hjkl_engine/

vim.rs

//! Vim-mode engine.
//!
//! Implements a command grammar of the form
//!
//! ```text
//! Command := count? (operator count? (motion | text-object)
//!                   | motion
//!                   | insert-entry
//!                   | misc)
//! ```
//!
//! The parser is a small state machine driven by one `Input` at a time.
//! Motions and text objects produce a [`Range`] (with inclusive/exclusive
//! / linewise classification). A single [`Operator`] implementation
//! applies a range — so `dw`, `d$`, `daw`, and visual `d` all go through
//! the same code path.
//!
//! The most recent mutating command is stored in
//! [`VimState::last_change`] so `.` can replay it.
//!
//! # Roadmap
//!
//! Tracked in the original plan at
//! `~/.claude/plans/look-at-the-vim-curried-fern.md`. Phases still
//! outstanding — each one can land as an isolated PR.
//!
//! ## P3 — Registers & marks
//!
//! - TODO: `RegisterBank` indexed by char:
//!     - unnamed `""`, last-yank `"0`, small-delete `"-`
//!     - named `"a-"z` (uppercase `"A-"Z` appends instead of overwriting)
//!     - blackhole `"_`
//!     - system clipboard `"+` / `"*` (wire to `crate::clipboard::Clipboard`)
//!     - read-only `":`, `".`, `"%` — surface in `:reg` output
//! - TODO: route every yank / cut / paste through the bank. Parser needs
//!   a `"{reg}` prefix state that captures the target register before a
//!   count / operator.
//! - TODO: `m{a-z}` sets a mark in a `HashMap<char, (buffer_id, row, col)>`;
//!   `'x` jumps to the line (FirstNonBlank), `` `x `` to the exact cell.
//!   Uppercase marks are global across tabs; lowercase are per-buffer.
//! - TODO: `''` and `` `` `` jump to the last-jump position; `'[` `']`
//!   `'<` `'>` bound the last change / visual region.
//! - TODO: `:reg` and `:marks` ex commands.
//!
//! ## P4 — Macros
//!
//! - TODO: `q{a-z}` starts recording raw `Input`s into the register;
//!   next `q` stops.
//! - TODO: `@{a-z}` replays the register by re-feeding inputs through
//!   `step`. `@@` repeats the last macro. Nested macros need a sane
//!   depth cap (e.g. 100) to avoid runaway loops.
//! - TODO: ensure recording doesn't capture the initial `q{a-z}` itself.
//!
//! ## P6 — Polish (still outstanding)
//!
//! - TODO: indent operators `>` / `<` (with line + text-object targets).
//! - TODO: format operator `=` — map to whatever SQL formatter we wire
//!   up; for now stub that returns the range unchanged with a toast.
//! - TODO: case operators `gU` / `gu` / `g~` on a range (already have
//!   single-char `~`).
//! - TODO: screen motions `H` / `M` / `L` once we track the render
//!   viewport height inside Editor.
//! - TODO: scroll-to-cursor motions `zz` / `zt` / `zb`.
//!
//! ## Known substrate / divergence notes
//!
//! - TODO: insert-mode indent helpers — `Ctrl-t` / `Ctrl-d` (increase /
//!   decrease indent on current line) and `Ctrl-r <reg>` (paste from a
//!   register). `Ctrl-r` needs the `RegisterBank` from P3 to be useful.
//! - TODO: `/` and `?` search prompts still live in `the host/src/lib.rs`.
//!   The plan calls for moving them into the editor (so the editor owns
//!   `last_search_pattern` rather than the TUI loop). Safe to defer.

use crate::VimMode;
use crate::input::{Input, Key};

use crate::buf_helpers::{
    buf_cursor_pos, buf_line, buf_line_bytes, buf_line_chars, buf_lines_to_vec, buf_row_count,
    buf_set_cursor_pos, buf_set_cursor_rc,
};
use crate::editor::Editor;

// ─── Modes & parser state ───────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
pub enum Mode {
    #[default]
    Normal,
    Insert,
    Visual,
    VisualLine,
    /// Column-oriented selection (`Ctrl-V`). Unlike the other visual
    /// modes this one doesn't use tui-textarea's single-range selection
    /// — the block corners live in [`VimState::block_anchor`] and the
    /// live cursor. Operators read the rectangle off those two points.
    VisualBlock,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
pub enum Pending {
    #[default]
    None,
    /// Operator seen; still waiting for a motion / text-object / double-op.
    /// `count1` is any count pressed before the operator.
    Op { op: Operator, count1: usize },
    /// Operator + 'i' or 'a' seen; waiting for the text-object character.
    OpTextObj {
        op: Operator,
        count1: usize,
        inner: bool,
    },
    /// Operator + 'g' seen (for `dgg`).
    OpG { op: Operator, count1: usize },
    /// Bare `g` seen in normal/visual — looking for `g`, `e`, `E`, …
    G,
    /// Bare `f`/`F`/`t`/`T` — looking for the target char.
    Find { forward: bool, till: bool },
    /// Operator + `f`/`F`/`t`/`T` — looking for target char.
    OpFind {
        op: Operator,
        count1: usize,
        forward: bool,
        till: bool,
    },
    /// `r` pressed — waiting for the replacement char.
    Replace,
    /// Visual mode + `i` or `a` pressed — waiting for the text-object
    /// character to extend the selection over.
    VisualTextObj { inner: bool },
    /// Bare `z` seen — looking for `z` (center), `t` (top), `b` (bottom).
    Z,
    /// `m` pressed — waiting for the mark letter to set.
    SetMark,
    /// `'` pressed — waiting for the mark letter to jump to its line
    /// (lands on first non-blank, linewise for operators).
    GotoMarkLine,
    /// `` ` `` pressed — waiting for the mark letter to jump to the
    /// exact `(row, col)` stored at set time (charwise for operators).
    GotoMarkChar,
    /// `"` pressed — waiting for the register selector. The next char
    /// (`a`–`z`, `A`–`Z`, `0`–`9`, or `"`) sets `pending_register`.
    SelectRegister,
    /// `q` pressed (not currently recording) — waiting for the macro
    /// register name. The macro records every key after the chord
    /// resolves, until a bare `q` ends the recording.
    RecordMacroTarget,
    /// `@` pressed — waiting for the macro register name to play.
    /// `count` is the prefix multiplier (`3@a` plays the macro 3
    /// times); 0 means "no prefix" and is treated as 1.
    PlayMacroTarget { count: usize },
}

// ─── Operator / Motion / TextObject ────────────────────────────────────────

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum Operator {
    Delete,
    Change,
    Yank,
    /// `gU{motion}` — uppercase the range. Entered via the `g` prefix
    /// in normal mode or `U` in visual mode.
    Uppercase,
    /// `gu{motion}` — lowercase the range. `u` in visual mode.
    Lowercase,
    /// `g~{motion}` — toggle case of the range. `~` in visual mode
    /// (character at the cursor for the single-char `~` command stays
    /// its own code path in normal mode).
    ToggleCase,
    /// `>{motion}` — indent the line range by `shiftwidth` spaces.
    /// Always linewise, even when the motion is char-wise — mirrors
    /// vim's behaviour where `>w` indents the current line, not the
    /// word on it.
    Indent,
    /// `<{motion}` — outdent the line range (remove up to
    /// `shiftwidth` leading spaces per line).
    Outdent,
    /// `zf{motion}` / `zf{textobj}` / Visual `zf` — create a closed
    /// fold spanning the row range. Doesn't mutate the buffer text;
    /// cursor restores to the operator's start position.
    Fold,
    /// `gq{motion}` — reflow the row range to `settings.textwidth`.
    /// Greedy word-wrap: collapses each paragraph (blank-line-bounded
    /// run) into space-separated words, then re-emits lines whose
    /// width stays under `textwidth`. Always linewise, like indent.
    Reflow,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum Motion {
    Left,
    Right,
    Up,
    Down,
    WordFwd,
    BigWordFwd,
    WordBack,
    BigWordBack,
    WordEnd,
    BigWordEnd,
    /// `ge` — backward word end.
    WordEndBack,
    /// `gE` — backward WORD end.
    BigWordEndBack,
    LineStart,
    FirstNonBlank,
    LineEnd,
    FileTop,
    FileBottom,
    Find {
        ch: char,
        forward: bool,
        till: bool,
    },
    FindRepeat {
        reverse: bool,
    },
    MatchBracket,
    WordAtCursor {
        forward: bool,
        /// `*` / `#` use `\bword\b` boundaries; `g*` / `g#` drop them so
        /// the search hits substrings (e.g. `foo` matches inside `foobar`).
        whole_word: bool,
    },
    /// `n` / `N` — repeat the last `/` or `?` search.
    SearchNext {
        reverse: bool,
    },
    /// `H` — cursor to viewport top (plus `count - 1` rows down).
    ViewportTop,
    /// `M` — cursor to viewport middle.
    ViewportMiddle,
    /// `L` — cursor to viewport bottom (minus `count - 1` rows up).
    ViewportBottom,
    /// `g_` — last non-blank char on the line.
    LastNonBlank,
    /// `gM` — cursor to the middle char column of the current line
    /// (`floor(chars / 2)`). Vim's variant ignoring screen wrap.
    LineMiddle,
    /// `{` — previous paragraph (preceding blank line, or top).
    ParagraphPrev,
    /// `}` — next paragraph (following blank line, or bottom).
    ParagraphNext,
    /// `(` — previous sentence boundary.
    SentencePrev,
    /// `)` — next sentence boundary.
    SentenceNext,
    /// `gj` — `count` visual rows down (one screen segment per step
    /// under `:set wrap`; falls back to `Down` otherwise).
    ScreenDown,
    /// `gk` — `count` visual rows up; mirror of [`Motion::ScreenDown`].
    ScreenUp,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum TextObject {
    Word {
        big: bool,
    },
    Quote(char),
    Bracket(char),
    Paragraph,
    /// `it` / `at` — XML/HTML-style tag pair. `inner = true` covers
    /// content between `>` and `</`; `inner = false` covers the open
    /// tag through the close tag inclusive.
    XmlTag,
    /// `is` / `as` — sentence: a run ending at `.`, `?`, or `!`
    /// followed by whitespace or end-of-line. `inner = true` covers
    /// the sentence text only; `inner = false` includes trailing
    /// whitespace.
    Sentence,
}

/// Classification determines how operators treat the range end.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum RangeKind {
    /// Range end is exclusive (end column not included). Typical: h, l, w, 0, $.
    Exclusive,
    /// Range end is inclusive. Typical: e, f, t, %.
    Inclusive,
    /// Whole lines from top row to bottom row. Typical: j, k, gg, G.
    Linewise,
}

// ─── Dot-repeat storage ────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Information needed to replay a mutating change via `.`.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum LastChange {
    /// Operator over a motion.
    OpMotion {
        op: Operator,
        motion: Motion,
        count: usize,
        inserted: Option<String>,
    },
    /// Operator over a text-object.
    OpTextObj {
        op: Operator,
        obj: TextObject,
        inner: bool,
        inserted: Option<String>,
    },
    /// `dd`, `cc`, `yy` with a count.
    LineOp {
        op: Operator,
        count: usize,
        inserted: Option<String>,
    },
    /// `x`, `X` with a count.
    CharDel { forward: bool, count: usize },
    /// `r<ch>` with a count.
    ReplaceChar { ch: char, count: usize },
    /// `~` with a count.
    ToggleCase { count: usize },
    /// `J` with a count.
    JoinLine { count: usize },
    /// `p` / `P` with a count.
    Paste { before: bool, count: usize },
    /// `D` (delete to EOL).
    DeleteToEol { inserted: Option<String> },
    /// `o` / `O` + the inserted text.
    OpenLine { above: bool, inserted: String },
    /// `i`/`I`/`a`/`A` + inserted text.
    InsertAt {
        entry: InsertEntry,
        inserted: String,
        count: usize,
    },
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum InsertEntry {
    I,
    A,
    ShiftI,
    ShiftA,
}

// ─── VimState ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[derive(Default)]
pub struct VimState {
    /// Internal FSM mode. Kept in sync with `current_mode` after every
    /// `step`. Phase 6.6b: promoted from private to `pub` so the FSM
    /// body (moving to hjkl-vim in 6.6c–6.6g) can read/write it directly
    /// until the migration is complete.
    pub mode: Mode,
    /// Two-key chord in progress. `Pending::None` when idle.
    pub pending: Pending,
    /// Digit prefix accumulated before an operator or motion. `0` means
    /// no prefix was typed (treated as 1 by most commands).
    pub count: usize,
    /// Last `f`/`F`/`t`/`T` target, for `;` / `,` repeat.
    pub last_find: Option<(char, bool, bool)>,
    /// Most-recent mutating command for `.` dot-repeat.
    pub last_change: Option<LastChange>,
    /// Captured on insert-mode entry: count, buffer snapshot, entry kind.
    pub insert_session: Option<InsertSession>,
    /// (row, col) anchor for char-wise Visual mode. Set on entry, used
    /// to compute the highlight range and the operator range without
    /// relying on tui-textarea's live selection.
    pub visual_anchor: (usize, usize),
    /// Row anchor for VisualLine mode.
    pub visual_line_anchor: usize,
    /// (row, col) anchor for VisualBlock mode. The live cursor is the
    /// opposite corner.
    pub block_anchor: (usize, usize),
    /// Intended "virtual" column for the block's active corner. j/k
    /// clamp cursor.col to shorter rows, which would collapse the
    /// block across ragged content — so we remember the desired column
    /// separately and use it for block bounds / insert-column
    /// computations. Updated by h/l only.
    pub block_vcol: usize,
    /// Track whether the last yank/cut was linewise (drives `p`/`P` layout).
    pub yank_linewise: bool,
    /// Active register selector — set by `"reg` prefix, consumed by
    /// the next y / d / c / p. `None` falls back to the unnamed `"`.
    pub pending_register: Option<char>,
    /// Recording target — set by `q{reg}`, cleared by a bare `q`.
    /// While `Some`, every consumed `Input` is appended to
    /// `recording_keys`.
    pub recording_macro: Option<char>,
    /// Keys recorded into the in-progress macro. On `q` finish, these
    /// are encoded via [`crate::input::encode_macro`] and written to
    /// the matching named register slot, so macros and yanks share a
    /// single store.
    pub recording_keys: Vec<crate::input::Input>,
    /// Set during `@reg` replay so the recorder doesn't capture the
    /// replayed keystrokes a second time.
    pub replaying_macro: bool,
    /// Last register played via `@reg`. `@@` re-plays this one.
    pub last_macro: Option<char>,
    /// Position of the most recent buffer mutation. Surfaced via
    /// the `'.` / `` `. `` marks for quick "back to last edit".
    pub last_edit_pos: Option<(usize, usize)>,
    /// Position where the cursor was when insert mode last exited (Esc).
    /// Used by `gi` to return to the exact (row, col) where the user
    /// last typed, matching vim's `:h gi`.
    pub last_insert_pos: Option<(usize, usize)>,
    /// Bounded ring of recent edit positions (newest at the back).
    /// `g;` walks toward older entries, `g,` toward newer ones. Capped
    /// at [`CHANGE_LIST_MAX`].
    pub change_list: Vec<(usize, usize)>,
    /// Index into `change_list` while walking. `None` outside a walk —
    /// any new edit clears it (and trims forward entries past it).
    pub change_list_cursor: Option<usize>,
    /// Snapshot of the last visual selection for `gv` re-entry.
    /// Stored on every Visual / VisualLine / VisualBlock exit.
    pub last_visual: Option<LastVisual>,
    /// `zz` / `zt` / `zb` set this so the end-of-step scrolloff
    /// pass doesn't override the user's explicit viewport pinning.
    /// Cleared every step.
    pub viewport_pinned: bool,
    /// Set while replaying `.` / last-change so we don't re-record it.
    pub replaying: bool,
    /// Entered Normal from Insert via `Ctrl-o`; after the next complete
    /// normal-mode command we return to Insert.
    pub one_shot_normal: bool,
    /// Live `/` or `?` prompt. `None` outside search-prompt mode.
    pub search_prompt: Option<SearchPrompt>,
    /// Most recent committed search pattern. Surfaced to host apps via
    /// [`Editor::last_search`] so their status line can render a hint
    /// and so `n` / `N` have something to repeat.
    pub last_search: Option<String>,
    /// Direction of the last committed search. `n` repeats this; `N`
    /// inverts it. Defaults to forward so a never-searched buffer's
    /// `n` still walks downward.
    pub last_search_forward: bool,
    /// Back half of the jumplist — `Ctrl-o` pops from here. Populated
    /// with the pre-motion cursor when a "big jump" motion fires
    /// (`gg`/`G`, `%`, `*`/`#`, `n`/`N`, `H`/`M`/`L`, committed `/` or
    /// `?`). Capped at 100 entries.
    pub jump_back: Vec<(usize, usize)>,
    /// Forward half — `Ctrl-i` pops from here. Cleared by any new big
    /// jump, matching vim's "branch off trims forward history" rule.
    pub jump_fwd: Vec<(usize, usize)>,
    /// Set by `Ctrl-R` in insert mode while waiting for the register
    /// selector. The next typed char names the register; its contents
    /// are inserted inline at the cursor and the flag clears.
    pub insert_pending_register: bool,
    /// Stashed start position for the `[` mark on a Change operation.
    /// Set to `top` before the cut in `run_operator_over_range` (Change
    /// arm); consumed by `finish_insert_session` on Esc-from-insert
    /// when the reason is `AfterChange`. Mirrors vim's `:h '[` / `:h ']`
    /// rule that `[` = start of change, `]` = last typed char on exit.
    pub change_mark_start: Option<(usize, usize)>,
    /// Bounded history of committed `/` / `?` search patterns. Newest
    /// entries are at the back; capped at [`SEARCH_HISTORY_MAX`] to
    /// avoid unbounded growth on long sessions.
    pub search_history: Vec<String>,
    /// Index into `search_history` while the user walks past patterns
    /// in the prompt via `Ctrl-P` / `Ctrl-N`. `None` outside that walk
    /// — typing or backspacing in the prompt resets it so the next
    /// `Ctrl-P` starts from the most recent entry again.
    pub search_history_cursor: Option<usize>,
    /// Wall-clock instant of the last keystroke. Drives the
    /// `:set timeoutlen` multi-key timeout — if `now() - last_input_at`
    /// exceeds the configured budget, any pending prefix is cleared
    /// before the new key dispatches. `None` before the first key.
    /// 0.0.29 (Patch B): `:set timeoutlen` math now reads
    /// [`crate::types::Host::now`] via `last_input_host_at`. This
    /// `Instant`-flavoured field stays for snapshot tests that still
    /// observe it directly.
    pub last_input_at: Option<std::time::Instant>,
    /// `Host::now()` reading at the last keystroke. Drives
    /// `:set timeoutlen` so macro replay / headless drivers stay
    /// deterministic regardless of wall-clock skew.
    pub last_input_host_at: Option<core::time::Duration>,
    /// Canonical current mode. Mirrors `mode` (the FSM-internal field)
    /// AND is written by every Phase 6.3 primitive (`set_mode`,
    /// `enter_visual_char_bridge`, …). Once the FSM is gone this is the
    /// sole source of truth; until then both fields are kept in sync.
    /// Initialized to `Normal` via `#[derive(Default)]`.
    pub(crate) current_mode: crate::VimMode,
}

pub(crate) const SEARCH_HISTORY_MAX: usize = 100;
pub(crate) const CHANGE_LIST_MAX: usize = 100;

/// Active `/` or `?` search prompt. Text mutations drive the textarea's
/// live search pattern so matches highlight as the user types.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SearchPrompt {
    pub text: String,
    pub cursor: usize,
    pub forward: bool,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct InsertSession {
    pub count: usize,
    /// Min/max row visited during this session. Widens on every key.
    pub row_min: usize,
    pub row_max: usize,
    /// Snapshot of the full buffer at session entry. Used to diff the
    /// affected row window at finish without being fooled by cursor
    /// navigation through rows the user never edited.
    pub before_lines: Vec<String>,
    pub reason: InsertReason,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum InsertReason {
    /// Plain entry via i/I/a/A — recorded as `InsertAt`.
    Enter(InsertEntry),
    /// Entry via `o`/`O` — records OpenLine on Esc.
    Open { above: bool },
    /// Entry via an operator's change side-effect. Retro-fills the
    /// stored last-change's `inserted` field on Esc.
    AfterChange,
    /// Entry via `C` (delete to EOL + insert).
    DeleteToEol,
    /// Entry via an insert triggered during dot-replay — don't touch
    /// last_change because the outer replay will restore it.
    ReplayOnly,
    /// `I` or `A` from VisualBlock: insert the typed text at `col` on
    /// every row in `top..=bot`. `col` is the start column for `I`, the
    /// one-past-block-end column for `A`.
    BlockEdge { top: usize, bot: usize, col: usize },
    /// `c` from VisualBlock: block content deleted, then user types
    /// replacement text replicated across all block rows on Esc. Cursor
    /// advances to the last typed char after replication (unlike BlockEdge
    /// which leaves cursor at the insertion column).
    BlockChange { top: usize, bot: usize, col: usize },
    /// `R` — Replace mode. Each typed char overwrites the cell under
    /// the cursor instead of inserting; at end-of-line the session
    /// falls through to insert (same as vim).
    Replace,
}

/// Saved visual-mode anchor + cursor for `gv` (re-enters the last
/// visual selection). `mode` carries which visual flavour to
/// restore; `anchor` / `cursor` mean different things per flavour:
///
/// - `Visual`     — `anchor` is the char-wise visual anchor.
/// - `VisualLine` — `anchor.0` is the `visual_line_anchor` row;
///   `anchor.1` is unused.
/// - `VisualBlock`— `anchor` is `block_anchor`, `block_vcol` is the
///   sticky vcol that survives j/k clamping.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
pub struct LastVisual {
    pub mode: Mode,
    pub anchor: (usize, usize),
    pub cursor: (usize, usize),
    pub block_vcol: usize,
}

impl VimState {
    pub fn public_mode(&self) -> VimMode {
        match self.mode {
            Mode::Normal => VimMode::Normal,
            Mode::Insert => VimMode::Insert,
            Mode::Visual => VimMode::Visual,
            Mode::VisualLine => VimMode::VisualLine,
            Mode::VisualBlock => VimMode::VisualBlock,
        }
    }

    pub fn force_normal(&mut self) {
        self.mode = Mode::Normal;
        self.pending = Pending::None;
        self.count = 0;
        self.insert_session = None;
        // Phase 6.3: keep current_mode in sync for callers that bypass step().
        self.current_mode = crate::VimMode::Normal;
    }

    /// Reset every prefix-tracking field so the next keystroke starts
    /// a fresh sequence. Drives `:set timeoutlen` — when the user
    /// pauses past the configured budget, `hjkl_vim::dispatch_input` calls
    /// this before dispatching the new key.
    ///
    /// Resets: `pending`, `count`, `pending_register`,
    /// `insert_pending_register`. Does NOT touch `mode`,
    /// `insert_session`, marks, jump list, or visual anchors —
    /// those aren't part of the in-flight chord.
    pub(crate) fn clear_pending_prefix(&mut self) {
        self.pending = Pending::None;
        self.count = 0;
        self.pending_register = None;
        self.insert_pending_register = false;
    }

    /// Widen the active insert session's row window to include `row`. Called
    /// by the Phase 6.1 public `Editor::insert_*` methods after each
    /// mutation so `finish_insert_session` diffs the right range on Esc.
    /// No-op when no insert session is active (e.g. calling from Normal mode).
    pub(crate) fn widen_insert_row(&mut self, row: usize) {
        if let Some(ref mut session) = self.insert_session {
            session.row_min = session.row_min.min(row);
            session.row_max = session.row_max.max(row);
        }
    }

    pub fn is_visual(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.mode,
            Mode::Visual | Mode::VisualLine | Mode::VisualBlock
        )
    }

    pub fn is_visual_char(&self) -> bool {
        self.mode == Mode::Visual
    }

    /// The pending repeat count (typed digits before a motion/operator),
    /// or `None` when no digits are pending. Zero is treated as absent.
    pub(crate) fn pending_count_val(&self) -> Option<u32> {
        if self.count == 0 {
            None
        } else {
            Some(self.count as u32)
        }
    }

    /// `true` when an in-flight chord is awaiting more keys. Inverse of
    /// `matches!(self.pending, Pending::None)`.
    pub(crate) fn is_chord_pending(&self) -> bool {
        !matches!(self.pending, Pending::None)
    }

    /// Return a single char representing the pending operator, if any.
    /// Used by host apps (status line "showcmd" area) to display e.g.
    /// `d`, `y`, `c` while waiting for a motion.
    pub(crate) fn pending_op_char(&self) -> Option<char> {
        let op = match &self.pending {
            Pending::Op { op, .. }
            | Pending::OpTextObj { op, .. }
            | Pending::OpG { op, .. }
            | Pending::OpFind { op, .. } => Some(*op),
            _ => None,
        };
        op.map(|o| match o {
            Operator::Delete => 'd',
            Operator::Change => 'c',
            Operator::Yank => 'y',
            Operator::Uppercase => 'U',
            Operator::Lowercase => 'u',
            Operator::ToggleCase => '~',
            Operator::Indent => '>',
            Operator::Outdent => '<',
            Operator::Fold => 'z',
            Operator::Reflow => 'q',
        })
    }
}

// ─── Entry point ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Open the `/` (forward) or `?` (backward) search prompt. Clears any
/// live search highlight until the user commits a query. `last_search`
/// is preserved so an empty `<CR>` can re-run the previous pattern.
pub(crate) fn enter_search<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    forward: bool,
) {
    ed.vim.search_prompt = Some(SearchPrompt {
        text: String::new(),
        cursor: 0,
        forward,
    });
    ed.vim.search_history_cursor = None;
    // 0.0.37: clear via the engine search state (the buffer-side
    // bridge from 0.0.35 was removed in this patch — the `BufferView`
    // renderer reads the pattern from `Editor::search_state()`).
    ed.set_search_pattern(None);
}

/// `g;` / `g,` body. `dir = -1` walks toward older entries (g;),
/// `dir = 1` toward newer (g,). `count` repeats the step. Stops at
/// the ends of the ring; off-ring positions are silently ignored.
fn walk_change_list<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    dir: isize,
    count: usize,
) {
    if ed.vim.change_list.is_empty() {
        return;
    }
    let len = ed.vim.change_list.len();
    let mut idx: isize = match (ed.vim.change_list_cursor, dir) {
        (None, -1) => len as isize - 1,
        (None, 1) => return, // already past the newest entry
        (Some(i), -1) => i as isize - 1,
        (Some(i), 1) => i as isize + 1,
        _ => return,
    };
    for _ in 1..count {
        let next = idx + dir;
        if next < 0 || next >= len as isize {
            break;
        }
        idx = next;
    }
    if idx < 0 || idx >= len as isize {
        return;
    }
    let idx = idx as usize;
    ed.vim.change_list_cursor = Some(idx);
    let (row, col) = ed.vim.change_list[idx];
    ed.jump_cursor(row, col);
}

/// `Ctrl-R {reg}` body — insert the named register's contents at the
/// cursor as charwise text. Embedded newlines split lines naturally via
/// `Edit::InsertStr`. Unknown selectors and empty slots are no-ops so
/// stray keystrokes don't mutate the buffer.
fn insert_register_text<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    selector: char,
) {
    use hjkl_buffer::Edit;
    let text = match ed.registers().read(selector) {
        Some(slot) if !slot.text.is_empty() => slot.text.clone(),
        _ => return,
    };
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
        at: cursor,
        text: text.clone(),
    });
    // Advance cursor to the end of the inserted payload — multi-line
    // pastes land on the last inserted row at the post-text column.
    let mut row = cursor.row;
    let mut col = cursor.col;
    for ch in text.chars() {
        if ch == '\n' {
            row += 1;
            col = 0;
        } else {
            col += 1;
        }
    }
    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, row, col);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    ed.mark_content_dirty();
    if let Some(ref mut session) = ed.vim.insert_session {
        session.row_min = session.row_min.min(row);
        session.row_max = session.row_max.max(row);
    }
}

/// Compute the indent string to insert at the start of a new line
/// after Enter is pressed at `cursor`. Walks the smartindent rules:
///
/// - autoindent off → empty string
/// - autoindent on  → copy prev line's leading whitespace
/// - smartindent on → bump one `shiftwidth` if prev line's last
///   non-whitespace char is `{` / `(` / `[`
///
/// Indent unit (used for the smartindent bump):
///
/// - `expandtab && softtabstop > 0` → `softtabstop` spaces
/// - `expandtab` → `shiftwidth` spaces
/// - `!expandtab` → one literal `\t`
///
/// This is the placeholder for a future tree-sitter indent provider:
/// when a language has an `indents.scm` query, the engine will route
/// the same call through that provider and only fall back to this
/// heuristic when no query matches.
pub(super) fn compute_enter_indent(settings: &crate::editor::Settings, prev_line: &str) -> String {
    if !settings.autoindent {
        return String::new();
    }
    // Copy the prev line's leading whitespace (autoindent base).
    let base: String = prev_line
        .chars()
        .take_while(|c| *c == ' ' || *c == '\t')
        .collect();

    if settings.smartindent {
        // If the last non-whitespace character is an open bracket, bump
        // indent by one unit. This is the heuristic seam: a tree-sitter
        // `indents.scm` provider would replace this branch.
        let last_non_ws = prev_line.chars().rev().find(|c| !c.is_whitespace());
        if matches!(last_non_ws, Some('{' | '(' | '[')) {
            let unit = if settings.expandtab {
                if settings.softtabstop > 0 {
                    " ".repeat(settings.softtabstop)
                } else {
                    " ".repeat(settings.shiftwidth)
                }
            } else {
                "\t".to_string()
            };
            return format!("{base}{unit}");
        }
    }

    base
}

/// Strip one indent unit from the beginning of `line` and insert `ch`
/// instead. Returns `true` when it consumed the keystroke (dedent +
/// insert), `false` when the caller should insert normally.
///
/// Dedent fires when:
///   - `smartindent` is on
///   - `ch` is `}` / `)` / `]`
///   - all bytes BEFORE the cursor on the current line are whitespace
///   - there is at least one full indent unit of leading whitespace
fn try_dedent_close_bracket<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    cursor: hjkl_buffer::Position,
    ch: char,
) -> bool {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};

    if !ed.settings.smartindent {
        return false;
    }
    if !matches!(ch, '}' | ')' | ']') {
        return false;
    }

    let line = match buf_line(&ed.buffer, cursor.row) {
        Some(l) => l.to_string(),
        None => return false,
    };

    // All chars before cursor must be whitespace.
    let before: String = line.chars().take(cursor.col).collect();
    if !before.chars().all(|c| c == ' ' || c == '\t') {
        return false;
    }
    if before.is_empty() {
        // Nothing to strip — just insert normally (cursor at col 0).
        return false;
    }

    // Compute indent unit.
    let unit_len: usize = if ed.settings.expandtab {
        if ed.settings.softtabstop > 0 {
            ed.settings.softtabstop
        } else {
            ed.settings.shiftwidth
        }
    } else {
        // Tab: one literal tab character.
        1
    };

    // Check there's at least one full unit to strip.
    let strip_len = if ed.settings.expandtab {
        // Count leading spaces; need at least `unit_len`.
        let spaces = before.chars().filter(|c| *c == ' ').count();
        if spaces < unit_len {
            return false;
        }
        unit_len
    } else {
        // noexpandtab: strip one leading tab.
        if !before.starts_with('\t') {
            return false;
        }
        1
    };

    // Delete the leading `strip_len` chars of the current line.
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
        start: Position::new(cursor.row, 0),
        end: Position::new(cursor.row, strip_len),
        kind: MotionKind::Char,
    });
    // Insert the close bracket at column 0 (after the delete the cursor
    // is still positioned at the end of the remaining whitespace; the
    // delete moved the text so the cursor is now at col = before.len() -
    // strip_len).
    let new_col = cursor.col.saturating_sub(strip_len);
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertChar {
        at: Position::new(cursor.row, new_col),
        ch,
    });
    true
}

fn finish_insert_session<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    let Some(session) = ed.vim.insert_session.take() else {
        return;
    };
    let lines = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    // Clamp both slices to their respective bounds — the buffer may have
    // grown (Enter splits rows) or shrunk (Backspace joins rows) during
    // the session, so row_max can overshoot either side.
    let after_end = session.row_max.min(lines.len().saturating_sub(1));
    let before_end = session
        .row_max
        .min(session.before_lines.len().saturating_sub(1));
    let before = if before_end >= session.row_min && session.row_min < session.before_lines.len() {
        session.before_lines[session.row_min..=before_end].join("\n")
    } else {
        String::new()
    };
    let after = if after_end >= session.row_min && session.row_min < lines.len() {
        lines[session.row_min..=after_end].join("\n")
    } else {
        String::new()
    };
    let inserted = extract_inserted(&before, &after);
    if !inserted.is_empty() && session.count > 1 && !ed.vim.replaying {
        use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, Position};
        for _ in 0..session.count - 1 {
            let (row, col) = ed.cursor();
            ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
                at: Position::new(row, col),
                text: inserted.clone(),
            });
        }
    }
    // Helper: replicate `inserted` text across block rows top+1..=bot at `col`,
    // padding short rows to reach `col` first. Returns without touching the
    // cursor — callers position the cursor afterward according to their needs.
    fn replicate_block_text<H: crate::types::Host>(
        ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
        inserted: &str,
        top: usize,
        bot: usize,
        col: usize,
    ) {
        use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, Position};
        for r in (top + 1)..=bot {
            let line_len = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, r);
            if col > line_len {
                let pad: String = std::iter::repeat_n(' ', col - line_len).collect();
                ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
                    at: Position::new(r, line_len),
                    text: pad,
                });
            }
            ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
                at: Position::new(r, col),
                text: inserted.to_string(),
            });
        }
    }

    if let InsertReason::BlockEdge { top, bot, col } = session.reason {
        // `I` / `A` from VisualBlock: replicate text across rows; cursor
        // stays at the block-start column (vim leaves cursor there).
        if !inserted.is_empty() && top < bot && !ed.vim.replaying {
            replicate_block_text(ed, &inserted, top, bot, col);
            buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, top, col);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        return;
    }
    if let InsertReason::BlockChange { top, bot, col } = session.reason {
        // `c` from VisualBlock: replicate text across rows; cursor advances
        // to `col + ins_chars` (pre-step-back) so the Esc step-back lands
        // on the last typed char (col + ins_chars - 1), matching nvim.
        if !inserted.is_empty() && top < bot && !ed.vim.replaying {
            replicate_block_text(ed, &inserted, top, bot, col);
            let ins_chars = inserted.chars().count();
            let line_len = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, top);
            let target_col = (col + ins_chars).min(line_len);
            buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, top, target_col);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        return;
    }
    if ed.vim.replaying {
        return;
    }
    match session.reason {
        InsertReason::Enter(entry) => {
            ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::InsertAt {
                entry,
                inserted,
                count: session.count,
            });
        }
        InsertReason::Open { above } => {
            ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::OpenLine { above, inserted });
        }
        InsertReason::AfterChange => {
            if let Some(
                LastChange::OpMotion { inserted: ins, .. }
                | LastChange::OpTextObj { inserted: ins, .. }
                | LastChange::LineOp { inserted: ins, .. },
            ) = ed.vim.last_change.as_mut()
            {
                *ins = Some(inserted);
            }
            // Vim `:h '[` / `:h ']`: on change, `[` = start of the
            // changed range (stashed before the cut), `]` = the cursor
            // at Esc time (last inserted char, before the step-back).
            // When nothing was typed cursor still sits at the change
            // start, satisfying vim's "both at start" parity for `c<m><Esc>`.
            if let Some(start) = ed.vim.change_mark_start.take() {
                let end = ed.cursor();
                ed.set_mark('[', start);
                ed.set_mark(']', end);
            }
        }
        InsertReason::DeleteToEol => {
            ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::DeleteToEol {
                inserted: Some(inserted),
            });
        }
        InsertReason::ReplayOnly => {}
        InsertReason::BlockEdge { .. } => unreachable!("handled above"),
        InsertReason::BlockChange { .. } => unreachable!("handled above"),
        InsertReason::Replace => {
            // Record overstrike sessions as DeleteToEol-style — replay
            // re-types each character but doesn't try to restore prior
            // content (vim's R has its own replay path; this is the
            // pragmatic approximation).
            ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::DeleteToEol {
                inserted: Some(inserted),
            });
        }
    }
}

pub(crate) fn begin_insert<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
    reason: InsertReason,
) {
    let record = !matches!(reason, InsertReason::ReplayOnly);
    if record {
        ed.push_undo();
    }
    let reason = if ed.vim.replaying {
        InsertReason::ReplayOnly
    } else {
        reason
    };
    let (row, _) = ed.cursor();
    ed.vim.insert_session = Some(InsertSession {
        count,
        row_min: row,
        row_max: row,
        before_lines: buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer),
        reason,
    });
    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Insert;
    // Phase 6.3: keep current_mode in sync for callers that bypass step().
    ed.vim.current_mode = crate::VimMode::Insert;
}

/// `:set undobreak` semantics for insert-mode motions. When the
/// toggle is on, a non-character keystroke that moves the cursor
/// (arrow keys, Home/End, mouse click) ends the current undo group
/// and starts a new one mid-session. After this, a subsequent `u`
/// in normal mode reverts only the post-break run, leaving the
/// pre-break edits in place — matching vim's behaviour.
///
/// Implementation: snapshot the current buffer onto the undo stack
/// (the new break point) and reset the active `InsertSession`'s
/// `before_lines` so `finish_insert_session`'s diff window only
/// captures the post-break run for `last_change` / dot-repeat.
///
/// During replay we skip the break — replay shouldn't pollute the
/// undo stack with intra-replay snapshots.
pub(crate) fn break_undo_group_in_insert<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) {
    if !ed.settings.undo_break_on_motion {
        return;
    }
    if ed.vim.replaying {
        return;
    }
    if ed.vim.insert_session.is_none() {
        return;
    }
    ed.push_undo();
    let n = crate::types::Query::line_count(&ed.buffer) as usize;
    let mut lines: Vec<String> = Vec::with_capacity(n);
    for r in 0..n {
        lines.push(crate::types::Query::line(&ed.buffer, r as u32).to_string());
    }
    let row = crate::types::Cursor::cursor(&ed.buffer).line as usize;
    if let Some(ref mut session) = ed.vim.insert_session {
        session.before_lines = lines;
        session.row_min = row;
        session.row_max = row;
    }
}

// ─── Phase 6.1: public insert-mode primitives ──────────────────────────────
//
// Each `pub(crate)` free function below implements one insert-mode action.
// hjkl-vim's insert dispatcher calls them through `Editor::insert_*` methods.
// External callers can also invoke the public Editor methods directly.
//
// Invariants every function upholds:
//   - Opens with `ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea()` (no-op, kept for
//     forward compatibility once textarea is gone).
//   - All buffer mutations go through `ed.mutate_edit(...)` so dirty flag,
//     undo, change-list, content-edit fan-out all fire uniformly.
//   - Navigation-only functions call `break_undo_group_in_insert` when the
//     FSM did so, then return `false` (no mutation).
//   - After mutations, `ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea()` is called
//     (currently a no-op but kept for migration hygiene).
//   - Returns `true` when the buffer was mutated, `false` otherwise.

/// Insert a single character at the cursor. Handles replace-mode overstrike
/// (when `InsertSession::reason` is `Replace`) and smart-indent dedent of
/// closing brackets (}/)]/). Returns `true`.
pub(crate) fn insert_char_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    ch: char,
) -> bool {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, cursor.row);
    let in_replace = matches!(
        ed.vim.insert_session.as_ref().map(|s| &s.reason),
        Some(InsertReason::Replace)
    );
    if in_replace && cursor.col < line_chars {
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
            start: cursor,
            end: Position::new(cursor.row, cursor.col + 1),
            kind: MotionKind::Char,
        });
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertChar { at: cursor, ch });
    } else if !try_dedent_close_bracket(ed, cursor, ch) {
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertChar { at: cursor, ch });
    }
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    true
}

/// Insert a newline at the cursor, applying autoindent / smartindent.
/// Returns `true`.
pub(crate) fn insert_newline_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    use hjkl_buffer::Edit;
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    let prev_line = buf_line(&ed.buffer, cursor.row)
        .unwrap_or_default()
        .to_string();
    let indent = compute_enter_indent(&ed.settings, &prev_line);
    let text = format!("\n{indent}");
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr { at: cursor, text });
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    true
}

/// Insert a tab character (or spaces up to the next softtabstop boundary when
/// `expandtab` is set). Returns `true`.
pub(crate) fn insert_tab_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    use hjkl_buffer::Edit;
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    if ed.settings.expandtab {
        let sts = ed.settings.softtabstop;
        let n = if sts > 0 {
            sts - (cursor.col % sts)
        } else {
            ed.settings.tabstop.max(1)
        };
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
            at: cursor,
            text: " ".repeat(n),
        });
    } else {
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertChar {
            at: cursor,
            ch: '\t',
        });
    }
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    true
}

/// Delete the character before the cursor (vim Backspace / `^H`). With
/// `softtabstop` active, deletes the entire soft-tab run at an aligned
/// boundary. Joins with the previous line when at column 0. Returns
/// `true` when something was deleted, `false` at the very start of the
/// buffer.
pub(crate) fn insert_backspace_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    let sts = ed.settings.softtabstop;
    if sts > 0 && cursor.col >= sts && cursor.col.is_multiple_of(sts) {
        let line = buf_line(&ed.buffer, cursor.row).unwrap_or_default();
        let chars: Vec<char> = line.chars().collect();
        let run_start = cursor.col - sts;
        if (run_start..cursor.col).all(|i| chars.get(i).copied() == Some(' ')) {
            ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
                start: Position::new(cursor.row, run_start),
                end: cursor,
                kind: MotionKind::Char,
            });
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
            return true;
        }
    }
    let result = if cursor.col > 0 {
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
            start: Position::new(cursor.row, cursor.col - 1),
            end: cursor,
            kind: MotionKind::Char,
        });
        true
    } else if cursor.row > 0 {
        let prev_row = cursor.row - 1;
        let prev_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, prev_row);
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::JoinLines {
            row: prev_row,
            count: 1,
            with_space: false,
        });
        buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, prev_row, prev_chars);
        true
    } else {
        false
    };
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    result
}

/// Delete the character under the cursor (vim `Delete`). Joins with the
/// next line when at end-of-line. Returns `true` when something was deleted.
pub(crate) fn insert_delete_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, cursor.row);
    let result = if cursor.col < line_chars {
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
            start: cursor,
            end: Position::new(cursor.row, cursor.col + 1),
            kind: MotionKind::Char,
        });
        buf_set_cursor_pos(&mut ed.buffer, cursor);
        true
    } else if cursor.row + 1 < buf_row_count(&ed.buffer) {
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::JoinLines {
            row: cursor.row,
            count: 1,
            with_space: false,
        });
        buf_set_cursor_pos(&mut ed.buffer, cursor);
        true
    } else {
        false
    };
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    result
}

/// Direction for insert-mode arrow movement.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum InsertDir {
    Left,
    Right,
    Up,
    Down,
}

/// Move the cursor one step in `dir`, breaking the undo group per
/// `undo_break_on_motion`. Returns `false` (no mutation).
pub(crate) fn insert_arrow_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    dir: InsertDir,
) -> bool {
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    match dir {
        InsertDir::Left => {
            crate::motions::move_left(&mut ed.buffer, 1);
        }
        InsertDir::Right => {
            crate::motions::move_right_to_end(&mut ed.buffer, 1);
        }
        InsertDir::Up => {
            let folds = crate::buffer_impl::SnapshotFoldProvider::from_buffer(&ed.buffer);
            crate::motions::move_up(&mut ed.buffer, &folds, 1, &mut ed.sticky_col);
        }
        InsertDir::Down => {
            let folds = crate::buffer_impl::SnapshotFoldProvider::from_buffer(&ed.buffer);
            crate::motions::move_down(&mut ed.buffer, &folds, 1, &mut ed.sticky_col);
        }
    }
    break_undo_group_in_insert(ed);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    false
}

/// Move the cursor to the start of the current line, breaking the undo group.
/// Returns `false` (no mutation).
pub(crate) fn insert_home_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    crate::motions::move_line_start(&mut ed.buffer);
    break_undo_group_in_insert(ed);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    false
}

/// Move the cursor to the end of the current line, breaking the undo group.
/// Returns `false` (no mutation).
pub(crate) fn insert_end_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    crate::motions::move_line_end(&mut ed.buffer);
    break_undo_group_in_insert(ed);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    false
}

/// Scroll up one full viewport height, moving the cursor with it.
/// Breaks the undo group. Returns `false` (no mutation).
pub(crate) fn insert_pageup_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    viewport_h: u16,
) -> bool {
    let rows = viewport_h.saturating_sub(2).max(1) as isize;
    scroll_cursor_rows(ed, -rows);
    false
}

/// Scroll down one full viewport height, moving the cursor with it.
/// Breaks the undo group. Returns `false` (no mutation).
pub(crate) fn insert_pagedown_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    viewport_h: u16,
) -> bool {
    let rows = viewport_h.saturating_sub(2).max(1) as isize;
    scroll_cursor_rows(ed, rows);
    false
}

/// Delete from the cursor back to the start of the previous word (`Ctrl-W`).
/// At col 0, joins with the previous line (vim semantics). Returns `true`
/// when something was deleted.
pub(crate) fn insert_ctrl_w_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind};
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    if cursor.row == 0 && cursor.col == 0 {
        return true;
    }
    crate::motions::move_word_back(&mut ed.buffer, false, 1, &ed.settings.iskeyword);
    let word_start = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    if word_start == cursor {
        return true;
    }
    buf_set_cursor_pos(&mut ed.buffer, cursor);
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
        start: word_start,
        end: cursor,
        kind: MotionKind::Char,
    });
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    true
}

/// Delete from the cursor back to the start of the current line (`Ctrl-U`).
/// No-op when already at column 0. Returns `true` when something was deleted.
pub(crate) fn insert_ctrl_u_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    if cursor.col > 0 {
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
            start: Position::new(cursor.row, 0),
            end: cursor,
            kind: MotionKind::Char,
        });
        ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    }
    true
}

/// Delete one character backwards (`Ctrl-H`) — alias for Backspace in insert
/// mode. Joins with the previous line when at col 0. Returns `true` when
/// something was deleted.
pub(crate) fn insert_ctrl_h_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    if cursor.col > 0 {
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
            start: Position::new(cursor.row, cursor.col - 1),
            end: cursor,
            kind: MotionKind::Char,
        });
    } else if cursor.row > 0 {
        let prev_row = cursor.row - 1;
        let prev_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, prev_row);
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::JoinLines {
            row: prev_row,
            count: 1,
            with_space: false,
        });
        buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, prev_row, prev_chars);
    }
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    true
}

/// Indent the current line by one `shiftwidth` and shift the cursor right by
/// the same amount (`Ctrl-T`). Returns `true`.
pub(crate) fn insert_ctrl_t_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    let (row, col) = ed.cursor();
    let sw = ed.settings().shiftwidth;
    indent_rows(ed, row, row, 1);
    ed.jump_cursor(row, col + sw);
    true
}

/// Outdent the current line by up to one `shiftwidth` and shift the cursor
/// left by the amount stripped (`Ctrl-D`). Returns `true`.
pub(crate) fn insert_ctrl_d_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    let (row, col) = ed.cursor();
    let before_len = buf_line_bytes(&ed.buffer, row);
    outdent_rows(ed, row, row, 1);
    let after_len = buf_line_bytes(&ed.buffer, row);
    let stripped = before_len.saturating_sub(after_len);
    let new_col = col.saturating_sub(stripped);
    ed.jump_cursor(row, new_col);
    true
}

/// Enter "one-shot normal" mode (`Ctrl-O`): suspend insert for the next
/// complete normal-mode command, then return to insert. Returns `false`
/// (no buffer mutation — only mode state changes).
pub(crate) fn insert_ctrl_o_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    ed.vim.one_shot_normal = true;
    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
    // Phase 6.3: keep current_mode in sync for callers that bypass step().
    ed.vim.current_mode = crate::VimMode::Normal;
    false
}

/// Arm the register-paste selector (`Ctrl-R`): the next typed character
/// names the register whose text will be inserted inline. Returns `false`
/// (no buffer mutation yet — mutation happens when the register char arrives).
pub(crate) fn insert_ctrl_r_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    ed.vim.insert_pending_register = true;
    false
}

/// Paste the contents of `reg` at the cursor (the body of `Ctrl-R {reg}`).
/// Unknown or empty registers are a no-op. Returns `true` when text was
/// inserted.
pub(crate) fn insert_paste_register_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    reg: char,
) -> bool {
    insert_register_text(ed, reg);
    // insert_register_text already calls mark_content_dirty internally;
    // return true to signal that the session row window should be widened.
    true
}

/// Exit insert mode to Normal: finish the insert session, step the cursor one
/// cell left (vim convention), record the `gi` target, and update the sticky
/// column. Returns `true` (always consumed — even if no buffer mutation, the
/// mode change itself is a meaningful step).
pub(crate) fn leave_insert_to_normal_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> bool {
    finish_insert_session(ed);
    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
    // Phase 6.3: keep current_mode in sync for callers that bypass step().
    ed.vim.current_mode = crate::VimMode::Normal;
    let col = ed.cursor().1;
    ed.vim.last_insert_pos = Some(ed.cursor());
    if col > 0 {
        crate::motions::move_left(&mut ed.buffer, 1);
        ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    }
    ed.sticky_col = Some(ed.cursor().1);
    true
}

// ─── Phase 6.2: normal-mode primitive bridges ──────────────────────────────

/// Scroll direction for `scroll_full_page`, `scroll_half_page`, and
/// `scroll_line` controller methods.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ScrollDir {
    /// Move forward / downward (toward end of buffer).
    Down,
    /// Move backward / upward (toward start of buffer).
    Up,
}

// ── Insert-mode entry bridges ──────────────────────────────────────────────

/// `i` — begin Insert at the cursor. `count` is stored in the session for
/// insert-exit replay. Returns `true`.
pub(crate) fn enter_insert_i_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    begin_insert(ed, count.max(1), InsertReason::Enter(InsertEntry::I));
}

/// `I` — move to first non-blank then begin Insert. `count` stored for replay.
pub(crate) fn enter_insert_shift_i_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    move_first_non_whitespace(ed);
    begin_insert(ed, count.max(1), InsertReason::Enter(InsertEntry::ShiftI));
}

/// `a` — advance past the cursor char then begin Insert. `count` for replay.
pub(crate) fn enter_insert_a_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    crate::motions::move_right_to_end(&mut ed.buffer, 1);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    begin_insert(ed, count.max(1), InsertReason::Enter(InsertEntry::A));
}

/// `A` — move to end-of-line then begin Insert. `count` for replay.
pub(crate) fn enter_insert_shift_a_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    crate::motions::move_line_end(&mut ed.buffer);
    crate::motions::move_right_to_end(&mut ed.buffer, 1);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    begin_insert(ed, count.max(1), InsertReason::Enter(InsertEntry::ShiftA));
}

/// `o` — open a new line below the cursor and begin Insert.
pub(crate) fn open_line_below_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, Position};
    ed.push_undo();
    begin_insert_noundo(ed, count.max(1), InsertReason::Open { above: false });
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let row = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).row;
    let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, row);
    let prev_line = buf_line(&ed.buffer, row).unwrap_or_default();
    let indent = compute_enter_indent(&ed.settings, prev_line);
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
        at: Position::new(row, line_chars),
        text: format!("\n{indent}"),
    });
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
}

/// `O` — open a new line above the cursor and begin Insert.
pub(crate) fn open_line_above_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, Position};
    ed.push_undo();
    begin_insert_noundo(ed, count.max(1), InsertReason::Open { above: true });
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let row = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).row;
    let indent = if row > 0 {
        let above = buf_line(&ed.buffer, row - 1).unwrap_or_default();
        compute_enter_indent(&ed.settings, above)
    } else {
        let cur = buf_line(&ed.buffer, row).unwrap_or_default();
        cur.chars()
            .take_while(|c| *c == ' ' || *c == '\t')
            .collect::<String>()
    };
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
        at: Position::new(row, 0),
        text: format!("{indent}\n"),
    });
    let folds = crate::buffer_impl::SnapshotFoldProvider::from_buffer(&ed.buffer);
    crate::motions::move_up(&mut ed.buffer, &folds, 1, &mut ed.sticky_col);
    let new_row = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).row;
    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, new_row, indent.chars().count());
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
}

/// `R` — enter Replace mode (overstrike). `count` stored for replay.
pub(crate) fn enter_replace_mode_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    begin_insert(ed, count.max(1), InsertReason::Replace);
}

// ── Char / line ops ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// `x` — delete `count` chars forward from the cursor, writing to the unnamed
/// register. Records `LastChange::CharDel` for dot-repeat.
pub(crate) fn delete_char_forward_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    do_char_delete(ed, true, count.max(1));
    if !ed.vim.replaying {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::CharDel {
            forward: true,
            count: count.max(1),
        });
    }
}

/// `X` — delete `count` chars backward from the cursor, writing to the unnamed
/// register. Records `LastChange::CharDel` for dot-repeat.
pub(crate) fn delete_char_backward_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    do_char_delete(ed, false, count.max(1));
    if !ed.vim.replaying {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::CharDel {
            forward: false,
            count: count.max(1),
        });
    }
}

/// `s` — substitute `count` chars (delete then enter Insert). Equivalent to
/// `cl`. Records `LastChange::OpMotion` for dot-repeat.
pub(crate) fn substitute_char_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.push_undo();
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
        let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
        let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, cursor.row);
        if cursor.col >= line_chars {
            break;
        }
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
            start: cursor,
            end: Position::new(cursor.row, cursor.col + 1),
            kind: MotionKind::Char,
        });
    }
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    begin_insert_noundo(ed, 1, InsertReason::AfterChange);
    if !ed.vim.replaying {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::OpMotion {
            op: Operator::Change,
            motion: Motion::Right,
            count: count.max(1),
            inserted: None,
        });
    }
}

/// `S` — substitute the whole line (delete line contents then enter Insert).
/// Equivalent to `cc`. Records `LastChange::LineOp` for dot-repeat.
pub(crate) fn substitute_line_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    execute_line_op(ed, Operator::Change, count.max(1));
    if !ed.vim.replaying {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::LineOp {
            op: Operator::Change,
            count: count.max(1),
            inserted: None,
        });
    }
}

/// `D` — delete from the cursor to end-of-line, writing to the unnamed
/// register. Cursor parks on the new last char. Records for dot-repeat.
pub(crate) fn delete_to_eol_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    ed.push_undo();
    delete_to_eol(ed);
    crate::motions::move_left(&mut ed.buffer, 1);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    if !ed.vim.replaying {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::DeleteToEol { inserted: None });
    }
}

/// `C` — change from the cursor to end-of-line (delete then enter Insert).
/// Equivalent to `c$`. Shares the delete path with `D`.
pub(crate) fn change_to_eol_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    ed.push_undo();
    delete_to_eol(ed);
    begin_insert_noundo(ed, 1, InsertReason::DeleteToEol);
}

/// `Y` — yank from the cursor to end-of-line (same as `y$` in Vim 8 default).
pub(crate) fn yank_to_eol_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    apply_op_with_motion(ed, Operator::Yank, &Motion::LineEnd, count.max(1));
}

/// `J` — join `count` lines (default 2) onto the current one, inserting a
/// single space between each pair (vim semantics). Records for dot-repeat.
pub(crate) fn join_line_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
        ed.push_undo();
        join_line(ed);
    }
    if !ed.vim.replaying {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::JoinLine {
            count: count.max(1),
        });
    }
}

/// `~` — toggle the case of `count` chars from the cursor, advancing right.
/// Records `LastChange::ToggleCase` for dot-repeat.
pub(crate) fn toggle_case_at_cursor_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
        ed.push_undo();
        toggle_case_at_cursor(ed);
    }
    if !ed.vim.replaying {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::ToggleCase {
            count: count.max(1),
        });
    }
}

/// `p` — paste the unnamed register (or `"reg` register) after the cursor.
/// Linewise yanks open a new line below; charwise pastes inline.
/// Records `LastChange::Paste` for dot-repeat.
pub(crate) fn paste_after_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    do_paste(ed, false, count.max(1));
    if !ed.vim.replaying {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::Paste {
            before: false,
            count: count.max(1),
        });
    }
}

/// `P` — paste the unnamed register (or `"reg` register) before the cursor.
/// Linewise yanks open a new line above; charwise pastes inline.
/// Records `LastChange::Paste` for dot-repeat.
pub(crate) fn paste_before_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    do_paste(ed, true, count.max(1));
    if !ed.vim.replaying {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::Paste {
            before: true,
            count: count.max(1),
        });
    }
}

// ── Jump bridges ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// `<C-o>` — jump back `count` entries in the jumplist, saving the current
/// position on the forward stack so `<C-i>` can return.
pub(crate) fn jump_back_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
        jump_back(ed);
    }
}

/// `<C-i>` / `Tab` — redo `count` jumps on the forward stack, saving the
/// current position on the backward stack.
pub(crate) fn jump_forward_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) {
    for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
        jump_forward(ed);
    }
}

// ── Scroll bridges ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// `<C-f>` / `<C-b>` — scroll the cursor by one full viewport height
/// (`h - 2` rows to preserve two-line overlap). `count` multiplies.
pub(crate) fn scroll_full_page_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    dir: ScrollDir,
    count: usize,
) {
    let rows = viewport_full_rows(ed, count) as isize;
    match dir {
        ScrollDir::Down => scroll_cursor_rows(ed, rows),
        ScrollDir::Up => scroll_cursor_rows(ed, -rows),
    }
}

/// `<C-d>` / `<C-u>` — scroll the cursor by half the viewport height.
/// `count` multiplies.
pub(crate) fn scroll_half_page_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    dir: ScrollDir,
    count: usize,
) {
    let rows = viewport_half_rows(ed, count) as isize;
    match dir {
        ScrollDir::Down => scroll_cursor_rows(ed, rows),
        ScrollDir::Up => scroll_cursor_rows(ed, -rows),
    }
}

/// `<C-e>` / `<C-y>` — scroll the viewport `count` lines without moving the
/// cursor (cursor is clamped to the new visible region if it would go
/// off-screen). `<C-e>` scrolls down; `<C-y>` scrolls up.
pub(crate) fn scroll_line_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    dir: ScrollDir,
    count: usize,
) {
    let n = count.max(1);
    let total = buf_row_count(&ed.buffer);
    let last = total.saturating_sub(1);
    let h = ed.viewport_height_value() as usize;
    let vp = ed.host().viewport();
    let cur_top = vp.top_row;
    let new_top = match dir {
        ScrollDir::Down => (cur_top + n).min(last),
        ScrollDir::Up => cur_top.saturating_sub(n),
    };
    ed.set_viewport_top(new_top);
    // Clamp cursor to stay within the new visible region.
    let (row, col) = ed.cursor();
    let bot = (new_top + h).saturating_sub(1).min(last);
    let clamped = row.max(new_top).min(bot);
    if clamped != row {
        buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, clamped, col);
        ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    }
}

// ── Search bridges ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// `n` / `N` — repeat the last search `count` times. `forward = true` means
/// repeat in the original search direction; `false` inverts it (like `N`).
pub(crate) fn search_repeat_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    forward: bool,
    count: usize,
) {
    if let Some(pattern) = ed.vim.last_search.clone() {
        ed.push_search_pattern(&pattern);
    }
    if ed.search_state().pattern.is_none() {
        return;
    }
    let go_forward = ed.vim.last_search_forward == forward;
    for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
        if go_forward {
            ed.search_advance_forward(true);
        } else {
            ed.search_advance_backward(true);
        }
    }
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
}

/// `*` / `#` / `g*` / `g#` — search for the word under the cursor.
/// `forward` picks search direction; `whole_word` wraps in `\b...\b`.
/// `count` repeats the advance.
pub(crate) fn word_search_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    forward: bool,
    whole_word: bool,
    count: usize,
) {
    word_at_cursor_search(ed, forward, whole_word, count.max(1));
}

// ── Undo / redo confirmation wrappers (already public on Editor) ───────────

/// `u` bridge — identical to `do_undo`; retained for Phase 6.6b audit.
/// The FSM now calls `ed.undo()` directly (Phase 6.6a).
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[inline]
pub(crate) fn do_undo_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    do_undo(ed);
}

// ─── Phase 6.3: visual-mode primitive bridges ──────────────────────────────
//
// Each `pub(crate)` free function is the extractable body of one visual-mode
// transition. These bridges set `vim.mode` directly AND write `current_mode`
// so that `Editor::vim_mode()` can read from the stable field without going
// through `public_mode()`.
//
// Pattern identical to Phase 6.1 / 6.2:
//   - Bridge fn is `pub(crate) fn *_bridge<H: Host>(ed, …)` in this file.
//   - Public wrapper is `pub fn *(&mut self, …)` in `editor.rs` with rustdoc.

/// Helper — set both the FSM-internal `mode` and the stable `current_mode`
/// field in one call. Every Phase 6.3 bridge that changes mode calls this so
/// `vim_mode()` stays correct without going through the FSM's `step()` loop.
#[inline]
pub(crate) fn set_vim_mode_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    mode: Mode,
) {
    ed.vim.mode = mode;
    ed.vim.current_mode = ed.vim.public_mode();
}

/// `v` from Normal — enter charwise Visual mode. Anchors at the current
/// cursor position; the cursor IS the live end of the selection.
pub(crate) fn enter_visual_char_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) {
    let cur = ed.cursor();
    ed.vim.visual_anchor = cur;
    set_vim_mode_bridge(ed, Mode::Visual);
}

/// `V` from Normal — enter linewise Visual mode. Anchors the whole line
/// containing the current cursor; `o` still swaps the anchor row.
pub(crate) fn enter_visual_line_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) {
    let (row, _) = ed.cursor();
    ed.vim.visual_line_anchor = row;
    set_vim_mode_bridge(ed, Mode::VisualLine);
}

/// `<C-v>` from Normal — enter Visual-block mode. Anchors at the current
/// cursor; `block_vcol` is seeded from the cursor column so h/l navigation
/// preserves the desired virtual column.
pub(crate) fn enter_visual_block_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) {
    let cur = ed.cursor();
    ed.vim.block_anchor = cur;
    ed.vim.block_vcol = cur.1;
    set_vim_mode_bridge(ed, Mode::VisualBlock);
}

/// Esc from any visual mode — set `<` / `>` marks (per `:h v_:`), stash the
/// selection for `gv` re-entry, and return to Normal. Replicates the
/// `pre_visual_snapshot` logic in `step()` so callers outside the FSM get
/// identical behaviour.
pub(crate) fn exit_visual_to_normal_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) {
    // Build the same snapshot that `step()` captures at pre-step time.
    let snap: Option<LastVisual> = match ed.vim.mode {
        Mode::Visual => Some(LastVisual {
            mode: Mode::Visual,
            anchor: ed.vim.visual_anchor,
            cursor: ed.cursor(),
            block_vcol: 0,
        }),
        Mode::VisualLine => Some(LastVisual {
            mode: Mode::VisualLine,
            anchor: (ed.vim.visual_line_anchor, 0),
            cursor: ed.cursor(),
            block_vcol: 0,
        }),
        Mode::VisualBlock => Some(LastVisual {
            mode: Mode::VisualBlock,
            anchor: ed.vim.block_anchor,
            cursor: ed.cursor(),
            block_vcol: ed.vim.block_vcol,
        }),
        _ => None,
    };
    // Transition to Normal first (matches FSM order).
    ed.vim.pending = Pending::None;
    ed.vim.count = 0;
    ed.vim.insert_session = None;
    set_vim_mode_bridge(ed, Mode::Normal);
    // Set `<` / `>` marks and stash `last_visual` — mirrors the post-step
    // logic in `step()` that fires when a visual → non-visual transition
    // is detected.
    if let Some(snap) = snap {
        let (lo, hi) = match snap.mode {
            Mode::Visual => {
                if snap.anchor <= snap.cursor {
                    (snap.anchor, snap.cursor)
                } else {
                    (snap.cursor, snap.anchor)
                }
            }
            Mode::VisualLine => {
                let r_lo = snap.anchor.0.min(snap.cursor.0);
                let r_hi = snap.anchor.0.max(snap.cursor.0);
                let last_col = ed
                    .buffer()
                    .lines()
                    .get(r_hi)
                    .map(|l| l.chars().count().saturating_sub(1))
                    .unwrap_or(0);
                ((r_lo, 0), (r_hi, last_col))
            }
            Mode::VisualBlock => {
                let (r1, c1) = snap.anchor;
                let (r2, c2) = snap.cursor;
                ((r1.min(r2), c1.min(c2)), (r1.max(r2), c1.max(c2)))
            }
            _ => {
                if snap.anchor <= snap.cursor {
                    (snap.anchor, snap.cursor)
                } else {
                    (snap.cursor, snap.anchor)
                }
            }
        };
        ed.set_mark('<', lo);
        ed.set_mark('>', hi);
        ed.vim.last_visual = Some(snap);
    }
}

/// `o` in Visual / VisualLine / VisualBlock — swap the cursor and anchor
/// without mutating the selection range. In charwise mode the cursor jumps
/// to the old anchor and the anchor takes the old cursor. In linewise mode
/// the anchor *row* swaps with the current cursor row. In block mode the
/// block corners swap.
pub(crate) fn visual_o_toggle_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) {
    match ed.vim.mode {
        Mode::Visual => {
            let cur = ed.cursor();
            let anchor = ed.vim.visual_anchor;
            ed.vim.visual_anchor = cur;
            ed.jump_cursor(anchor.0, anchor.1);
        }
        Mode::VisualLine => {
            let cur_row = ed.cursor().0;
            let anchor_row = ed.vim.visual_line_anchor;
            ed.vim.visual_line_anchor = cur_row;
            ed.jump_cursor(anchor_row, 0);
        }
        Mode::VisualBlock => {
            let cur = ed.cursor();
            let anchor = ed.vim.block_anchor;
            ed.vim.block_anchor = cur;
            ed.vim.block_vcol = anchor.1;
            ed.jump_cursor(anchor.0, anchor.1);
        }
        _ => {}
    }
}

/// `gv` — restore the last visual selection (mode + anchor + cursor).
/// No-op if no selection was ever stored. Mirrors the `gv` arm in
/// `handle_normal_g`.
pub(crate) fn reenter_last_visual_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) {
    if let Some(snap) = ed.vim.last_visual {
        match snap.mode {
            Mode::Visual => {
                ed.vim.visual_anchor = snap.anchor;
                set_vim_mode_bridge(ed, Mode::Visual);
            }
            Mode::VisualLine => {
                ed.vim.visual_line_anchor = snap.anchor.0;
                set_vim_mode_bridge(ed, Mode::VisualLine);
            }
            Mode::VisualBlock => {
                ed.vim.block_anchor = snap.anchor;
                ed.vim.block_vcol = snap.block_vcol;
                set_vim_mode_bridge(ed, Mode::VisualBlock);
            }
            _ => {}
        }
        ed.jump_cursor(snap.cursor.0, snap.cursor.1);
    }
}

/// Direct mode-transition entry point for external controllers (e.g.
/// hjkl-vim). Sets both the FSM-internal `mode` and the stable
/// `current_mode`. Use sparingly — prefer the semantic primitives
/// (`enter_visual_char_bridge`, `enter_insert_i_bridge`, …) which also
/// set up the required bookkeeping (anchors, sessions, …).
pub(crate) fn set_mode_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    mode: crate::VimMode,
) {
    let internal = match mode {
        crate::VimMode::Normal => Mode::Normal,
        crate::VimMode::Insert => Mode::Insert,
        crate::VimMode::Visual => Mode::Visual,
        crate::VimMode::VisualLine => Mode::VisualLine,
        crate::VimMode::VisualBlock => Mode::VisualBlock,
    };
    ed.vim.mode = internal;
    ed.vim.current_mode = mode;
}

// ─── Normal / Visual / Operator-pending dispatcher removed in Phase 6.6g.3 ──
//
// `step_normal` and all private dispatch helpers (handle_after_op,
// handle_after_g, handle_after_z, handle_normal_only, etc.) were deleted.
// The canonical FSM body lives in `hjkl-vim::normal`. Use
// `hjkl_vim::dispatch_input` as the entry point.
//
// DELETED FUNCTION SIGNATURE (for archaeology):
// pub(crate) fn step_normal<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: ..., input: Input) -> bool {

/// `m{ch}` — public controller entry point. Validates `ch` (must be
/// alphanumeric to match vim's mark-name rules) and records the current
/// cursor position under that name. Promoted to the public surface in 0.6.7
/// so the hjkl-vim `PendingState::SetMark` reducer can dispatch
/// `EngineCmd::SetMark` without re-entering the engine FSM.
/// `handle_set_mark` delegates here to avoid logic duplication.
pub(crate) fn set_mark_at_cursor<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    ch: char,
) {
    if ch.is_ascii_lowercase() || ch.is_ascii_uppercase() {
        // 0.0.36: lowercase + uppercase marks share the unified
        // `Editor::marks` map. Uppercase entries survive
        // `set_content` so they persist across tab swaps within the
        // same Editor (the map lives on the Editor, not the buffer).
        let pos = ed.cursor();
        ed.set_mark(ch, pos);
    }
    // Invalid chars silently no-op (mirrors handle_set_mark behaviour).
}

/// `'<ch>` / `` `<ch> `` — public controller entry point. Validates `ch`
/// against the set of legal mark names (lowercase, uppercase, special:
/// `'`/`` ` ``/`.`/`[`/`]`/`<`/`>`), resolves the target position, and
/// jumps the cursor. `linewise = true` → row only, col snaps to first
/// non-blank; `linewise = false` → exact (row, col). Called by
/// `Editor::goto_mark_line` / `Editor::goto_mark_char` so that hjkl-vim's
/// `PendingState::GotoMarkLine` / `GotoMarkChar` reducers can dispatch
/// without re-entering the engine FSM.
pub(crate) fn goto_mark<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    ch: char,
    linewise: bool,
) {
    let target = match ch {
        'a'..='z' | 'A'..='Z' => ed.mark(ch),
        '\'' | '`' => ed.vim.jump_back.last().copied(),
        '.' => ed.vim.last_edit_pos,
        '[' | ']' | '<' | '>' => ed.mark(ch),
        _ => None,
    };
    let Some((row, col)) = target else {
        return;
    };
    let pre = ed.cursor();
    let (r, c_clamped) = clamp_pos(ed, (row, col));
    if linewise {
        buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, r, 0);
        ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        move_first_non_whitespace(ed);
    } else {
        buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, r, c_clamped);
        ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    }
    if ed.cursor() != pre {
        ed.push_jump(pre);
    }
    ed.sticky_col = Some(ed.cursor().1);
}

/// `true` when `op` records a `last_change` entry for dot-repeat purposes.
/// Promoted to `pub` in Phase 6.6e so `hjkl-vim::normal` can use it without
/// duplicating the logic.
pub fn op_is_change(op: Operator) -> bool {
    matches!(op, Operator::Delete | Operator::Change)
}

// ─── Jumplist (Ctrl-o / Ctrl-i) ────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Max jumplist depth. Matches vim default.
pub(crate) const JUMPLIST_MAX: usize = 100;

/// `Ctrl-o` — jump back to the most recent pre-jump position. Saves
/// the current cursor onto the forward stack so `Ctrl-i` can return.
fn jump_back<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    let Some(target) = ed.vim.jump_back.pop() else {
        return;
    };
    let cur = ed.cursor();
    ed.vim.jump_fwd.push(cur);
    let (r, c) = clamp_pos(ed, target);
    ed.jump_cursor(r, c);
    ed.sticky_col = Some(c);
}

/// `Ctrl-i` / `Tab` — redo the last `Ctrl-o`. Saves the current cursor
/// onto the back stack.
fn jump_forward<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    let Some(target) = ed.vim.jump_fwd.pop() else {
        return;
    };
    let cur = ed.cursor();
    ed.vim.jump_back.push(cur);
    if ed.vim.jump_back.len() > JUMPLIST_MAX {
        ed.vim.jump_back.remove(0);
    }
    let (r, c) = clamp_pos(ed, target);
    ed.jump_cursor(r, c);
    ed.sticky_col = Some(c);
}

/// Clamp a stored `(row, col)` to the live buffer in case edits
/// shrunk the document between push and pop.
fn clamp_pos<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    pos: (usize, usize),
) -> (usize, usize) {
    let last_row = buf_row_count(&ed.buffer).saturating_sub(1);
    let r = pos.0.min(last_row);
    let line_len = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, r);
    let c = pos.1.min(line_len.saturating_sub(1));
    (r, c)
}

/// True for motions that vim treats as jumps (pushed onto the jumplist).
fn is_big_jump(motion: &Motion) -> bool {
    matches!(
        motion,
        Motion::FileTop
            | Motion::FileBottom
            | Motion::MatchBracket
            | Motion::WordAtCursor { .. }
            | Motion::SearchNext { .. }
            | Motion::ViewportTop
            | Motion::ViewportMiddle
            | Motion::ViewportBottom
    )
}

// ─── Scroll helpers (Ctrl-d / Ctrl-u / Ctrl-f / Ctrl-b) ────────────────────

/// Half-viewport row count, with a floor of 1 so tiny / un-rendered
/// viewports still step by a single row. `count` multiplies.
fn viewport_half_rows<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) -> usize {
    let h = ed.viewport_height_value() as usize;
    (h / 2).max(1).saturating_mul(count.max(1))
}

/// Full-viewport row count. Vim conventionally keeps 2 lines of overlap
/// between successive `Ctrl-f` pages; we approximate with `h - 2`.
fn viewport_full_rows<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
) -> usize {
    let h = ed.viewport_height_value() as usize;
    h.saturating_sub(2).max(1).saturating_mul(count.max(1))
}

/// Move the cursor by `delta` rows (positive = down, negative = up),
/// clamp to the document, then land at the first non-blank on the new
/// row. The textarea viewport auto-scrolls to keep the cursor visible
/// when the cursor pushes off-screen.
fn scroll_cursor_rows<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    delta: isize,
) {
    if delta == 0 {
        return;
    }
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let (row, _) = ed.cursor();
    let last_row = buf_row_count(&ed.buffer).saturating_sub(1);
    let target = (row as isize + delta).max(0).min(last_row as isize) as usize;
    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, target, 0);
    crate::motions::move_first_non_blank(&mut ed.buffer);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    ed.sticky_col = Some(buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).col);
}

// ─── Motion parsing ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Parse the first key of a normal/visual-mode motion. Returns `None` for
/// keys that don't start a motion (operator keys, command keys, etc.).
/// Promoted to `pub` in Phase 6.6e so `hjkl-vim::normal` can call it.
pub fn parse_motion(input: &Input) -> Option<Motion> {
    if input.ctrl {
        return None;
    }
    match input.key {
        Key::Char('h') | Key::Backspace | Key::Left => Some(Motion::Left),
        Key::Char('l') | Key::Right => Some(Motion::Right),
        Key::Char('j') | Key::Down | Key::Enter => Some(Motion::Down),
        Key::Char('k') | Key::Up => Some(Motion::Up),
        Key::Char('w') => Some(Motion::WordFwd),
        Key::Char('W') => Some(Motion::BigWordFwd),
        Key::Char('b') => Some(Motion::WordBack),
        Key::Char('B') => Some(Motion::BigWordBack),
        Key::Char('e') => Some(Motion::WordEnd),
        Key::Char('E') => Some(Motion::BigWordEnd),
        Key::Char('0') | Key::Home => Some(Motion::LineStart),
        Key::Char('^') => Some(Motion::FirstNonBlank),
        Key::Char('$') | Key::End => Some(Motion::LineEnd),
        Key::Char('G') => Some(Motion::FileBottom),
        Key::Char('%') => Some(Motion::MatchBracket),
        Key::Char(';') => Some(Motion::FindRepeat { reverse: false }),
        Key::Char(',') => Some(Motion::FindRepeat { reverse: true }),
        Key::Char('*') => Some(Motion::WordAtCursor {
            forward: true,
            whole_word: true,
        }),
        Key::Char('#') => Some(Motion::WordAtCursor {
            forward: false,
            whole_word: true,
        }),
        Key::Char('n') => Some(Motion::SearchNext { reverse: false }),
        Key::Char('N') => Some(Motion::SearchNext { reverse: true }),
        Key::Char('H') => Some(Motion::ViewportTop),
        Key::Char('M') => Some(Motion::ViewportMiddle),
        Key::Char('L') => Some(Motion::ViewportBottom),
        Key::Char('{') => Some(Motion::ParagraphPrev),
        Key::Char('}') => Some(Motion::ParagraphNext),
        Key::Char('(') => Some(Motion::SentencePrev),
        Key::Char(')') => Some(Motion::SentenceNext),
        _ => None,
    }
}

// ─── Motion execution ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────

pub(crate) fn execute_motion<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    motion: Motion,
    count: usize,
) {
    let count = count.max(1);
    // FindRepeat needs the stored direction.
    let motion = match motion {
        Motion::FindRepeat { reverse } => match ed.vim.last_find {
            Some((ch, forward, till)) => Motion::Find {
                ch,
                forward: if reverse { !forward } else { forward },
                till,
            },
            None => return,
        },
        other => other,
    };
    let pre_pos = ed.cursor();
    let pre_col = pre_pos.1;
    apply_motion_cursor(ed, &motion, count);
    let post_pos = ed.cursor();
    if is_big_jump(&motion) && pre_pos != post_pos {
        ed.push_jump(pre_pos);
    }
    apply_sticky_col(ed, &motion, pre_col);
    // Phase 7b: keep the migration buffer's cursor + viewport in
    // lockstep with the textarea after every motion. Once 7c lands
    // (motions ported onto the buffer's API), this flips: the
    // buffer becomes authoritative and the textarea mirrors it.
    ed.sync_buffer_from_textarea();
}

// ─── Keymap-layer motion controller ────────────────────────────────────────

/// Wrapper around `execute_motion` that also syncs `block_vcol` when in
/// VisualBlock mode. The engine FSM's `step()` already does this (line ~2001);
/// the keymap path (`apply_motion_kind`) must do the same so VisualBlock h/l
/// extend the highlighted region correctly.
///
/// `update_block_vcol` is only a no-op for vertical / non-horizontal motions
/// (Up, Down, FileTop, FileBottom, Search), so passing every motion through is
/// safe — the function's own match arm handles the no-op case.
fn execute_motion_with_block_vcol<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    motion: Motion,
    count: usize,
) {
    let motion_copy = motion.clone();
    execute_motion(ed, motion, count);
    if ed.vim.mode == Mode::VisualBlock {
        update_block_vcol(ed, &motion_copy);
    }
}

/// Execute a `crate::MotionKind` cursor motion. Called by the host's
/// `Editor::apply_motion` controller method — the keymap dispatch path for
/// Phase 3a of kryptic-sh/hjkl#69.
///
/// Maps each variant to the same internal primitives used by the engine FSM
/// so cursor, sticky column, scroll, and sync semantics are identical.
///
/// # Visual-mode post-motion sync audit (2026-05-13)
///
/// After `execute_motion`, two things are conditional on visual mode:
///
/// 1. **VisualBlock `block_vcol` sync** — `update_block_vcol(ed, &motion)` is
///    called when `mode == Mode::VisualBlock`.  This is replicated here via
///    `execute_motion_with_block_vcol` for every motion variant below.
///
/// 2. **`last_find` update** — `Motion::Find` is dispatched through
///    `Pending::Find → apply_find_char` (in hjkl-vim), which writes `last_find`
///    itself.  A post-motion `last_find` write here would be dead code.  The keymap
///    path writes `last_find` in `apply_find_char` (called from
///    `Editor::find_char`), so no gap exists here.
///
/// No VisualLine-specific or Visual-specific post-motion work exists in the
/// FSM: anchors (`visual_anchor`, `visual_line_anchor`, `block_anchor`) are
/// only written on mode-entry or `o`-swap, never on motion.  The `<`/`>`
/// mark update in `step()` fires only on visual→normal transition, not after
/// each motion.  There are **no further sync gaps** beyond the `block_vcol`
/// fix already applied above.
pub(crate) fn apply_motion_kind<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    kind: crate::MotionKind,
    count: usize,
) {
    let count = count.max(1);
    match kind {
        crate::MotionKind::CharLeft => {
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::Left, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::CharRight => {
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::Right, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::LineDown => {
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::Down, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::LineUp => {
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::Up, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::FirstNonBlankDown => {
            // `+`: move down `count` lines then land on first non-blank.
            // Not a big-jump (no jump-list entry), sticky col set to the
            // landed column (first non-blank). Mirrors scroll_cursor_rows
            // semantics but goes through the fold-aware buffer motion path.
            let folds = crate::buffer_impl::SnapshotFoldProvider::from_buffer(&ed.buffer);
            crate::motions::move_down(&mut ed.buffer, &folds, count, &mut ed.sticky_col);
            crate::motions::move_first_non_blank(&mut ed.buffer);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
            ed.sticky_col = Some(buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).col);
            ed.sync_buffer_from_textarea();
        }
        crate::MotionKind::FirstNonBlankUp => {
            // `-`: move up `count` lines then land on first non-blank.
            // Same pattern as FirstNonBlankDown, direction reversed.
            let folds = crate::buffer_impl::SnapshotFoldProvider::from_buffer(&ed.buffer);
            crate::motions::move_up(&mut ed.buffer, &folds, count, &mut ed.sticky_col);
            crate::motions::move_first_non_blank(&mut ed.buffer);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
            ed.sticky_col = Some(buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).col);
            ed.sync_buffer_from_textarea();
        }
        crate::MotionKind::WordForward => {
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::WordFwd, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::BigWordForward => {
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::BigWordFwd, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::WordBackward => {
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::WordBack, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::BigWordBackward => {
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::BigWordBack, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::WordEnd => {
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::WordEnd, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::BigWordEnd => {
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::BigWordEnd, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::LineStart => {
            // `0` / `<Home>`: first column of the current line.
            // count is ignored — matches vim `0` semantics.
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::LineStart, 1);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::FirstNonBlank => {
            // `^`: first non-blank column on the current line.
            // count is ignored — matches vim `^` semantics.
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::FirstNonBlank, 1);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::GotoLine => {
            // `G`: bare `G` → last line; `count G` → jump to line `count`.
            // apply_motion_kind normalises the raw count to count.max(1)
            // above, so count == 1 means "bare G" (last line) and count > 1
            // means "go to line N". execute_motion's FileBottom arm applies
            // the same `count > 1` check before calling move_bottom, so the
            // convention aligns: pass count straight through.
            // FileBottom is vertical — update_block_vcol is a no-op here
            // (preserves vcol), so the helper is safe to use.
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::FileBottom, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::LineEnd => {
            // `$` / `<End>`: last character on the current line.
            // count is ignored at the keymap-path level (vim `N$` moves
            // down N-1 lines then lands at line-end; not yet wired).
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::LineEnd, 1);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::FindRepeat => {
            // `;` — repeat last f/F/t/T in the same direction.
            // execute_motion resolves FindRepeat via ed.vim.last_find;
            // no-op if no prior find exists (None arm returns early).
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::FindRepeat { reverse: false }, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::FindRepeatReverse => {
            // `,` — repeat last f/F/t/T in the reverse direction.
            // execute_motion resolves FindRepeat via ed.vim.last_find;
            // no-op if no prior find exists (None arm returns early).
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::FindRepeat { reverse: true }, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::BracketMatch => {
            // `%` — jump to the matching bracket.
            // count is passed through; engine-side matching_bracket handles
            // the no-match case as a no-op (cursor stays). Engine FSM arm
            // for `%` in parse_motion is kept intact for macro-replay.
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::MatchBracket, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::ViewportTop => {
            // `H` — cursor to top of visible viewport, then count-1 rows down.
            // Engine FSM arm for `H` in parse_motion is kept intact for macro-replay.
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::ViewportTop, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::ViewportMiddle => {
            // `M` — cursor to middle of visible viewport; count ignored.
            // Engine FSM arm for `M` in parse_motion is kept intact for macro-replay.
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::ViewportMiddle, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::ViewportBottom => {
            // `L` — cursor to bottom of visible viewport, then count-1 rows up.
            // Engine FSM arm for `L` in parse_motion is kept intact for macro-replay.
            execute_motion_with_block_vcol(ed, Motion::ViewportBottom, count);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::HalfPageDown => {
            // `<C-d>` — half page down, count multiplies the distance.
            // Calls scroll_cursor_rows directly rather than adding a Motion enum
            // variant, keeping engine Motion churn minimal.
            scroll_cursor_rows(ed, viewport_half_rows(ed, count) as isize);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::HalfPageUp => {
            // `<C-u>` — half page up, count multiplies the distance.
            // Direct call mirrors the FSM Ctrl-u arm. No new Motion variant.
            scroll_cursor_rows(ed, -(viewport_half_rows(ed, count) as isize));
        }
        crate::MotionKind::FullPageDown => {
            // `<C-f>` — full page down (2-line overlap), count multiplies.
            // Direct call mirrors the FSM Ctrl-f arm. No new Motion variant.
            scroll_cursor_rows(ed, viewport_full_rows(ed, count) as isize);
        }
        crate::MotionKind::FullPageUp => {
            // `<C-b>` — full page up (2-line overlap), count multiplies.
            // Direct call mirrors the FSM Ctrl-b arm. No new Motion variant.
            scroll_cursor_rows(ed, -(viewport_full_rows(ed, count) as isize));
        }
    }
}

/// Restore the cursor to the sticky column after vertical motions and
/// sync the sticky column to the current column after horizontal ones.
/// `pre_col` is the cursor column captured *before* the motion — used
/// to bootstrap the sticky value on the very first motion.
fn apply_sticky_col<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    motion: &Motion,
    pre_col: usize,
) {
    if is_vertical_motion(motion) {
        let want = ed.sticky_col.unwrap_or(pre_col);
        // Record the desired column so the next vertical motion sees
        // it even if we currently clamped to a shorter row.
        ed.sticky_col = Some(want);
        let (row, _) = ed.cursor();
        let line_len = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, row);
        // Clamp to the last char on non-empty lines (vim normal-mode
        // never parks the cursor one past end of line). Empty lines
        // collapse to col 0.
        let max_col = line_len.saturating_sub(1);
        let target = want.min(max_col);
        ed.jump_cursor(row, target);
    } else {
        // Horizontal motion or non-motion: sticky column tracks the
        // new cursor column so the *next* vertical motion aims there.
        ed.sticky_col = Some(ed.cursor().1);
    }
}

fn is_vertical_motion(motion: &Motion) -> bool {
    // Only j / k preserve the sticky column. Everything else (search,
    // gg / G, word jumps, etc.) lands at the match's own column so the
    // sticky value should sync to the new cursor column.
    matches!(
        motion,
        Motion::Up | Motion::Down | Motion::ScreenUp | Motion::ScreenDown
    )
}

fn apply_motion_cursor<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    motion: &Motion,
    count: usize,
) {
    apply_motion_cursor_ctx(ed, motion, count, false)
}

fn apply_motion_cursor_ctx<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    motion: &Motion,
    count: usize,
    as_operator: bool,
) {
    match motion {
        Motion::Left => {
            // `h` — Buffer clamps at col 0 (no wrap), matching vim.
            crate::motions::move_left(&mut ed.buffer, count);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::Right => {
            // `l` — operator-motion context (`dl`/`cl`/`yl`) is allowed
            // one past the last char so the range includes it; cursor
            // context clamps at the last char.
            if as_operator {
                crate::motions::move_right_to_end(&mut ed.buffer, count);
            } else {
                crate::motions::move_right_in_line(&mut ed.buffer, count);
            }
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::Up => {
            // Final col is set by `apply_sticky_col` below — push the
            // post-move row to the textarea and let sticky tracking
            // finish the work.
            let folds = crate::buffer_impl::SnapshotFoldProvider::from_buffer(&ed.buffer);
            crate::motions::move_up(&mut ed.buffer, &folds, count, &mut ed.sticky_col);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::Down => {
            let folds = crate::buffer_impl::SnapshotFoldProvider::from_buffer(&ed.buffer);
            crate::motions::move_down(&mut ed.buffer, &folds, count, &mut ed.sticky_col);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::ScreenUp => {
            let v = *ed.host.viewport();
            let folds = crate::buffer_impl::SnapshotFoldProvider::from_buffer(&ed.buffer);
            crate::motions::move_screen_up(&mut ed.buffer, &folds, &v, count, &mut ed.sticky_col);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::ScreenDown => {
            let v = *ed.host.viewport();
            let folds = crate::buffer_impl::SnapshotFoldProvider::from_buffer(&ed.buffer);
            crate::motions::move_screen_down(&mut ed.buffer, &folds, &v, count, &mut ed.sticky_col);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::WordFwd => {
            crate::motions::move_word_fwd(&mut ed.buffer, false, count, &ed.settings.iskeyword);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::WordBack => {
            crate::motions::move_word_back(&mut ed.buffer, false, count, &ed.settings.iskeyword);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::WordEnd => {
            crate::motions::move_word_end(&mut ed.buffer, false, count, &ed.settings.iskeyword);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::BigWordFwd => {
            crate::motions::move_word_fwd(&mut ed.buffer, true, count, &ed.settings.iskeyword);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::BigWordBack => {
            crate::motions::move_word_back(&mut ed.buffer, true, count, &ed.settings.iskeyword);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::BigWordEnd => {
            crate::motions::move_word_end(&mut ed.buffer, true, count, &ed.settings.iskeyword);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::WordEndBack => {
            crate::motions::move_word_end_back(
                &mut ed.buffer,
                false,
                count,
                &ed.settings.iskeyword,
            );
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::BigWordEndBack => {
            crate::motions::move_word_end_back(&mut ed.buffer, true, count, &ed.settings.iskeyword);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::LineStart => {
            crate::motions::move_line_start(&mut ed.buffer);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::FirstNonBlank => {
            crate::motions::move_first_non_blank(&mut ed.buffer);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::LineEnd => {
            // Vim normal-mode `$` lands on the last char, not one past it.
            crate::motions::move_line_end(&mut ed.buffer);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::FileTop => {
            // `count gg` jumps to line `count` (first non-blank);
            // bare `gg` lands at the top.
            if count > 1 {
                crate::motions::move_bottom(&mut ed.buffer, count);
            } else {
                crate::motions::move_top(&mut ed.buffer);
            }
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::FileBottom => {
            // `count G` jumps to line `count`; bare `G` lands at
            // the buffer bottom (`Buffer::move_bottom(0)`).
            if count > 1 {
                crate::motions::move_bottom(&mut ed.buffer, count);
            } else {
                crate::motions::move_bottom(&mut ed.buffer, 0);
            }
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::Find { ch, forward, till } => {
            for _ in 0..count {
                if !find_char_on_line(ed, *ch, *forward, *till) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        Motion::FindRepeat { .. } => {} // already resolved upstream
        Motion::MatchBracket => {
            let _ = matching_bracket(ed);
        }
        Motion::WordAtCursor {
            forward,
            whole_word,
        } => {
            word_at_cursor_search(ed, *forward, *whole_word, count);
        }
        Motion::SearchNext { reverse } => {
            // Re-push the last query so the buffer's search state is
            // correct even if the host happened to clear it (e.g. while
            // a Visual mode draw was in progress).
            if let Some(pattern) = ed.vim.last_search.clone() {
                ed.push_search_pattern(&pattern);
            }
            if ed.search_state().pattern.is_none() {
                return;
            }
            // `n` repeats the last search in its committed direction;
            // `N` inverts. So a `?` search makes `n` walk backward and
            // `N` walk forward.
            let forward = ed.vim.last_search_forward != *reverse;
            for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
                if forward {
                    ed.search_advance_forward(true);
                } else {
                    ed.search_advance_backward(true);
                }
            }
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::ViewportTop => {
            let v = *ed.host().viewport();
            crate::motions::move_viewport_top(&mut ed.buffer, &v, count.saturating_sub(1));
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::ViewportMiddle => {
            let v = *ed.host().viewport();
            crate::motions::move_viewport_middle(&mut ed.buffer, &v);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::ViewportBottom => {
            let v = *ed.host().viewport();
            crate::motions::move_viewport_bottom(&mut ed.buffer, &v, count.saturating_sub(1));
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::LastNonBlank => {
            crate::motions::move_last_non_blank(&mut ed.buffer);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::LineMiddle => {
            let row = ed.cursor().0;
            let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, row);
            // Vim's `gM`: column = floor(chars / 2). Empty / single-char
            // lines stay at col 0.
            let target = line_chars / 2;
            ed.jump_cursor(row, target);
        }
        Motion::ParagraphPrev => {
            crate::motions::move_paragraph_prev(&mut ed.buffer, count);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::ParagraphNext => {
            crate::motions::move_paragraph_next(&mut ed.buffer, count);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Motion::SentencePrev => {
            for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
                if let Some((row, col)) = sentence_boundary(ed, false) {
                    ed.jump_cursor(row, col);
                }
            }
        }
        Motion::SentenceNext => {
            for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
                if let Some((row, col)) = sentence_boundary(ed, true) {
                    ed.jump_cursor(row, col);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

fn move_first_non_whitespace<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    // Some call sites invoke this right after `dd` / `<<` / `>>` etc
    // mutates the textarea content, so the migration buffer hasn't
    // seen the new lines OR new cursor yet. Mirror the full content
    // across before delegating, then push the result back so the
    // textarea reflects the resolved column too.
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    crate::motions::move_first_non_blank(&mut ed.buffer);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
}

fn find_char_on_line<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    ch: char,
    forward: bool,
    till: bool,
) -> bool {
    let moved = crate::motions::find_char_on_line(&mut ed.buffer, ch, forward, till);
    if moved {
        ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    }
    moved
}

fn matching_bracket<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) -> bool {
    let moved = crate::motions::match_bracket(&mut ed.buffer);
    if moved {
        ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    }
    moved
}

fn word_at_cursor_search<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    forward: bool,
    whole_word: bool,
    count: usize,
) {
    let (row, col) = ed.cursor();
    let line: String = buf_line(&ed.buffer, row).unwrap_or("").to_string();
    let chars: Vec<char> = line.chars().collect();
    if chars.is_empty() {
        return;
    }
    // Expand around cursor to a word boundary.
    let spec = ed.settings().iskeyword.clone();
    let is_word = |c: char| is_keyword_char(c, &spec);
    let mut start = col.min(chars.len().saturating_sub(1));
    while start > 0 && is_word(chars[start - 1]) {
        start -= 1;
    }
    let mut end = start;
    while end < chars.len() && is_word(chars[end]) {
        end += 1;
    }
    if end <= start {
        return;
    }
    let word: String = chars[start..end].iter().collect();
    let escaped = regex_escape(&word);
    let pattern = if whole_word {
        format!(r"\b{escaped}\b")
    } else {
        escaped
    };
    ed.push_search_pattern(&pattern);
    if ed.search_state().pattern.is_none() {
        return;
    }
    // Remember the query so `n` / `N` keep working after the jump.
    ed.vim.last_search = Some(pattern);
    ed.vim.last_search_forward = forward;
    for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
        if forward {
            ed.search_advance_forward(true);
        } else {
            ed.search_advance_backward(true);
        }
    }
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
}

fn regex_escape(s: &str) -> String {
    let mut out = String::with_capacity(s.len());
    for c in s.chars() {
        if matches!(
            c,
            '.' | '+' | '*' | '?' | '(' | ')' | '[' | ']' | '{' | '}' | '|' | '^' | '$' | '\\'
        ) {
            out.push('\\');
        }
        out.push(c);
    }
    out
}

// ─── Operator application ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Public(crate) entry: apply operator over the motion identified by a raw
/// char key. Called by `Editor::apply_op_motion` (the public controller API)
/// so the hjkl-vim pending-state reducer can dispatch `ApplyOpMotion` without
/// re-entering the FSM.
///
/// Applies standard vim quirks:
/// - `cw` / `cW` → `ce` / `cE`
/// - `FindRepeat` → resolves against `last_find`
/// - Updates `last_find` and `last_change` per existing conventions.
///
/// No-op when `motion_key` does not produce a known motion.
pub(crate) fn apply_op_motion_key<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
    motion_key: char,
    total_count: usize,
) {
    let input = Input {
        key: Key::Char(motion_key),
        ctrl: false,
        alt: false,
        shift: false,
    };
    let Some(motion) = parse_motion(&input) else {
        return;
    };
    let motion = match motion {
        Motion::FindRepeat { reverse } => match ed.vim.last_find {
            Some((ch, forward, till)) => Motion::Find {
                ch,
                forward: if reverse { !forward } else { forward },
                till,
            },
            None => return,
        },
        // Vim quirk: `cw` / `cW` → `ce` / `cE`.
        Motion::WordFwd if op == Operator::Change => Motion::WordEnd,
        Motion::BigWordFwd if op == Operator::Change => Motion::BigWordEnd,
        m => m,
    };
    apply_op_with_motion(ed, op, &motion, total_count);
    if let Motion::Find { ch, forward, till } = &motion {
        ed.vim.last_find = Some((*ch, *forward, *till));
    }
    if !ed.vim.replaying && op_is_change(op) {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::OpMotion {
            op,
            motion,
            count: total_count,
            inserted: None,
        });
    }
}

/// Public(crate) entry: apply doubled-letter line op (`dd`/`yy`/`cc`/`>>`/`<<`).
/// Called by `Editor::apply_op_double` (the public controller API).
pub(crate) fn apply_op_double<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
    total_count: usize,
) {
    execute_line_op(ed, op, total_count);
    if !ed.vim.replaying {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::LineOp {
            op,
            count: total_count,
            inserted: None,
        });
    }
}

/// Shared implementation: apply operator over a g-chord motion or case-op
/// linewise form. Called by `Editor::apply_op_g` (the public controller API)
/// so the hjkl-vim reducer can dispatch `ApplyOpG` without re-entering the FSM.
///
/// - If `op` is Uppercase/Lowercase/ToggleCase and `ch` matches the op's char
///   (`U`/`u`/`~`): executes the line op and updates `last_change`.
/// - Otherwise, maps `ch` to a motion (`g`→FileTop, `e`→WordEndBack,
///   `E`→BigWordEndBack, `j`→ScreenDown, `k`→ScreenUp) and applies. Unknown
///   chars are silently ignored (no-op), matching the engine FSM's behaviour.
pub(crate) fn apply_op_g_inner<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
    ch: char,
    total_count: usize,
) {
    // Case-op linewise form: `gUgU`, `gugu`, `g~g~` — same effect as
    // `gUU` / `guu` / `g~~`.
    if matches!(
        op,
        Operator::Uppercase | Operator::Lowercase | Operator::ToggleCase
    ) {
        let op_char = match op {
            Operator::Uppercase => 'U',
            Operator::Lowercase => 'u',
            Operator::ToggleCase => '~',
            _ => unreachable!(),
        };
        if ch == op_char {
            execute_line_op(ed, op, total_count);
            if !ed.vim.replaying {
                ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::LineOp {
                    op,
                    count: total_count,
                    inserted: None,
                });
            }
            return;
        }
    }
    let motion = match ch {
        'g' => Motion::FileTop,
        'e' => Motion::WordEndBack,
        'E' => Motion::BigWordEndBack,
        'j' => Motion::ScreenDown,
        'k' => Motion::ScreenUp,
        _ => return, // Unknown char — no-op.
    };
    apply_op_with_motion(ed, op, &motion, total_count);
    if !ed.vim.replaying && op_is_change(op) {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::OpMotion {
            op,
            motion,
            count: total_count,
            inserted: None,
        });
    }
}

/// Public(crate) entry point for bare `g<x>`. Applies the g-chord effect
/// given the char `ch` and pre-captured `count`. Called by `Editor::after_g`
/// (the public controller API) so the hjkl-vim pending-state reducer can
/// dispatch `AfterGChord` without re-entering the FSM.
pub(crate) fn apply_after_g<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    ch: char,
    count: usize,
) {
    match ch {
        'g' => {
            // gg — top / jump to line count.
            let pre = ed.cursor();
            if count > 1 {
                ed.jump_cursor(count - 1, 0);
            } else {
                ed.jump_cursor(0, 0);
            }
            move_first_non_whitespace(ed);
            if ed.cursor() != pre {
                ed.push_jump(pre);
            }
        }
        'e' => execute_motion(ed, Motion::WordEndBack, count),
        'E' => execute_motion(ed, Motion::BigWordEndBack, count),
        // `g_` — last non-blank on the line.
        '_' => execute_motion(ed, Motion::LastNonBlank, count),
        // `gM` — middle char column of the current line.
        'M' => execute_motion(ed, Motion::LineMiddle, count),
        // `gv` — re-enter the last visual selection.
        // Phase 6.6a: drive through the public Editor API.
        'v' => ed.reenter_last_visual(),
        // `gj` / `gk` — display-line down / up. Walks one screen
        // segment at a time under `:set wrap`; falls back to `j`/`k`
        // when wrap is off (Buffer::move_screen_* handles the branch).
        'j' => execute_motion(ed, Motion::ScreenDown, count),
        'k' => execute_motion(ed, Motion::ScreenUp, count),
        // Case operators: `gU` / `gu` / `g~`. Enter operator-pending
        // so the next input is treated as the motion / text object /
        // shorthand double (`gUU`, `guu`, `g~~`).
        'U' => {
            ed.vim.pending = Pending::Op {
                op: Operator::Uppercase,
                count1: count,
            };
        }
        'u' => {
            ed.vim.pending = Pending::Op {
                op: Operator::Lowercase,
                count1: count,
            };
        }
        '~' => {
            ed.vim.pending = Pending::Op {
                op: Operator::ToggleCase,
                count1: count,
            };
        }
        'q' => {
            // `gq{motion}` — text reflow operator. Subsequent motion
            // / textobj rides the same operator pipeline.
            ed.vim.pending = Pending::Op {
                op: Operator::Reflow,
                count1: count,
            };
        }
        'J' => {
            // `gJ` — join line below without inserting a space.
            for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
                ed.push_undo();
                join_line_raw(ed);
            }
            if !ed.vim.replaying {
                ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::JoinLine {
                    count: count.max(1),
                });
            }
        }
        'd' => {
            // `gd` — goto definition. hjkl-engine doesn't run an LSP
            // itself; raise an intent the host drains and routes to
            // `sqls`. The cursor stays put here — the host moves it
            // once it has the target location.
            ed.pending_lsp = Some(crate::editor::LspIntent::GotoDefinition);
        }
        // `gi` — go to last-insert position and re-enter insert mode.
        // Matches vim's `:h gi`: moves to the `'^` mark position (the
        // cursor where insert mode was last active, before Esc step-back)
        // and enters insert mode there.
        'i' => {
            if let Some((row, col)) = ed.vim.last_insert_pos {
                ed.jump_cursor(row, col);
            }
            begin_insert(ed, count.max(1), InsertReason::Enter(InsertEntry::I));
        }
        // `g;` / `g,` — walk the change list. `g;` toward older
        // entries, `g,` toward newer.
        ';' => walk_change_list(ed, -1, count.max(1)),
        ',' => walk_change_list(ed, 1, count.max(1)),
        // `g*` / `g#` — like `*` / `#` but match substrings (no `\b`
        // boundary anchors), so the cursor on `foo` finds it inside
        // `foobar` too.
        '*' => execute_motion(
            ed,
            Motion::WordAtCursor {
                forward: true,
                whole_word: false,
            },
            count,
        ),
        '#' => execute_motion(
            ed,
            Motion::WordAtCursor {
                forward: false,
                whole_word: false,
            },
            count,
        ),
        _ => {}
    }
}

/// Public(crate) entry point for bare `z<x>`. Applies the z-chord effect
/// given the char `ch` and pre-captured `count`. Called by `Editor::after_z`
/// (the public controller API) so the hjkl-vim pending-state reducer can
/// dispatch `AfterZChord` without re-entering the engine FSM.
pub(crate) fn apply_after_z<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    ch: char,
    count: usize,
) {
    use crate::editor::CursorScrollTarget;
    let row = ed.cursor().0;
    match ch {
        'z' => {
            ed.scroll_cursor_to(CursorScrollTarget::Center);
            ed.vim.viewport_pinned = true;
        }
        't' => {
            ed.scroll_cursor_to(CursorScrollTarget::Top);
            ed.vim.viewport_pinned = true;
        }
        'b' => {
            ed.scroll_cursor_to(CursorScrollTarget::Bottom);
            ed.vim.viewport_pinned = true;
        }
        // Folds — operate on the fold under the cursor (or the
        // whole buffer for `R` / `M`). Routed through
        // [`Editor::apply_fold_op`] (0.0.38 Patch C-δ.4) so the host
        // can observe / veto each op via [`Editor::take_fold_ops`].
        'o' => {
            ed.apply_fold_op(crate::types::FoldOp::OpenAt(row));
        }
        'c' => {
            ed.apply_fold_op(crate::types::FoldOp::CloseAt(row));
        }
        'a' => {
            ed.apply_fold_op(crate::types::FoldOp::ToggleAt(row));
        }
        'R' => {
            ed.apply_fold_op(crate::types::FoldOp::OpenAll);
        }
        'M' => {
            ed.apply_fold_op(crate::types::FoldOp::CloseAll);
        }
        'E' => {
            ed.apply_fold_op(crate::types::FoldOp::ClearAll);
        }
        'd' => {
            ed.apply_fold_op(crate::types::FoldOp::RemoveAt(row));
        }
        'f' => {
            if matches!(
                ed.vim.mode,
                Mode::Visual | Mode::VisualLine | Mode::VisualBlock
            ) {
                // `zf` over a Visual selection creates a fold spanning
                // anchor → cursor.
                let anchor_row = match ed.vim.mode {
                    Mode::VisualLine => ed.vim.visual_line_anchor,
                    Mode::VisualBlock => ed.vim.block_anchor.0,
                    _ => ed.vim.visual_anchor.0,
                };
                let cur = ed.cursor().0;
                let top = anchor_row.min(cur);
                let bot = anchor_row.max(cur);
                ed.apply_fold_op(crate::types::FoldOp::Add {
                    start_row: top,
                    end_row: bot,
                    closed: true,
                });
                ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
            } else {
                // `zf{motion}` / `zf{textobj}` — route through the
                // operator pipeline. `Operator::Fold` reuses every
                // motion / text-object / `g`-prefix branch the other
                // operators get.
                ed.vim.pending = Pending::Op {
                    op: Operator::Fold,
                    count1: count,
                };
            }
        }
        _ => {}
    }
}

/// Public(crate) entry point for bare `f<x>` / `F<x>` / `t<x>` / `T<x>`.
/// Applies the motion and records `last_find` for `;` / `,` repeat.
/// Called by `Editor::find_char` (the public controller API) so the
/// hjkl-vim pending-state reducer can dispatch `FindChar` without
/// re-entering the FSM.
pub(crate) fn apply_find_char<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    ch: char,
    forward: bool,
    till: bool,
    count: usize,
) {
    execute_motion(ed, Motion::Find { ch, forward, till }, count.max(1));
    ed.vim.last_find = Some((ch, forward, till));
}

/// Public(crate) entry: apply operator over a find motion (`df<x>` etc.).
/// Called by `Editor::apply_op_find` (the public controller API) so the
/// hjkl-vim `PendingState::OpFind` reducer can dispatch `ApplyOpFind` without
/// re-entering the FSM. `handle_op_find_target` now delegates here to avoid
/// logic duplication.
pub(crate) fn apply_op_find_motion<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
    ch: char,
    forward: bool,
    till: bool,
    total_count: usize,
) {
    let motion = Motion::Find { ch, forward, till };
    apply_op_with_motion(ed, op, &motion, total_count);
    ed.vim.last_find = Some((ch, forward, till));
    if !ed.vim.replaying && op_is_change(op) {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::OpMotion {
            op,
            motion,
            count: total_count,
            inserted: None,
        });
    }
}

/// Shared implementation: map `ch` to `TextObject`, apply the operator, and
/// record `last_change`. Returns `false` when `ch` is not a known text-object
/// kind (caller should treat as a no-op). Called by `Editor::apply_op_text_obj`
/// (the public controller API) so hjkl-vim can dispatch without re-entering the FSM.
///
/// `_total_count` is accepted for API symmetry with `apply_op_find_motion` /
/// `apply_op_motion_key` but is currently unused — text objects don't repeat
/// in vim's current grammar. Kept for future-proofing.
pub(crate) fn apply_op_text_obj_inner<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
    ch: char,
    inner: bool,
    _total_count: usize,
) -> bool {
    // total_count unused — text objects don't repeat in vim's current grammar.
    // Kept for API symmetry with apply_op_motion / apply_op_find.
    let obj = match ch {
        'w' => TextObject::Word { big: false },
        'W' => TextObject::Word { big: true },
        '"' | '\'' | '`' => TextObject::Quote(ch),
        '(' | ')' | 'b' => TextObject::Bracket('('),
        '[' | ']' => TextObject::Bracket('['),
        '{' | '}' | 'B' => TextObject::Bracket('{'),
        '<' | '>' => TextObject::Bracket('<'),
        'p' => TextObject::Paragraph,
        't' => TextObject::XmlTag,
        's' => TextObject::Sentence,
        _ => return false,
    };
    apply_op_with_text_object(ed, op, obj, inner);
    if !ed.vim.replaying && op_is_change(op) {
        ed.vim.last_change = Some(LastChange::OpTextObj {
            op,
            obj,
            inner,
            inserted: None,
        });
    }
    true
}

/// Move `pos` back by one character, clamped to (0, 0).
pub(crate) fn retreat_one<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    pos: (usize, usize),
) -> (usize, usize) {
    let (r, c) = pos;
    if c > 0 {
        (r, c - 1)
    } else if r > 0 {
        let prev_len = buf_line_bytes(&ed.buffer, r - 1);
        (r - 1, prev_len)
    } else {
        (0, 0)
    }
}

/// Variant of begin_insert that doesn't push_undo (caller already did).
fn begin_insert_noundo<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    count: usize,
    reason: InsertReason,
) {
    let reason = if ed.vim.replaying {
        InsertReason::ReplayOnly
    } else {
        reason
    };
    let (row, _) = ed.cursor();
    ed.vim.insert_session = Some(InsertSession {
        count,
        row_min: row,
        row_max: row,
        before_lines: buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer),
        reason,
    });
    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Insert;
    // Phase 6.3: keep current_mode in sync for callers that bypass step().
    ed.vim.current_mode = crate::VimMode::Insert;
}

// ─── Operator × Motion application ─────────────────────────────────────────

pub(crate) fn apply_op_with_motion<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
    motion: &Motion,
    count: usize,
) {
    let start = ed.cursor();
    // Tentatively apply motion to find the endpoint. Operator context
    // so `l` on the last char advances past-last (standard vim
    // exclusive-motion endpoint behaviour), enabling `dl` / `cl` /
    // `yl` to cover the final char.
    apply_motion_cursor_ctx(ed, motion, count, true);
    let end = ed.cursor();
    let kind = motion_kind(motion);
    // Restore cursor before selecting (so Yank leaves cursor at start).
    ed.jump_cursor(start.0, start.1);
    run_operator_over_range(ed, op, start, end, kind);
}

fn apply_op_with_text_object<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
    obj: TextObject,
    inner: bool,
) {
    let Some((start, end, kind)) = text_object_range(ed, obj, inner) else {
        return;
    };
    ed.jump_cursor(start.0, start.1);
    run_operator_over_range(ed, op, start, end, kind);
}

fn motion_kind(motion: &Motion) -> RangeKind {
    match motion {
        Motion::Up | Motion::Down | Motion::ScreenUp | Motion::ScreenDown => RangeKind::Linewise,
        Motion::FileTop | Motion::FileBottom => RangeKind::Linewise,
        Motion::ViewportTop | Motion::ViewportMiddle | Motion::ViewportBottom => {
            RangeKind::Linewise
        }
        Motion::WordEnd | Motion::BigWordEnd | Motion::WordEndBack | Motion::BigWordEndBack => {
            RangeKind::Inclusive
        }
        Motion::Find { .. } => RangeKind::Inclusive,
        Motion::MatchBracket => RangeKind::Inclusive,
        // `$` now lands on the last char — operator ranges include it.
        Motion::LineEnd => RangeKind::Inclusive,
        _ => RangeKind::Exclusive,
    }
}

fn run_operator_over_range<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
    start: (usize, usize),
    end: (usize, usize),
    kind: RangeKind,
) {
    let (top, bot) = order(start, end);
    // Charwise empty range (same position) — nothing to act on. For Linewise
    // the range `top == bot` means "operate on this one line" which is
    // perfectly valid (e.g. `Vd` on a single-line VisualLine selection).
    if top == bot && !matches!(kind, RangeKind::Linewise) {
        return;
    }

    match op {
        Operator::Yank => {
            let text = read_vim_range(ed, top, bot, kind);
            if !text.is_empty() {
                ed.record_yank_to_host(text.clone());
                ed.record_yank(text, matches!(kind, RangeKind::Linewise));
            }
            // Vim `:h '[` / `:h ']`: after a yank `[` = first yanked char,
            // `]` = last yanked char. Mode-aware: linewise snaps to line
            // edges; charwise uses the actual inclusive endpoint.
            let rbr = match kind {
                RangeKind::Linewise => {
                    let last_col = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, bot.0).saturating_sub(1);
                    (bot.0, last_col)
                }
                RangeKind::Inclusive => (bot.0, bot.1),
                RangeKind::Exclusive => (bot.0, bot.1.saturating_sub(1)),
            };
            ed.set_mark('[', top);
            ed.set_mark(']', rbr);
            buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, top.0, top.1);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        Operator::Delete => {
            ed.push_undo();
            cut_vim_range(ed, top, bot, kind);
            // After a charwise / inclusive delete the buffer cursor is
            // placed at `start` by the edit path. In Normal mode the
            // cursor max col is `line_len - 1`; clamp it here so e.g.
            // `d$` doesn't leave the cursor one past the new line end.
            if !matches!(kind, RangeKind::Linewise) {
                clamp_cursor_to_normal_mode(ed);
            }
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
            // Vim `:h '[` / `:h ']`: after a delete both marks park at
            // the cursor position where the deletion collapsed (the join
            // point). Set after the cut and clamp so the position is final.
            let pos = ed.cursor();
            ed.set_mark('[', pos);
            ed.set_mark(']', pos);
        }
        Operator::Change => {
            // Vim `:h '[`: `[` is set to the start of the changed range
            // before the cut. `]` is deferred to insert-exit (AfterChange
            // path in finish_insert_session) where the cursor sits on the
            // last inserted char.
            ed.vim.change_mark_start = Some(top);
            ed.push_undo();
            cut_vim_range(ed, top, bot, kind);
            begin_insert_noundo(ed, 1, InsertReason::AfterChange);
        }
        Operator::Uppercase | Operator::Lowercase | Operator::ToggleCase => {
            apply_case_op_to_selection(ed, op, top, bot, kind);
        }
        Operator::Indent | Operator::Outdent => {
            // Indent / outdent are always linewise even when triggered
            // by a char-wise motion (e.g. `>w` indents the whole line).
            ed.push_undo();
            if op == Operator::Indent {
                indent_rows(ed, top.0, bot.0, 1);
            } else {
                outdent_rows(ed, top.0, bot.0, 1);
            }
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
        }
        Operator::Fold => {
            // Always linewise — fold the spanned rows regardless of the
            // motion's natural kind. Cursor lands on `top.0` to mirror
            // the visual `zf` path.
            if bot.0 >= top.0 {
                ed.apply_fold_op(crate::types::FoldOp::Add {
                    start_row: top.0,
                    end_row: bot.0,
                    closed: true,
                });
            }
            buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, top.0, top.1);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
        }
        Operator::Reflow => {
            ed.push_undo();
            reflow_rows(ed, top.0, bot.0);
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
        }
    }
}

// ─── Phase 4a pub range-mutation bridges ───────────────────────────────────
//
// These are `pub(crate)` entry points called by the five new pub methods on
// `Editor` (`delete_range`, `yank_range`, `change_range`, `indent_range`,
// `case_range`). They set `pending_register` from the caller-supplied char
// before delegating to the existing internal helpers so register semantics
// (unnamed `"`, named `"a`–`"z`, delete ring) are honoured exactly as in the
// FSM path.
//
// Do NOT call `run_operator_over_range` for Indent/Outdent or the three case
// operators — those share the FSM path but have dedicated parameter shapes
// (signed count, Operator-as-CaseOp) that map more cleanly to their own
// helpers.

/// Delete the range `[start, end)` (interpretation determined by `kind`) and
/// stash the deleted text in `register`. `'"'` is the unnamed register.
pub(crate) fn delete_range_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    start: (usize, usize),
    end: (usize, usize),
    kind: RangeKind,
    register: char,
) {
    ed.vim.pending_register = Some(register);
    run_operator_over_range(ed, Operator::Delete, start, end, kind);
}

/// Yank (copy) the range `[start, end)` into `register` without mutating the
/// buffer. `'"'` is the unnamed register.
pub(crate) fn yank_range_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    start: (usize, usize),
    end: (usize, usize),
    kind: RangeKind,
    register: char,
) {
    ed.vim.pending_register = Some(register);
    run_operator_over_range(ed, Operator::Yank, start, end, kind);
}

/// Delete the range `[start, end)` and enter Insert mode (vim `c` operator).
/// The deleted text is stashed in `register`. Mode transitions to Insert on
/// return; the caller must not issue further normal-mode ops until the insert
/// session ends.
pub(crate) fn change_range_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    start: (usize, usize),
    end: (usize, usize),
    kind: RangeKind,
    register: char,
) {
    ed.vim.pending_register = Some(register);
    run_operator_over_range(ed, Operator::Change, start, end, kind);
}

/// Indent (`count > 0`) or outdent (`count < 0`) the row span `[start.0,
/// end.0]`. `shiftwidth` overrides the editor's `settings().shiftwidth` for
/// this call; pass `0` to use the editor setting. The column parts of `start`
/// / `end` are ignored — indent is always linewise.
pub(crate) fn indent_range_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    start: (usize, usize),
    end: (usize, usize),
    count: i32,
    shiftwidth: u32,
) {
    if count == 0 {
        return;
    }
    let (top_row, bot_row) = if start.0 <= end.0 {
        (start.0, end.0)
    } else {
        (end.0, start.0)
    };
    // Temporarily override shiftwidth when the caller provides one.
    let original_sw = ed.settings().shiftwidth;
    if shiftwidth > 0 {
        ed.settings_mut().shiftwidth = shiftwidth as usize;
    }
    ed.push_undo();
    let abs_count = count.unsigned_abs() as usize;
    if count > 0 {
        indent_rows(ed, top_row, bot_row, abs_count);
    } else {
        outdent_rows(ed, top_row, bot_row, abs_count);
    }
    if shiftwidth > 0 {
        ed.settings_mut().shiftwidth = original_sw;
    }
    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
}

/// Apply a case transformation (`Uppercase` / `Lowercase` / `ToggleCase`) to
/// the range `[start, end)`. Only the three case `Operator` variants are valid;
/// other variants are silently ignored (no-op).
pub(crate) fn case_range_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    start: (usize, usize),
    end: (usize, usize),
    kind: RangeKind,
    op: Operator,
) {
    match op {
        Operator::Uppercase | Operator::Lowercase | Operator::ToggleCase => {}
        _ => return,
    }
    let (top, bot) = order(start, end);
    apply_case_op_to_selection(ed, op, top, bot, kind);
}

// ─── Phase 4e pub block-shape range-mutation bridges ───────────────────────
//
// These are `pub(crate)` entry points called by the four new pub methods on
// `Editor` (`delete_block`, `yank_block`, `change_block`, `indent_block`).
// They set `pending_register` from the caller-supplied char then delegate to
// `apply_block_operator` (after temporarily installing the 4-corner block as
// the engine's virtual VisualBlock selection). The editor's VisualBlock state
// fields (`block_anchor`, `block_vcol`) are overwritten, the op fires, then
// the fields are restored to their pre-call values. This ensures the engine's
// register / undo / mode semantics are exercised without requiring the caller
// to already be in VisualBlock mode.
//
// `indent_block` is a separate helper — it does not use `apply_block_operator`
// because indent/outdent are always linewise for blocks (vim behaviour).

/// Delete a rectangular VisualBlock selection. `top_row`/`bot_row` are
/// inclusive line bounds; `left_col`/`right_col` are inclusive char-column
/// bounds. Short lines that don't reach `right_col` lose only the chars
/// that exist (ragged-edge, matching engine FSM). `register` is honoured;
/// `'"'` selects the unnamed register.
pub(crate) fn delete_block_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    top_row: usize,
    bot_row: usize,
    left_col: usize,
    right_col: usize,
    register: char,
) {
    ed.vim.pending_register = Some(register);
    let saved_anchor = ed.vim.block_anchor;
    let saved_vcol = ed.vim.block_vcol;
    ed.vim.block_anchor = (top_row, left_col);
    ed.vim.block_vcol = right_col;
    // Compute clamped col before the mutable borrow for buf_set_cursor_rc.
    let clamped = right_col.min(buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, bot_row).saturating_sub(1));
    // Place cursor at bot_row / right_col so block_bounds resolves correctly.
    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, bot_row, clamped);
    apply_block_operator(ed, Operator::Delete);
    // Restore — block_anchor/vcol are only meaningful in VisualBlock mode;
    // after the op we're in Normal so restoring is a no-op for the user but
    // keeps state coherent if the caller inspects fields.
    ed.vim.block_anchor = saved_anchor;
    ed.vim.block_vcol = saved_vcol;
}

/// Yank a rectangular VisualBlock selection into `register`.
pub(crate) fn yank_block_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    top_row: usize,
    bot_row: usize,
    left_col: usize,
    right_col: usize,
    register: char,
) {
    ed.vim.pending_register = Some(register);
    let saved_anchor = ed.vim.block_anchor;
    let saved_vcol = ed.vim.block_vcol;
    ed.vim.block_anchor = (top_row, left_col);
    ed.vim.block_vcol = right_col;
    let clamped = right_col.min(buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, bot_row).saturating_sub(1));
    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, bot_row, clamped);
    apply_block_operator(ed, Operator::Yank);
    ed.vim.block_anchor = saved_anchor;
    ed.vim.block_vcol = saved_vcol;
}

/// Delete a rectangular VisualBlock selection and enter Insert mode (`c`).
/// The deleted text is stashed in `register`. Mode is Insert on return.
pub(crate) fn change_block_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    top_row: usize,
    bot_row: usize,
    left_col: usize,
    right_col: usize,
    register: char,
) {
    ed.vim.pending_register = Some(register);
    let saved_anchor = ed.vim.block_anchor;
    let saved_vcol = ed.vim.block_vcol;
    ed.vim.block_anchor = (top_row, left_col);
    ed.vim.block_vcol = right_col;
    let clamped = right_col.min(buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, bot_row).saturating_sub(1));
    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, bot_row, clamped);
    apply_block_operator(ed, Operator::Change);
    ed.vim.block_anchor = saved_anchor;
    ed.vim.block_vcol = saved_vcol;
}

/// Indent (`count > 0`) or outdent (`count < 0`) rows `top_row..=bot_row`.
/// Column bounds are ignored — vim's block indent is always linewise.
/// `count == 0` is a no-op.
pub(crate) fn indent_block_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    top_row: usize,
    bot_row: usize,
    count: i32,
) {
    if count == 0 {
        return;
    }
    ed.push_undo();
    let abs = count.unsigned_abs() as usize;
    if count > 0 {
        indent_rows(ed, top_row, bot_row, abs);
    } else {
        outdent_rows(ed, top_row, bot_row, abs);
    }
    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
}

// ─── Phase 4b pub text-object resolution bridges ───────────────────────────
//
// These are `pub(crate)` entry points called by the four new pub methods on
// `Editor` (`text_object_inner_word`, `text_object_around_word`,
// `text_object_inner_big_word`, `text_object_around_big_word`). They delegate
// to `word_text_object` — the existing private resolver — without touching any
// operator, register, or mode state. Pure functions: only `&Editor` required.

/// Resolve the range of `iw` (inner word) at the current cursor position.
/// Returns `None` if no word exists at the cursor.
pub(crate) fn text_object_inner_word_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    word_text_object(ed, true, false)
}

/// Resolve the range of `aw` (around word) at the current cursor position.
/// Includes trailing whitespace (or leading whitespace if no trailing exists).
pub(crate) fn text_object_around_word_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    word_text_object(ed, false, false)
}

/// Resolve the range of `iW` (inner WORD) at the current cursor position.
/// A WORD is any run of non-whitespace characters (no punctuation splitting).
pub(crate) fn text_object_inner_big_word_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    word_text_object(ed, true, true)
}

/// Resolve the range of `aW` (around WORD) at the current cursor position.
/// Includes trailing whitespace (or leading whitespace if no trailing exists).
pub(crate) fn text_object_around_big_word_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    word_text_object(ed, false, true)
}

// ─── Phase 4c pub text-object resolution bridges (quote + bracket) ──────────
//
// `pub(crate)` entry points called by the four new pub methods on `Editor`
// (`text_object_inner_quote`, `text_object_around_quote`,
// `text_object_inner_bracket`, `text_object_around_bracket`). They delegate to
// `quote_text_object` / `bracket_text_object` — the existing private resolvers
// — without touching any operator, register, or mode state.
//
// `bracket_text_object` returns `Option<(Pos, Pos, RangeKind)>`; the bridges
// strip the `RangeKind` tag so callers see a uniform
// `Option<((usize,usize),(usize,usize))>` shape, consistent with 4b.

/// Resolve the range of `i<quote>` (inner quote) at the current cursor
/// position. `quote` is one of `'"'`, `'\''`, or `` '`' ``. Returns `None`
/// when the cursor's line contains fewer than two occurrences of `quote`.
pub(crate) fn text_object_inner_quote_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    quote: char,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    quote_text_object(ed, quote, true)
}

/// Resolve the range of `a<quote>` (around quote) at the current cursor
/// position. Includes surrounding whitespace on one side per vim semantics.
pub(crate) fn text_object_around_quote_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    quote: char,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    quote_text_object(ed, quote, false)
}

/// Resolve the range of `i<bracket>` (inner bracket pair). `open` must be
/// one of `'('`, `'{'`, `'['`, `'<'`; the corresponding close is derived
/// internally. Returns `None` when no enclosing pair is found. The returned
/// range excludes the bracket characters themselves. Multi-line bracket pairs
/// whose content spans more than one line are reported as a charwise range
/// covering the first content character through the last content character
/// (RangeKind metadata is stripped — callers receive start/end only).
pub(crate) fn text_object_inner_bracket_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    open: char,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    bracket_text_object(ed, open, true).map(|(s, e, _kind)| (s, e))
}

/// Resolve the range of `a<bracket>` (around bracket pair). Includes the
/// bracket characters themselves. `open` must be one of `'('`, `'{'`, `'['`,
/// `'<'`.
pub(crate) fn text_object_around_bracket_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    open: char,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    bracket_text_object(ed, open, false).map(|(s, e, _kind)| (s, e))
}

// ── Sentence bridges (is / as) ─────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Resolve the range of `is` (inner sentence) at the cursor. Excludes
/// trailing whitespace.
pub(crate) fn text_object_inner_sentence_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    sentence_text_object(ed, true)
}

/// Resolve the range of `as` (around sentence) at the cursor. Includes
/// trailing whitespace.
pub(crate) fn text_object_around_sentence_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    sentence_text_object(ed, false)
}

// ── Paragraph bridges (ip / ap) ────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Resolve the range of `ip` (inner paragraph) at the cursor. A paragraph
/// is a block of non-blank lines bounded by blank lines or buffer edges.
pub(crate) fn text_object_inner_paragraph_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    paragraph_text_object(ed, true)
}

/// Resolve the range of `ap` (around paragraph) at the cursor. Includes one
/// trailing blank line when present.
pub(crate) fn text_object_around_paragraph_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    paragraph_text_object(ed, false)
}

// ── Tag bridges (it / at) ──────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Resolve the range of `it` (inner tag) at the cursor. Matches XML/HTML-style
/// `<tag>...</tag>` pairs; returns the range of inner content between the open
/// and close tags.
pub(crate) fn text_object_inner_tag_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    tag_text_object(ed, true)
}

/// Resolve the range of `at` (around tag) at the cursor. Includes the open
/// and close tag delimiters themselves.
pub(crate) fn text_object_around_tag_bridge<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    tag_text_object(ed, false)
}

/// Greedy word-wrap the rows in `[top, bot]` to `settings.textwidth`.
/// Splits on blank-line boundaries so paragraph structure is
/// preserved. Each paragraph's words are joined with single spaces
/// before re-wrapping.
fn reflow_rows<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    top: usize,
    bot: usize,
) {
    let width = ed.settings().textwidth.max(1);
    let mut lines: Vec<String> = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    let bot = bot.min(lines.len().saturating_sub(1));
    if top > bot {
        return;
    }
    let original = lines[top..=bot].to_vec();
    let mut wrapped: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
    let mut paragraph: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
    let flush = |para: &mut Vec<String>, out: &mut Vec<String>, width: usize| {
        if para.is_empty() {
            return;
        }
        let words = para.join(" ");
        let mut current = String::new();
        for word in words.split_whitespace() {
            let extra = if current.is_empty() {
                word.chars().count()
            } else {
                current.chars().count() + 1 + word.chars().count()
            };
            if extra > width && !current.is_empty() {
                out.push(std::mem::take(&mut current));
                current.push_str(word);
            } else if current.is_empty() {
                current.push_str(word);
            } else {
                current.push(' ');
                current.push_str(word);
            }
        }
        if !current.is_empty() {
            out.push(current);
        }
        para.clear();
    };
    for line in &original {
        if line.trim().is_empty() {
            flush(&mut paragraph, &mut wrapped, width);
            wrapped.push(String::new());
        } else {
            paragraph.push(line.clone());
        }
    }
    flush(&mut paragraph, &mut wrapped, width);

    // Splice back. push_undo above means `u` reverses.
    let after: Vec<String> = lines.split_off(bot + 1);
    lines.truncate(top);
    lines.extend(wrapped);
    lines.extend(after);
    ed.restore(lines, (top, 0));
    ed.mark_content_dirty();
}

/// Transform the range `[top, bot]` (vim `RangeKind`) in place with
/// the given case operator. Cursor lands on `top` afterward — vim
/// convention for `gU{motion}` / `gu{motion}` / `g~{motion}`.
/// Preserves the textarea yank buffer (vim's case operators don't
/// touch registers).
fn apply_case_op_to_selection<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
    top: (usize, usize),
    bot: (usize, usize),
    kind: RangeKind,
) {
    use hjkl_buffer::Edit;
    ed.push_undo();
    let saved_yank = ed.yank().to_string();
    let saved_yank_linewise = ed.vim.yank_linewise;
    let selection = cut_vim_range(ed, top, bot, kind);
    let transformed = match op {
        Operator::Uppercase => selection.to_uppercase(),
        Operator::Lowercase => selection.to_lowercase(),
        Operator::ToggleCase => toggle_case_str(&selection),
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    if !transformed.is_empty() {
        let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
            at: cursor,
            text: transformed,
        });
    }
    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, top.0, top.1);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    ed.set_yank(saved_yank);
    ed.vim.yank_linewise = saved_yank_linewise;
    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
}

/// Prepend `count * shiftwidth` spaces to each row in `[top, bot]`.
/// Rows that are empty are skipped (vim leaves blank lines alone when
/// indenting). `shiftwidth` is read from `editor.settings()` so
/// `:set shiftwidth=N` takes effect on the next operation.
fn indent_rows<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    top: usize,
    bot: usize,
    count: usize,
) {
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let width = ed.settings().shiftwidth * count.max(1);
    let pad: String = " ".repeat(width);
    let mut lines: Vec<String> = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    let bot = bot.min(lines.len().saturating_sub(1));
    for line in lines.iter_mut().take(bot + 1).skip(top) {
        if !line.is_empty() {
            line.insert_str(0, &pad);
        }
    }
    // Restore cursor to first non-blank of the top row so the next
    // vertical motion aims sensibly — matches vim's `>>` convention.
    ed.restore(lines, (top, 0));
    move_first_non_whitespace(ed);
}

/// Remove up to `count * shiftwidth` leading spaces (or tabs) from
/// each row in `[top, bot]`. Rows with less leading whitespace have
/// all their indent stripped, not clipped to zero length.
fn outdent_rows<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    top: usize,
    bot: usize,
    count: usize,
) {
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let width = ed.settings().shiftwidth * count.max(1);
    let mut lines: Vec<String> = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    let bot = bot.min(lines.len().saturating_sub(1));
    for line in lines.iter_mut().take(bot + 1).skip(top) {
        let strip: usize = line
            .chars()
            .take(width)
            .take_while(|c| *c == ' ' || *c == '\t')
            .count();
        if strip > 0 {
            let byte_len: usize = line.chars().take(strip).map(|c| c.len_utf8()).sum();
            line.drain(..byte_len);
        }
    }
    ed.restore(lines, (top, 0));
    move_first_non_whitespace(ed);
}

fn toggle_case_str(s: &str) -> String {
    s.chars()
        .map(|c| {
            if c.is_lowercase() {
                c.to_uppercase().next().unwrap_or(c)
            } else if c.is_uppercase() {
                c.to_lowercase().next().unwrap_or(c)
            } else {
                c
            }
        })
        .collect()
}

fn order(a: (usize, usize), b: (usize, usize)) -> ((usize, usize), (usize, usize)) {
    if a <= b { (a, b) } else { (b, a) }
}

/// Clamp the buffer cursor to normal-mode valid position: col may not
/// exceed `line.chars().count().saturating_sub(1)` (or 0 on an empty
/// line). Vim applies this clamp on every return to Normal mode after an
/// operator or Esc-from-insert.
fn clamp_cursor_to_normal_mode<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    let (row, col) = ed.cursor();
    let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, row);
    let max_col = line_chars.saturating_sub(1);
    if col > max_col {
        buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, row, max_col);
        ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    }
}

// ─── dd/cc/yy ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn execute_line_op<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
    count: usize,
) {
    let (row, col) = ed.cursor();
    let total = buf_row_count(&ed.buffer);
    let end_row = (row + count.saturating_sub(1)).min(total.saturating_sub(1));

    match op {
        Operator::Yank => {
            // yy must not move the cursor.
            let text = read_vim_range(ed, (row, col), (end_row, 0), RangeKind::Linewise);
            if !text.is_empty() {
                ed.record_yank_to_host(text.clone());
                ed.record_yank(text, true);
            }
            // Vim `:h '[` / `:h ']`: yy/Nyy — linewise yank; `[` =
            // (top_row, 0), `]` = (bot_row, last_col).
            let last_col = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, end_row).saturating_sub(1);
            ed.set_mark('[', (row, 0));
            ed.set_mark(']', (end_row, last_col));
            buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, row, col);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
        }
        Operator::Delete => {
            ed.push_undo();
            let deleted_through_last = end_row + 1 >= total;
            cut_vim_range(ed, (row, col), (end_row, 0), RangeKind::Linewise);
            // Vim's `dd` / `Ndd` leaves the cursor on the *first
            // non-blank* of the line that now occupies `row` — or, if
            // the deletion consumed the last line, the line above it.
            let total_after = buf_row_count(&ed.buffer);
            let raw_target = if deleted_through_last {
                row.saturating_sub(1).min(total_after.saturating_sub(1))
            } else {
                row.min(total_after.saturating_sub(1))
            };
            // Clamp off the trailing phantom empty row that arises from a
            // buffer with a trailing newline (stored as ["...", ""]). If
            // the target row is the trailing empty row and there is a real
            // content row above it, use that instead — matching vim's view
            // that the trailing `\n` is a terminator, not a separator.
            let target_row = if raw_target > 0
                && raw_target + 1 == total_after
                && buf_line(&ed.buffer, raw_target)
                    .map(str::is_empty)
                    .unwrap_or(false)
            {
                raw_target - 1
            } else {
                raw_target
            };
            buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, target_row, 0);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
            move_first_non_whitespace(ed);
            ed.sticky_col = Some(ed.cursor().1);
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
            // Vim `:h '[` / `:h ']`: dd/Ndd — both marks park at the
            // post-delete cursor position (the join point).
            let pos = ed.cursor();
            ed.set_mark('[', pos);
            ed.set_mark(']', pos);
        }
        Operator::Change => {
            // `cc` / `3cc`: wipe contents of the covered lines but leave
            // a single blank line so insert-mode opens on it. Done as two
            // edits: drop rows past the first, then clear row `row`.
            use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind as BufKind, Position};
            // Vim `:h '[`: stash change start for `]` deferral on insert-exit.
            ed.vim.change_mark_start = Some((row, 0));
            ed.push_undo();
            ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
            // Read the cut payload first so yank reflects every line.
            let payload = read_vim_range(ed, (row, col), (end_row, 0), RangeKind::Linewise);
            if end_row > row {
                ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
                    start: Position::new(row + 1, 0),
                    end: Position::new(end_row, 0),
                    kind: BufKind::Line,
                });
            }
            let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, row);
            if line_chars > 0 {
                ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
                    start: Position::new(row, 0),
                    end: Position::new(row, line_chars),
                    kind: BufKind::Char,
                });
            }
            if !payload.is_empty() {
                ed.record_yank_to_host(payload.clone());
                ed.record_delete(payload, true);
            }
            buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, row, 0);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
            begin_insert_noundo(ed, 1, InsertReason::AfterChange);
        }
        Operator::Uppercase | Operator::Lowercase | Operator::ToggleCase => {
            // `gUU` / `guu` / `g~~` — linewise case transform over
            // [row, end_row]. Preserve cursor on `row` (first non-blank
            // lines up with vim's behaviour).
            apply_case_op_to_selection(ed, op, (row, col), (end_row, 0), RangeKind::Linewise);
            // After case-op on a linewise range vim puts the cursor on
            // the first non-blank of the starting line.
            move_first_non_whitespace(ed);
        }
        Operator::Indent | Operator::Outdent => {
            // `>>` / `N>>` / `<<` / `N<<` — linewise indent / outdent.
            ed.push_undo();
            if op == Operator::Indent {
                indent_rows(ed, row, end_row, 1);
            } else {
                outdent_rows(ed, row, end_row, 1);
            }
            ed.sticky_col = Some(ed.cursor().1);
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
        }
        // No doubled form — `zfzf` is two consecutive `zf` chords.
        Operator::Fold => unreachable!("Fold has no line-op double"),
        Operator::Reflow => {
            // `gqq` / `Ngqq` — reflow `count` rows starting at the cursor.
            ed.push_undo();
            reflow_rows(ed, row, end_row);
            move_first_non_whitespace(ed);
            ed.sticky_col = Some(ed.cursor().1);
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
        }
    }
}

// ─── Visual mode operators ─────────────────────────────────────────────────

pub(crate) fn apply_visual_operator<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
) {
    match ed.vim.mode {
        Mode::VisualLine => {
            let cursor_row = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).row;
            let top = cursor_row.min(ed.vim.visual_line_anchor);
            let bot = cursor_row.max(ed.vim.visual_line_anchor);
            ed.vim.yank_linewise = true;
            match op {
                Operator::Yank => {
                    let text = read_vim_range(ed, (top, 0), (bot, 0), RangeKind::Linewise);
                    if !text.is_empty() {
                        ed.record_yank_to_host(text.clone());
                        ed.record_yank(text, true);
                    }
                    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, top, 0);
                    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
                    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
                }
                Operator::Delete => {
                    ed.push_undo();
                    cut_vim_range(ed, (top, 0), (bot, 0), RangeKind::Linewise);
                    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
                }
                Operator::Change => {
                    // Vim `Vc`: wipe the line contents but leave a blank
                    // line in place so insert-mode starts on an empty row.
                    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind as BufKind, Position};
                    ed.push_undo();
                    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
                    let payload = read_vim_range(ed, (top, 0), (bot, 0), RangeKind::Linewise);
                    if bot > top {
                        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
                            start: Position::new(top + 1, 0),
                            end: Position::new(bot, 0),
                            kind: BufKind::Line,
                        });
                    }
                    let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, top);
                    if line_chars > 0 {
                        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
                            start: Position::new(top, 0),
                            end: Position::new(top, line_chars),
                            kind: BufKind::Char,
                        });
                    }
                    if !payload.is_empty() {
                        ed.record_yank_to_host(payload.clone());
                        ed.record_delete(payload, true);
                    }
                    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, top, 0);
                    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
                    begin_insert_noundo(ed, 1, InsertReason::AfterChange);
                }
                Operator::Uppercase | Operator::Lowercase | Operator::ToggleCase => {
                    let bot = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer)
                        .row
                        .max(ed.vim.visual_line_anchor);
                    apply_case_op_to_selection(ed, op, (top, 0), (bot, 0), RangeKind::Linewise);
                    move_first_non_whitespace(ed);
                }
                Operator::Indent | Operator::Outdent => {
                    ed.push_undo();
                    let (cursor_row, _) = ed.cursor();
                    let bot = cursor_row.max(ed.vim.visual_line_anchor);
                    if op == Operator::Indent {
                        indent_rows(ed, top, bot, 1);
                    } else {
                        outdent_rows(ed, top, bot, 1);
                    }
                    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
                }
                Operator::Reflow => {
                    ed.push_undo();
                    let (cursor_row, _) = ed.cursor();
                    let bot = cursor_row.max(ed.vim.visual_line_anchor);
                    reflow_rows(ed, top, bot);
                    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
                }
                // Visual `zf` is handled inline in `handle_after_z`,
                // never routed through this dispatcher.
                Operator::Fold => unreachable!("Visual zf takes its own path"),
            }
        }
        Mode::Visual => {
            ed.vim.yank_linewise = false;
            let anchor = ed.vim.visual_anchor;
            let cursor = ed.cursor();
            let (top, bot) = order(anchor, cursor);
            match op {
                Operator::Yank => {
                    let text = read_vim_range(ed, top, bot, RangeKind::Inclusive);
                    if !text.is_empty() {
                        ed.record_yank_to_host(text.clone());
                        ed.record_yank(text, false);
                    }
                    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, top.0, top.1);
                    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
                    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
                }
                Operator::Delete => {
                    ed.push_undo();
                    cut_vim_range(ed, top, bot, RangeKind::Inclusive);
                    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
                }
                Operator::Change => {
                    ed.push_undo();
                    cut_vim_range(ed, top, bot, RangeKind::Inclusive);
                    begin_insert_noundo(ed, 1, InsertReason::AfterChange);
                }
                Operator::Uppercase | Operator::Lowercase | Operator::ToggleCase => {
                    // Anchor stays where the visual selection started.
                    let anchor = ed.vim.visual_anchor;
                    let cursor = ed.cursor();
                    let (top, bot) = order(anchor, cursor);
                    apply_case_op_to_selection(ed, op, top, bot, RangeKind::Inclusive);
                }
                Operator::Indent | Operator::Outdent => {
                    ed.push_undo();
                    let anchor = ed.vim.visual_anchor;
                    let cursor = ed.cursor();
                    let (top, bot) = order(anchor, cursor);
                    if op == Operator::Indent {
                        indent_rows(ed, top.0, bot.0, 1);
                    } else {
                        outdent_rows(ed, top.0, bot.0, 1);
                    }
                    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
                }
                Operator::Reflow => {
                    ed.push_undo();
                    let anchor = ed.vim.visual_anchor;
                    let cursor = ed.cursor();
                    let (top, bot) = order(anchor, cursor);
                    reflow_rows(ed, top.0, bot.0);
                    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
                }
                Operator::Fold => unreachable!("Visual zf takes its own path"),
            }
        }
        Mode::VisualBlock => apply_block_operator(ed, op),
        _ => {}
    }
}

/// Compute `(top_row, bot_row, left_col, right_col)` for the current
/// VisualBlock selection. Columns are inclusive on both ends. Uses the
/// tracked virtual column (updated by h/l, preserved across j/k) so
/// ragged / empty rows don't collapse the block's width.
fn block_bounds<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
) -> (usize, usize, usize, usize) {
    let (ar, ac) = ed.vim.block_anchor;
    let (cr, _) = ed.cursor();
    let cc = ed.vim.block_vcol;
    let top = ar.min(cr);
    let bot = ar.max(cr);
    let left = ac.min(cc);
    let right = ac.max(cc);
    (top, bot, left, right)
}

/// Update the virtual column after a motion in VisualBlock mode.
/// Horizontal motions sync `block_vcol` to the new cursor column;
/// vertical / non-h/l motions leave it alone so the intended column
/// survives clamping to shorter lines.
pub(crate) fn update_block_vcol<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    motion: &Motion,
) {
    match motion {
        Motion::Left
        | Motion::Right
        | Motion::WordFwd
        | Motion::BigWordFwd
        | Motion::WordBack
        | Motion::BigWordBack
        | Motion::WordEnd
        | Motion::BigWordEnd
        | Motion::WordEndBack
        | Motion::BigWordEndBack
        | Motion::LineStart
        | Motion::FirstNonBlank
        | Motion::LineEnd
        | Motion::Find { .. }
        | Motion::FindRepeat { .. }
        | Motion::MatchBracket => {
            ed.vim.block_vcol = ed.cursor().1;
        }
        // Up / Down / FileTop / FileBottom / Search — preserve vcol.
        _ => {}
    }
}

/// Yank / delete / change / replace a rectangular selection. Yanked text
/// is stored as one string per row joined with `\n` so pasting reproduces
/// the block as sequential lines. (Vim's true block-paste reinserts as
/// columns; we render the content with our char-wise paste path.)
fn apply_block_operator<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
) {
    let (top, bot, left, right) = block_bounds(ed);
    // Snapshot the block text for yank / clipboard.
    let yank = block_yank(ed, top, bot, left, right);

    match op {
        Operator::Yank => {
            if !yank.is_empty() {
                ed.record_yank_to_host(yank.clone());
                ed.record_yank(yank, false);
            }
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
            ed.jump_cursor(top, left);
        }
        Operator::Delete => {
            ed.push_undo();
            delete_block_contents(ed, top, bot, left, right);
            if !yank.is_empty() {
                ed.record_yank_to_host(yank.clone());
                ed.record_delete(yank, false);
            }
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
            ed.jump_cursor(top, left);
        }
        Operator::Change => {
            ed.push_undo();
            delete_block_contents(ed, top, bot, left, right);
            if !yank.is_empty() {
                ed.record_yank_to_host(yank.clone());
                ed.record_delete(yank, false);
            }
            ed.jump_cursor(top, left);
            begin_insert_noundo(
                ed,
                1,
                InsertReason::BlockChange {
                    top,
                    bot,
                    col: left,
                },
            );
        }
        Operator::Uppercase | Operator::Lowercase | Operator::ToggleCase => {
            ed.push_undo();
            transform_block_case(ed, op, top, bot, left, right);
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
            ed.jump_cursor(top, left);
        }
        Operator::Indent | Operator::Outdent => {
            // VisualBlock `>` / `<` falls back to linewise indent over
            // the block's row range — vim does the same (column-wise
            // indent/outdent doesn't make sense).
            ed.push_undo();
            if op == Operator::Indent {
                indent_rows(ed, top, bot, 1);
            } else {
                outdent_rows(ed, top, bot, 1);
            }
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
        }
        Operator::Fold => unreachable!("Visual zf takes its own path"),
        Operator::Reflow => {
            // Reflow over the block falls back to linewise reflow over
            // the row range — column slicing for `gq` doesn't make
            // sense.
            ed.push_undo();
            reflow_rows(ed, top, bot);
            ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
        }
    }
}

/// In-place case transform over the rectangular block
/// `(top..=bot, left..=right)`. Rows shorter than `left` are left
/// untouched — vim behaves the same way (ragged blocks).
fn transform_block_case<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    op: Operator,
    top: usize,
    bot: usize,
    left: usize,
    right: usize,
) {
    let mut lines: Vec<String> = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    for r in top..=bot.min(lines.len().saturating_sub(1)) {
        let chars: Vec<char> = lines[r].chars().collect();
        if left >= chars.len() {
            continue;
        }
        let end = (right + 1).min(chars.len());
        let head: String = chars[..left].iter().collect();
        let mid: String = chars[left..end].iter().collect();
        let tail: String = chars[end..].iter().collect();
        let transformed = match op {
            Operator::Uppercase => mid.to_uppercase(),
            Operator::Lowercase => mid.to_lowercase(),
            Operator::ToggleCase => toggle_case_str(&mid),
            _ => mid,
        };
        lines[r] = format!("{head}{transformed}{tail}");
    }
    let saved_yank = ed.yank().to_string();
    let saved_linewise = ed.vim.yank_linewise;
    ed.restore(lines, (top, left));
    ed.set_yank(saved_yank);
    ed.vim.yank_linewise = saved_linewise;
}

fn block_yank<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    top: usize,
    bot: usize,
    left: usize,
    right: usize,
) -> String {
    let lines = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    let mut rows: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
    for r in top..=bot {
        let line = match lines.get(r) {
            Some(l) => l,
            None => break,
        };
        let chars: Vec<char> = line.chars().collect();
        let end = (right + 1).min(chars.len());
        if left >= chars.len() {
            rows.push(String::new());
        } else {
            rows.push(chars[left..end].iter().collect());
        }
    }
    rows.join("\n")
}

fn delete_block_contents<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    top: usize,
    bot: usize,
    left: usize,
    right: usize,
) {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let last_row = bot.min(buf_row_count(&ed.buffer).saturating_sub(1));
    if last_row < top {
        return;
    }
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
        start: Position::new(top, left),
        end: Position::new(last_row, right),
        kind: MotionKind::Block,
    });
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
}

/// Replace each character cell in the block with `ch`.
pub(crate) fn block_replace<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    ch: char,
) {
    let (top, bot, left, right) = block_bounds(ed);
    ed.push_undo();
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let mut lines: Vec<String> = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    for r in top..=bot.min(lines.len().saturating_sub(1)) {
        let chars: Vec<char> = lines[r].chars().collect();
        if left >= chars.len() {
            continue;
        }
        let end = (right + 1).min(chars.len());
        let before: String = chars[..left].iter().collect();
        let middle: String = std::iter::repeat_n(ch, end - left).collect();
        let after: String = chars[end..].iter().collect();
        lines[r] = format!("{before}{middle}{after}");
    }
    reset_textarea_lines(ed, lines);
    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
    ed.jump_cursor(top, left);
}

/// Replace buffer content with `lines` while preserving the cursor.
/// Used by indent / outdent / block_replace to wholesale rewrite
/// rows without going through the per-edit funnel.
fn reset_textarea_lines<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    lines: Vec<String>,
) {
    let cursor = ed.cursor();
    crate::types::BufferEdit::replace_all(&mut ed.buffer, &lines.join("\n"));
    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, cursor.0, cursor.1);
    ed.mark_content_dirty();
}

// ─── Visual-line helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────────────

// ─── Text-object range computation ─────────────────────────────────────────

/// Cursor position as `(row, col)`.
type Pos = (usize, usize);

/// Returns `(start, end, kind)` where `end` is *exclusive* (one past the
/// last character to act on). `kind` is `Linewise` for line-oriented text
/// objects like paragraphs and `Exclusive` otherwise.
pub(crate) fn text_object_range<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    obj: TextObject,
    inner: bool,
) -> Option<(Pos, Pos, RangeKind)> {
    match obj {
        TextObject::Word { big } => {
            word_text_object(ed, inner, big).map(|(s, e)| (s, e, RangeKind::Exclusive))
        }
        TextObject::Quote(q) => {
            quote_text_object(ed, q, inner).map(|(s, e)| (s, e, RangeKind::Exclusive))
        }
        TextObject::Bracket(open) => bracket_text_object(ed, open, inner),
        TextObject::Paragraph => {
            paragraph_text_object(ed, inner).map(|(s, e)| (s, e, RangeKind::Linewise))
        }
        TextObject::XmlTag => tag_text_object(ed, inner).map(|(s, e)| (s, e, RangeKind::Exclusive)),
        TextObject::Sentence => {
            sentence_text_object(ed, inner).map(|(s, e)| (s, e, RangeKind::Exclusive))
        }
    }
}

/// `(` / `)` — walk to the next sentence boundary in `forward` direction.
/// Returns `(row, col)` of the boundary's first non-whitespace cell, or
/// `None` when already at the buffer's edge in that direction.
fn sentence_boundary<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    forward: bool,
) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
    let lines = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    if lines.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    let pos_to_idx = |pos: (usize, usize)| -> usize {
        let mut idx = 0;
        for line in lines.iter().take(pos.0) {
            idx += line.chars().count() + 1;
        }
        idx + pos.1
    };
    let idx_to_pos = |mut idx: usize| -> (usize, usize) {
        for (r, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
            let len = line.chars().count();
            if idx <= len {
                return (r, idx);
            }
            idx -= len + 1;
        }
        let last = lines.len().saturating_sub(1);
        (last, lines[last].chars().count())
    };
    let mut chars: Vec<char> = Vec::new();
    for (r, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
        chars.extend(line.chars());
        if r + 1 < lines.len() {
            chars.push('\n');
        }
    }
    if chars.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    let total = chars.len();
    let cursor_idx = pos_to_idx(ed.cursor()).min(total - 1);
    let is_terminator = |c: char| matches!(c, '.' | '?' | '!');

    if forward {
        // Walk forward looking for a terminator run followed by
        // whitespace; land on the first non-whitespace cell after.
        let mut i = cursor_idx + 1;
        while i < total {
            if is_terminator(chars[i]) {
                while i + 1 < total && is_terminator(chars[i + 1]) {
                    i += 1;
                }
                if i + 1 >= total {
                    return None;
                }
                if chars[i + 1].is_whitespace() {
                    let mut j = i + 1;
                    while j < total && chars[j].is_whitespace() {
                        j += 1;
                    }
                    if j >= total {
                        return None;
                    }
                    return Some(idx_to_pos(j));
                }
            }
            i += 1;
        }
        None
    } else {
        // Walk backward to find the start of the current sentence (if
        // we're already at the start, jump to the previous sentence's
        // start instead).
        let find_start = |from: usize| -> Option<usize> {
            let mut start = from;
            while start > 0 {
                let prev = chars[start - 1];
                if prev.is_whitespace() {
                    let mut k = start - 1;
                    while k > 0 && chars[k - 1].is_whitespace() {
                        k -= 1;
                    }
                    if k > 0 && is_terminator(chars[k - 1]) {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                start -= 1;
            }
            while start < total && chars[start].is_whitespace() {
                start += 1;
            }
            (start < total).then_some(start)
        };
        let current_start = find_start(cursor_idx)?;
        if current_start < cursor_idx {
            return Some(idx_to_pos(current_start));
        }
        // Already at the sentence start — step over the boundary into
        // the previous sentence and find its start.
        let mut k = current_start;
        while k > 0 && chars[k - 1].is_whitespace() {
            k -= 1;
        }
        if k == 0 {
            return None;
        }
        let prev_start = find_start(k - 1)?;
        Some(idx_to_pos(prev_start))
    }
}

/// `is` / `as` — sentence: text up to and including the next sentence
/// terminator (`.`, `?`, `!`). Vim treats `.`/`?`/`!` followed by
/// whitespace (or end-of-line) as a boundary; runs of consecutive
/// terminators stay attached to the same sentence. `as` extends to
/// include trailing whitespace; `is` does not.
fn sentence_text_object<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    inner: bool,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    let lines = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    if lines.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    // Flatten the buffer so a sentence can span lines (vim's behaviour).
    // Newlines count as whitespace for boundary detection.
    let pos_to_idx = |pos: (usize, usize)| -> usize {
        let mut idx = 0;
        for line in lines.iter().take(pos.0) {
            idx += line.chars().count() + 1;
        }
        idx + pos.1
    };
    let idx_to_pos = |mut idx: usize| -> (usize, usize) {
        for (r, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
            let len = line.chars().count();
            if idx <= len {
                return (r, idx);
            }
            idx -= len + 1;
        }
        let last = lines.len().saturating_sub(1);
        (last, lines[last].chars().count())
    };
    let mut chars: Vec<char> = Vec::new();
    for (r, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
        chars.extend(line.chars());
        if r + 1 < lines.len() {
            chars.push('\n');
        }
    }
    if chars.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }

    let cursor_idx = pos_to_idx(ed.cursor()).min(chars.len() - 1);
    let is_terminator = |c: char| matches!(c, '.' | '?' | '!');

    // Walk backward from cursor to find the start of the current
    // sentence. A boundary is: whitespace immediately after a run of
    // terminators (or start-of-buffer).
    let mut start = cursor_idx;
    while start > 0 {
        let prev = chars[start - 1];
        if prev.is_whitespace() {
            // Check if the whitespace follows a terminator — if so,
            // we've crossed a sentence boundary; the sentence begins
            // at the first non-whitespace cell *after* this run.
            let mut k = start - 1;
            while k > 0 && chars[k - 1].is_whitespace() {
                k -= 1;
            }
            if k > 0 && is_terminator(chars[k - 1]) {
                break;
            }
        }
        start -= 1;
    }
    // Skip leading whitespace (vim doesn't include it in the
    // sentence body).
    while start < chars.len() && chars[start].is_whitespace() {
        start += 1;
    }
    if start >= chars.len() {
        return None;
    }

    // Walk forward to the sentence end (last terminator before the
    // next whitespace boundary).
    let mut end = start;
    while end < chars.len() {
        if is_terminator(chars[end]) {
            // Consume any consecutive terminators (e.g. `?!`).
            while end + 1 < chars.len() && is_terminator(chars[end + 1]) {
                end += 1;
            }
            // If followed by whitespace or end-of-buffer, that's the
            // boundary.
            if end + 1 >= chars.len() || chars[end + 1].is_whitespace() {
                break;
            }
        }
        end += 1;
    }
    // Inclusive end → exclusive end_idx.
    let end_idx = (end + 1).min(chars.len());

    let final_end = if inner {
        end_idx
    } else {
        // `as`: include trailing whitespace (but stop before the next
        // newline so we don't gobble a paragraph break — vim keeps
        // sentences within a paragraph for the trailing-ws extension).
        let mut e = end_idx;
        while e < chars.len() && chars[e].is_whitespace() && chars[e] != '\n' {
            e += 1;
        }
        e
    };

    Some((idx_to_pos(start), idx_to_pos(final_end)))
}

/// `it` / `at` — XML tag pair text object. Builds a flat char index of
/// the buffer, walks `<...>` tokens to pair tags via a stack, and
/// returns the innermost pair containing the cursor.
fn tag_text_object<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    inner: bool,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    let lines = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    if lines.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    // Flatten char positions so we can compare cursor against tag
    // ranges without per-row arithmetic. `\n` between lines counts as
    // a single char.
    let pos_to_idx = |pos: (usize, usize)| -> usize {
        let mut idx = 0;
        for line in lines.iter().take(pos.0) {
            idx += line.chars().count() + 1;
        }
        idx + pos.1
    };
    let idx_to_pos = |mut idx: usize| -> (usize, usize) {
        for (r, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
            let len = line.chars().count();
            if idx <= len {
                return (r, idx);
            }
            idx -= len + 1;
        }
        let last = lines.len().saturating_sub(1);
        (last, lines[last].chars().count())
    };
    let mut chars: Vec<char> = Vec::new();
    for (r, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
        chars.extend(line.chars());
        if r + 1 < lines.len() {
            chars.push('\n');
        }
    }
    let cursor_idx = pos_to_idx(ed.cursor());

    // Walk `<...>` tokens. Track open tags on a stack; on a matching
    // close pop and consider the pair a candidate when the cursor lies
    // inside its content range. Innermost wins (replace whenever a
    // tighter range turns up). Also track the first complete pair that
    // starts at or after the cursor so we can fall back to a forward
    // scan (targets.vim-style) when the cursor isn't inside any tag.
    let mut stack: Vec<(usize, usize, String)> = Vec::new(); // (open_start, content_start, name)
    let mut innermost: Option<(usize, usize, usize, usize)> = None;
    let mut next_after: Option<(usize, usize, usize, usize)> = None;
    let mut i = 0;
    while i < chars.len() {
        if chars[i] != '<' {
            i += 1;
            continue;
        }
        let mut j = i + 1;
        while j < chars.len() && chars[j] != '>' {
            j += 1;
        }
        if j >= chars.len() {
            break;
        }
        let inside: String = chars[i + 1..j].iter().collect();
        let close_end = j + 1;
        let trimmed = inside.trim();
        if trimmed.starts_with('!') || trimmed.starts_with('?') {
            i = close_end;
            continue;
        }
        if let Some(rest) = trimmed.strip_prefix('/') {
            let name = rest.split_whitespace().next().unwrap_or("").to_string();
            if !name.is_empty()
                && let Some(stack_idx) = stack.iter().rposition(|(_, _, n)| *n == name)
            {
                let (open_start, content_start, _) = stack[stack_idx].clone();
                stack.truncate(stack_idx);
                let content_end = i;
                let candidate = (open_start, content_start, content_end, close_end);
                if cursor_idx >= content_start && cursor_idx <= content_end {
                    innermost = match innermost {
                        Some((_, cs, ce, _)) if cs <= content_start && content_end <= ce => {
                            Some(candidate)
                        }
                        None => Some(candidate),
                        existing => existing,
                    };
                } else if open_start >= cursor_idx && next_after.is_none() {
                    next_after = Some(candidate);
                }
            }
        } else if !trimmed.ends_with('/') {
            let name: String = trimmed
                .split(|c: char| c.is_whitespace() || c == '/')
                .next()
                .unwrap_or("")
                .to_string();
            if !name.is_empty() {
                stack.push((i, close_end, name));
            }
        }
        i = close_end;
    }

    let (open_start, content_start, content_end, close_end) = innermost.or(next_after)?;
    if inner {
        Some((idx_to_pos(content_start), idx_to_pos(content_end)))
    } else {
        Some((idx_to_pos(open_start), idx_to_pos(close_end)))
    }
}

fn is_wordchar(c: char) -> bool {
    c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_'
}

// `is_keyword_char` lives in hjkl-buffer (used by word motions);
// engine re-uses it via `hjkl_buffer::is_keyword_char` so there's
// one parser, one default, one bug surface.
pub(crate) use hjkl_buffer::is_keyword_char;

fn word_text_object<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    inner: bool,
    big: bool,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    let (row, col) = ed.cursor();
    let line = buf_line(&ed.buffer, row)?;
    let chars: Vec<char> = line.chars().collect();
    if chars.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    let at = col.min(chars.len().saturating_sub(1));
    let classify = |c: char| -> u8 {
        if c.is_whitespace() {
            0
        } else if big || is_wordchar(c) {
            1
        } else {
            2
        }
    };
    let cls = classify(chars[at]);
    let mut start = at;
    while start > 0 && classify(chars[start - 1]) == cls {
        start -= 1;
    }
    let mut end = at;
    while end + 1 < chars.len() && classify(chars[end + 1]) == cls {
        end += 1;
    }
    // Byte-offset helpers.
    let char_byte = |i: usize| {
        if i >= chars.len() {
            line.len()
        } else {
            line.char_indices().nth(i).map(|(b, _)| b).unwrap_or(0)
        }
    };
    let mut start_col = char_byte(start);
    // Exclusive end: byte index of char AFTER the last-included char.
    let mut end_col = char_byte(end + 1);
    if !inner {
        // `aw` — include trailing whitespace; if there's no trailing ws, absorb leading ws.
        let mut t = end + 1;
        let mut included_trailing = false;
        while t < chars.len() && chars[t].is_whitespace() {
            included_trailing = true;
            t += 1;
        }
        if included_trailing {
            end_col = char_byte(t);
        } else {
            let mut s = start;
            while s > 0 && chars[s - 1].is_whitespace() {
                s -= 1;
            }
            start_col = char_byte(s);
        }
    }
    Some(((row, start_col), (row, end_col)))
}

fn quote_text_object<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    q: char,
    inner: bool,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    let (row, col) = ed.cursor();
    let line = buf_line(&ed.buffer, row)?;
    let bytes = line.as_bytes();
    let q_byte = q as u8;
    // Find opening and closing quote on the same line.
    let mut positions: Vec<usize> = Vec::new();
    for (i, &b) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
        if b == q_byte {
            positions.push(i);
        }
    }
    if positions.len() < 2 {
        return None;
    }
    let mut open_idx: Option<usize> = None;
    let mut close_idx: Option<usize> = None;
    for pair in positions.chunks(2) {
        if pair.len() < 2 {
            break;
        }
        if col >= pair[0] && col <= pair[1] {
            open_idx = Some(pair[0]);
            close_idx = Some(pair[1]);
            break;
        }
        if col < pair[0] {
            open_idx = Some(pair[0]);
            close_idx = Some(pair[1]);
            break;
        }
    }
    let open = open_idx?;
    let close = close_idx?;
    // End columns are *exclusive* — one past the last character to act on.
    if inner {
        if close <= open + 1 {
            return None;
        }
        Some(((row, open + 1), (row, close)))
    } else {
        // `da<q>` — "around" includes the surrounding whitespace on one
        // side: trailing whitespace if any exists after the closing quote;
        // otherwise leading whitespace before the opening quote. This
        // matches vim's `:help text-objects` behaviour and avoids leaving
        // a double-space when the quoted span sits mid-sentence.
        let after_close = close + 1; // byte index after closing quote
        if after_close < bytes.len() && bytes[after_close].is_ascii_whitespace() {
            // Eat trailing whitespace run.
            let mut end = after_close;
            while end < bytes.len() && bytes[end].is_ascii_whitespace() {
                end += 1;
            }
            Some(((row, open), (row, end)))
        } else if open > 0 && bytes[open - 1].is_ascii_whitespace() {
            // Eat leading whitespace run.
            let mut start = open;
            while start > 0 && bytes[start - 1].is_ascii_whitespace() {
                start -= 1;
            }
            Some(((row, start), (row, close + 1)))
        } else {
            Some(((row, open), (row, close + 1)))
        }
    }
}

fn bracket_text_object<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    open: char,
    inner: bool,
) -> Option<(Pos, Pos, RangeKind)> {
    let close = match open {
        '(' => ')',
        '[' => ']',
        '{' => '}',
        '<' => '>',
        _ => return None,
    };
    let (row, col) = ed.cursor();
    let lines = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    let lines = lines.as_slice();
    // Walk backward from cursor to find unbalanced opening. When the
    // cursor isn't inside any pair, fall back to scanning forward for
    // the next opening bracket (targets.vim-style: `ci(` works when
    // cursor is before the `(` on the same line or below).
    let open_pos = find_open_bracket(lines, row, col, open, close)
        .or_else(|| find_next_open(lines, row, col, open))?;
    let close_pos = find_close_bracket(lines, open_pos.0, open_pos.1 + 1, open, close)?;
    // End positions are *exclusive*.
    if inner {
        // Multi-line `iB` / `i{` etc: vim deletes the full lines between
        // the braces (linewise), preserving the `{` and `}` lines
        // themselves and the newlines that directly abut them. E.g.:
        //   {\n    body\n}\n  →  {\n}\n    (cursor on `}` line)
        // Single-line `i{` falls back to charwise exclusive.
        if close_pos.0 > open_pos.0 + 1 {
            // There is at least one line strictly between open and close.
            let inner_row_start = open_pos.0 + 1;
            let inner_row_end = close_pos.0 - 1;
            let end_col = lines
                .get(inner_row_end)
                .map(|l| l.chars().count())
                .unwrap_or(0);
            return Some((
                (inner_row_start, 0),
                (inner_row_end, end_col),
                RangeKind::Linewise,
            ));
        }
        let inner_start = advance_pos(lines, open_pos);
        if inner_start.0 > close_pos.0
            || (inner_start.0 == close_pos.0 && inner_start.1 >= close_pos.1)
        {
            return None;
        }
        Some((inner_start, close_pos, RangeKind::Exclusive))
    } else {
        Some((
            open_pos,
            advance_pos(lines, close_pos),
            RangeKind::Exclusive,
        ))
    }
}

fn find_open_bracket(
    lines: &[String],
    row: usize,
    col: usize,
    open: char,
    close: char,
) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
    let mut depth: i32 = 0;
    let mut r = row;
    let mut c = col as isize;
    loop {
        let cur = &lines[r];
        let chars: Vec<char> = cur.chars().collect();
        // Clamp `c` to the line length: callers may seed `col` past
        // EOL on virtual-cursor lines (e.g., insert mode after `o`)
        // so direct indexing would panic on empty / short lines.
        if (c as usize) >= chars.len() {
            c = chars.len() as isize - 1;
        }
        while c >= 0 {
            let ch = chars[c as usize];
            if ch == close {
                depth += 1;
            } else if ch == open {
                if depth == 0 {
                    return Some((r, c as usize));
                }
                depth -= 1;
            }
            c -= 1;
        }
        if r == 0 {
            return None;
        }
        r -= 1;
        c = lines[r].chars().count() as isize - 1;
    }
}

fn find_close_bracket(
    lines: &[String],
    row: usize,
    start_col: usize,
    open: char,
    close: char,
) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
    let mut depth: i32 = 0;
    let mut r = row;
    let mut c = start_col;
    loop {
        let cur = &lines[r];
        let chars: Vec<char> = cur.chars().collect();
        while c < chars.len() {
            let ch = chars[c];
            if ch == open {
                depth += 1;
            } else if ch == close {
                if depth == 0 {
                    return Some((r, c));
                }
                depth -= 1;
            }
            c += 1;
        }
        if r + 1 >= lines.len() {
            return None;
        }
        r += 1;
        c = 0;
    }
}

/// Forward scan from `(row, col)` for the next occurrence of `open`.
/// Multi-line. Used by bracket text objects to support targets.vim-style
/// "search forward when not currently inside a pair" behaviour.
fn find_next_open(lines: &[String], row: usize, col: usize, open: char) -> Option<(usize, usize)> {
    let mut r = row;
    let mut c = col;
    while r < lines.len() {
        let chars: Vec<char> = lines[r].chars().collect();
        while c < chars.len() {
            if chars[c] == open {
                return Some((r, c));
            }
            c += 1;
        }
        r += 1;
        c = 0;
    }
    None
}

fn advance_pos(lines: &[String], pos: (usize, usize)) -> (usize, usize) {
    let (r, c) = pos;
    let line_len = lines[r].chars().count();
    if c < line_len {
        (r, c + 1)
    } else if r + 1 < lines.len() {
        (r + 1, 0)
    } else {
        pos
    }
}

fn paragraph_text_object<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    inner: bool,
) -> Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> {
    let (row, _) = ed.cursor();
    let lines = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    if lines.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    // A paragraph is a run of non-blank lines.
    let is_blank = |r: usize| lines.get(r).map(|s| s.trim().is_empty()).unwrap_or(true);
    if is_blank(row) {
        return None;
    }
    let mut top = row;
    while top > 0 && !is_blank(top - 1) {
        top -= 1;
    }
    let mut bot = row;
    while bot + 1 < lines.len() && !is_blank(bot + 1) {
        bot += 1;
    }
    // For `ap`, include one trailing blank line if present.
    if !inner && bot + 1 < lines.len() && is_blank(bot + 1) {
        bot += 1;
    }
    let end_col = lines[bot].chars().count();
    Some(((top, 0), (bot, end_col)))
}

// ─── Individual commands ───────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Read the text in a vim-shaped range without mutating. Used by
/// `Operator::Yank` so we can pipe the same range translation as
/// [`cut_vim_range`] but skip the delete + inverse extraction.
fn read_vim_range<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    start: (usize, usize),
    end: (usize, usize),
    kind: RangeKind,
) -> String {
    let (top, bot) = order(start, end);
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let lines = buf_lines_to_vec(&ed.buffer);
    match kind {
        RangeKind::Linewise => {
            let lo = top.0;
            let hi = bot.0.min(lines.len().saturating_sub(1));
            let mut text = lines[lo..=hi].join("\n");
            text.push('\n');
            text
        }
        RangeKind::Inclusive | RangeKind::Exclusive => {
            let inclusive = matches!(kind, RangeKind::Inclusive);
            // Walk row-by-row collecting chars in `[top, end_exclusive)`.
            let mut out = String::new();
            for row in top.0..=bot.0 {
                let line = lines.get(row).map(String::as_str).unwrap_or("");
                let lo = if row == top.0 { top.1 } else { 0 };
                let hi_unclamped = if row == bot.0 {
                    if inclusive { bot.1 + 1 } else { bot.1 }
                } else {
                    line.chars().count() + 1
                };
                let row_chars: Vec<char> = line.chars().collect();
                let hi = hi_unclamped.min(row_chars.len());
                if lo < hi {
                    out.push_str(&row_chars[lo..hi].iter().collect::<String>());
                }
                if row < bot.0 {
                    out.push('\n');
                }
            }
            out
        }
    }
}

/// Cut a vim-shaped range through the Buffer edit funnel and return
/// the deleted text. Translates vim's `RangeKind`
/// (Linewise/Inclusive/Exclusive) into the buffer's
/// `hjkl_buffer::MotionKind` (Line/Char) and applies the right end-
/// position adjustment so inclusive motions actually include the bot
/// cell. Pushes the cut text into both `last_yank` and the textarea
/// yank buffer (still observed by `p`/`P` until the paste path is
/// ported), and updates `yank_linewise` for linewise cuts.
fn cut_vim_range<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    start: (usize, usize),
    end: (usize, usize),
    kind: RangeKind,
) -> String {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind as BufKind, Position};
    let (top, bot) = order(start, end);
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let (buf_start, buf_end, buf_kind) = match kind {
        RangeKind::Linewise => (
            Position::new(top.0, 0),
            Position::new(bot.0, 0),
            BufKind::Line,
        ),
        RangeKind::Inclusive => {
            let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, bot.0);
            // Advance one cell past `bot` so the buffer's exclusive
            // `cut_chars` actually drops the inclusive endpoint. Wrap
            // to the next row when bot already sits on the last char.
            let next = if bot.1 < line_chars {
                Position::new(bot.0, bot.1 + 1)
            } else if bot.0 + 1 < buf_row_count(&ed.buffer) {
                Position::new(bot.0 + 1, 0)
            } else {
                Position::new(bot.0, line_chars)
            };
            (Position::new(top.0, top.1), next, BufKind::Char)
        }
        RangeKind::Exclusive => (
            Position::new(top.0, top.1),
            Position::new(bot.0, bot.1),
            BufKind::Char,
        ),
    };
    let inverse = ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
        start: buf_start,
        end: buf_end,
        kind: buf_kind,
    });
    let text = match inverse {
        Edit::InsertStr { text, .. } => text,
        _ => String::new(),
    };
    if !text.is_empty() {
        ed.record_yank_to_host(text.clone());
        ed.record_delete(text.clone(), matches!(kind, RangeKind::Linewise));
    }
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    text
}

/// `D` / `C` — delete from cursor to end of line through the edit
/// funnel. Mirrors the deleted text into both `ed.last_yank` and the
/// textarea's yank buffer (still observed by `p`/`P` until the paste
/// path is ported). Cursor lands at the deletion start so the caller
/// can decide whether to step it left (`D`) or open insert mode (`C`).
fn delete_to_eol<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, cursor.row);
    if cursor.col >= line_chars {
        return;
    }
    let inverse = ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
        start: cursor,
        end: Position::new(cursor.row, line_chars),
        kind: MotionKind::Char,
    });
    if let Edit::InsertStr { text, .. } = inverse
        && !text.is_empty()
    {
        ed.record_yank_to_host(text.clone());
        ed.vim.yank_linewise = false;
        ed.set_yank(text);
    }
    buf_set_cursor_pos(&mut ed.buffer, cursor);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
}

fn do_char_delete<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    forward: bool,
    count: usize,
) {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.push_undo();
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    // Collect deleted chars so we can write them to the unnamed register
    // (vim's `x`/`X` populate `"` so that `xp` round-trips the char).
    let mut deleted = String::new();
    for _ in 0..count {
        let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
        let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, cursor.row);
        if forward {
            // `x` — delete the char under the cursor. Vim no-ops on
            // an empty line; the buffer would drop a row otherwise.
            if cursor.col >= line_chars {
                continue;
            }
            let inverse = ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
                start: cursor,
                end: Position::new(cursor.row, cursor.col + 1),
                kind: MotionKind::Char,
            });
            if let Edit::InsertStr { text, .. } = inverse {
                deleted.push_str(&text);
            }
        } else {
            // `X` — delete the char before the cursor.
            if cursor.col == 0 {
                continue;
            }
            let inverse = ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
                start: Position::new(cursor.row, cursor.col - 1),
                end: cursor,
                kind: MotionKind::Char,
            });
            if let Edit::InsertStr { text, .. } = inverse {
                // X deletes backwards; prepend so the register text
                // matches reading order (first deleted char first).
                deleted = text + &deleted;
            }
        }
    }
    if !deleted.is_empty() {
        ed.record_yank_to_host(deleted.clone());
        ed.record_delete(deleted, false);
    }
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
}

/// Vim `Ctrl-a` / `Ctrl-x` — find the next decimal number at or after the
/// cursor on the current line, add `delta`, leave the cursor on the last
/// digit of the result. No-op if the line has no digits to the right.
pub(crate) fn adjust_number<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    delta: i64,
) -> bool {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    let row = cursor.row;
    let chars: Vec<char> = match buf_line(&ed.buffer, row) {
        Some(l) => l.chars().collect(),
        None => return false,
    };
    let Some(digit_start) = (cursor.col..chars.len()).find(|&i| chars[i].is_ascii_digit()) else {
        return false;
    };
    let span_start = if digit_start > 0 && chars[digit_start - 1] == '-' {
        digit_start - 1
    } else {
        digit_start
    };
    let mut span_end = digit_start;
    while span_end < chars.len() && chars[span_end].is_ascii_digit() {
        span_end += 1;
    }
    let s: String = chars[span_start..span_end].iter().collect();
    let Ok(n) = s.parse::<i64>() else {
        return false;
    };
    let new_s = n.saturating_add(delta).to_string();

    ed.push_undo();
    let span_start_pos = Position::new(row, span_start);
    let span_end_pos = Position::new(row, span_end);
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
        start: span_start_pos,
        end: span_end_pos,
        kind: MotionKind::Char,
    });
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
        at: span_start_pos,
        text: new_s.clone(),
    });
    let new_len = new_s.chars().count();
    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, row, span_start + new_len.saturating_sub(1));
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
    true
}

pub(crate) fn replace_char<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    ch: char,
    count: usize,
) {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.push_undo();
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    for _ in 0..count {
        let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
        let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, cursor.row);
        if cursor.col >= line_chars {
            break;
        }
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
            start: cursor,
            end: Position::new(cursor.row, cursor.col + 1),
            kind: MotionKind::Char,
        });
        ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertChar { at: cursor, ch });
    }
    // Vim leaves the cursor on the last replaced char.
    crate::motions::move_left(&mut ed.buffer, 1);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
}

fn toggle_case_at_cursor<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, MotionKind, Position};
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
    let Some(c) = buf_line(&ed.buffer, cursor.row).and_then(|l| l.chars().nth(cursor.col)) else {
        return;
    };
    let toggled = if c.is_uppercase() {
        c.to_lowercase().next().unwrap_or(c)
    } else {
        c.to_uppercase().next().unwrap_or(c)
    };
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::DeleteRange {
        start: cursor,
        end: Position::new(cursor.row, cursor.col + 1),
        kind: MotionKind::Char,
    });
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertChar {
        at: cursor,
        ch: toggled,
    });
}

fn join_line<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, Position};
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let row = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).row;
    if row + 1 >= buf_row_count(&ed.buffer) {
        return;
    }
    let cur_line = buf_line(&ed.buffer, row).unwrap_or("").to_string();
    let next_raw = buf_line(&ed.buffer, row + 1).unwrap_or("").to_string();
    let next_trimmed = next_raw.trim_start();
    let cur_chars = cur_line.chars().count();
    let next_chars = next_raw.chars().count();
    // `J` inserts a single space iff both sides are non-empty after
    // stripping the next line's leading whitespace.
    let separator = if !cur_line.is_empty() && !next_trimmed.is_empty() {
        " "
    } else {
        ""
    };
    let joined = format!("{cur_line}{separator}{next_trimmed}");
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::Replace {
        start: Position::new(row, 0),
        end: Position::new(row + 1, next_chars),
        with: joined,
    });
    // Vim parks the cursor on the inserted space — or at the join
    // point when no space went in (which is the same column either
    // way, since the space sits exactly at `cur_chars`).
    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, row, cur_chars);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
}

/// `gJ` — join the next line onto the current one without inserting a
/// separating space or stripping leading whitespace.
fn join_line_raw<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    use hjkl_buffer::Edit;
    ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
    let row = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).row;
    if row + 1 >= buf_row_count(&ed.buffer) {
        return;
    }
    let join_col = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, row);
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::JoinLines {
        row,
        count: 1,
        with_space: false,
    });
    // Vim leaves the cursor at the join point (end of original line).
    buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, row, join_col);
    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
}

fn do_paste<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    before: bool,
    count: usize,
) {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, Position};
    ed.push_undo();
    // Resolve the source register: `"reg` prefix (consumed) or the
    // unnamed register otherwise. Read text + linewise from the
    // selected slot rather than the global `vim.yank_linewise` so
    // pasting from `"0` after a delete still uses the yank's layout.
    let selector = ed.vim.pending_register.take();
    let (yank, linewise) = match selector.and_then(|c| ed.registers().read(c)) {
        Some(slot) => (slot.text.clone(), slot.linewise),
        // Read both fields from the unnamed slot rather than mixing the
        // slot's text with `vim.yank_linewise`. The cached vim flag is
        // per-editor, so a register imported from another editor (e.g.
        // cross-buffer yank/paste) carried the wrong linewise without
        // this — pasting a linewise yank inserted at the char cursor.
        None => {
            let s = &ed.registers().unnamed;
            (s.text.clone(), s.linewise)
        }
    };
    // Vim `:h '[` / `:h ']`: after paste `[` = first inserted char of
    // the final paste, `]` = last inserted char of the final paste.
    // We track (lo, hi) across iterations; the last value wins.
    let mut paste_mark: Option<((usize, usize), (usize, usize))> = None;
    for _ in 0..count {
        ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
        let yank = yank.clone();
        if yank.is_empty() {
            continue;
        }
        if linewise {
            // Linewise paste: insert payload as fresh row(s) above
            // (`P`) or below (`p`) the cursor's row. Cursor lands on
            // the first non-blank of the first pasted line.
            let text = yank.trim_matches('\n').to_string();
            let row = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).row;
            let target_row = if before {
                ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
                    at: Position::new(row, 0),
                    text: format!("{text}\n"),
                });
                row
            } else {
                let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, row);
                ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
                    at: Position::new(row, line_chars),
                    text: format!("\n{text}"),
                });
                row + 1
            };
            buf_set_cursor_rc(&mut ed.buffer, target_row, 0);
            crate::motions::move_first_non_blank(&mut ed.buffer);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
            // Linewise: `[` = (target_row, 0), `]` = (bot_row, last_col).
            let payload_lines = text.lines().count().max(1);
            let bot_row = target_row + payload_lines - 1;
            let bot_last_col = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, bot_row).saturating_sub(1);
            paste_mark = Some(((target_row, 0), (bot_row, bot_last_col)));
        } else {
            // Charwise paste. `P` inserts at cursor (shifting cell
            // right); `p` inserts after cursor (advance one cell
            // first, clamped to the end of the line).
            let cursor = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer);
            let at = if before {
                cursor
            } else {
                let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, cursor.row);
                Position::new(cursor.row, (cursor.col + 1).min(line_chars))
            };
            ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
                at,
                text: yank.clone(),
            });
            // Vim parks the cursor on the last char of the pasted
            // text (do_insert_str leaves it one past the end).
            crate::motions::move_left(&mut ed.buffer, 1);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
            // Charwise: `[` = insert start, `]` = cursor (last pasted char).
            let lo = (at.row, at.col);
            let hi = ed.cursor();
            paste_mark = Some((lo, hi));
        }
    }
    if let Some((lo, hi)) = paste_mark {
        ed.set_mark('[', lo);
        ed.set_mark(']', hi);
    }
    // Any paste re-anchors the sticky column to the new cursor position.
    ed.sticky_col = Some(buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).col);
}

pub(crate) fn do_undo<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    if let Some((lines, cursor)) = ed.undo_stack.pop() {
        let current = ed.snapshot();
        ed.redo_stack.push(current);
        ed.restore(lines, cursor);
    }
    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
    // The restored cursor came from a snapshot taken in insert mode
    // (before the insert started) and may be past the last valid
    // normal-mode column. Clamp it now, same as Esc-from-insert does.
    clamp_cursor_to_normal_mode(ed);
}

pub(crate) fn do_redo<H: crate::types::Host>(ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>) {
    if let Some((lines, cursor)) = ed.redo_stack.pop() {
        let current = ed.snapshot();
        ed.undo_stack.push(current);
        ed.cap_undo();
        ed.restore(lines, cursor);
    }
    ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
}

// ─── Dot repeat ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Replay-side helper: insert `text` at the cursor through the
/// edit funnel, then leave insert mode (the original change ended
/// with Esc, so the dot-repeat must end the same way — including
/// the cursor step-back vim does on Esc-from-insert).
fn replay_insert_and_finish<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    text: &str,
) {
    use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, Position};
    let cursor = ed.cursor();
    ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
        at: Position::new(cursor.0, cursor.1),
        text: text.to_string(),
    });
    if ed.vim.insert_session.take().is_some() {
        if ed.cursor().1 > 0 {
            crate::motions::move_left(&mut ed.buffer, 1);
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
        }
        ed.vim.mode = Mode::Normal;
    }
}

pub(crate) fn replay_last_change<H: crate::types::Host>(
    ed: &mut Editor<hjkl_buffer::Buffer, H>,
    outer_count: usize,
) {
    let Some(change) = ed.vim.last_change.clone() else {
        return;
    };
    ed.vim.replaying = true;
    let scale = if outer_count > 0 { outer_count } else { 1 };
    match change {
        LastChange::OpMotion {
            op,
            motion,
            count,
            inserted,
        } => {
            let total = count.max(1) * scale;
            apply_op_with_motion(ed, op, &motion, total);
            if let Some(text) = inserted {
                replay_insert_and_finish(ed, &text);
            }
        }
        LastChange::OpTextObj {
            op,
            obj,
            inner,
            inserted,
        } => {
            apply_op_with_text_object(ed, op, obj, inner);
            if let Some(text) = inserted {
                replay_insert_and_finish(ed, &text);
            }
        }
        LastChange::LineOp {
            op,
            count,
            inserted,
        } => {
            let total = count.max(1) * scale;
            execute_line_op(ed, op, total);
            if let Some(text) = inserted {
                replay_insert_and_finish(ed, &text);
            }
        }
        LastChange::CharDel { forward, count } => {
            do_char_delete(ed, forward, count * scale);
        }
        LastChange::ReplaceChar { ch, count } => {
            replace_char(ed, ch, count * scale);
        }
        LastChange::ToggleCase { count } => {
            for _ in 0..count * scale {
                ed.push_undo();
                toggle_case_at_cursor(ed);
            }
        }
        LastChange::JoinLine { count } => {
            for _ in 0..count * scale {
                ed.push_undo();
                join_line(ed);
            }
        }
        LastChange::Paste { before, count } => {
            do_paste(ed, before, count * scale);
        }
        LastChange::DeleteToEol { inserted } => {
            use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, Position};
            ed.push_undo();
            delete_to_eol(ed);
            if let Some(text) = inserted {
                let cursor = ed.cursor();
                ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
                    at: Position::new(cursor.0, cursor.1),
                    text,
                });
            }
        }
        LastChange::OpenLine { above, inserted } => {
            use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, Position};
            ed.push_undo();
            ed.sync_buffer_content_from_textarea();
            let row = buf_cursor_pos(&ed.buffer).row;
            if above {
                ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
                    at: Position::new(row, 0),
                    text: "\n".to_string(),
                });
                let folds = crate::buffer_impl::SnapshotFoldProvider::from_buffer(&ed.buffer);
                crate::motions::move_up(&mut ed.buffer, &folds, 1, &mut ed.sticky_col);
            } else {
                let line_chars = buf_line_chars(&ed.buffer, row);
                ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
                    at: Position::new(row, line_chars),
                    text: "\n".to_string(),
                });
            }
            ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
            let cursor = ed.cursor();
            ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
                at: Position::new(cursor.0, cursor.1),
                text: inserted,
            });
        }
        LastChange::InsertAt {
            entry,
            inserted,
            count,
        } => {
            use hjkl_buffer::{Edit, Position};
            ed.push_undo();
            match entry {
                InsertEntry::I => {}
                InsertEntry::ShiftI => move_first_non_whitespace(ed),
                InsertEntry::A => {
                    crate::motions::move_right_to_end(&mut ed.buffer, 1);
                    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
                }
                InsertEntry::ShiftA => {
                    crate::motions::move_line_end(&mut ed.buffer);
                    crate::motions::move_right_to_end(&mut ed.buffer, 1);
                    ed.push_buffer_cursor_to_textarea();
                }
            }
            for _ in 0..count.max(1) {
                let cursor = ed.cursor();
                ed.mutate_edit(Edit::InsertStr {
                    at: Position::new(cursor.0, cursor.1),
                    text: inserted.clone(),
                });
            }
        }
    }
    ed.vim.replaying = false;
}

// ─── Extracting inserted text for replay ───────────────────────────────────

fn extract_inserted(before: &str, after: &str) -> String {
    let before_chars: Vec<char> = before.chars().collect();
    let after_chars: Vec<char> = after.chars().collect();
    if after_chars.len() <= before_chars.len() {
        return String::new();
    }
    let prefix = before_chars
        .iter()
        .zip(after_chars.iter())
        .take_while(|(a, b)| a == b)
        .count();
    let max_suffix = before_chars.len() - prefix;
    let suffix = before_chars
        .iter()
        .rev()
        .zip(after_chars.iter().rev())
        .take(max_suffix)
        .take_while(|(a, b)| a == b)
        .count();
    after_chars[prefix..after_chars.len() - suffix]
        .iter()
        .collect()
}

// ─── Tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────