = rebuilt.header(name, value);
    }
    if request.expect_continue {
        rebuilt = rebuilt.expect_continue();
    }
    rebuilt = match &request.body {
        OutBody::Full(body) => rebuilt.body(body.clone()),
        OutBody::Length(_) | OutBody::Chunked => {
            return Err(Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidState(
                "the blocking client sends full bodies only; use ClientConn to stream",
            )));
        }
    };
    let rebuilt = rebuilt.close();
    match rebuilt.error() {
        Some(e) => Err(Error::Http(e)),
        None => Ok(rebuilt),
    }
}

/// Connects to the first address that accepts, each attempt bounded by
/// `timeout` and by what is left before `deadline`.
fn connect_any(
    addrs: impl IntoIterator<Item = SocketAddr>,
    timeout: Duration,
    deadline: Option<Instant>,
) -> Result<TcpStream, Error> {
    let mut last = None;
    for addr in addrs {
        let wait = match deadline {
            Some(d) => {
                let left = d.saturating_duration_since(Instant::now());
                if left.is_zero() {
                    return Err(exchange_timed_out());
                }
                left.min(timeout)
            }
            None => timeout,
        };
        match TcpStream::connect_timeout(&addr, wait) {
            Ok(stream) => {
                stream.set_read_timeout(Some(timeout))?;
                stream.set_write_timeout(Some(timeout))?;
                stream.set_nodelay(true)?;
                return Ok(stream);
            }
            Err(e) => last = Some(e),
        }
    }
    Err(Error::Io(last.unwrap_or_else(|| {
        io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::NotFound, "the host resolved to no address")
    })))
}

fn exchange_timed_out() -> Error {
    Error::Io(io::Error::new(
        io::ErrorKind::TimedOut,
        "the exchange did not finish within the client deadline",
    ))
}

/// A client socket whose reads and writes stop at a total deadline: each
/// operation waits at most the time left, and never longer than the
/// per-operation timeout.
struct Timed<'a> {
    stream: &'a mut TcpStream,
    timeout: Duration,
    deadline: Option<Instant>,
}

impl Timed<'_> {
    /// Sets the socket timeouts for the next operation.
    fn arm(&mut self) -> Result<(), Error> {
        if let Some(d) = self.deadline {
            let left = d.saturating_duration_since(Instant::now());
            if left.is_zero() {
                return Err(exchange_timed_out());
            }
            let wait = left.min(self.timeout);
            self.stream.set_read_timeout(Some(wait))?;
            self.stream.set_write_timeout(Some(wait))?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Maps a timeout that ran into the deadline to the deadline's error.
    fn check(&self, e: io::Error) -> Error {
        if is_timeout(&e) && self.deadline.is_some_and(|d| Instant::now() >= d) {
            exchange_timed_out()
        } else {
            Error::Io(e)
        }
    }

    fn write_all(&mut self, mut data: &[u8]) -> Result<(), Error> {
        while !data.is_empty() {
            self.arm()?;
            match self.stream.write(data) {
                Ok(0) => return Err(Error::Io(io::ErrorKind::WriteZero.into())),
                Ok(n) => data = &data[n..],
                Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => {}
                Err(e) => return Err(self.check(e)),
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, Error> {
        loop {
            self.arm()?;
            match self.stream.read(buf) {
                Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => {}
                Err(e) => return Err(self.check(e)),
                Ok(n) => return Ok(n),
            }
        }
    }
}

fn read_response(stream: &mut Timed<'_>, conn: &mut ClientConn) -> Result<ClientResponse, Error> {
    let mut response = ClientResponse {
        status: 0,
        headers: Vec::new(),
        body: Vec::new(),
    };
    loop {
        match conn.poll()? {
            ClientEvent::Response(head) => {
                response.status = head.status();
                response.headers = head
                    .headers()
                    .map(|(n, v)| (n.to_string(), v.to_vec()))
                    .collect();
            }
            ClientEvent::Body(chunk) => response.body.extend_from_slice(chunk),
            ClientEvent::ResponseEnd => return Ok(response),
            ClientEvent::NeedInput => {
                let spare = conn.read_buf();
                if spare.is_empty() {
                    return Err(Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidState(
                        "input buffer full while the parser needs input",
                    )));
                }
                let n = stream.read(spare)?;
                if n == 0 {
                    conn.feed_eof();
                } else {
                    conn.commit(n);
                }
            }
            _ => {
                return Err(Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidState(
                    "the connection ended without a complete response",
                )));
            }
        }
    }
}

/// The parts of an `http://` URL needed to send a request.
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct Url<'a> {
    /// `host[:port]` as written, for the Host header.
    authority: &'a str,
    /// The host for name resolution (brackets removed from IPv6 literals).
    host: &'a str,
    port: u16,
    /// Path and query; `/` when the URL has no path.
    target: &'a str,
}

impl<'a> Url<'a> {
    fn parse(url: &'a str) -> Result<Self, Error> {
        let scheme_end = url.find("://").ok_or(Error::InvalidUrl("missing scheme"))?;
        if !url[..scheme_end].eq_ignore_ascii_case("http") {
            return Err(Error::InvalidUrl(
                "only http:// is supported (no TLS in this crate)",
            ));
        }
        let rest = &url[scheme_end + 3..];
        // The fragment is never sent.
        let rest = rest.split_once('#').map_or(rest, |(r, _)| r);
        let auth_end = rest.find(['/', '?']).unwrap_or(rest.len());
        let authority = &rest[..auth_end];
        let target = match &rest[auth_end..] {
            "" => "/",
            t if t.starts_with('?') => {
                return Err(Error::InvalidUrl("a query needs a path, for example /?q"));
            }
            t => t,
        };
        if authority.is_empty() {
            return Err(Error::InvalidUrl("missing host"));
        }
        if authority.contains('@') {
            return Err(Error::InvalidUrl(
                "credentials in the URL are not supported",
            ));
        }
        let (host, port) = if let Some(v6) = authority.strip_prefix('[') {
            let (inside, after) = v6.split_once(']').ok_or(Error::InvalidUrl("unclosed ["))?;
            let port = match after {
                "" => None,
                p => Some(
                    p.strip_prefix(':')
                        .ok_or(Error::InvalidUrl("junk after ]"))?,
                ),
            };
            (inside, port)
        } else {
            match authority.rsplit_once(':') {
                Some((h, p)) => (h, Some(p)),
                None => (authority, None),
            }
        };
        let port = match port {
            None => 80,
            Some(p) => p.parse().map_err(|_| Error::InvalidUrl("bad port"))?,
        };
        if host.is_empty() {
            return Err(Error::InvalidUrl("missing host"));
        }
        Ok(Self {
            authority,
            host,
            port,
            target,
        })
    }
}

thread_local! {
    /// One date cache per thread: each connection thread formats `date` at
    /// most once per second, and nothing is shared between threads.
    static DATE: Cell<DateCache> = const { Cell::new(DateCache::new()) };
}

/// The current time as a `Date` value, from a per-thread
/// [`DateCache`]: the system clock is read on every call, the value is
/// reformatted only when the second changes. [`Connection::respond`] and
/// [`Server`] write it on every response that did not set its own `date`.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let date = http_net::blocking::now_date();
/// assert_eq!(date.as_bytes().len(), 29);
/// assert!(date.as_str().ends_with(" GMT"));
/// ```
#[must_use]
pub fn now_date() -> HttpDate {
    let secs = SystemTime::now()
        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
        .map_or(0, |d| d.as_secs());
    DATE.with(|cell| {
        let mut cache = cell.get();
        let date = *cache.update(secs);
        cell.set(cache);
        date
    })
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    /// T-41: a listener whose accept keeps failing never spins a core (every
    /// failure waits) and the loop gives up only after 1,000 failures in a
    /// row; a success in between starts the count again.
    #[test]
    fn test_accept_errors_back_off_and_end_after_the_limit() {
        let error = || io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted);
        let mut backoff = AcceptBackoff::default();
        for _ in 0..AcceptBackoff::LIMIT {
            let wait = backoff.failure(error()).expect("still tolerated");
            assert!(wait >= Duration::from_millis(10), "a failure must wait");
        }
        let last = backoff.failure(error()).expect_err("the limit is reached");
        assert_eq!(last.kind(), io::ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted);

        let mut backoff = AcceptBackoff::default();
        for _ in 0..3 {
            for _ in 0..AcceptBackoff::LIMIT {
                assert!(backoff.failure(error()).is_ok());
            }
            backoff.success();
        }
        assert!(
            backoff.failure(error()).is_ok(),
            "a success resets the count"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_now_date_is_the_current_second() {
        let before = SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
            .map_or(0, |d| d.as_secs());
        let shown = now_date();
        let after = SystemTime::now()
            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
            .map_or(0, |d| d.as_secs());
        assert!(
            shown == HttpDate::from_unix_seconds(before)
                || shown == HttpDate::from_unix_seconds(after),
            "{shown}"
        );
        // The same second twice comes from the cache and is equal.
        assert_eq!(now_date().as_bytes().len(), 29);
    }

    /// E-198: a name that resolves to several addresses is tried in order;
    /// an address that refuses the connection does not end the attempt.
    #[test]
    fn test_connect_any_unreachable_first_address_tries_the_next() {
        let closed = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
        let refused = closed.local_addr().unwrap();
        drop(closed);
        let open = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
        let good = open.local_addr().unwrap();
        let stream = connect_any([refused, good], Duration::from_secs(5), None).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(stream.peer_addr().unwrap(), good);

        let err = connect_any([refused], Duration::from_secs(5), None).unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(err, Error::Io(_)), "{err}");
        let err = connect_any(Vec::<SocketAddr>::new(), Duration::from_secs(5), None).unwrap_err();
        assert!(
            matches!(&err, Error::Io(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound),
            "{err}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connect_any_past_the_deadline_times_out() {
        let open = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").unwrap();
        let good = open.local_addr().unwrap();
        let err = connect_any([good], Duration::from_secs(5), Some(Instant::now())).unwrap_err();
        assert!(
            matches!(&err, Error::Io(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::TimedOut),
            "{err}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_client_request_with_host_is_refused() {
        let req = Request::get("/").header("host", "a");
        let err = Client::new()
            .request("http://127.0.0.1:1/", req)
            .unwrap_err();
        assert!(matches!(err, Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidHost)), "{err}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_client_request_streamed_body_is_refused() {
        for req in [
            Request::post("/").chunked(),
            Request::put("/").content_length(3),
        ] {
            let err = Client::new()
                .request("http://127.0.0.1:1/", req)
                .unwrap_err();
            assert!(
                matches!(err, Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidState(_))),
                "{err}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_retarget_keeps_method_fields_body_and_flags() {
        let original = Request::new("PATCH", "/ignored")
            .header("x-a", "1")
            .header("content-type", "text/plain")
            .body(&b"xyz"[..]);
        let r = retarget(&original, "/real?q", "example.com:8080").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r.method(), "PATCH");
        assert_eq!(r.target(), "/real?q");
        assert_eq!(r.header_value("host"), Some(&b"example.com:8080"[..]));
        assert_eq!(r.header_value("x-a"), Some(&b"1"[..]));
        assert_eq!(r.body_bytes(), Some(&b"xyz"[..]));
        let mut out = Vec::new();
        ClientConn::new().send_request(&r, &mut out).unwrap();
        let text = String::from_utf8(out).unwrap();
        assert!(
            text.starts_with("PATCH /real?q HTTP/1.1\r\nhost: example.com:8080\r\nx-a: 1\r\n"),
            "{text}"
        );
        assert!(text.contains("connection: close\r\n"), "{text}");
        assert!(text.ends_with("\r\n\r\nxyz"), "{text}");

        // The blocking client reads one response to its end, so it cannot
        // hand over an upgraded connection.
        let up = Request::get("/").upgrade("websocket");
        assert!(matches!(
            retarget(&up, "/", "a"),
            Err(Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidState(_)))
        ));
        // A builder error surfaces first.
        let bad = Request::get("/").header("bad name", "x");
        assert!(matches!(
            retarget(&bad, "/", "a"),
            Err(Error::Http(HttpError::InvalidHeaderName))
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_url_parsing() {
        let u = Url::parse("http://127.0.0.1:8080/a/b?c=d#frag").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            u,
            Url {
                authority: "127.0.0.1:8080",
                host: "127.0.0.1",
                port: 8080,
                target: "/a/b?c=d"
            }
        );
        let u = Url::parse("HTTP://[::1]/").unwrap();
        assert_eq!((u.host, u.port, u.authority), ("::1", 80, "[::1]"));
        assert_eq!(Url::parse("http://example.com").unwrap().target, "/");
        for bad in [
            "example.com",
            "https://x/",
            "http:///x",
            "http://u:p@x/",
            "http://x:99999/",
            "http://[::1/",
            "http://[::1]x/",
            "http://x?q",
            "http://:80/",
        ] {
            assert!(
                matches!(Url::parse(bad), Err(Error::InvalidUrl(_))),
                "{bad}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_error_display_and_source() {
        use std::error::Error as _;
        let e = Error::from(HttpError::BareCr);
        assert!(e.to_string().starts_with("HTTP error"));
        assert!(e.source().is_some());
        let e = Error::from(io::Error::other("x"));
        assert!(e.source().is_some());
        assert!(Error::InvalidUrl("y").source().is_none());
    }
}