hive_btle/sync/

crdt.rs

// Copyright (c) 2025-2026 (r)evolve - Revolve Team LLC
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

//! CRDT (Conflict-free Replicated Data Types) for HIVE-Lite
//!
//! Provides lightweight CRDT implementations optimized for BLE sync:
//! - LWW-Register: Last-Writer-Wins for single values
//! - G-Counter: Grow-only counter for metrics
//!
//! These are designed for minimal memory footprint and efficient
//! serialization over constrained BLE connections.

#[cfg(not(feature = "std"))]
use alloc::{collections::BTreeMap, string::String, string::ToString, vec, vec::Vec};
#[cfg(feature = "std")]
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

use crate::NodeId;

// ============================================================================
// Security Validation Constants
// ============================================================================
// These constants define bounds for validating decoded data to prevent
// spoofing, injection attacks, and garbage data from corrupting state.

/// Minimum valid timestamp: 2020-01-01 00:00:00 UTC (milliseconds)
/// Any timestamp before this is rejected as invalid/spoofed.
pub const MIN_VALID_TIMESTAMP: u64 = 1577836800000;

/// Maximum valid battery percentage (100%)
pub const MAX_BATTERY_PERCENT: u8 = 100;

/// Minimum valid heart rate (BPM) - anything below is likely garbage
pub const MIN_HEART_RATE: u8 = 20;

/// Maximum valid heart rate (BPM) - anything above is likely garbage
pub const MAX_HEART_RATE: u8 = 250;

/// Maximum number of ACK entries in an emergency event (prevents DoS)
pub const MAX_EMERGENCY_ACKS: usize = 256;

/// Maximum number of counter entries (prevents DoS)
pub const MAX_COUNTER_ENTRIES: usize = 256;

/// Timestamp for CRDT operations (milliseconds since epoch or monotonic)
pub type Timestamp = u64;

/// A Last-Writer-Wins Register
///
/// Stores a single value where concurrent writes are resolved by timestamp.
/// Higher timestamp wins. In case of tie, higher node ID wins.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct LwwRegister<T: Clone> {
    /// Current value
    value: T,
    /// Timestamp when value was set
    timestamp: Timestamp,
    /// Node that set the value
    node_id: NodeId,
}

impl<T: Clone + Default> Default for LwwRegister<T> {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            value: T::default(),
            timestamp: 0,
            node_id: NodeId::default(),
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Clone> LwwRegister<T> {
    /// Create a new register with an initial value
    pub fn new(value: T, timestamp: Timestamp, node_id: NodeId) -> Self {
        Self {
            value,
            timestamp,
            node_id,
        }
    }

    /// Get the current value
    pub fn get(&self) -> &T {
        &self.value
    }

    /// Get the timestamp
    pub fn timestamp(&self) -> Timestamp {
        self.timestamp
    }

    /// Get the node that set the value
    pub fn node_id(&self) -> &NodeId {
        &self.node_id
    }

    /// Set a new value if it has a higher timestamp
    ///
    /// Returns true if the value was updated
    pub fn set(&mut self, value: T, timestamp: Timestamp, node_id: NodeId) -> bool {
        if self.should_update(timestamp, &node_id) {
            self.value = value;
            self.timestamp = timestamp;
            self.node_id = node_id;
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    /// Merge with another register (LWW semantics)
    ///
    /// Returns true if our value was updated
    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &LwwRegister<T>) -> bool {
        if self.should_update(other.timestamp, &other.node_id) {
            self.value = other.value.clone();
            self.timestamp = other.timestamp;
            self.node_id = other.node_id;
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    /// Check if we should update based on timestamp/node_id
    fn should_update(&self, timestamp: Timestamp, node_id: &NodeId) -> bool {
        timestamp > self.timestamp
            || (timestamp == self.timestamp && node_id.as_u32() > self.node_id.as_u32())
    }
}

/// A Grow-only Counter (G-Counter)
///
/// Each node maintains its own count, total is the sum of all counts.
/// Only supports increment operations.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct GCounter {
    /// Per-node counts
    counts: BTreeMap<u32, u64>,
}

impl GCounter {
    /// Create a new empty counter
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            counts: BTreeMap::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Get the total count
    pub fn value(&self) -> u64 {
        self.counts.values().sum()
    }

    /// Increment the counter for a node
    pub fn increment(&mut self, node_id: &NodeId, amount: u64) {
        let count = self.counts.entry(node_id.as_u32()).or_insert(0);
        *count = count.saturating_add(amount);
    }

    /// Get the count for a specific node
    pub fn node_count(&self, node_id: &NodeId) -> u64 {
        self.counts.get(&node_id.as_u32()).copied().unwrap_or(0)
    }

    /// Merge with another counter
    ///
    /// Takes the max of each node's count
    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &GCounter) {
        for (&node_id, &count) in &other.counts {
            let our_count = self.counts.entry(node_id).or_insert(0);
            *our_count = (*our_count).max(count);
        }
    }

    /// Get the number of nodes that have contributed
    pub fn node_count_total(&self) -> usize {
        self.counts.len()
    }

    /// Get all entries as (node_id, count) pairs
    ///
    /// Returns an iterator over all nodes and their counts.
    /// Used for building delta documents.
    pub fn entries(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (u32, u64)> + '_ {
        self.counts.iter().map(|(&k, &v)| (k, v))
    }

    /// Encode to bytes for transmission
    pub fn encode(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(4 + self.counts.len() * 12);
        // Number of entries
        buf.extend_from_slice(&(self.counts.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());
        // Each entry: node_id (4 bytes) + count (8 bytes)
        for (&node_id, &count) in &self.counts {
            buf.extend_from_slice(&node_id.to_le_bytes());
            buf.extend_from_slice(&count.to_le_bytes());
        }
        buf
    }

    /// Decode from bytes with validation
    ///
    /// # Security
    /// Limits number of entries to prevent DoS via huge allocations.
    /// Skips zero node IDs.
    pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
        if data.len() < 4 {
            return None;
        }
        let num_entries = u32::from_le_bytes([data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3]]) as usize;

        // Security: Limit entries to prevent DoS via huge allocations
        if num_entries > MAX_COUNTER_ENTRIES {
            return None;
        }

        if data.len() < 4 + num_entries * 12 {
            return None;
        }

        let mut counts = BTreeMap::new();
        let mut offset = 4;
        for _ in 0..num_entries {
            let node_id = u32::from_le_bytes([
                data[offset],
                data[offset + 1],
                data[offset + 2],
                data[offset + 3],
            ]);
            let count = u64::from_le_bytes([
                data[offset + 4],
                data[offset + 5],
                data[offset + 6],
                data[offset + 7],
                data[offset + 8],
                data[offset + 9],
                data[offset + 10],
                data[offset + 11],
            ]);
            // Security: Skip zero node IDs
            if node_id != 0 {
                counts.insert(node_id, count);
            }
            offset += 12;
        }

        Some(Self { counts })
    }
}

/// Position data with LWW semantics
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq)]
pub struct Position {
    /// Latitude in degrees
    pub latitude: f32,
    /// Longitude in degrees
    pub longitude: f32,
    /// Altitude in meters (optional)
    pub altitude: Option<f32>,
    /// Accuracy in meters (optional)
    pub accuracy: Option<f32>,
}

impl Position {
    /// Create a new position
    pub fn new(latitude: f32, longitude: f32) -> Self {
        Self {
            latitude,
            longitude,
            altitude: None,
            accuracy: None,
        }
    }

    /// Create with altitude
    pub fn with_altitude(mut self, altitude: f32) -> Self {
        self.altitude = Some(altitude);
        self
    }

    /// Create with accuracy
    pub fn with_accuracy(mut self, accuracy: f32) -> Self {
        self.accuracy = Some(accuracy);
        self
    }

    /// Encode to bytes (12-20 bytes)
    pub fn encode(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(20);
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.latitude.to_le_bytes());
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.longitude.to_le_bytes());

        // Flags byte: bit 0 = has altitude, bit 1 = has accuracy
        let mut flags = 0u8;
        if self.altitude.is_some() {
            flags |= 0x01;
        }
        if self.accuracy.is_some() {
            flags |= 0x02;
        }
        buf.push(flags);

        if let Some(alt) = self.altitude {
            buf.extend_from_slice(&alt.to_le_bytes());
        }
        if let Some(acc) = self.accuracy {
            buf.extend_from_slice(&acc.to_le_bytes());
        }
        buf
    }

    /// Decode from bytes with validation
    ///
    /// # Security
    /// Validates that latitude/longitude are within valid ranges and not NaN/Inf.
    /// Rejects garbage data that could indicate spoofing or corruption.
    pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
        if data.len() < 9 {
            return None;
        }

        let latitude = f32::from_le_bytes([data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3]]);
        let longitude = f32::from_le_bytes([data[4], data[5], data[6], data[7]]);
        let flags = data[8];

        // Security: Reject NaN, Inf, or out-of-range coordinates
        if !latitude.is_finite() || !longitude.is_finite() {
            return None;
        }
        if !(-90.0..=90.0).contains(&latitude) {
            return None;
        }
        if !(-180.0..=180.0).contains(&longitude) {
            return None;
        }

        let mut pos = Self::new(latitude, longitude);
        let mut offset = 9;

        if flags & 0x01 != 0 {
            if data.len() < offset + 4 {
                return None;
            }
            let alt = f32::from_le_bytes([
                data[offset],
                data[offset + 1],
                data[offset + 2],
                data[offset + 3],
            ]);
            // Security: Reject NaN/Inf altitude, allow wide range for valid Earth elevations
            if !alt.is_finite() || !(-1000.0..=100000.0).contains(&alt) {
                return None;
            }
            pos.altitude = Some(alt);
            offset += 4;
        }

        if flags & 0x02 != 0 {
            if data.len() < offset + 4 {
                return None;
            }
            let acc = f32::from_le_bytes([
                data[offset],
                data[offset + 1],
                data[offset + 2],
                data[offset + 3],
            ]);
            // Security: Reject NaN/Inf/negative accuracy
            if !acc.is_finite() || acc < 0.0 {
                return None;
            }
            pos.accuracy = Some(acc);
        }

        Some(pos)
    }
}

/// Health status data with LWW semantics
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq)]
pub struct HealthStatus {
    /// Battery percentage (0-100)
    pub battery_percent: u8,
    /// Heart rate BPM (optional)
    pub heart_rate: Option<u8>,
    /// Activity level (0=still, 1=walking, 2=running, 3=vehicle)
    pub activity: u8,
    /// Alert status flags
    pub alerts: u8,
}

impl HealthStatus {
    /// Alert flag: Man down
    pub const ALERT_MAN_DOWN: u8 = 0x01;
    /// Alert flag: Low battery
    pub const ALERT_LOW_BATTERY: u8 = 0x02;
    /// Alert flag: Out of range
    pub const ALERT_OUT_OF_RANGE: u8 = 0x04;
    /// Alert flag: Custom alert 1
    pub const ALERT_CUSTOM_1: u8 = 0x08;

    /// Create a new health status
    pub fn new(battery_percent: u8) -> Self {
        Self {
            battery_percent,
            heart_rate: None,
            activity: 0,
            alerts: 0,
        }
    }

    /// Set heart rate
    pub fn with_heart_rate(mut self, hr: u8) -> Self {
        self.heart_rate = Some(hr);
        self
    }

    /// Set activity level
    pub fn with_activity(mut self, activity: u8) -> Self {
        self.activity = activity;
        self
    }

    /// Set alert flag
    pub fn set_alert(&mut self, flag: u8) {
        self.alerts |= flag;
    }

    /// Clear alert flag
    pub fn clear_alert(&mut self, flag: u8) {
        self.alerts &= !flag;
    }

    /// Check if alert is set
    pub fn has_alert(&self, flag: u8) -> bool {
        self.alerts & flag != 0
    }

    /// Encode to bytes (3-4 bytes)
    pub fn encode(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        vec![
            self.battery_percent,
            self.activity,
            self.alerts,
            // Heart rate: 0 means not present, otherwise value
            self.heart_rate.unwrap_or(0),
        ]
    }

    /// Decode from bytes with validation
    ///
    /// # Security
    /// Validates battery percentage and heart rate are within physiological bounds.
    /// Rejects garbage data that could indicate spoofing or corruption.
    pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
        if data.len() < 4 {
            return None;
        }

        let battery_percent = data[0];
        let activity = data[1];
        let alerts = data[2];
        let heart_rate_raw = data[3];

        // Security: Reject battery percentage > 100%
        if battery_percent > MAX_BATTERY_PERCENT {
            return None;
        }

        // Security: Validate activity is a known value (0-3)
        if activity > 3 {
            return None;
        }

        let mut status = Self::new(battery_percent);
        status.activity = activity;
        status.alerts = alerts;

        // Security: Validate heart rate is in physiological range if present
        if heart_rate_raw > 0 {
            if !(MIN_HEART_RATE..=MAX_HEART_RATE).contains(&heart_rate_raw) {
                return None;
            }
            status.heart_rate = Some(heart_rate_raw);
        }

        Some(status)
    }
}

// ============================================================================
// Peripheral (Sub-node) Types - for soldier-attached devices like M5Stack Core2
// ============================================================================

/// Type of peripheral device
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
#[repr(u8)]
pub enum PeripheralType {
    /// Unknown/unspecified
    #[default]
    Unknown = 0,
    /// Soldier-worn sensor (e.g., M5Stack Core2)
    SoldierSensor = 1,
    /// Fixed/stationary sensor
    FixedSensor = 2,
    /// Mesh relay only (no sensors)
    Relay = 3,
}

impl PeripheralType {
    /// Convert from u8 value
    pub fn from_u8(v: u8) -> Self {
        match v {
            1 => Self::SoldierSensor,
            2 => Self::FixedSensor,
            3 => Self::Relay,
            _ => Self::Unknown,
        }
    }
}

/// Event types that a peripheral can emit (e.g., from tap input)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
#[repr(u8)]
pub enum EventType {
    /// No event / cleared
    #[default]
    None = 0,
    /// "I'm OK" ping
    Ping = 1,
    /// Request assistance
    NeedAssist = 2,
    /// Emergency / SOS
    Emergency = 3,
    /// Moving / in transit
    Moving = 4,
    /// In position / stationary
    InPosition = 5,
    /// Acknowledged / copy
    Ack = 6,
}

impl EventType {
    /// Convert from u8 value
    pub fn from_u8(v: u8) -> Self {
        match v {
            1 => Self::Ping,
            2 => Self::NeedAssist,
            3 => Self::Emergency,
            4 => Self::Moving,
            5 => Self::InPosition,
            6 => Self::Ack,
            _ => Self::None,
        }
    }

    /// Human-readable label for display
    pub fn label(&self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Self::None => "",
            Self::Ping => "PING",
            Self::NeedAssist => "NEED ASSIST",
            Self::Emergency => "EMERGENCY",
            Self::Moving => "MOVING",
            Self::InPosition => "IN POSITION",
            Self::Ack => "ACK",
        }
    }
}

/// An event emitted by a peripheral (e.g., tap on Core2)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq)]
pub struct PeripheralEvent {
    /// Type of event
    pub event_type: EventType,
    /// Timestamp when event occurred (ms since epoch or boot)
    pub timestamp: u64,
}

impl PeripheralEvent {
    /// Create a new peripheral event
    pub fn new(event_type: EventType, timestamp: u64) -> Self {
        Self {
            event_type,
            timestamp,
        }
    }

    /// Encode to bytes (9 bytes)
    pub fn encode(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(9);
        buf.push(self.event_type as u8);
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.timestamp.to_le_bytes());
        buf
    }

    /// Decode from bytes with validation
    ///
    /// # Security
    /// Validates timestamp is within reasonable bounds.
    /// Rejects garbage data that could indicate spoofing or corruption.
    pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
        if data.len() < 9 {
            return None;
        }

        let event_type = EventType::from_u8(data[0]);
        let timestamp = u64::from_le_bytes([
            data[1], data[2], data[3], data[4], data[5], data[6], data[7], data[8],
        ]);

        // Security: Reject events with timestamps before 2020
        // Note: timestamp could be 0 for "no event" scenarios, so we allow that
        if timestamp != 0 && timestamp < MIN_VALID_TIMESTAMP {
            return None;
        }

        Some(Self {
            event_type,
            timestamp,
        })
    }
}

/// An emergency event with acknowledgment tracking (CRDT)
///
/// Represents a single emergency incident with distributed ACK tracking.
/// Each node in the mesh can acknowledge the emergency, and this state
/// is replicated across all nodes using CRDT semantics.
///
/// ## CRDT Semantics
///
/// - **Identity**: Events are uniquely identified by (source_node, timestamp)
/// - **Merge for same event**: ACK maps merge with OR (once acked, stays acked)
/// - **Merge for different events**: Higher timestamp wins (newer emergency replaces older)
/// - **Monotonic**: ACK state only moves from false → true, never back
///
/// ## Wire Format
///
/// ```text
/// source_node: 4 bytes (LE)
/// timestamp:   8 bytes (LE)
/// num_acks:    4 bytes (LE)
/// acks[N]:
///   node_id:   4 bytes (LE)
///   acked:     1 byte (0 or 1)
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
pub struct EmergencyEvent {
    /// Node that triggered the emergency
    source_node: u32,
    /// Timestamp when emergency was triggered (for uniqueness)
    timestamp: u64,
    /// ACK status for each known peer: node_id -> has_acked
    acks: BTreeMap<u32, bool>,
}

impl EmergencyEvent {
    /// Create a new emergency event
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    /// * `source_node` - Node ID that triggered the emergency
    /// * `timestamp` - When the emergency was triggered
    /// * `known_peers` - List of peer node IDs to track for ACKs
    ///
    /// The source node is automatically marked as acknowledged.
    pub fn new(source_node: u32, timestamp: u64, known_peers: &[u32]) -> Self {
        let mut acks = BTreeMap::new();

        // Source node implicitly ACKs their own emergency
        acks.insert(source_node, true);

        // All other known peers start as not-acked
        for &peer_id in known_peers {
            if peer_id != source_node {
                acks.entry(peer_id).or_insert(false);
            }
        }

        Self {
            source_node,
            timestamp,
            acks,
        }
    }

    /// Get the source node that triggered the emergency
    pub fn source_node(&self) -> u32 {
        self.source_node
    }

    /// Get the timestamp when the emergency was triggered
    pub fn timestamp(&self) -> u64 {
        self.timestamp
    }

    /// Check if a specific node has acknowledged
    pub fn has_acked(&self, node_id: u32) -> bool {
        self.acks.get(&node_id).copied().unwrap_or(false)
    }

    /// Record an acknowledgment from a node
    ///
    /// Returns true if this was a new ACK (state changed)
    pub fn ack(&mut self, node_id: u32) -> bool {
        let entry = self.acks.entry(node_id).or_insert(false);
        if !*entry {
            *entry = true;
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    /// Add a peer to track (if not already present)
    ///
    /// New peers start as not-acked. This is useful when discovering
    /// new peers after the emergency was created.
    pub fn add_peer(&mut self, node_id: u32) {
        self.acks.entry(node_id).or_insert(false);
    }

    /// Get list of nodes that have acknowledged
    pub fn acked_nodes(&self) -> Vec<u32> {
        self.acks
            .iter()
            .filter(|(_, &acked)| acked)
            .map(|(&node_id, _)| node_id)
            .collect()
    }

    /// Get list of nodes that have NOT acknowledged
    pub fn pending_nodes(&self) -> Vec<u32> {
        self.acks
            .iter()
            .filter(|(_, &acked)| !acked)
            .map(|(&node_id, _)| node_id)
            .collect()
    }

    /// Get all tracked node IDs (both acked and pending)
    pub fn all_nodes(&self) -> Vec<u32> {
        self.acks.keys().copied().collect()
    }

    /// Check if all tracked nodes have acknowledged
    pub fn all_acked(&self) -> bool {
        !self.acks.is_empty() && self.acks.values().all(|&acked| acked)
    }

    /// Get the total number of tracked nodes
    pub fn peer_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.acks.len()
    }

    /// Get the number of nodes that have acknowledged
    pub fn ack_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.acks.values().filter(|&&acked| acked).count()
    }

    /// Merge with another emergency event (CRDT semantics)
    ///
    /// # Returns
    /// `true` if our state changed
    ///
    /// # Semantics
    /// - Same event (source_node, timestamp): merge ACK maps with OR
    /// - Different event: take the one with higher timestamp
    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &EmergencyEvent) -> bool {
        // Different emergency - take newer one
        if self.source_node != other.source_node || self.timestamp != other.timestamp {
            if other.timestamp > self.timestamp {
                *self = other.clone();
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        // Same emergency - merge ACK maps with OR
        let mut changed = false;
        for (&node_id, &other_acked) in &other.acks {
            let entry = self.acks.entry(node_id).or_insert(false);
            if other_acked && !*entry {
                *entry = true;
                changed = true;
            }
        }
        changed
    }

    /// Encode to bytes for transmission
    ///
    /// Format: source_node(4) + timestamp(8) + num_acks(4) + acks[N](5 each)
    pub fn encode(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(16 + self.acks.len() * 5);

        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.source_node.to_le_bytes());
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.timestamp.to_le_bytes());
        buf.extend_from_slice(&(self.acks.len() as u32).to_le_bytes());

        for (&node_id, &acked) in &self.acks {
            buf.extend_from_slice(&node_id.to_le_bytes());
            buf.push(if acked { 1 } else { 0 });
        }

        buf
    }

    /// Decode from bytes with validation
    ///
    /// # Security
    /// Validates source_node, timestamp, and limits ACK entries to prevent DoS.
    /// Rejects garbage data that could indicate spoofing or corruption.
    pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
        if data.len() < 16 {
            return None;
        }

        let source_node = u32::from_le_bytes([data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3]]);
        let timestamp = u64::from_le_bytes([
            data[4], data[5], data[6], data[7], data[8], data[9], data[10], data[11],
        ]);
        let num_acks = u32::from_le_bytes([data[12], data[13], data[14], data[15]]) as usize;

        // Security: Reject zero source_node (invalid)
        if source_node == 0 {
            return None;
        }

        // Security: Reject timestamps before 2020
        if timestamp < MIN_VALID_TIMESTAMP {
            return None;
        }

        // Security: Limit ACK entries to prevent DoS via huge allocations
        if num_acks > MAX_EMERGENCY_ACKS {
            return None;
        }

        if data.len() < 16 + num_acks * 5 {
            return None;
        }

        let mut acks = BTreeMap::new();
        let mut offset = 16;
        for _ in 0..num_acks {
            let node_id = u32::from_le_bytes([
                data[offset],
                data[offset + 1],
                data[offset + 2],
                data[offset + 3],
            ]);
            // Security: Skip zero node_ids in ACK list
            if node_id != 0 {
                let acked = data[offset + 4] != 0;
                acks.insert(node_id, acked);
            }
            offset += 5;
        }

        Some(Self {
            source_node,
            timestamp,
            acks,
        })
    }
}

/// A peripheral device attached to a Node (soldier)
///
/// Peripherals are sub-tier devices that augment a soldier's capabilities
/// with sensors and input (e.g., M5Stack Core2 wearable).
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct Peripheral {
    /// Unique peripheral ID (derived from device MAC or similar)
    pub id: u32,
    /// Parent Node ID this peripheral is attached to (0 if not paired)
    pub parent_node: u32,
    /// Type of peripheral
    pub peripheral_type: PeripheralType,
    /// Callsign/name (inherited from parent or configured)
    pub callsign: [u8; 12],
    /// Current health status
    pub health: HealthStatus,
    /// Most recent event (if any)
    pub last_event: Option<PeripheralEvent>,
    /// Current location (if available)
    pub location: Option<Position>,
    /// Last update timestamp
    pub timestamp: u64,
}

impl Peripheral {
    /// Create a new peripheral
    pub fn new(id: u32, peripheral_type: PeripheralType) -> Self {
        Self {
            id,
            parent_node: 0,
            peripheral_type,
            callsign: [0u8; 12],
            health: HealthStatus::default(),
            last_event: None,
            location: None,
            timestamp: 0,
        }
    }

    /// Set the callsign (truncated to 12 bytes)
    pub fn with_callsign(mut self, callsign: &str) -> Self {
        let bytes = callsign.as_bytes();
        let len = bytes.len().min(12);
        self.callsign[..len].copy_from_slice(&bytes[..len]);
        self
    }

    /// Update callsign in place
    pub fn set_callsign(&mut self, callsign: &str) {
        self.callsign = [0u8; 12];
        let bytes = callsign.as_bytes();
        let len = bytes.len().min(12);
        self.callsign[..len].copy_from_slice(&bytes[..len]);
    }

    /// Get callsign as string
    pub fn callsign_str(&self) -> &str {
        let len = self.callsign.iter().position(|&b| b == 0).unwrap_or(12);
        core::str::from_utf8(&self.callsign[..len]).unwrap_or("")
    }

    /// Set parent node
    pub fn with_parent(mut self, parent_node: u32) -> Self {
        self.parent_node = parent_node;
        self
    }

    /// Set location (builder pattern)
    pub fn with_location(mut self, location: Position) -> Self {
        self.location = Some(location);
        self
    }

    /// Update location in place
    pub fn set_location(&mut self, latitude: f32, longitude: f32, altitude: Option<f32>) {
        let mut pos = Position::new(latitude, longitude);
        if let Some(alt) = altitude {
            pos = pos.with_altitude(alt);
        }
        self.location = Some(pos);
    }

    /// Clear location
    pub fn clear_location(&mut self) {
        self.location = None;
    }

    /// Record an event
    pub fn set_event(&mut self, event_type: EventType, timestamp: u64) {
        self.last_event = Some(PeripheralEvent::new(event_type, timestamp));
        self.timestamp = timestamp;
    }

    /// Clear the last event
    pub fn clear_event(&mut self) {
        self.last_event = None;
    }

    /// Encode to bytes for BLE transmission
    /// Format: [id:4][parent:4][type:1][callsign:12][health:4][has_event:1][event:9?][timestamp:8][has_location:1][location:9-20?]
    /// Size: 35 bytes minimum (no event, no location), up to 64 bytes with both
    pub fn encode(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(64);
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.id.to_le_bytes());
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.parent_node.to_le_bytes());
        buf.push(self.peripheral_type as u8);
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.callsign);
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.health.encode());

        if let Some(ref event) = self.last_event {
            buf.push(1); // has event
            buf.extend_from_slice(&event.encode());
        } else {
            buf.push(0); // no event
        }

        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.timestamp.to_le_bytes());

        // Location encoding (added in v0.1.0-rc.7)
        if let Some(ref location) = self.location {
            buf.push(1); // has location
            buf.extend_from_slice(&location.encode());
        } else {
            buf.push(0); // no location
        }

        buf
    }

    /// Decode from bytes with validation
    ///
    /// # Security
    /// Validates peripheral ID, callsign UTF-8, and timestamp.
    /// Rejects garbage data that could indicate spoofing or corruption.
    pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
        if data.len() < 34 {
            return None;
        }

        let id = u32::from_le_bytes([data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3]]);
        let parent_node = u32::from_le_bytes([data[4], data[5], data[6], data[7]]);
        let peripheral_type = PeripheralType::from_u8(data[8]);

        // Security: Reject zero peripheral ID (invalid)
        if id == 0 {
            return None;
        }

        let mut callsign = [0u8; 12];
        callsign.copy_from_slice(&data[9..21]);

        // Security: Validate callsign is valid UTF-8
        // Find the actual length (up to first null or end)
        let callsign_len = callsign.iter().position(|&b| b == 0).unwrap_or(12);
        if callsign_len > 0 && core::str::from_utf8(&callsign[..callsign_len]).is_err() {
            return None;
        }

        // HealthStatus::decode now validates internally
        let health = HealthStatus::decode(&data[21..25])?;

        let has_event = data[25] != 0;
        let (last_event, timestamp_offset) = if has_event {
            if data.len() < 43 {
                return None;
            }
            // PeripheralEvent::decode now validates timestamp internally
            (PeripheralEvent::decode(&data[26..35]), 35)
        } else {
            (None, 26)
        };

        if data.len() < timestamp_offset + 8 {
            return None;
        }

        let timestamp = u64::from_le_bytes([
            data[timestamp_offset],
            data[timestamp_offset + 1],
            data[timestamp_offset + 2],
            data[timestamp_offset + 3],
            data[timestamp_offset + 4],
            data[timestamp_offset + 5],
            data[timestamp_offset + 6],
            data[timestamp_offset + 7],
        ]);

        // Security: Reject timestamps before 2020 (0 allowed for "not set")
        if timestamp != 0 && timestamp < MIN_VALID_TIMESTAMP {
            return None;
        }

        // Decode location if present (added in v0.1.0-rc.7)
        // For backward compatibility, treat missing has_location byte as no location
        let location_offset = timestamp_offset + 8;
        let location = if data.len() > location_offset {
            let has_location = data[location_offset] != 0;
            if has_location && data.len() > location_offset + 1 {
                Position::decode(&data[location_offset + 1..])
            } else {
                None
            }
        } else {
            None
        };

        Some(Self {
            id,
            parent_node,
            peripheral_type,
            callsign,
            health,
            last_event,
            location,
            timestamp,
        })
    }
}

// ============================================================================
// ChatCRDT - Add-only set of chat messages for mesh-wide messaging
// ============================================================================

/// Maximum message text length in bytes
pub const CHAT_MAX_TEXT_LEN: usize = 128;

/// Maximum sender name length in bytes
pub const CHAT_MAX_SENDER_LEN: usize = 12;

/// Maximum number of messages to retain in the CRDT
///
/// Older messages are pruned to keep memory bounded on embedded devices.
pub const CHAT_MAX_MESSAGES: usize = 32;

/// Maximum number of chat messages to include in sync documents
///
/// BLE GATT notifications have a limited MTU (typically 512 bytes).
/// To avoid exceeding this limit, sync documents only include the
/// most recent messages. The full history is kept in the local CRDT.
pub const CHAT_SYNC_LIMIT: usize = 8;

/// A single chat message in the mesh
///
/// Messages are uniquely identified by `(origin_node, timestamp)`.
/// This allows deduplication across mesh sync while preserving message ordering.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
pub struct ChatMessage {
    /// Node that originated this message
    pub origin_node: u32,
    /// Timestamp when message was created (ms since epoch)
    pub timestamp: u64,
    /// Sender name/callsign (up to 12 bytes)
    sender: [u8; CHAT_MAX_SENDER_LEN],
    sender_len: u8,
    /// Message text (up to 128 bytes)
    text: [u8; CHAT_MAX_TEXT_LEN],
    text_len: u8,
    /// Whether this is a broadcast message (vs directed)
    pub is_broadcast: bool,
    /// Whether ACK is requested
    pub requires_ack: bool,
    /// Reply-to: origin node of the message being replied to (0 = not a reply)
    pub reply_to_node: u32,
    /// Reply-to: timestamp of the message being replied to (0 = not a reply)
    pub reply_to_timestamp: u64,
}

impl Default for ChatMessage {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            origin_node: 0,
            timestamp: 0,
            sender: [0u8; CHAT_MAX_SENDER_LEN],
            sender_len: 0,
            text: [0u8; CHAT_MAX_TEXT_LEN],
            text_len: 0,
            is_broadcast: true,
            requires_ack: false,
            reply_to_node: 0,
            reply_to_timestamp: 0,
        }
    }
}

impl ChatMessage {
    /// Create a new chat message
    pub fn new(origin_node: u32, timestamp: u64, sender: &str, text: &str) -> Self {
        let mut msg = Self {
            origin_node,
            timestamp,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        msg.set_sender(sender);
        msg.set_text(text);
        msg
    }

    /// Set the sender name (truncated to 12 bytes)
    pub fn set_sender(&mut self, sender: &str) {
        let bytes = sender.as_bytes();
        let len = bytes.len().min(CHAT_MAX_SENDER_LEN);
        self.sender[..len].copy_from_slice(&bytes[..len]);
        self.sender_len = len as u8;
    }

    /// Get the sender name as a string
    pub fn sender(&self) -> &str {
        core::str::from_utf8(&self.sender[..self.sender_len as usize]).unwrap_or("")
    }

    /// Set the message text (truncated to 128 bytes)
    pub fn set_text(&mut self, text: &str) {
        let bytes = text.as_bytes();
        let len = bytes.len().min(CHAT_MAX_TEXT_LEN);
        self.text[..len].copy_from_slice(&bytes[..len]);
        self.text_len = len as u8;
    }

    /// Get the message text as a string
    pub fn text(&self) -> &str {
        core::str::from_utf8(&self.text[..self.text_len as usize]).unwrap_or("")
    }

    /// Set reply-to information
    pub fn set_reply_to(&mut self, node: u32, timestamp: u64) {
        self.reply_to_node = node;
        self.reply_to_timestamp = timestamp;
    }

    /// Check if this is a reply to another message
    pub fn is_reply(&self) -> bool {
        self.reply_to_node != 0 || self.reply_to_timestamp != 0
    }

    /// Get the unique message ID (combines origin_node and timestamp)
    ///
    /// Format: `(origin_node as u64) << 32 | (timestamp & 0xFFFFFFFF)`
    /// This provides a sortable key where messages from same node are ordered by time.
    pub fn message_id(&self) -> u64 {
        ((self.origin_node as u64) << 32) | (self.timestamp & 0xFFFFFFFF)
    }

    /// Encode to bytes for transmission
    ///
    /// Wire format:
    /// ```text
    /// origin_node:       4 bytes (LE)
    /// timestamp:         8 bytes (LE)
    /// sender_len:        1 byte
    /// sender:            sender_len bytes
    /// text_len:          1 byte
    /// text:              text_len bytes
    /// flags:             1 byte (bit 0: is_broadcast, bit 1: requires_ack)
    /// reply_to_node:     4 bytes (LE)
    /// reply_to_timestamp: 8 bytes (LE)
    /// ```
    pub fn encode(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let size = 4 + 8 + 1 + self.sender_len as usize + 1 + self.text_len as usize + 1 + 4 + 8;
        let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(size);

        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.origin_node.to_le_bytes());
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.timestamp.to_le_bytes());
        buf.push(self.sender_len);
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.sender[..self.sender_len as usize]);
        buf.push(self.text_len);
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.text[..self.text_len as usize]);

        let mut flags = 0u8;
        if self.is_broadcast {
            flags |= 0x01;
        }
        if self.requires_ack {
            flags |= 0x02;
        }
        buf.push(flags);

        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.reply_to_node.to_le_bytes());
        buf.extend_from_slice(&self.reply_to_timestamp.to_le_bytes());

        buf
    }

    /// Decode from bytes with strict validation
    ///
    /// Returns `None` if the data is malformed or fails validation checks.
    /// This is a security-critical function - malformed messages could be
    /// spoofed or part of an attack.
    ///
    /// # Validation checks:
    /// - origin_node must be non-zero
    /// - timestamp must be non-zero and within reasonable bounds
    /// - sender must be non-empty and valid UTF-8
    /// - text must be valid UTF-8 (can be empty for ACK messages)
    /// - All length fields must be within bounds
    pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Option<(Self, usize)> {
        if data.len() < 14 {
            // Minimum: 4 + 8 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 (no reply fields in old format)
            return None;
        }

        let origin_node = u32::from_le_bytes([data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3]]);
        let timestamp = u64::from_le_bytes([
            data[4], data[5], data[6], data[7], data[8], data[9], data[10], data[11],
        ]);

        // Security: Reject messages with zero origin_node (invalid/spoofed)
        if origin_node == 0 {
            return None;
        }

        // Security: Reject messages with timestamps before 2020
        if timestamp < MIN_VALID_TIMESTAMP {
            return None;
        }

        let sender_len = data[12] as usize;
        if sender_len > CHAT_MAX_SENDER_LEN || data.len() < 13 + sender_len + 1 {
            return None;
        }

        // Security: Reject messages with empty sender (required field)
        if sender_len == 0 {
            return None;
        }

        let mut sender = [0u8; CHAT_MAX_SENDER_LEN];
        sender[..sender_len].copy_from_slice(&data[13..13 + sender_len]);

        // Security: Validate sender is valid UTF-8 (reject garbage/binary data)
        if core::str::from_utf8(&sender[..sender_len]).is_err() {
            return None;
        }

        let text_offset = 13 + sender_len;
        let text_len = data[text_offset] as usize;
        if text_len > CHAT_MAX_TEXT_LEN || data.len() < text_offset + 1 + text_len + 1 {
            return None;
        }

        let mut text = [0u8; CHAT_MAX_TEXT_LEN];
        text[..text_len].copy_from_slice(&data[text_offset + 1..text_offset + 1 + text_len]);

        // Security: Validate text is valid UTF-8 (reject garbage/binary data)
        // Empty text is allowed (e.g., for ACK messages)
        if text_len > 0 && core::str::from_utf8(&text[..text_len]).is_err() {
            return None;
        }

        let flags_offset = text_offset + 1 + text_len;
        let flags = data[flags_offset];
        let is_broadcast = flags & 0x01 != 0;
        let requires_ack = flags & 0x02 != 0;

        // Reply-to fields (optional for backward compat)
        let mut reply_to_node = 0u32;
        let mut reply_to_timestamp = 0u64;
        let mut total_len = flags_offset + 1;

        if data.len() >= flags_offset + 1 + 12 {
            reply_to_node = u32::from_le_bytes([
                data[flags_offset + 1],
                data[flags_offset + 2],
                data[flags_offset + 3],
                data[flags_offset + 4],
            ]);
            reply_to_timestamp = u64::from_le_bytes([
                data[flags_offset + 5],
                data[flags_offset + 6],
                data[flags_offset + 7],
                data[flags_offset + 8],
                data[flags_offset + 9],
                data[flags_offset + 10],
                data[flags_offset + 11],
                data[flags_offset + 12],
            ]);
            total_len = flags_offset + 13;
        }

        Some((
            Self {
                origin_node,
                timestamp,
                sender,
                sender_len: sender_len as u8,
                text,
                text_len: text_len as u8,
                is_broadcast,
                requires_ack,
                reply_to_node,
                reply_to_timestamp,
            },
            total_len,
        ))
    }
}

/// Chat CRDT - Add-only set of messages
///
/// Implements add-only set semantics where messages are identified by
/// `(origin_node, timestamp)`. Once a message is added, it cannot be removed
/// (tombstone-free design optimized for mesh networks).
///
/// ## CRDT Semantics
///
/// - **Merge**: Union of all messages from both sets
/// - **Identity**: `(origin_node, timestamp)` - duplicates are ignored
/// - **Ordering**: Messages are stored sorted by message_id for efficient iteration
/// - **Pruning**: Oldest messages are removed when exceeding `CHAT_MAX_MESSAGES`
///
/// ## Wire Format
///
/// ```text
/// num_messages: 2 bytes (LE)
/// messages[N]:  variable (see ChatMessage::encode)
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct ChatCRDT {
    /// Messages indexed by message_id for deduplication
    messages: BTreeMap<u64, ChatMessage>,
}

impl ChatCRDT {
    /// Create a new empty chat CRDT
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            messages: BTreeMap::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Add a message to the chat
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if the message was new (not a duplicate)
    pub fn add_message(&mut self, message: ChatMessage) -> bool {
        let id = message.message_id();
        if self.messages.contains_key(&id) {
            return false;
        }

        self.messages.insert(id, message);
        self.prune_if_needed();
        true
    }

    /// Create and add a new message
    pub fn send_message(
        &mut self,
        origin_node: u32,
        timestamp: u64,
        sender: &str,
        text: &str,
    ) -> bool {
        let msg = ChatMessage::new(origin_node, timestamp, sender, text);
        self.add_message(msg)
    }

    /// Get a message by its ID
    pub fn get_message(&self, origin_node: u32, timestamp: u64) -> Option<&ChatMessage> {
        let id = ((origin_node as u64) << 32) | (timestamp & 0xFFFFFFFF);
        self.messages.get(&id)
    }

    /// Get all messages, ordered by message_id
    pub fn messages(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &ChatMessage> {
        self.messages.values()
    }

    /// Get messages newer than a given timestamp
    pub fn messages_since(&self, since_timestamp: u64) -> impl Iterator<Item = &ChatMessage> {
        self.messages
            .values()
            .filter(move |m| m.timestamp > since_timestamp)
    }

    /// Get the number of messages
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.messages.len()
    }

    /// Check if there are no messages
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.messages.is_empty()
    }

    /// Get the newest message timestamp (if any)
    pub fn newest_timestamp(&self) -> Option<u64> {
        self.messages.values().map(|m| m.timestamp).max()
    }

    /// Merge with another ChatCRDT
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if any new messages were added
    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &ChatCRDT) -> bool {
        let mut changed = false;
        for (id, msg) in &other.messages {
            if !self.messages.contains_key(id) {
                self.messages.insert(*id, msg.clone());
                changed = true;
            }
        }
        if changed {
            self.prune_if_needed();
        }
        changed
    }

    /// Prune oldest messages if we exceed the limit
    fn prune_if_needed(&mut self) {
        while self.messages.len() > CHAT_MAX_MESSAGES {
            // Remove the entry with the lowest timestamp
            if let Some(&oldest_id) = self.messages.keys().next() {
                self.messages.remove(&oldest_id);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Encode to bytes for transmission
    pub fn encode(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut buf = Vec::new();

        // Number of messages
        buf.extend_from_slice(&(self.messages.len() as u16).to_le_bytes());

        // Each message
        for msg in self.messages.values() {
            buf.extend_from_slice(&msg.encode());
        }

        buf
    }

    /// Decode from bytes
    pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
        if data.len() < 2 {
            return None;
        }

        let num_messages = u16::from_le_bytes([data[0], data[1]]) as usize;
        let mut messages = BTreeMap::new();
        let mut offset = 2;

        for _ in 0..num_messages {
            if offset >= data.len() {
                break;
            }
            if let Some((msg, len)) = ChatMessage::decode(&data[offset..]) {
                let id = msg.message_id();
                messages.insert(id, msg);
                offset += len;
            } else {
                break;
            }
        }

        Some(Self { messages })
    }

    /// Get the encoded size of this CRDT
    pub fn encoded_size(&self) -> usize {
        2 + self
            .messages
            .values()
            .map(|m| m.encode().len())
            .sum::<usize>()
    }

    /// Create a copy limited to the most recent messages for sync
    ///
    /// Returns a new ChatCRDT containing only the N most recent messages,
    /// where N is `CHAT_SYNC_LIMIT`. This is used when building sync documents
    /// to avoid exceeding BLE MTU limits.
    ///
    /// The local CRDT retains all messages up to `CHAT_MAX_MESSAGES`.
    pub fn for_sync(&self) -> Self {
        if self.messages.len() <= CHAT_SYNC_LIMIT {
            return self.clone();
        }

        // BTreeMap is ordered by key (message_id), and message_id encodes
        // timestamp in lower bits, so we take from the end for newest
        let messages: BTreeMap<u64, ChatMessage> = self
            .messages
            .iter()
            .rev()
            .take(CHAT_SYNC_LIMIT)
            .map(|(&k, v)| (k, v.clone()))
            .collect();

        Self { messages }
    }
}

/// CRDT operation types for sync
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum CrdtOperation {
    /// Update a position register
    UpdatePosition {
        /// Node ID that owns this position
        node_id: NodeId,
        /// Position data
        position: Position,
        /// Timestamp of the update
        timestamp: Timestamp,
    },
    /// Update health status register
    UpdateHealth {
        /// Node ID that owns this status
        node_id: NodeId,
        /// Health status data
        status: HealthStatus,
        /// Timestamp of the update
        timestamp: Timestamp,
    },
    /// Increment a counter
    IncrementCounter {
        /// Counter identifier
        counter_id: u8,
        /// Node performing the increment
        node_id: NodeId,
        /// Amount to increment
        amount: u64,
    },
    /// Generic LWW update (key-value)
    UpdateRegister {
        /// Key for the register
        key: String,
        /// Value data
        value: Vec<u8>,
        /// Timestamp of the update
        timestamp: Timestamp,
        /// Node that set the value
        node_id: NodeId,
    },
}

impl CrdtOperation {
    /// Get the approximate size in bytes
    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
        match self {
            CrdtOperation::UpdatePosition { position, .. } => 4 + 8 + position.encode().len(),
            CrdtOperation::UpdateHealth { status, .. } => 4 + 8 + status.encode().len(),
            CrdtOperation::IncrementCounter { .. } => 1 + 4 + 8,
            CrdtOperation::UpdateRegister { key, value, .. } => 4 + 8 + key.len() + value.len(),
        }
    }

    /// Encode to bytes
    pub fn encode(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
        let mut buf = Vec::new();
        match self {
            CrdtOperation::UpdatePosition {
                node_id,
                position,
                timestamp,
            } => {
                buf.push(0x01); // Type tag
                buf.extend_from_slice(&node_id.as_u32().to_le_bytes());
                buf.extend_from_slice(&timestamp.to_le_bytes());
                buf.extend_from_slice(&position.encode());
            }
            CrdtOperation::UpdateHealth {
                node_id,
                status,
                timestamp,
            } => {
                buf.push(0x02); // Type tag
                buf.extend_from_slice(&node_id.as_u32().to_le_bytes());
                buf.extend_from_slice(&timestamp.to_le_bytes());
                buf.extend_from_slice(&status.encode());
            }
            CrdtOperation::IncrementCounter {
                counter_id,
                node_id,
                amount,
            } => {
                buf.push(0x03); // Type tag
                buf.push(*counter_id);
                buf.extend_from_slice(&node_id.as_u32().to_le_bytes());
                buf.extend_from_slice(&amount.to_le_bytes());
            }
            CrdtOperation::UpdateRegister {
                key,
                value,
                timestamp,
                node_id,
            } => {
                buf.push(0x04); // Type tag
                buf.extend_from_slice(&node_id.as_u32().to_le_bytes());
                buf.extend_from_slice(&timestamp.to_le_bytes());
                buf.push(key.len() as u8);
                buf.extend_from_slice(key.as_bytes());
                buf.extend_from_slice(&(value.len() as u16).to_le_bytes());
                buf.extend_from_slice(value);
            }
        }
        buf
    }

    /// Decode from bytes
    pub fn decode(data: &[u8]) -> Option<Self> {
        if data.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }

        match data[0] {
            0x01 => {
                // UpdatePosition
                if data.len() < 13 {
                    return None;
                }
                let node_id = NodeId::new(u32::from_le_bytes([data[1], data[2], data[3], data[4]]));
                let timestamp = u64::from_le_bytes([
                    data[5], data[6], data[7], data[8], data[9], data[10], data[11], data[12],
                ]);
                let position = Position::decode(&data[13..])?;
                Some(CrdtOperation::UpdatePosition {
                    node_id,
                    position,
                    timestamp,
                })
            }
            0x02 => {
                // UpdateHealth
                if data.len() < 13 {
                    return None;
                }
                let node_id = NodeId::new(u32::from_le_bytes([data[1], data[2], data[3], data[4]]));
                let timestamp = u64::from_le_bytes([
                    data[5], data[6], data[7], data[8], data[9], data[10], data[11], data[12],
                ]);
                let status = HealthStatus::decode(&data[13..])?;
                Some(CrdtOperation::UpdateHealth {
                    node_id,
                    status,
                    timestamp,
                })
            }
            0x03 => {
                // IncrementCounter
                if data.len() < 14 {
                    return None;
                }
                let counter_id = data[1];
                let node_id = NodeId::new(u32::from_le_bytes([data[2], data[3], data[4], data[5]]));
                let amount = u64::from_le_bytes([
                    data[6], data[7], data[8], data[9], data[10], data[11], data[12], data[13],
                ]);
                Some(CrdtOperation::IncrementCounter {
                    counter_id,
                    node_id,
                    amount,
                })
            }
            0x04 => {
                // UpdateRegister
                if data.len() < 14 {
                    return None;
                }
                let node_id = NodeId::new(u32::from_le_bytes([data[1], data[2], data[3], data[4]]));
                let timestamp = u64::from_le_bytes([
                    data[5], data[6], data[7], data[8], data[9], data[10], data[11], data[12],
                ]);
                let key_len = data[13] as usize;
                if data.len() < 14 + key_len + 2 {
                    return None;
                }
                let key = core::str::from_utf8(&data[14..14 + key_len])
                    .ok()?
                    .to_string();
                let value_len =
                    u16::from_le_bytes([data[14 + key_len], data[15 + key_len]]) as usize;
                if data.len() < 16 + key_len + value_len {
                    return None;
                }
                let value = data[16 + key_len..16 + key_len + value_len].to_vec();
                Some(CrdtOperation::UpdateRegister {
                    key,
                    value,
                    timestamp,
                    node_id,
                })
            }
            _ => None,
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    // Valid timestamp for tests: 2024-01-15 00:00:00 UTC
    // All tests should use this or timestamps derived from it
    const TEST_TIMESTAMP: u64 = 1705276800000;

    #[test]
    fn test_lww_register_basic() {
        let mut reg = LwwRegister::new(42u32, 100, NodeId::new(1));
        assert_eq!(*reg.get(), 42);
        assert_eq!(reg.timestamp(), 100);

        // Higher timestamp wins
        assert!(reg.set(99, 200, NodeId::new(2)));
        assert_eq!(*reg.get(), 99);

        // Lower timestamp loses
        assert!(!reg.set(50, 150, NodeId::new(3)));
        assert_eq!(*reg.get(), 99);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lww_register_tiebreak() {
        let mut reg = LwwRegister::new(1u32, 100, NodeId::new(1));

        // Same timestamp, higher node_id wins
        assert!(reg.set(2, 100, NodeId::new(2)));
        assert_eq!(*reg.get(), 2);

        // Same timestamp, lower node_id loses
        assert!(!reg.set(3, 100, NodeId::new(1)));
        assert_eq!(*reg.get(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_lww_register_merge() {
        let mut reg1 = LwwRegister::new(1u32, 100, NodeId::new(1));
        let reg2 = LwwRegister::new(2u32, 200, NodeId::new(2));

        assert!(reg1.merge(&reg2));
        assert_eq!(*reg1.get(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gcounter_basic() {
        let mut counter = GCounter::new();
        let node1 = NodeId::new(1);
        let node2 = NodeId::new(2);

        counter.increment(&node1, 5);
        counter.increment(&node2, 3);
        counter.increment(&node1, 2);

        assert_eq!(counter.value(), 10);
        assert_eq!(counter.node_count(&node1), 7);
        assert_eq!(counter.node_count(&node2), 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gcounter_merge() {
        let mut counter1 = GCounter::new();
        let mut counter2 = GCounter::new();
        let node1 = NodeId::new(1);
        let node2 = NodeId::new(2);

        counter1.increment(&node1, 5);
        counter2.increment(&node1, 3);
        counter2.increment(&node2, 4);

        counter1.merge(&counter2);

        assert_eq!(counter1.value(), 9); // max(5,3) + 4
        assert_eq!(counter1.node_count(&node1), 5);
        assert_eq!(counter1.node_count(&node2), 4);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gcounter_encode_decode() {
        let mut counter = GCounter::new();
        counter.increment(&NodeId::new(1), 5);
        counter.increment(&NodeId::new(2), 10);

        let encoded = counter.encode();
        let decoded = GCounter::decode(&encoded).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(decoded.value(), counter.value());
        assert_eq!(decoded.node_count(&NodeId::new(1)), 5);
        assert_eq!(decoded.node_count(&NodeId::new(2)), 10);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_position_encode_decode() {
        let pos = Position::new(37.7749, -122.4194)
            .with_altitude(100.0)
            .with_accuracy(5.0);

        let encoded = pos.encode();
        let decoded = Position::decode(&encoded).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(decoded.latitude, pos.latitude);
        assert_eq!(decoded.longitude, pos.longitude);
        assert_eq!(decoded.altitude, pos.altitude);
        assert_eq!(decoded.accuracy, pos.accuracy);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_position_minimal_encode() {
        let pos = Position::new(0.0, 0.0);
        let encoded = pos.encode();
        assert_eq!(encoded.len(), 9); // lat + lon + flags

        let pos_with_alt = Position::new(0.0, 0.0).with_altitude(0.0);
        let encoded_alt = pos_with_alt.encode();
        assert_eq!(encoded_alt.len(), 13);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_health_status() {
        let mut status = HealthStatus::new(85).with_heart_rate(72).with_activity(1);

        assert_eq!(status.battery_percent, 85);
        assert_eq!(status.heart_rate, Some(72));
        assert!(!status.has_alert(HealthStatus::ALERT_MAN_DOWN));

        status.set_alert(HealthStatus::ALERT_MAN_DOWN);
        assert!(status.has_alert(HealthStatus::ALERT_MAN_DOWN));

        let encoded = status.encode();
        let decoded = HealthStatus::decode(&encoded).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decoded.battery_percent, 85);
        assert_eq!(decoded.heart_rate, Some(72));
        assert!(decoded.has_alert(HealthStatus::ALERT_MAN_DOWN));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_crdt_operation_position() {
        let op = CrdtOperation::UpdatePosition {
            node_id: NodeId::new(0x1234),
            position: Position::new(37.0, -122.0),
            timestamp: 1000,
        };

        let encoded = op.encode();
        let decoded = CrdtOperation::decode(&encoded).unwrap();

        if let CrdtOperation::UpdatePosition {
            node_id,
            position,
            timestamp,
        } = decoded
        {
            assert_eq!(node_id.as_u32(), 0x1234);
            assert_eq!(timestamp, 1000);
            assert_eq!(position.latitude, 37.0);
        } else {
            panic!("Wrong operation type");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_crdt_operation_counter() {
        let op = CrdtOperation::IncrementCounter {
            counter_id: 1,
            node_id: NodeId::new(0x5678),
            amount: 42,
        };

        let encoded = op.encode();
        let decoded = CrdtOperation::decode(&encoded).unwrap();

        if let CrdtOperation::IncrementCounter {
            counter_id,
            node_id,
            amount,
        } = decoded
        {
            assert_eq!(counter_id, 1);
            assert_eq!(node_id.as_u32(), 0x5678);
            assert_eq!(amount, 42);
        } else {
            panic!("Wrong operation type");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_crdt_operation_size() {
        let pos_op = CrdtOperation::UpdatePosition {
            node_id: NodeId::new(1),
            position: Position::new(0.0, 0.0),
            timestamp: 0,
        };
        assert!(pos_op.size() > 0);

        let counter_op = CrdtOperation::IncrementCounter {
            counter_id: 0,
            node_id: NodeId::new(1),
            amount: 1,
        };
        assert_eq!(counter_op.size(), 13);
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // Peripheral Tests
    // ============================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_peripheral_type_from_u8() {
        assert_eq!(PeripheralType::from_u8(0), PeripheralType::Unknown);
        assert_eq!(PeripheralType::from_u8(1), PeripheralType::SoldierSensor);
        assert_eq!(PeripheralType::from_u8(2), PeripheralType::FixedSensor);
        assert_eq!(PeripheralType::from_u8(3), PeripheralType::Relay);
        assert_eq!(PeripheralType::from_u8(99), PeripheralType::Unknown);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_event_type_from_u8() {
        assert_eq!(EventType::from_u8(0), EventType::None);
        assert_eq!(EventType::from_u8(1), EventType::Ping);
        assert_eq!(EventType::from_u8(2), EventType::NeedAssist);
        assert_eq!(EventType::from_u8(3), EventType::Emergency);
        assert_eq!(EventType::from_u8(4), EventType::Moving);
        assert_eq!(EventType::from_u8(5), EventType::InPosition);
        assert_eq!(EventType::from_u8(6), EventType::Ack);
        assert_eq!(EventType::from_u8(99), EventType::None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_event_type_labels() {
        assert_eq!(EventType::None.label(), "");
        assert_eq!(EventType::Emergency.label(), "EMERGENCY");
        assert_eq!(EventType::Ping.label(), "PING");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_peripheral_event_encode_decode() {
        let event = PeripheralEvent::new(EventType::Emergency, TEST_TIMESTAMP);
        let encoded = event.encode();
        assert_eq!(encoded.len(), 9);

        let decoded = PeripheralEvent::decode(&encoded).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decoded.event_type, EventType::Emergency);
        assert_eq!(decoded.timestamp, TEST_TIMESTAMP);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_peripheral_new() {
        let peripheral = Peripheral::new(0x12345678, PeripheralType::SoldierSensor);
        assert_eq!(peripheral.id, 0x12345678);
        assert_eq!(peripheral.peripheral_type, PeripheralType::SoldierSensor);
        assert_eq!(peripheral.parent_node, 0);
        assert!(peripheral.last_event.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_peripheral_with_callsign() {
        let peripheral = Peripheral::new(1, PeripheralType::SoldierSensor).with_callsign("ALPHA-1");
        assert_eq!(peripheral.callsign_str(), "ALPHA-1");

        // Test truncation
        let peripheral2 = Peripheral::new(2, PeripheralType::SoldierSensor)
            .with_callsign("THIS_IS_A_VERY_LONG_CALLSIGN");
        assert_eq!(peripheral2.callsign_str(), "THIS_IS_A_VE");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_peripheral_set_event() {
        let mut peripheral = Peripheral::new(1, PeripheralType::SoldierSensor);
        peripheral.set_event(EventType::Emergency, TEST_TIMESTAMP);

        assert!(peripheral.last_event.is_some());
        let event = peripheral.last_event.as_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(event.event_type, EventType::Emergency);
        assert_eq!(event.timestamp, TEST_TIMESTAMP);
        assert_eq!(peripheral.timestamp, TEST_TIMESTAMP);

        peripheral.clear_event();
        assert!(peripheral.last_event.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_peripheral_encode_decode_without_event() {
        let peripheral = Peripheral::new(0xAABBCCDD, PeripheralType::SoldierSensor)
            .with_callsign("BRAVO-2")
            .with_parent(0x11223344);

        let encoded = peripheral.encode();
        assert_eq!(encoded.len(), 35); // No event + 1 byte has_location flag

        let decoded = Peripheral::decode(&encoded).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decoded.id, 0xAABBCCDD);
        assert_eq!(decoded.parent_node, 0x11223344);
        assert_eq!(decoded.peripheral_type, PeripheralType::SoldierSensor);
        assert_eq!(decoded.callsign_str(), "BRAVO-2");
        assert!(decoded.last_event.is_none());
        assert!(decoded.location.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_peripheral_encode_decode_with_event() {
        let mut peripheral = Peripheral::new(0x12345678, PeripheralType::SoldierSensor)
            .with_callsign("CHARLIE")
            .with_parent(0x87654321);
        peripheral.health = HealthStatus::new(85);
        peripheral.set_event(EventType::NeedAssist, TEST_TIMESTAMP);

        let encoded = peripheral.encode();
        assert_eq!(encoded.len(), 44); // With event + 1 byte has_location flag

        let decoded = Peripheral::decode(&encoded).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decoded.id, 0x12345678);
        assert_eq!(decoded.parent_node, 0x87654321);
        assert_eq!(decoded.callsign_str(), "CHARLIE");
        assert_eq!(decoded.health.battery_percent, 85);
        assert!(decoded.last_event.is_some());
        let event = decoded.last_event.as_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(event.event_type, EventType::NeedAssist);
        assert_eq!(event.timestamp, TEST_TIMESTAMP);
        assert!(decoded.location.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_peripheral_encode_decode_with_location() {
        let location = Position::new(37.7749, -122.4194).with_altitude(10.0);
        let peripheral = Peripheral::new(0x12345678, PeripheralType::SoldierSensor)
            .with_callsign("DELTA")
            .with_location(location);

        let encoded = peripheral.encode();
        // 35 base + 13 location bytes (lat:4 + lon:4 + flags:1 + alt:4)
        assert_eq!(encoded.len(), 48);

        let decoded = Peripheral::decode(&encoded).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decoded.id, 0x12345678);
        assert_eq!(decoded.callsign_str(), "DELTA");
        assert!(decoded.location.is_some());

        let loc = decoded.location.unwrap();
        assert!((loc.latitude - 37.7749).abs() < 0.0001);
        assert!((loc.longitude - (-122.4194)).abs() < 0.0001);
        assert!(loc.altitude.is_some());
        assert!((loc.altitude.unwrap() - 10.0).abs() < 1.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_peripheral_decode_invalid_data() {
        // Too short
        assert!(Peripheral::decode(&[0u8; 10]).is_none());

        // Valid length but id=0 is rejected
        let mut data = vec![0u8; 34];
        data[25] = 0; // no event flag
        assert!(Peripheral::decode(&data).is_none()); // id=0 rejected

        // Valid id but no event - should succeed
        data[0..4].copy_from_slice(&1u32.to_le_bytes()); // id=1
        assert!(Peripheral::decode(&data).is_some());

        // Claims to have event but too short
        data[25] = 1; // has event flag
        assert!(Peripheral::decode(&data).is_none());
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // EmergencyEvent Tests
    // ============================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_emergency_event_new() {
        let peers = vec![0x22222222, 0x33333333];
        let event = EmergencyEvent::new(0x11111111, TEST_TIMESTAMP, &peers);

        assert_eq!(event.source_node(), 0x11111111);
        assert_eq!(event.timestamp(), TEST_TIMESTAMP);
        assert_eq!(event.peer_count(), 3); // source + 2 peers

        // Source is auto-acked
        assert!(event.has_acked(0x11111111));
        // Others are not
        assert!(!event.has_acked(0x22222222));
        assert!(!event.has_acked(0x33333333));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_emergency_event_ack() {
        let peers = vec![0x22222222, 0x33333333];
        let mut event = EmergencyEvent::new(0x11111111, TEST_TIMESTAMP, &peers);

        assert_eq!(event.ack_count(), 1); // just source
        assert!(!event.all_acked());

        // ACK from first peer
        assert!(event.ack(0x22222222)); // returns true - new ack
        assert_eq!(event.ack_count(), 2);
        assert!(!event.all_acked());

        // Duplicate ACK
        assert!(!event.ack(0x22222222)); // returns false - already acked

        // ACK from second peer
        assert!(event.ack(0x33333333));
        assert_eq!(event.ack_count(), 3);
        assert!(event.all_acked());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_emergency_event_pending_nodes() {
        let peers = vec![0x22222222, 0x33333333];
        let mut event = EmergencyEvent::new(0x11111111, TEST_TIMESTAMP, &peers);

        let pending = event.pending_nodes();
        assert_eq!(pending.len(), 2);
        assert!(pending.contains(&0x22222222));
        assert!(pending.contains(&0x33333333));

        event.ack(0x22222222);
        let pending = event.pending_nodes();
        assert_eq!(pending.len(), 1);
        assert!(pending.contains(&0x33333333));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_emergency_event_encode_decode() {
        let peers = vec![0x22222222, 0x33333333];
        let mut event = EmergencyEvent::new(0x11111111, TEST_TIMESTAMP, &peers);
        event.ack(0x22222222);

        let encoded = event.encode();
        let decoded = EmergencyEvent::decode(&encoded).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(decoded.source_node(), 0x11111111);
        assert_eq!(decoded.timestamp(), TEST_TIMESTAMP);
        assert!(decoded.has_acked(0x11111111));
        assert!(decoded.has_acked(0x22222222));
        assert!(!decoded.has_acked(0x33333333));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_emergency_event_merge_same_event() {
        // Two nodes have the same emergency, different ack states
        let peers = vec![0x22222222, 0x33333333];
        let mut event1 = EmergencyEvent::new(0x11111111, TEST_TIMESTAMP, &peers);
        let mut event2 = EmergencyEvent::new(0x11111111, TEST_TIMESTAMP, &peers);

        event1.ack(0x22222222);
        event2.ack(0x33333333);

        // Merge event2 into event1
        let changed = event1.merge(&event2);
        assert!(changed);
        assert!(event1.has_acked(0x22222222));
        assert!(event1.has_acked(0x33333333));
        assert!(event1.all_acked());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_emergency_event_merge_different_events() {
        // Old emergency
        let mut old_event = EmergencyEvent::new(0x11111111, TEST_TIMESTAMP, &[0x22222222]);
        old_event.ack(0x22222222);

        // New emergency from different source
        let new_event =
            EmergencyEvent::new(0x33333333, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 1000, &[0x11111111, 0x22222222]);

        // Merge new into old - should replace
        let changed = old_event.merge(&new_event);
        assert!(changed);
        assert_eq!(old_event.source_node(), 0x33333333);
        assert_eq!(old_event.timestamp(), TEST_TIMESTAMP + 1000);
        // Old ack state should be gone
        assert!(!old_event.has_acked(0x22222222));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_emergency_event_merge_older_event_ignored() {
        // Current emergency
        let mut current = EmergencyEvent::new(0x11111111, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 1000, &[0x22222222]);

        // Older emergency
        let older = EmergencyEvent::new(0x33333333, TEST_TIMESTAMP, &[0x11111111]);

        // Merge older into current - should NOT replace
        let changed = current.merge(&older);
        assert!(!changed);
        assert_eq!(current.source_node(), 0x11111111);
        assert_eq!(current.timestamp(), TEST_TIMESTAMP + 1000);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_emergency_event_add_peer() {
        let mut event = EmergencyEvent::new(0x11111111, TEST_TIMESTAMP, &[]);

        // Add a peer discovered after emergency started
        event.add_peer(0x22222222);
        assert!(!event.has_acked(0x22222222));
        assert_eq!(event.peer_count(), 2);

        // Adding same peer again doesn't change ack status
        event.ack(0x22222222);
        event.add_peer(0x22222222);
        assert!(event.has_acked(0x22222222)); // still acked
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_emergency_event_decode_invalid() {
        // Too short
        assert!(EmergencyEvent::decode(&[0u8; 10]).is_none());

        // Valid header but claims more acks than data
        let mut data = vec![0u8; 16];
        data[12] = 5; // claims 5 ack entries
        assert!(EmergencyEvent::decode(&data).is_none());
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // ChatMessage Tests
    // ============================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_new() {
        let msg = ChatMessage::new(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "ALPHA-1", "Hello mesh!");
        assert_eq!(msg.origin_node, 0x12345678);
        assert_eq!(msg.timestamp, TEST_TIMESTAMP);
        assert_eq!(msg.sender(), "ALPHA-1");
        assert_eq!(msg.text(), "Hello mesh!");
        assert!(msg.is_broadcast);
        assert!(!msg.requires_ack);
        assert!(!msg.is_reply());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_reply_to() {
        let mut msg = ChatMessage::new(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 1000, "BRAVO", "Roger that");
        msg.set_reply_to(0xAABBCCDD, TEST_TIMESTAMP);

        assert!(msg.is_reply());
        assert_eq!(msg.reply_to_node, 0xAABBCCDD);
        assert_eq!(msg.reply_to_timestamp, TEST_TIMESTAMP);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_truncation() {
        // Test sender truncation (max 12 bytes)
        let msg = ChatMessage::new(0x1, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "VERY_LONG_CALLSIGN", "Hi");
        assert_eq!(msg.sender(), "VERY_LONG_CA"); // 12 chars

        // Test text truncation (max 128 bytes)
        let long_text = "A".repeat(200);
        let msg = ChatMessage::new(0x1, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "X", &long_text);
        assert_eq!(msg.text().len(), 128);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_id() {
        let msg = ChatMessage::new(0x12345678, 0x18D4A51_ABCDEF01, "X", "Y");
        let id = msg.message_id();
        // ID = (origin << 32) | (timestamp & 0xFFFFFFFF)
        assert_eq!(id, (0x12345678u64 << 32) | 0xABCDEF01);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_encode_decode() {
        let mut msg = ChatMessage::new(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "CHARLIE", "Test message");
        msg.is_broadcast = true;
        msg.requires_ack = true;
        msg.set_reply_to(0xAABBCCDD, TEST_TIMESTAMP - 1000);

        let encoded = msg.encode();
        let (decoded, len) = ChatMessage::decode(&encoded).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(len, encoded.len());
        assert_eq!(decoded.origin_node, 0x12345678);
        assert_eq!(decoded.timestamp, TEST_TIMESTAMP);
        assert_eq!(decoded.sender(), "CHARLIE");
        assert_eq!(decoded.text(), "Test message");
        assert!(decoded.is_broadcast);
        assert!(decoded.requires_ack);
        assert_eq!(decoded.reply_to_node, 0xAABBCCDD);
        assert_eq!(decoded.reply_to_timestamp, TEST_TIMESTAMP - 1000);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_decode_empty_text() {
        // Message with valid sender but empty text (allowed for ACK messages)
        let msg = ChatMessage::new(0x1, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "ACK-NODE", "");
        let encoded = msg.encode();
        let (decoded, _) = ChatMessage::decode(&encoded).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decoded.sender(), "ACK-NODE");
        assert_eq!(decoded.text(), "");
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // ChatMessage Validation/Security Tests
    // ============================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_decode_rejects_zero_origin() {
        // Build message bytes manually with origin_node = 0
        let msg = ChatMessage::new(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "TEST", "msg");
        let mut encoded = msg.encode();
        // Zero out the origin_node (first 4 bytes)
        encoded[0] = 0;
        encoded[1] = 0;
        encoded[2] = 0;
        encoded[3] = 0;

        assert!(ChatMessage::decode(&encoded).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_decode_rejects_old_timestamp() {
        // Build message bytes manually with timestamp before 2020
        let msg = ChatMessage::new(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "TEST", "msg");
        let mut encoded = msg.encode();
        // Set timestamp to 1000 (way before 2020)
        let old_ts: u64 = 1000;
        encoded[4..12].copy_from_slice(&old_ts.to_le_bytes());

        assert!(ChatMessage::decode(&encoded).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_decode_rejects_empty_sender() {
        // Build message bytes manually with sender_len = 0
        let msg = ChatMessage::new(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "X", "msg");
        let mut encoded = msg.encode();
        // Set sender_len to 0 at offset 12
        encoded[12] = 0;
        // Adjust text position (move text_len and text to right after sender_len)
        // This is tricky - we need to rebuild the encoding properly
        // Actually easier to just build raw bytes:
        let mut raw = Vec::new();
        raw.extend_from_slice(&0x12345678u32.to_le_bytes()); // origin_node
        raw.extend_from_slice(&TEST_TIMESTAMP.to_le_bytes()); // timestamp
        raw.push(0); // sender_len = 0 (INVALID)
        raw.push(3); // text_len = 3
        raw.extend_from_slice(b"msg"); // text
        raw.push(0x01); // flags

        assert!(ChatMessage::decode(&raw).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_decode_rejects_invalid_utf8_sender() {
        // Build message with invalid UTF-8 in sender
        let mut raw = Vec::new();
        raw.extend_from_slice(&0x12345678u32.to_le_bytes()); // origin_node
        raw.extend_from_slice(&TEST_TIMESTAMP.to_le_bytes()); // timestamp
        raw.push(4); // sender_len = 4
        raw.extend_from_slice(&[0x66, 0x59, 0xFF, 0xFE]); // "fY" + invalid UTF-8
        raw.push(3); // text_len = 3
        raw.extend_from_slice(b"msg"); // text
        raw.push(0x01); // flags
        raw.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // reply_to_node
        raw.extend_from_slice(&0u64.to_le_bytes()); // reply_to_timestamp

        assert!(ChatMessage::decode(&raw).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_decode_rejects_invalid_utf8_text() {
        // Build message with invalid UTF-8 in text
        let mut raw = Vec::new();
        raw.extend_from_slice(&0x12345678u32.to_le_bytes()); // origin_node
        raw.extend_from_slice(&TEST_TIMESTAMP.to_le_bytes()); // timestamp
        raw.push(4); // sender_len = 4
        raw.extend_from_slice(b"TEST"); // valid sender
        raw.push(4); // text_len = 4
        raw.extend_from_slice(&[0x80, 0x81, 0x82, 0x83]); // invalid UTF-8
        raw.push(0x01); // flags
        raw.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // reply_to_node
        raw.extend_from_slice(&0u64.to_le_bytes()); // reply_to_timestamp

        assert!(ChatMessage::decode(&raw).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_message_decode_accepts_valid_utf8() {
        // Build message with valid UTF-8 including unicode
        let mut raw = Vec::new();
        raw.extend_from_slice(&0x12345678u32.to_le_bytes()); // origin_node
        raw.extend_from_slice(&TEST_TIMESTAMP.to_le_bytes()); // timestamp
        raw.push(6); // sender_len = 6 (UTF-8 encoded)
        raw.extend_from_slice("TËST".as_bytes()); // valid UTF-8 with umlaut (5 bytes: T, Ë=2bytes, S, T)
                                                  // Wait, "TËST" is 5 bytes not 6. Let me fix:
        let sender_bytes = "TËST1".as_bytes(); // T(1) + Ë(2) + S(1) + T(1) + 1(1) = 6 bytes
        raw[12] = sender_bytes.len() as u8;
        raw.truncate(13);
        raw.extend_from_slice(sender_bytes);
        raw.push(4); // text_len = 4
        raw.extend_from_slice(b"test"); // text
        raw.push(0x01); // flags
        raw.extend_from_slice(&0u32.to_le_bytes()); // reply_to_node
        raw.extend_from_slice(&0u64.to_le_bytes()); // reply_to_timestamp

        let result = ChatMessage::decode(&raw);
        assert!(result.is_some());
        let (msg, _) = result.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(msg.sender(), "TËST1");
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // ChatCRDT Tests
    // ============================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_new() {
        let chat = ChatCRDT::new();
        assert!(chat.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(chat.len(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_add_message() {
        let mut chat = ChatCRDT::new();

        let msg = ChatMessage::new(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "ALPHA", "Hello");
        assert!(chat.add_message(msg.clone()));
        assert_eq!(chat.len(), 1);

        // Duplicate should be rejected
        assert!(!chat.add_message(msg));
        assert_eq!(chat.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_send_message() {
        let mut chat = ChatCRDT::new();

        assert!(chat.send_message(0x1, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "ALPHA", "First"));
        assert!(chat.send_message(0x2, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 1, "BRAVO", "Second"));
        assert_eq!(chat.len(), 2);

        // Same node, same timestamp = duplicate
        assert!(!chat.send_message(0x1, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "ALPHA", "Duplicate"));
        assert_eq!(chat.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_get_message() {
        let mut chat = ChatCRDT::new();
        chat.send_message(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "ALPHA", "Test");

        let msg = chat.get_message(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP);
        assert!(msg.is_some());
        assert_eq!(msg.unwrap().text(), "Test");

        // Non-existent message
        assert!(chat.get_message(0x99999999, TEST_TIMESTAMP).is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_merge() {
        let mut chat1 = ChatCRDT::new();
        let mut chat2 = ChatCRDT::new();

        chat1.send_message(0x1, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "ALPHA", "From 1");
        chat2.send_message(0x2, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 1, "BRAVO", "From 2");

        // Merge chat2 into chat1
        let changed = chat1.merge(&chat2);
        assert!(changed);
        assert_eq!(chat1.len(), 2);

        // Merge again - no changes
        let changed = chat1.merge(&chat2);
        assert!(!changed);
        assert_eq!(chat1.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_merge_duplicates() {
        let mut chat1 = ChatCRDT::new();
        let mut chat2 = ChatCRDT::new();

        // Both have the same message
        chat1.send_message(0x1, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "ALPHA", "Same message");
        chat2.send_message(0x1, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "ALPHA", "Same message");

        // Merge should not create duplicates
        chat1.merge(&chat2);
        assert_eq!(chat1.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_pruning() {
        let mut chat = ChatCRDT::new();

        // Add more than CHAT_MAX_MESSAGES with valid timestamps
        for i in 0..(CHAT_MAX_MESSAGES + 10) {
            chat.send_message(i as u32 + 1, TEST_TIMESTAMP + i as u64, "X", "Y");
        }

        // Should be pruned to max
        assert_eq!(chat.len(), CHAT_MAX_MESSAGES);

        // Oldest messages should be removed (first 10)
        // Message IDs are (node << 32) | (timestamp & 0xFFFFFFFF)
        // node=1, ts=TEST_TIMESTAMP has lowest ID, etc.
        assert!(chat.get_message(1, TEST_TIMESTAMP).is_none());
        assert!(chat.get_message(10, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 9).is_none());
        // Newer messages should remain
        assert!(chat.get_message(11, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 10).is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_encode_decode() {
        let mut chat = ChatCRDT::new();
        chat.send_message(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "ALPHA", "First message");
        chat.send_message(0xAABBCCDD, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 1000, "BRAVO", "Second message");

        let encoded = chat.encode();
        let decoded = ChatCRDT::decode(&encoded).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(decoded.len(), 2);
        assert!(decoded.get_message(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP).is_some());
        assert!(decoded
            .get_message(0xAABBCCDD, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 1000)
            .is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_messages_since() {
        let mut chat = ChatCRDT::new();
        chat.send_message(0x1, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "A", "Old");
        chat.send_message(0x2, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 1000, "B", "Mid");
        chat.send_message(0x3, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 2000, "C", "New");

        let recent: Vec<_> = chat.messages_since(TEST_TIMESTAMP + 500).collect();
        assert_eq!(recent.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_newest_timestamp() {
        let mut chat = ChatCRDT::new();
        assert!(chat.newest_timestamp().is_none());

        chat.send_message(0x1, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "A", "1");
        assert_eq!(chat.newest_timestamp(), Some(TEST_TIMESTAMP));

        chat.send_message(0x2, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 2000, "B", "2");
        assert_eq!(chat.newest_timestamp(), Some(TEST_TIMESTAMP + 2000));

        chat.send_message(0x3, TEST_TIMESTAMP + 1000, "C", "3"); // older timestamp
        assert_eq!(chat.newest_timestamp(), Some(TEST_TIMESTAMP + 2000));
    }

    // ============================================================================
    // ChatCRDT Security/Validation Tests
    // ============================================================================

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_decode_skips_invalid_messages() {
        // Build a CRDT with 2 messages, one valid and one invalid
        let mut valid_chat = ChatCRDT::new();
        valid_chat.send_message(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "VALID", "Good message");

        let encoded = valid_chat.encode();

        // Decode should work and contain the valid message
        let decoded = ChatCRDT::decode(&encoded).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(decoded.len(), 1);
        assert!(decoded.get_message(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP).is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_chat_crdt_decode_handles_truncated_data() {
        let mut chat = ChatCRDT::new();
        chat.send_message(0x12345678, TEST_TIMESTAMP, "TEST", "Message");

        let encoded = chat.encode();

        // Truncate to just the message count
        let truncated = &encoded[..2];
        let decoded = ChatCRDT::decode(truncated);
        assert!(decoded.is_some());
        assert_eq!(decoded.unwrap().len(), 0); // No messages decoded
    }
}