hermes_core/segment/reader/

mod.rs

//! Async segment reader with lazy loading

pub(crate) mod bmp;
pub(crate) mod loader;
mod types;

pub use bmp::BmpIndex;
#[cfg(feature = "native")]
pub(crate) use types::DimRawData;
pub use types::{SparseIndex, VectorIndex, VectorSearchResult};

/// Bound vocabulary and posting expansion before a prefix query starts loading
/// posting payloads. These are per-segment limits; callers should use exact-term
/// or a more selective prefix when they are exceeded.
const MAX_PREFIX_TERMS: usize = 1_024;
const MAX_PREFIX_POSTINGS: u64 = 5_000_000;
/// Hard guard for explicitly requested dense rerank documents and for the
/// exact ordinal expansion of those documents. ANN heaps no longer deepen
/// toward this value automatically for multi-valued fields.
const MAX_DENSE_CANDIDATES_PER_SEGMENT: usize = 20_000;
/// Preferred vector count; wide vectors reduce it to stay under the byte cap.
const DENSE_SCORE_BATCH: usize = 4_096;
const BINARY_SCORE_BATCH: usize = 8_192;
const MAX_VECTOR_SCORE_BATCH_BYTES: usize = 8 * 1024 * 1024;

/// Memory statistics for a single segment
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct SegmentMemoryStats {
    /// Segment ID
    pub segment_id: u128,
    /// Number of documents in segment
    pub num_docs: u32,
    /// Term dictionary block cache bytes
    pub term_dict_cache_bytes: usize,
    /// Document store block cache bytes
    pub store_cache_bytes: usize,
    /// Sparse vector index bytes (in-memory posting lists)
    pub sparse_index_bytes: usize,
    /// Dense vector index bytes (cluster assignments, quantized codes)
    pub dense_index_bytes: usize,
    /// Bloom filter bytes
    pub bloom_filter_bytes: usize,
    /// Hot metadata bytes actually pinned (mlock/heap-copy) at open
    pub pinned_metadata_bytes: u64,
    /// Hot metadata bytes eligible for pinning (gap vs pinned = budget
    /// exhausted or mlock failures — operator-visible)
    pub pin_intended_bytes: u64,
}

impl SegmentMemoryStats {
    /// Total estimated memory for this segment
    pub fn total_bytes(&self) -> usize {
        self.term_dict_cache_bytes
            + self.store_cache_bytes
            + self.sparse_index_bytes
            + self.dense_index_bytes
            + self.bloom_filter_bytes
    }
}

use std::cmp::Ordering;
use std::collections::BinaryHeap;
use std::sync::Arc;

use rustc_hash::FxHashMap;

use super::vector_data::LazyFlatVectorData;
use crate::directories::{Directory, FileHandle};
use crate::dsl::{DenseVectorQuantization, Document, Field, Schema};
use crate::query::{MAX_DENSE_NPROBE, MAX_DENSE_RERANK_FACTOR};
use crate::structures::{
    AsyncSSTableReader, BlockPostingList, CoarseCentroids, IVFPQIndex, SSTableStats, TermInfo,
};
use crate::{DocId, Error, Result};

use super::store::{AsyncStoreReader, RawStoreBlock};
use super::types::{SegmentFiles, SegmentId, SegmentMeta};

/// Combine per-ordinal (doc_id, ordinal, score) triples into VectorSearchResults,
/// applying the multi-value combiner, sorting by score desc, and truncating to `limit`.
///
/// Fast path: when all ordinals are 0 (single-valued field), skips the HashMap
/// grouping entirely and just sorts + truncates the raw results.
pub(crate) fn combine_ordinal_results(
    raw: impl IntoIterator<Item = (u32, u16, f32)>,
    combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
    limit: usize,
) -> Vec<VectorSearchResult> {
    let collected: Vec<(u32, u16, f32)> = raw.into_iter().collect();

    let num_raw = collected.len();
    if log::log_enabled!(log::Level::Debug) {
        let mut ids: Vec<u32> = collected.iter().map(|(d, _, _)| *d).collect();
        ids.sort_unstable();
        ids.dedup();
        log::debug!(
            "combine_ordinal_results: {} raw entries, {} unique docs, combiner={:?}, limit={}",
            num_raw,
            ids.len(),
            combiner,
            limit
        );
    }

    // Fast path: all ordinals are 0 → no grouping needed, skip HashMap
    let all_single = collected.iter().all(|&(_, ord, _)| ord == 0);
    if all_single {
        let mut results: Vec<VectorSearchResult> = collected
            .into_iter()
            .map(|(doc_id, _, score)| VectorSearchResult::new(doc_id, score, vec![(0, score)]))
            .collect();
        results.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| {
            b.score
                .total_cmp(&a.score)
                .then_with(|| a.doc_id.cmp(&b.doc_id))
        });
        results.truncate(limit);
        return results;
    }

    // Slow path: multi-valued field — group by doc_id, apply combiner
    let mut doc_ordinals: rustc_hash::FxHashMap<DocId, Vec<(u32, f32)>> =
        rustc_hash::FxHashMap::default();
    for (doc_id, ordinal, score) in collected {
        doc_ordinals
            .entry(doc_id as DocId)
            .or_default()
            .push((ordinal as u32, score));
    }
    let mut results: Vec<VectorSearchResult> = doc_ordinals
        .into_iter()
        .map(|(doc_id, ordinals)| {
            let combined_score = combiner.combine(&ordinals);
            VectorSearchResult::new(doc_id, combined_score, ordinals)
        })
        .collect();
    results.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| {
        b.score
            .total_cmp(&a.score)
            .then_with(|| a.doc_id.cmp(&b.doc_id))
    });
    results.truncate(limit);
    results
}

/// Heap entry used by exact flat-vector search after all values belonging to
/// one document have been combined. Keeping the heap at document granularity
/// prevents several strong values from one document from crowding other
/// documents out of the raw vector top-k.
struct HeapVectorResult(VectorSearchResult);

impl PartialEq for HeapVectorResult {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.0.score.to_bits() == other.0.score.to_bits() && self.0.doc_id == other.0.doc_id
    }
}

impl Eq for HeapVectorResult {}

impl Ord for HeapVectorResult {
    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
        // BinaryHeap top is the worst retained document: lower score, then
        // larger doc ID for deterministic equal-score eviction.
        other
            .0
            .score
            .total_cmp(&self.0.score)
            .then_with(|| self.0.doc_id.cmp(&other.0.doc_id))
    }
}

impl PartialOrd for HeapVectorResult {
    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
        Some(self.cmp(other))
    }
}

/// Incrementally combine a flat vector stream sorted by `(doc_id, ordinal)`
/// and retain only the best `limit` documents. Scratch is O(values in the
/// current document + retained output), independent of the segment size.
struct FlatDocumentCollector {
    heap: BinaryHeap<HeapVectorResult>,
    limit: usize,
    combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
    current_doc: Option<DocId>,
    current_ordinals: Vec<(u32, f32)>,
}

impl FlatDocumentCollector {
    fn new(limit: usize, combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner) -> Self {
        Self {
            heap: BinaryHeap::with_capacity(limit.min(8 * 1024)),
            limit,
            combiner,
            current_doc: None,
            current_ordinals: Vec::new(),
        }
    }

    fn push(&mut self, doc_id: DocId, ordinal: u16, score: f32) {
        if self.current_doc.is_some_and(|current| current != doc_id) {
            self.finish_current();
        }
        self.current_doc = Some(doc_id);
        self.current_ordinals.push((ordinal as u32, score));
    }

    fn finish_current(&mut self) {
        let Some(doc_id) = self.current_doc.take() else {
            return;
        };
        let score = self.combiner.combine(&self.current_ordinals);
        let should_retain = self.heap.len() < self.limit
            || self.heap.peek().is_some_and(|worst| {
                HeapVectorResult(VectorSearchResult::new(doc_id, score, Vec::new()))
                    .cmp(worst)
                    .is_lt()
            });

        if !should_retain {
            // The overwhelmingly common path once the heap is full. Reuse
            // the ordinal scratch instead of allocating a fresh Vec for
            // every rejected document in a flat scan.
            self.current_ordinals.clear();
            return;
        }

        let ordinals = std::mem::take(&mut self.current_ordinals);
        let entry = HeapVectorResult(VectorSearchResult::new(doc_id, score, ordinals));
        if self.heap.len() < self.limit {
            self.heap.push(entry);
        } else if let Some(mut worst) = self.heap.peek_mut() {
            // Recycle the evicted result's allocation as the next document's
            // scratch. PeekMut restores heap order when it is dropped.
            let mut evicted = std::mem::replace(&mut worst.0, entry.0);
            evicted.ordinals.clear();
            self.current_ordinals = evicted.ordinals;
        }
    }

    fn into_results(mut self) -> Vec<VectorSearchResult> {
        self.finish_current();
        let mut results: Vec<_> = self.heap.into_iter().map(|entry| entry.0).collect();
        results.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| {
            b.score
                .total_cmp(&a.score)
                .then_with(|| a.doc_id.cmp(&b.doc_id))
        });
        results
    }
}

/// Collect a stream already grouped by document (the layout produced by flat
/// storage expansion) without rebuilding a hash table for every candidate.
fn combine_grouped_ordinal_results(
    raw: impl IntoIterator<Item = RawVectorCandidate>,
    combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
    limit: usize,
) -> Vec<VectorSearchResult> {
    let mut collector = FlatDocumentCollector::new(limit, combiner);
    for (doc_id, ordinal, score) in raw {
        collector.push(doc_id, ordinal, score);
    }
    collector.into_results()
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct DenseSearchParams {
    dim: usize,
    nprobe: usize,
    unit_norm: bool,
}

/// Compute the ANN candidate count without relying on saturating float casts.
fn checked_dense_fetch_k(k: usize, rerank_factor: f32) -> Result<usize> {
    if !rerank_factor.is_finite() || !(1.0..=MAX_DENSE_RERANK_FACTOR).contains(&rerank_factor) {
        return Err(Error::Query(format!(
            "dense rerank_factor must be finite and in [1, {MAX_DENSE_RERANK_FACTOR}], got {rerank_factor}"
        )));
    }

    let fetch = (k as f64) * (rerank_factor as f64);
    if !fetch.is_finite()
        || fetch > usize::MAX as f64
        || fetch > MAX_DENSE_CANDIDATES_PER_SEGMENT as f64
    {
        return Err(Error::Query(format!(
            "dense candidate count exceeds the per-segment maximum of \
             {MAX_DENSE_CANDIDATES_PER_SEGMENT}: k={k}, rerank_factor={rerank_factor}"
        )));
    }
    Ok(fetch.ceil() as usize)
}

#[inline]
fn bounded_vector_score_batch(vector_byte_size: usize, preferred: usize) -> usize {
    preferred.min((MAX_VECTOR_SCORE_BATCH_BYTES / vector_byte_size.max(1)).max(1))
}

fn checked_file_range(
    offset: u64,
    length: u64,
    file_length: u64,
    description: &str,
) -> Result<std::ops::Range<u64>> {
    let end = offset
        .checked_add(length)
        .ok_or_else(|| Error::Corruption(format!("{description} byte range overflows u64")))?;
    if end > file_length {
        return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
            "{description} byte range {offset}..{end} exceeds file length {file_length}"
        )));
    }
    Ok(offset..end)
}

type RawVectorCandidate = (u32, u16, f32);
type ResolvedVectorCandidate = (usize, usize); // (result index, flat-vector index)

/// ANN operates on individual vectors, but document combiners require every
/// stored value for a candidate document. Expand the deduplicated ANN document
/// union before exact reranking, with a hard per-segment vector budget.
fn expand_ann_candidate_documents(
    ann_results: &[RawVectorCandidate],
    flat: &LazyFlatVectorData,
) -> Result<(Vec<RawVectorCandidate>, Vec<ResolvedVectorCandidate>)> {
    let mut candidate_docs: Vec<DocId> = ann_results.iter().map(|candidate| candidate.0).collect();
    candidate_docs.sort_unstable();
    candidate_docs.dedup();

    let mut expanded = Vec::new();
    let mut resolved = Vec::new();
    for doc_id in candidate_docs {
        let (start, count) = flat.flat_indexes_for_doc_range(doc_id);
        if count == 0 {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                "ANN candidate document {doc_id} is missing from flat vector storage"
            )));
        }
        let next_len = expanded
            .len()
            .checked_add(count)
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::Query("ANN candidate vector expansion overflow".to_string()))?;
        if next_len > MAX_DENSE_CANDIDATES_PER_SEGMENT {
            return Err(Error::Query(format!(
                "ANN candidate documents expand to more than \
                 {MAX_DENSE_CANDIDATES_PER_SEGMENT} vectors in one segment"
            )));
        }
        expanded.reserve(count);
        resolved.reserve(count);
        let end = start
            .checked_add(count)
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::Corruption("flat vector range overflow".to_string()))?;
        for flat_index in start..end {
            let (stored_doc_id, ordinal) = flat.get_doc_id(flat_index);
            if stored_doc_id != doc_id {
                return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                    "flat vector doc map is not contiguous for document {doc_id}"
                )));
            }
            let result_index = expanded.len();
            expanded.push((doc_id, ordinal, 0.0));
            resolved.push((result_index, flat_index));
        }
    }
    Ok((expanded, resolved))
}

/// Reuse the probe's scores for (doc, ordinal) pairs it already returned.
///
/// Binary IVF clusters store the same packed codes as flat storage and score
/// them with the same exact SIMD Hamming kernel, so re-reading those vectors
/// from flat storage recomputes an identical score at the cost of one random
/// read (and potential page fault on cold mmap) per candidate. Only the
/// candidate documents' remaining ordinals still need flat reads. The
/// per-query map is justified by removing one flat read per reused entry.
fn fill_probe_scores_and_prune_resolved(
    ann_results: &[RawVectorCandidate],
    expanded: &mut [RawVectorCandidate],
    resolved: Vec<ResolvedVectorCandidate>,
) -> Vec<ResolvedVectorCandidate> {
    let mut probe_scores: FxHashMap<(DocId, u16), f32> =
        FxHashMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(ann_results.len(), Default::default());
    for &(doc_id, ordinal, score) in ann_results {
        probe_scores.insert((doc_id, ordinal), score);
    }
    resolved
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|&(result_index, _)| {
            let (doc_id, ordinal, _) = expanded[result_index];
            match probe_scores.get(&(doc_id, ordinal)) {
                Some(&score) => {
                    expanded[result_index].2 = score;
                    false
                }
                None => true,
            }
        })
        .collect()
}

async fn exact_score_binary_candidate_documents(
    ann_results: &[RawVectorCandidate],
    flat: &LazyFlatVectorData,
    query: &[u8],
    dim_bits: usize,
) -> Result<Vec<RawVectorCandidate>> {
    let (mut expanded, resolved) = expand_ann_candidate_documents(ann_results, flat)?;
    let resolved = fill_probe_scores_and_prune_resolved(ann_results, &mut expanded, resolved);
    let vector_byte_size = flat.vector_byte_size();
    let batch_len = bounded_vector_score_batch(vector_byte_size, BINARY_SCORE_BATCH);
    let raw_capacity = batch_len
        .checked_mul(vector_byte_size)
        .ok_or_else(|| Error::Query("binary candidate buffer size overflow".to_string()))?;
    let mut raw = vec![0u8; raw_capacity];
    let mut scores = vec![0.0f32; batch_len];

    for chunk in resolved.chunks(batch_len) {
        #[cfg(feature = "native")]
        flat.prefetch_vectors(chunk.iter().map(|&(_, flat_index)| flat_index));
        let raw_len = chunk
            .len()
            .checked_mul(vector_byte_size)
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::Query("binary candidate buffer size overflow".to_string()))?;
        let raw = &mut raw[..raw_len];
        for (buffer_index, &(_, flat_index)) in chunk.iter().enumerate() {
            flat.read_vector_raw_into(
                flat_index,
                &mut raw[buffer_index * vector_byte_size..(buffer_index + 1) * vector_byte_size],
            )
            .await
            .map_err(Error::Io)?;
        }
        crate::structures::simd::batch_hamming_scores(
            query,
            raw,
            vector_byte_size,
            dim_bits,
            &mut scores[..chunk.len()],
        );
        for (buffer_index, &(result_index, _)) in chunk.iter().enumerate() {
            expanded[result_index].2 = scores[buffer_index];
        }
    }
    Ok(expanded)
}

#[cfg(feature = "sync")]
fn exact_score_binary_candidate_documents_sync(
    ann_results: &[RawVectorCandidate],
    flat: &LazyFlatVectorData,
    query: &[u8],
    dim_bits: usize,
) -> Result<Vec<RawVectorCandidate>> {
    let (mut expanded, resolved) = expand_ann_candidate_documents(ann_results, flat)?;
    let resolved = fill_probe_scores_and_prune_resolved(ann_results, &mut expanded, resolved);
    let vector_byte_size = flat.vector_byte_size();
    let batch_len = bounded_vector_score_batch(vector_byte_size, BINARY_SCORE_BATCH);
    let raw_capacity = batch_len
        .checked_mul(vector_byte_size)
        .ok_or_else(|| Error::Query("binary candidate buffer size overflow".to_string()))?;
    let mut raw = vec![0u8; raw_capacity];
    let mut scores = vec![0.0f32; batch_len];

    for chunk in resolved.chunks(batch_len) {
        let raw_len = chunk
            .len()
            .checked_mul(vector_byte_size)
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::Query("binary candidate buffer size overflow".to_string()))?;
        let raw = &mut raw[..raw_len];
        for (buffer_index, &(_, flat_index)) in chunk.iter().enumerate() {
            flat.read_vector_raw_into_sync(
                flat_index,
                &mut raw[buffer_index * vector_byte_size..(buffer_index + 1) * vector_byte_size],
            )
            .map_err(Error::Io)?;
        }
        crate::structures::simd::batch_hamming_scores(
            query,
            raw,
            vector_byte_size,
            dim_bits,
            &mut scores[..chunk.len()],
        );
        for (buffer_index, &(result_index, _)) in chunk.iter().enumerate() {
            expanded[result_index].2 = scores[buffer_index];
        }
    }
    Ok(expanded)
}

fn validate_coarse_centroids(centroids: &CoarseCentroids, dim: usize) -> Result<()> {
    let expected = (centroids.num_clusters as usize)
        .checked_mul(dim)
        .ok_or_else(|| Error::Corruption("coarse centroid size overflow".into()))?;
    if centroids.num_clusters == 0
        || centroids.dim != dim
        || centroids.centroids.len() != expected
        || centroids.centroids.iter().any(|value| !value.is_finite())
    {
        return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
            "invalid coarse centroids: clusters={}, dim={}, values={} (expected dim={dim}, values={expected})",
            centroids.num_clusters,
            centroids.dim,
            centroids.centroids.len()
        )));
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn float_query_plan(
    centroids: &CoarseCentroids,
    codebook: &crate::structures::PQCodebook,
    query: &[f32],
    nprobe: usize,
    routing: crate::dsl::IvfRoutingMode,
    cache: Option<&std::sync::Mutex<Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::structures::IvfPqQueryPlan>>>>,
) -> Result<std::sync::Arc<crate::structures::IvfPqQueryPlan>> {
    let effective_nprobe = nprobe.clamp(1, centroids.num_clusters as usize);
    let request_fingerprint = crate::structures::vector::ivf::routing::float_probe_fingerprint(
        query,
        effective_nprobe,
        routing,
    );
    if let Some(cache) = cache {
        let mut cached = cache
            .lock()
            .map_err(|_| Error::Internal("dense IVF probe cache is poisoned".into()))?;
        if let Some(plan) = cached.as_ref()
            && plan.quantizer_version == centroids.version
            && plan.codebook_version == codebook.version
            && plan.request_fingerprint == request_fingerprint
            && plan.cluster_ids.len() == effective_nprobe
        {
            return Ok(std::sync::Arc::clone(plan));
        }
        let plan = std::sync::Arc::new(crate::structures::IvfPqQueryPlan::build(
            centroids,
            codebook,
            query,
            effective_nprobe,
            routing,
        ));
        *cached = Some(std::sync::Arc::clone(&plan));
        return Ok(plan);
    }
    Ok(std::sync::Arc::new(
        crate::structures::IvfPqQueryPlan::build(
            centroids,
            codebook,
            query,
            effective_nprobe,
            routing,
        ),
    ))
}

fn binary_probe_clusters(
    quantizer: &crate::structures::BinaryCoarseQuantizer,
    query: &[u8],
    nprobe: usize,
    routing: crate::dsl::IvfRoutingMode,
    cache: Option<&std::sync::Mutex<Option<crate::structures::IvfProbePlan>>>,
) -> Result<std::sync::Arc<[u32]>> {
    let effective_nprobe = nprobe.clamp(1, quantizer.num_clusters as usize);
    let request_fingerprint = crate::structures::vector::ivf::routing::binary_probe_fingerprint(
        query,
        effective_nprobe,
        routing,
    );
    if let Some(cache) = cache {
        let mut cached = cache
            .lock()
            .map_err(|_| Error::Internal("binary IVF probe cache is poisoned".into()))?;
        if let Some(plan) = cached.as_ref()
            && plan.quantizer_version == quantizer.version
            && plan.request_fingerprint == request_fingerprint
            && plan.cluster_ids.len() == effective_nprobe
        {
            return Ok(std::sync::Arc::clone(&plan.cluster_ids));
        }
        let plan = quantizer.probe(query, effective_nprobe, routing);
        let clusters = std::sync::Arc::clone(&plan.cluster_ids);
        *cached = Some(plan);
        return Ok(clusters);
    }
    Ok(quantizer
        .probe(query, effective_nprobe, routing)
        .cluster_ids)
}

/// Async segment reader with lazy loading
///
/// - Term dictionary: only index loaded, blocks loaded on-demand
/// - Postings: loaded on-demand per term via HTTP range requests
/// - Document store: only index loaded, blocks loaded on-demand via HTTP range requests
pub struct SegmentReader {
    meta: SegmentMeta,
    /// Term dictionary with lazy block loading
    term_dict: Arc<AsyncSSTableReader<TermInfo>>,
    /// Postings file handle - fetches ranges on demand
    postings_handle: FileHandle,
    /// Document store with lazy block loading
    store: Arc<AsyncStoreReader>,
    schema: Arc<Schema>,
    /// Per-segment ANN payloads.
    vector_indexes: FxHashMap<u32, VectorIndex>,
    /// Lazy flat vectors per field — for reranking and merge (doc_ids in memory, vectors via mmap)
    flat_vectors: FxHashMap<u32, LazyFlatVectorData>,
    /// One immutable generation of all index-global ANN artifacts.
    trained_vectors: Arc<crate::segment::TrainedVectorStructures>,
    /// Sparse vector indexes per field (MaxScore format)
    sparse_indexes: FxHashMap<u32, SparseIndex>,
    /// BMP sparse vector indexes per field (BMP format)
    bmp_indexes: FxHashMap<u32, BmpIndex>,
    /// Position file handle for phrase queries (lazy loading)
    positions_handle: Option<FileHandle>,
    /// Fast-field columnar readers per field_id
    fast_fields: FxHashMap<u32, crate::structures::fast_field::FastFieldReader>,
    /// Per-segment MaxScore threshold (f32 stored as AtomicU32 bits).
    /// Allows per-field MaxScore groups within a single query to share thresholds:
    /// field A's result seeds field B's pruning on the same segment.
    /// Hot-metadata pin accounting (see `segment::pin`)
    #[cfg(feature = "native")]
    pin_report: crate::segment::pin::PinReport,
}

impl SegmentReader {
    /// Open a segment with lazy loading
    pub async fn open<D: Directory>(
        dir: &D,
        segment_id: SegmentId,
        schema: Arc<Schema>,
        cache_blocks: usize,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        Self::open_with_cache_blocks(dir, segment_id, schema, cache_blocks, cache_blocks).await
    }

    /// Open a segment with independent term-dictionary and document-store caches.
    ///
    /// [`Self::open`] keeps the historical single-capacity API for standalone
    /// callers. Native indexes use this method so `IndexConfig::store_cache_blocks`
    /// is not silently replaced by the (usually much larger) term cache capacity.
    pub async fn open_with_cache_blocks<D: Directory>(
        dir: &D,
        segment_id: SegmentId,
        schema: Arc<Schema>,
        term_cache_blocks: usize,
        store_cache_blocks: usize,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let files = SegmentFiles::new(segment_id.0);

        // Read metadata (small, always loaded)
        let meta_slice = dir.open_read(&files.meta).await?;
        let meta_bytes = meta_slice.read_bytes().await?;
        let meta = SegmentMeta::deserialize(meta_bytes.as_slice())?;
        debug_assert_eq!(meta.id, segment_id.0);

        // Open term dictionary with lazy loading (fetches ranges on demand)
        let term_dict_handle = dir.open_lazy(&files.term_dict).await?;
        let term_dict = AsyncSSTableReader::open(term_dict_handle, term_cache_blocks).await?;

        // Get postings file handle (lazy - fetches ranges on demand)
        let postings_handle = dir.open_lazy(&files.postings).await?;

        // Open store with lazy loading
        let store_handle = dir.open_lazy(&files.store).await?;
        let store = AsyncStoreReader::open(store_handle, store_cache_blocks).await?;

        // Load dense vector indexes from unified .vectors file
        let vectors_data = loader::load_vectors_file(dir, &files, &schema, meta.num_docs).await?;
        let vector_indexes = vectors_data.indexes;
        let flat_vectors = vectors_data.flat_vectors;

        // Fields served by an ANN index only touch flat vectors for scattered
        // rerank reads — disable readahead for them once at open. Flat-only
        // fields keep default advice: brute-force scans them sequentially.
        // Advice is sticky on the mapping, so per-query re-advising is wasted.
        #[cfg(feature = "native")]
        for (field_id, lazy_flat) in &flat_vectors {
            if vector_indexes.contains_key(field_id) {
                lazy_flat.advise_random_access();
            }
        }

        // Load sparse vector indexes from .sparse file (MaxScore + BMP)
        let sparse_data = loader::load_sparse_file(dir, &files, meta.num_docs, &schema).await?;
        let sparse_indexes = sparse_data.maxscore_indexes;
        let bmp_indexes = sparse_data.bmp_indexes;

        // Open positions file handle (if exists) - offsets are now in TermInfo
        let positions_handle = loader::open_positions_file(dir, &files, &schema).await?;

        // Load fast-field columns from .fast file
        let fast_fields = loader::load_fast_fields_file(dir, &files, &schema).await?;

        // Log segment loading stats
        {
            let mut parts = vec![format!(
                "[segment] loaded {:016x}: docs={}",
                segment_id.0, meta.num_docs
            )];
            if !vector_indexes.is_empty() || !flat_vectors.is_empty() {
                parts.push(format!(
                    "dense: {} ann + {} flat fields",
                    vector_indexes.len(),
                    flat_vectors.len()
                ));
            }
            for (field_id, idx) in &sparse_indexes {
                parts.push(format!(
                    "sparse field {}: {} dims, ~{:.1} KB",
                    field_id,
                    idx.num_dimensions(),
                    idx.num_dimensions() as f64 * 24.0 / 1024.0
                ));
            }
            for (field_id, idx) in &bmp_indexes {
                parts.push(format!(
                    "bmp field {}: {} dims, {} blocks",
                    field_id,
                    idx.dims(),
                    idx.num_blocks
                ));
            }
            if !fast_fields.is_empty() {
                parts.push(format!("fast: {} fields", fast_fields.len()));
            }
            log::debug!("{}", parts.join(", "));
        }

        #[allow(unused_mut)]
        let mut reader = Self {
            meta,
            term_dict: Arc::new(term_dict),
            postings_handle,
            store: Arc::new(store),
            schema,
            vector_indexes,
            flat_vectors,
            trained_vectors: Arc::new(crate::segment::TrainedVectorStructures::default()),
            sparse_indexes,
            bmp_indexes,
            positions_handle,
            fast_fields,
            #[cfg(feature = "native")]
            pin_report: Default::default(),
        };

        // Pin hot metadata per the process-wide policy (no-op when disabled)
        #[cfg(feature = "native")]
        reader.apply_pin_policy(&crate::segment::pin::pin_policy().to_owned());

        Ok(reader)
    }

    /// Pin per-query-mandatory metadata sections in priority order until the
    /// budget is exhausted (see `segment::pin` and docs/hot-metadata-pinning.md).
    ///
    /// Priority: BMP block-offset tables → sparse skip sections → doc-id maps
    /// → BMP superblock grids. Bulk data (4-bit grid, block data, raw vectors)
    /// is never pinned. Fail-loud: budget exhaustion and mlock failures are
    /// logged and visible via `SegmentMemoryStats::{pin_intended_bytes,
    /// pinned_metadata_bytes}`.
    #[cfg(feature = "native")]
    pub(crate) fn apply_pin_policy(&mut self, policy: &crate::segment::pin::PinPolicy) {
        use crate::segment::pin::PinReport;

        if !policy.is_enabled() {
            return;
        }
        let mut remaining = policy.budget_bytes;
        let mut report = PinReport::default();

        // Priority 1: BMP block-offset tables
        for bmp in self.bmp_indexes.values_mut() {
            bmp.pin_block_starts(policy.mode, &mut remaining, &mut report);
        }
        // Priority 2: sparse skip sections
        for sparse in self.sparse_indexes.values_mut() {
            sparse.pin_skip_section(policy.mode, &mut remaining, &mut report);
        }
        // Priority 3: doc-id maps
        for flat in self.flat_vectors.values_mut() {
            flat.pin_doc_ids(policy.mode, &mut remaining, &mut report);
        }
        for bmp in self.bmp_indexes.values_mut() {
            bmp.pin_doc_maps(policy.mode, &mut remaining, &mut report);
        }
        // Priority 4: BMP superblock grids
        for bmp in self.bmp_indexes.values_mut() {
            bmp.pin_sb_grid(policy.mode, &mut remaining, &mut report);
        }

        if report.skipped_budget_bytes > 0 || report.failed_bytes > 0 {
            log::warn!(
                "[pin] segment {:016x}: pinned {}/{} bytes (budget skipped {}, mlock failed {}) —                  raise HERMES_PIN_METADATA_BUDGET_MB or RLIMIT_MEMLOCK for full coverage",
                self.meta.id,
                report.pinned_bytes,
                report.intended_bytes,
                report.skipped_budget_bytes,
                report.failed_bytes,
            );
        } else if report.pinned_bytes > 0 {
            log::info!(
                "[pin] segment {:016x}: pinned {} bytes of hot metadata ({:?})",
                self.meta.id,
                report.pinned_bytes,
                policy.mode,
            );
        }
        self.pin_report = report;
    }

    // NOTE: cross-group MaxScore threshold seeding is query-execution-local
    // (a Cell in the boolean planner) — it must never live on the shared
    // SegmentReader, where concurrent queries would leak thresholds into
    // each other and wrongly prune results.

    pub fn meta(&self) -> &SegmentMeta {
        &self.meta
    }

    pub fn num_docs(&self) -> u32 {
        self.meta.num_docs
    }

    /// Get average field length for BM25F scoring
    pub fn avg_field_len(&self, field: Field) -> f32 {
        self.meta.avg_field_len(field)
    }

    pub fn schema(&self) -> &Schema {
        &self.schema
    }

    /// Get sparse indexes for all fields
    pub fn sparse_indexes(&self) -> &FxHashMap<u32, SparseIndex> {
        &self.sparse_indexes
    }

    /// Get sparse index for a specific field (MaxScore format)
    pub fn sparse_index(&self, field: Field) -> Option<&SparseIndex> {
        self.sparse_indexes.get(&field.0)
    }

    /// Get BMP index for a specific field
    pub fn bmp_index(&self, field: Field) -> Option<&BmpIndex> {
        self.bmp_indexes.get(&field.0)
    }

    /// Get all BMP indexes
    pub fn bmp_indexes(&self) -> &FxHashMap<u32, BmpIndex> {
        &self.bmp_indexes
    }

    /// Get vector indexes for all fields
    pub fn vector_indexes(&self) -> &FxHashMap<u32, VectorIndex> {
        &self.vector_indexes
    }

    /// Get lazy flat vectors for all fields (for reranking and merge)
    pub fn flat_vectors(&self) -> &FxHashMap<u32, LazyFlatVectorData> {
        &self.flat_vectors
    }

    /// Get a fast-field reader for a specific field.
    pub fn fast_field(
        &self,
        field_id: u32,
    ) -> Option<&crate::structures::fast_field::FastFieldReader> {
        self.fast_fields.get(&field_id)
    }

    /// Get all fast-field readers.
    pub fn fast_fields(&self) -> &FxHashMap<u32, crate::structures::fast_field::FastFieldReader> {
        &self.fast_fields
    }

    /// Get term dictionary stats for debugging
    pub fn term_dict_stats(&self) -> SSTableStats {
        self.term_dict.stats()
    }

    /// Estimate memory usage of this segment reader
    pub fn memory_stats(&self) -> SegmentMemoryStats {
        let term_dict_stats = self.term_dict.stats();

        // Report actual decompressed heap retention. Both caches use variable
        // boundary blocks, so multiplying a block count by a guessed size can
        // materially under-report resident memory.
        let term_dict_cache_bytes = self.term_dict.cached_bytes();
        let store_cache_bytes = self.store.cached_bytes();

        // Sparse index: SoA dim table + OwnedBytes skip section + BMP grids
        let sparse_index_bytes: usize = self
            .sparse_indexes
            .values()
            .map(|s| s.estimated_memory_bytes())
            .sum::<usize>()
            + self
                .bmp_indexes
                .values()
                .map(|b| b.estimated_memory_bytes())
                .sum::<usize>();

        // Dense index: vectors are memory-mapped, but we track index structures
        // IVF indexes keep their segment-level cluster payloads in memory.
        let dense_index_bytes: usize = self
            .vector_indexes
            .values()
            .map(|v| v.estimated_memory_bytes())
            .sum();

        #[cfg(feature = "native")]
        let (pinned_metadata_bytes, pin_intended_bytes) =
            (self.pin_report.pinned_bytes, self.pin_report.intended_bytes);
        #[cfg(not(feature = "native"))]
        let (pinned_metadata_bytes, pin_intended_bytes) = (0u64, 0u64);

        SegmentMemoryStats {
            segment_id: self.meta.id,
            num_docs: self.meta.num_docs,
            term_dict_cache_bytes,
            store_cache_bytes,
            sparse_index_bytes,
            dense_index_bytes,
            bloom_filter_bytes: term_dict_stats.bloom_filter_size,
            pinned_metadata_bytes,
            pin_intended_bytes,
        }
    }

    /// Get posting list for a term (async - loads on demand)
    ///
    /// For small posting lists (1-3 docs), the data is inlined in the term dictionary
    /// and no additional I/O is needed. For larger lists, reads from .post file.
    pub async fn get_postings(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        term: &[u8],
    ) -> Result<Option<BlockPostingList>> {
        log::debug!(
            "SegmentReader::get_postings field={} term_len={}",
            field.0,
            term.len()
        );

        // Build key: field_id + term
        let mut key = Vec::with_capacity(4 + term.len());
        key.extend_from_slice(&field.0.to_le_bytes());
        key.extend_from_slice(term);

        // Look up in term dictionary
        let term_info = match self.term_dict.get(&key).await? {
            Some(info) => {
                log::debug!("SegmentReader::get_postings found term_info");
                info
            }
            None => {
                log::debug!("SegmentReader::get_postings term not found");
                return Ok(None);
            }
        };

        // Check if posting list is inlined
        if let Some((doc_ids, term_freqs)) = term_info.decode_inline() {
            // Build BlockPostingList from inline data (no I/O needed!)
            let mut posting_list = crate::structures::PostingList::with_capacity(doc_ids.len());
            for (doc_id, tf) in doc_ids.into_iter().zip(term_freqs) {
                posting_list.push(doc_id, tf);
            }
            let block_list = BlockPostingList::from_posting_list(&posting_list)?;
            return Ok(Some(block_list));
        }

        // External posting list - read from postings file handle (lazy - HTTP range request)
        let (posting_offset, posting_len) = term_info.external_info().ok_or_else(|| {
            Error::Corruption("TermInfo has neither inline nor external data".to_string())
        })?;

        let range = checked_file_range(
            posting_offset,
            posting_len,
            self.postings_handle.len(),
            "posting",
        )?;
        let posting_bytes = self.postings_handle.read_bytes_range(range).await?;
        let block_list = BlockPostingList::deserialize_zero_copy(posting_bytes)?;

        Ok(Some(block_list))
    }

    /// Get all posting lists for terms that start with `prefix` in the given field.
    pub async fn get_prefix_postings(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        prefix: &[u8],
    ) -> Result<Vec<BlockPostingList>> {
        if prefix.is_empty() {
            return Err(Error::Query("prefix must not be empty".into()));
        }
        // Build composite key prefix: field_id ++ prefix
        let mut key_prefix = Vec::with_capacity(4 + prefix.len());
        key_prefix.extend_from_slice(&field.0.to_le_bytes());
        key_prefix.extend_from_slice(prefix);

        let (entries, truncated) = self
            .term_dict
            .prefix_scan_limited(&key_prefix, MAX_PREFIX_TERMS)
            .await?;
        if truncated {
            return Err(Error::Query(format!(
                "prefix expands to more than {MAX_PREFIX_TERMS} terms"
            )));
        }
        let posting_count: u64 = entries
            .iter()
            .map(|(_, term_info)| term_info.doc_freq() as u64)
            .sum();
        if posting_count > MAX_PREFIX_POSTINGS {
            return Err(Error::Query(format!(
                "prefix expands to {posting_count} postings (maximum {MAX_PREFIX_POSTINGS})"
            )));
        }
        let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(entries.len());

        for (_key, term_info) in entries {
            if let Some((doc_ids, term_freqs)) = term_info.decode_inline() {
                let mut posting_list = crate::structures::PostingList::with_capacity(doc_ids.len());
                for (doc_id, tf) in doc_ids.into_iter().zip(term_freqs) {
                    posting_list.push(doc_id, tf);
                }
                results.push(BlockPostingList::from_posting_list(&posting_list)?);
            } else if let Some((posting_offset, posting_len)) = term_info.external_info() {
                let range = checked_file_range(
                    posting_offset,
                    posting_len,
                    self.postings_handle.len(),
                    "prefix posting",
                )?;
                let posting_bytes = self.postings_handle.read_bytes_range(range).await?;
                results.push(BlockPostingList::deserialize_zero_copy(posting_bytes)?);
            }
        }

        Ok(results)
    }

    /// Get document by local doc_id (async - loads on demand).
    ///
    /// Dense vector fields are hydrated from LazyFlatVectorData (not stored in .store).
    /// Uses binary search on sorted doc_ids for O(log N) lookup.
    pub async fn doc(&self, local_doc_id: DocId) -> Result<Option<Document>> {
        self.doc_with_fields(local_doc_id, None).await
    }

    /// Get document by local doc_id, hydrating only the specified fields.
    ///
    /// If `fields` is `None`, all fields (including dense vectors) are hydrated.
    /// If `fields` is `Some(set)`, only dense vector fields in the set are hydrated,
    /// skipping expensive mmap reads + dequantization for unrequested vector fields.
    pub async fn doc_with_fields(
        &self,
        local_doc_id: DocId,
        fields: Option<&rustc_hash::FxHashSet<u32>>,
    ) -> Result<Option<Document>> {
        let mut doc = match fields {
            Some(set) => {
                let field_ids: Vec<u32> = set.iter().copied().collect();
                match self
                    .store
                    .get_fields(local_doc_id, &self.schema, &field_ids)
                    .await
                {
                    Ok(Some(d)) => d,
                    Ok(None) => return Ok(None),
                    Err(e) => return Err(Error::from(e)),
                }
            }
            None => match self.store.get(local_doc_id, &self.schema).await {
                Ok(Some(d)) => d,
                Ok(None) => return Ok(None),
                Err(e) => return Err(Error::from(e)),
            },
        };

        // Hydrate dense vector fields from flat vector data
        for (&field_id, lazy_flat) in &self.flat_vectors {
            // Skip vector fields not in the requested set
            if let Some(set) = fields
                && !set.contains(&field_id)
            {
                continue;
            }

            let is_binary = lazy_flat.quantization == DenseVectorQuantization::Binary;
            let (start, entries) = lazy_flat.flat_indexes_for_doc(local_doc_id);
            for (j, &(_doc_id, _ordinal)) in entries.iter().enumerate() {
                let flat_idx = start + j;
                if is_binary {
                    let vbs = lazy_flat.vector_byte_size();
                    let mut raw = vec![0u8; vbs];
                    match lazy_flat.read_vector_raw_into(flat_idx, &mut raw).await {
                        Ok(()) => {
                            doc.add_binary_dense_vector(Field(field_id), raw);
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            log::warn!("Failed to hydrate binary vector field {}: {}", field_id, e);
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    match lazy_flat.get_vector(flat_idx).await {
                        Ok(vec) => {
                            doc.add_dense_vector(Field(field_id), vec);
                        }
                        Err(e) => {
                            log::warn!("Failed to hydrate vector field {}: {}", field_id, e);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(Some(doc))
    }

    /// Prefetch term dictionary blocks for a key range
    pub async fn prefetch_terms(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        start_term: &[u8],
        end_term: &[u8],
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let mut start_key = Vec::with_capacity(4 + start_term.len());
        start_key.extend_from_slice(&field.0.to_le_bytes());
        start_key.extend_from_slice(start_term);

        let mut end_key = Vec::with_capacity(4 + end_term.len());
        end_key.extend_from_slice(&field.0.to_le_bytes());
        end_key.extend_from_slice(end_term);

        self.term_dict.prefetch_range(&start_key, &end_key).await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Check if store uses dictionary compression (incompatible with raw merging)
    pub fn store_has_dict(&self) -> bool {
        self.store.has_dict()
    }

    /// Get store reference for merge operations
    pub fn store(&self) -> &super::store::AsyncStoreReader {
        &self.store
    }

    /// Get raw store blocks for optimized merging
    pub fn store_raw_blocks(&self) -> Vec<RawStoreBlock> {
        self.store.raw_blocks()
    }

    /// Get store data slice for raw block access
    pub fn store_data_slice(&self) -> &FileHandle {
        self.store.data_slice()
    }

    /// Get all terms from this segment (for merge)
    pub async fn all_terms(&self) -> Result<Vec<(Vec<u8>, TermInfo)>> {
        self.term_dict.all_entries().await.map_err(Error::from)
    }

    /// Get all terms with parsed field and term string (for statistics aggregation)
    ///
    /// Returns (field, term_string, doc_freq) for each term in the dictionary.
    /// Skips terms that aren't valid UTF-8.
    pub async fn all_terms_with_stats(&self) -> Result<Vec<(Field, String, u32)>> {
        let entries = self.term_dict.all_entries().await?;
        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(entries.len());

        for (key, term_info) in entries {
            // Key format: field_id (4 bytes little-endian) + term bytes
            if key.len() > 4 {
                let field_id = u32::from_le_bytes([key[0], key[1], key[2], key[3]]);
                let term_bytes = &key[4..];
                if let Ok(term_str) = std::str::from_utf8(term_bytes) {
                    result.push((Field(field_id), term_str.to_string(), term_info.doc_freq()));
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(result)
    }

    /// Get streaming iterator over term dictionary (for memory-efficient merge)
    pub fn term_dict_iter(&self) -> crate::structures::AsyncSSTableIterator<'_, TermInfo> {
        self.term_dict.iter()
    }

    /// Prefetch all term dictionary blocks in a single bulk I/O call.
    ///
    /// Call before merge iteration to eliminate per-block cache misses.
    pub async fn prefetch_term_dict(&self) -> crate::Result<()> {
        self.term_dict
            .prefetch_all_data_bulk()
            .await
            .map_err(crate::Error::from)
    }

    /// Read raw posting bytes at offset
    pub async fn read_postings(&self, offset: u64, len: u64) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        let range = checked_file_range(offset, len, self.postings_handle.len(), "posting")?;
        let bytes = self.postings_handle.read_bytes_range(range).await?;
        Ok(bytes.to_vec())
    }

    /// Read raw position bytes at offset (for merge)
    pub async fn read_position_bytes(&self, offset: u64, len: u64) -> Result<Option<Vec<u8>>> {
        let handle = match &self.positions_handle {
            Some(h) => h,
            None => return Ok(None),
        };
        let range = checked_file_range(offset, len, handle.len(), "position")?;
        let bytes = handle.read_bytes_range(range).await?;
        Ok(Some(bytes.to_vec()))
    }

    /// Check if this segment has a positions file
    pub fn has_positions_file(&self) -> bool {
        self.positions_handle.is_some()
    }

    /// Validate all caller-controlled dense-search inputs before touching ANN
    /// structures or entering SIMD code. This is deliberately repeated at the
    /// segment boundary so non-server users receive the same safety guarantees.
    fn validate_dense_search_request(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[f32],
        nprobe: usize,
        rerank_factor: f32,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
    ) -> Result<DenseSearchParams> {
        let entry = self
            .schema
            .get_field_entry(field)
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::FieldNotFound(field.0.to_string()))?;
        if entry.field_type != crate::dsl::FieldType::DenseVector {
            return Err(Error::InvalidFieldType {
                expected: "dense_vector".to_string(),
                got: format!("{:?}", entry.field_type),
            });
        }
        let config = entry.dense_vector_config.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| {
            Error::Schema(format!(
                "dense vector field '{}' has no dense vector configuration",
                entry.name
            ))
        })?;

        if query.is_empty() {
            return Err(Error::Query(format!(
                "dense query vector for field '{}' must not be empty",
                entry.name
            )));
        }
        if query.len() != config.dim {
            return Err(Error::Query(format!(
                "dense query vector dimension {} does not match field '{}' dimension {}",
                query.len(),
                entry.name,
                config.dim
            )));
        }
        if let Some((index, value)) = query
            .iter()
            .enumerate()
            .find(|(_, value)| !value.is_finite())
        {
            return Err(Error::Query(format!(
                "dense query vector for field '{}' contains non-finite value {value} at index {index}",
                entry.name
            )));
        }

        // A zero query override means "use the schema". Legacy schemas may
        // contain zero for flat fields, so retain 32 as a final ANN fallback.
        let nprobe = match (nprobe, config.nprobe) {
            (0, 0) => 32,
            (0, schema_nprobe) => schema_nprobe,
            (query_nprobe, _) => query_nprobe,
        };
        if nprobe > MAX_DENSE_NPROBE {
            return Err(Error::Query(format!(
                "dense nprobe must be at most {MAX_DENSE_NPROBE}, got {nprobe}"
            )));
        }

        // Validate the factor here even for empty segments. Otherwise malformed
        // requests would succeed or fail depending on segment contents.
        checked_dense_fetch_k(0, rerank_factor)?;
        combiner.validate().map_err(Error::Query)?;

        Ok(DenseSearchParams {
            dim: config.dim,
            nprobe,
            unit_norm: config.unit_norm,
        })
    }

    fn validate_binary_search_request(&self, field: Field, query: &[u8]) -> Result<usize> {
        let entry = self
            .schema
            .get_field_entry(field)
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::FieldNotFound(field.0.to_string()))?;
        if entry.field_type != crate::dsl::FieldType::BinaryDenseVector {
            return Err(Error::InvalidFieldType {
                expected: "binary_dense_vector".to_string(),
                got: format!("{:?}", entry.field_type),
            });
        }
        let config = entry.binary_dense_vector_config.as_ref().ok_or_else(|| {
            Error::Schema(format!(
                "binary dense vector field '{}' has no configuration",
                entry.name
            ))
        })?;
        if config.dim == 0 || !config.dim.is_multiple_of(8) {
            return Err(Error::Schema(format!(
                "binary dense vector field '{}' has invalid dimension {}",
                entry.name, config.dim
            )));
        }
        if query.len() != config.byte_len() {
            return Err(Error::Query(format!(
                "binary query byte length {} does not match field '{}' byte length {}",
                query.len(),
                entry.name,
                config.byte_len()
            )));
        }
        Ok(config.dim)
    }

    /// Batch cosine scoring on raw quantized bytes.
    ///
    /// Dispatches to the appropriate SIMD scorer based on quantization type.
    /// Vectors file uses data-first layout (offset 0) with 8-byte padding between
    /// fields, so mmap slices are always properly aligned for f32/f16/u8 access.
    fn score_quantized_batch(
        query: &[f32],
        raw: &[u8],
        quant: crate::dsl::DenseVectorQuantization,
        dim: usize,
        scores: &mut [f32],
        unit_norm: bool,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        use crate::dsl::DenseVectorQuantization;
        use crate::structures::simd;

        if query.len() != dim {
            return Err(Error::Query(format!(
                "dense SIMD query dimension {} does not match vector dimension {dim}",
                query.len()
            )));
        }
        let element_size = match quant {
            DenseVectorQuantization::F32 => std::mem::size_of::<f32>(),
            DenseVectorQuantization::F16 => std::mem::size_of::<u16>(),
            DenseVectorQuantization::UInt8 => 1,
            DenseVectorQuantization::Binary => {
                return Err(Error::InvalidFieldType {
                    expected: "non-binary dense vector".to_string(),
                    got: "binary dense vector".to_string(),
                });
            }
        };
        let required_bytes = scores
            .len()
            .checked_mul(dim)
            .and_then(|elements| elements.checked_mul(element_size))
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::Corruption("dense vector batch byte length overflow".into()))?;
        if raw.len() < required_bytes {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                "dense vector batch is truncated: need {required_bytes} bytes, got {}",
                raw.len()
            )));
        }
        if quant == DenseVectorQuantization::F16
            && required_bytes > 0
            && !(raw.as_ptr() as usize).is_multiple_of(std::mem::align_of::<u16>())
        {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(
                "f16 vector data is not 2-byte aligned".to_string(),
            ));
        }

        match (quant, unit_norm) {
            (DenseVectorQuantization::F32, false) => {
                let num_floats = scores.len() * dim;
                if !(raw.as_ptr() as usize).is_multiple_of(std::mem::align_of::<f32>()) {
                    return Err(Error::Corruption(
                        "f32 vector data is not 4-byte aligned".to_string(),
                    ));
                }
                let vectors: &[f32] =
                    unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(raw.as_ptr() as *const f32, num_floats) };
                simd::batch_cosine_scores(query, vectors, dim, scores);
            }
            (DenseVectorQuantization::F32, true) => {
                let num_floats = scores.len() * dim;
                if !(raw.as_ptr() as usize).is_multiple_of(std::mem::align_of::<f32>()) {
                    return Err(Error::Corruption(
                        "f32 vector data is not 4-byte aligned".to_string(),
                    ));
                }
                let vectors: &[f32] =
                    unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(raw.as_ptr() as *const f32, num_floats) };
                simd::batch_dot_scores(query, vectors, dim, scores);
            }
            (DenseVectorQuantization::F16, false) => {
                simd::batch_cosine_scores_f16(query, raw, dim, scores);
            }
            (DenseVectorQuantization::F16, true) => {
                simd::batch_dot_scores_f16(query, raw, dim, scores);
            }
            (DenseVectorQuantization::UInt8, false) => {
                simd::batch_cosine_scores_u8(query, raw, dim, scores);
            }
            (DenseVectorQuantization::UInt8, true) => {
                simd::batch_dot_scores_u8(query, raw, dim, scores);
            }
            (DenseVectorQuantization::Binary, _) => unreachable!("validated above"),
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Search dense vectors through the production IVF-PQ index.
    ///
    /// Returns VectorSearchResult with ordinal tracking for multi-value fields.
    /// Doc IDs are segment-local.
    /// For multi-valued documents, scores are combined using the specified combiner.
    pub async fn search_dense_vector(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[f32],
        k: usize,
        nprobe: usize,
        rerank_factor: f32,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        self.search_dense_vector_impl(field, query, k, nprobe, rerank_factor, combiner, None)
            .await
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub(crate) async fn search_dense_vector_with_probe_cache(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[f32],
        k: usize,
        nprobe: usize,
        rerank_factor: f32,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
        probe_cache: &std::sync::Mutex<Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::structures::IvfPqQueryPlan>>>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        self.search_dense_vector_impl(
            field,
            query,
            k,
            nprobe,
            rerank_factor,
            combiner,
            Some(probe_cache),
        )
        .await
    }

    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    async fn search_dense_vector_impl(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[f32],
        k: usize,
        nprobe: usize,
        rerank_factor: f32,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
        probe_cache: Option<
            &std::sync::Mutex<Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::structures::IvfPqQueryPlan>>>,
        >,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        let params =
            self.validate_dense_search_request(field, query, nprobe, rerank_factor, combiner)?;
        let fetch_k = checked_dense_fetch_k(k, rerank_factor)?;
        if k == 0 {
            return Ok(Vec::new());
        }

        let ann_index = self.vector_indexes.get(&field.0);
        let lazy_flat = self.flat_vectors.get(&field.0);
        // No vectors at all for this field
        if ann_index.is_none() && lazy_flat.is_none() {
            return Ok(Vec::new());
        }

        if ann_index.is_some() && lazy_flat.is_none() {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                "dense ANN field {} is missing flat vector storage",
                field.0
            )));
        }

        if let Some(flat) = lazy_flat
            && flat.dim != params.dim
        {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                "dense vector field {} has schema dimension {} but flat storage dimension {}",
                field.0, params.dim, flat.dim
            )));
        }

        // Results are (doc_id, ordinal, score) where score = similarity (higher = better)
        let t0 = std::time::Instant::now();
        let mut flat_results = None;
        let mut results: Vec<(u32, u16, f32)> = if let Some(index) = ann_index {
            // ANN search through the segment's IVF-PQ payload.
            match index {
                VectorIndex::IvfPq(lazy) => {
                    let index = lazy.get().ok_or_else(|| {
                        Error::Schema("IVF-PQ index deserialization failed".to_string())
                    })?;
                    let codebook =
                        self.trained_vectors
                            .codebooks
                            .get(&field.0)
                            .ok_or_else(|| {
                                Error::Schema(format!(
                                    "IVF-PQ index requires a global codebook for field {}",
                                    field.0
                                ))
                            })?;
                    let centroids =
                        self.trained_vectors
                            .centroids
                            .get(&field.0)
                            .ok_or_else(|| {
                                Error::Schema(format!(
                                    "IVF-PQ index requires coarse centroids for field {}",
                                    field.0
                                ))
                            })?;
                    validate_coarse_centroids(centroids, params.dim)?;
                    if index.config.dim != params.dim
                        || codebook.config.dim != params.dim
                        || index.config.code_size != codebook.config.num_subspaces
                        || index.centroids_version != centroids.version
                        || index.codebook_version != codebook.version
                        || index
                            .clusters
                            .iter()
                            .any(|(cluster_id, _)| *cluster_id >= centroids.num_clusters)
                    {
                        return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                            "IVF-PQ index/codebook/centroid metadata does not match schema dimension {}",
                            params.dim
                        )));
                    }
                    let routing = self
                        .schema
                        .get_field_entry(field)
                        .and_then(|entry| entry.dense_vector_config.as_ref())
                        .map_or(crate::dsl::IvfRoutingMode::Auto, |config| {
                            config.ivf_routing
                        });
                    let query_plan = float_query_plan(
                        centroids,
                        codebook,
                        query,
                        params.nprobe,
                        routing,
                        probe_cache,
                    )?;
                    let flat = lazy_flat.expect("ANN/flat pairing validated above");
                    index
                        .search_distinct_documents(
                            fetch_k.min(flat.num_docs_with_vectors()),
                            &query_plan,
                        )
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|(doc_id, ordinal, dist)| (doc_id, ordinal, 1.0 / (1.0 + dist)))
                        .collect()
                }
                VectorIndex::BinaryIvf(_) => {
                    // Binary IVF serves Hamming queries only (BinaryDenseVectorQuery)
                    Vec::new()
                }
            }
        } else if let Some(lazy_flat) = lazy_flat {
            // Batched brute-force from lazy flat vectors (native-precision SIMD scoring).
            // Combine every value of a document before document-level top-k;
            // vector-level top-k loses documents on multi-valued fields.
            log::debug!(
                "[search_dense] field {}: brute-force on {} vectors (dim={}, quant={:?})",
                field.0,
                lazy_flat.num_vectors,
                lazy_flat.dim,
                lazy_flat.quantization
            );
            let dim = lazy_flat.dim;
            let n = lazy_flat.num_vectors;
            let quant = lazy_flat.quantization;
            let batch_len =
                bounded_vector_score_batch(lazy_flat.vector_byte_size(), DENSE_SCORE_BATCH);
            let mut collector = FlatDocumentCollector::new(fetch_k.min(n), combiner);
            let mut scores = vec![0f32; batch_len];

            for batch_start in (0..n).step_by(batch_len) {
                let batch_count = batch_len.min(n - batch_start);
                let batch_bytes = lazy_flat
                    .read_vectors_batch(batch_start, batch_count)
                    .await
                    .map_err(crate::Error::Io)?;
                let raw = batch_bytes.as_slice();

                Self::score_quantized_batch(
                    query,
                    raw,
                    quant,
                    dim,
                    &mut scores[..batch_count],
                    params.unit_norm,
                )?;

                for (i, &score) in scores.iter().enumerate().take(batch_count) {
                    let (doc_id, ordinal) = lazy_flat.get_doc_id(batch_start + i);
                    collector.push(doc_id, ordinal, score);
                }
            }

            flat_results = Some(collector.into_results());
            Vec::new()
        } else {
            return Ok(Vec::new());
        };
        let l1_elapsed = t0.elapsed();
        {
            let kind = match ann_index {
                Some(VectorIndex::IvfPq(_)) => "ivf_pq",
                Some(VectorIndex::BinaryIvf(_)) => "binary_ivf",
                None => "flat",
            };
            crate::observe::dense_l1(
                self.schema.index_label(),
                self.schema.get_field_name(field).unwrap_or("?"),
                kind,
                l1_elapsed.as_secs_f64(),
                flat_results.as_ref().map_or(results.len(), Vec::len),
            );
        }
        log::debug!(
            "[search_dense] field {}: L1 returned {} candidates in {:.1}ms",
            field.0,
            flat_results.as_ref().map_or(results.len(), Vec::len),
            l1_elapsed.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0
        );

        if let Some(results) = flat_results {
            return Ok(results);
        }

        // Rerank ANN candidates using raw vectors from lazy flat (binary search lookup)
        // Uses native-precision SIMD scoring on quantized bytes — no dequantization overhead.
        if ann_index.is_some()
            && !results.is_empty()
            && let Some(lazy_flat) = lazy_flat
        {
            let t_rerank = std::time::Instant::now();
            let dim = lazy_flat.dim;
            let quant = lazy_flat.quantization;
            let vbs = lazy_flat.vector_byte_size();

            // Deduplicate ANN hits by document, then exact-score every value
            // of each candidate document so the configured combiner sees a
            // complete value set.
            let (expanded, mut resolved) = expand_ann_candidate_documents(&results, lazy_flat)?;
            results = expanded;

            let t_resolve = t_rerank.elapsed();
            if !resolved.is_empty() {
                // Sort by flat_idx for sequential mmap access (better page locality)
                resolved.sort_unstable_by_key(|&(_, flat_idx)| flat_idx);

                // Read and score bounded chunks. A legal high-recall request
                // can resolve hundreds of thousands of candidates; allocating
                // all raw vectors at once used to require gigabytes per segment.
                let batch_len = bounded_vector_score_batch(vbs, DENSE_SCORE_BATCH);
                let max_batch = batch_len.min(resolved.len());
                let max_raw_len = max_batch
                    .checked_mul(vbs)
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Query("dense rerank buffer size overflow".into()))?;
                let mut raw_buf = vec![0u8; max_raw_len];
                let mut scores = vec![0f32; max_batch];
                let mut read_elapsed = std::time::Duration::ZERO;
                let mut score_elapsed = std::time::Duration::ZERO;

                for chunk in resolved.chunks(batch_len) {
                    // Advise only the bounded chunk about to be consumed. A
                    // whole-candidate MADV_WILLNEED can evict the rest of the
                    // working set long before those pages are read.
                    #[cfg(feature = "native")]
                    lazy_flat.prefetch_vectors(chunk.iter().map(|&(_, flat_idx)| flat_idx));
                    let raw_len = chunk
                        .len()
                        .checked_mul(vbs)
                        .ok_or_else(|| Error::Query("dense rerank buffer size overflow".into()))?;
                    let raw = &mut raw_buf[..raw_len];

                    let t_read = std::time::Instant::now();
                    for (buf_idx, &(_, flat_idx)) in chunk.iter().enumerate() {
                        lazy_flat
                            .read_vector_raw_into(
                                flat_idx,
                                &mut raw[buf_idx * vbs..(buf_idx + 1) * vbs],
                            )
                            .await
                            .map_err(crate::Error::Io)?;
                    }
                    read_elapsed += t_read.elapsed();

                    let t_score = std::time::Instant::now();
                    Self::score_quantized_batch(
                        query,
                        raw,
                        quant,
                        dim,
                        &mut scores[..chunk.len()],
                        params.unit_norm,
                    )?;
                    score_elapsed += t_score.elapsed();

                    for (buf_idx, &(ri, _)) in chunk.iter().enumerate() {
                        results[ri].2 = scores[buf_idx];
                    }
                }

                crate::observe::dense_rerank(
                    self.schema.index_label(),
                    self.schema.get_field_name(field).unwrap_or("?"),
                    t_rerank.elapsed().as_secs_f64(),
                    t_resolve.as_secs_f64(),
                    read_elapsed.as_secs_f64(),
                    resolved.len(),
                );
                log::debug!(
                    "[search_dense] field {}: rerank {} vectors (dim={}, quant={:?}, {}B/vec): resolve={:.1}ms read={:.1}ms score={:.1}ms",
                    field.0,
                    resolved.len(),
                    dim,
                    quant,
                    vbs,
                    t_resolve.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,
                    read_elapsed.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,
                    score_elapsed.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,
                );
            }

            log::debug!(
                "[search_dense] field {}: rerank total={:.1}ms",
                field.0,
                t_rerank.elapsed().as_secs_f64() * 1000.0
            );
        }

        Ok(combine_grouped_ordinal_results(results, combiner, k))
    }

    /// Search binary dense vectors using IVF when available, otherwise
    /// brute-force Hamming distance.
    ///
    /// Returns VectorSearchResult with ordinal tracking.
    async fn search_binary_dense_vector_impl(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[u8],
        k: usize,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
        probe_cache: Option<&std::sync::Mutex<Option<crate::structures::IvfProbePlan>>>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        let schema_dim = self.validate_binary_search_request(field, query)?;
        combiner.validate().map_err(Error::Query)?;
        if k == 0 {
            return Ok(Vec::new());
        }
        let t0 = crate::observe::Timer::start();
        if let Some(VectorIndex::BinaryIvf(lazy)) = self.vector_indexes.get(&field.0) {
            let ivf = lazy.get().ok_or_else(|| {
                Error::Corruption(format!(
                    "global binary IVF field {} could not be decoded",
                    field.0
                ))
            })?;
            let config = self
                .schema
                .get_field_entry(field)
                .and_then(|entry| entry.binary_dense_vector_config.as_ref())
                .ok_or_else(|| {
                    Error::Schema(format!(
                        "binary IVF field {} has no schema configuration",
                        field.0
                    ))
                })?;
            let quantizer = self
                .trained_vectors
                .binary_quantizers
                .get(&field.0)
                .ok_or_else(|| {
                    Error::Schema(format!(
                        "global binary IVF field {} has no loaded quantizer",
                        field.0
                    ))
                })?;
            if ivf.dim_bits != schema_dim
                || quantizer.dim_bits != schema_dim
                || ivf.quantizer_version != quantizer.version
                || ivf.num_clusters != quantizer.num_clusters
            {
                return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                    "global binary IVF field {} does not match its quantizer/schema generation",
                    field.0
                )));
            }
            let flat = self.flat_vectors.get(&field.0).ok_or_else(|| {
                Error::Corruption(format!(
                    "global binary IVF field {} is missing flat vector storage",
                    field.0
                ))
            })?;
            let clusters = binary_probe_clusters(
                quantizer,
                query,
                config.nprobe,
                config.ivf_routing,
                probe_cache,
            )?;
            let single_valued = flat.num_vectors == flat.num_docs_with_vectors();
            let candidate_docs = k.min(flat.num_docs_with_vectors());
            let ann_results = if single_valued {
                ivf.search_in_clusters(query, candidate_docs, &clusters)
            } else {
                ivf.search_distinct_documents_in_clusters(query, candidate_docs, &clusters)
            };
            let results =
                exact_score_binary_candidate_documents(&ann_results, flat, query, schema_dim)
                    .await?;
            crate::observe::dense_l1(
                self.schema.index_label(),
                self.schema.get_field_name(field).unwrap_or("?"),
                "global_binary_ivf",
                t0.secs(),
                results.len(),
            );
            return Ok(combine_grouped_ordinal_results(results, combiner, k));
        }
        let lazy_flat = match self.flat_vectors.get(&field.0) {
            Some(f) => f,
            None => return Ok(Vec::new()),
        };

        let dim_bits = lazy_flat.dim;
        let byte_len = lazy_flat.vector_byte_size();
        let n = lazy_flat.num_vectors;

        if dim_bits != schema_dim {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                "binary vector field {} has schema dimension {} but flat storage dimension {}",
                field.0, schema_dim, dim_bits
            )));
        }

        if byte_len != query.len() {
            return Err(Error::Schema(format!(
                "Binary query vector byte length {} != field byte length {}",
                query.len(),
                byte_len
            )));
        }

        let batch_len = bounded_vector_score_batch(byte_len, BINARY_SCORE_BATCH);
        let mut collector = FlatDocumentCollector::new(k, combiner);
        let mut scores = vec![0f32; batch_len];

        for batch_start in (0..n).step_by(batch_len) {
            let batch_count = batch_len.min(n - batch_start);
            let batch_bytes = lazy_flat
                .read_vectors_batch(batch_start, batch_count)
                .await
                .map_err(crate::Error::Io)?;
            let raw = batch_bytes.as_slice();

            crate::structures::simd::batch_hamming_scores(
                query,
                raw,
                byte_len,
                dim_bits,
                &mut scores[..batch_count],
            );

            for (i, &score) in scores.iter().enumerate().take(batch_count) {
                let (doc_id, ordinal) = lazy_flat.get_doc_id(batch_start + i);
                collector.push(doc_id, ordinal, score);
            }
        }

        let results = collector.into_results();

        crate::observe::dense_l1(
            self.schema.index_label(),
            self.schema.get_field_name(field).unwrap_or("?"),
            "binary_flat",
            t0.secs(),
            results.len(),
        );
        Ok(results)
    }

    pub async fn search_binary_dense_vector(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[u8],
        k: usize,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        self.search_binary_dense_vector_impl(field, query, k, combiner, None)
            .await
    }

    pub(crate) async fn search_binary_dense_vector_with_probe_cache(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[u8],
        k: usize,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
        probe_cache: &std::sync::Mutex<Option<crate::structures::IvfProbePlan>>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        self.search_binary_dense_vector_impl(field, query, k, combiner, Some(probe_cache))
            .await
    }

    /// Get coarse centroids for a field.
    pub fn coarse_centroids(&self, field_id: u32) -> Option<&Arc<CoarseCentroids>> {
        self.trained_vectors.centroids.get(&field_id)
    }

    pub fn set_trained_vectors(
        &mut self,
        trained_vectors: Arc<crate::segment::TrainedVectorStructures>,
    ) {
        self.trained_vectors = trained_vectors;
    }

    /// Materialize ANN payloads before publishing a newly loaded segment to
    /// query threads. Multi-gigabyte bincode decoding on the first request can
    /// exceed the RPC deadline; searcher reload keeps serving its old snapshot
    /// while this one-time warmup runs. Unchanged readers are reused, so they
    /// are not decoded again on every metadata refresh.
    #[cfg(feature = "native")]
    pub(crate) fn warm_ann_indexes(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let started = std::time::Instant::now();
        for (&field_id, index) in &self.vector_indexes {
            let decoded = match index {
                VectorIndex::IvfPq(lazy) => lazy.get().is_some(),
                VectorIndex::BinaryIvf(lazy) => lazy.get().is_some(),
            };
            if !decoded {
                return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                    "ANN payload for field {field_id} could not be decoded"
                )));
            }
        }
        if !self.vector_indexes.is_empty() {
            log::info!(
                "[vector_warmup] segment {:016x}: decoded {} ANN payloads in {:.1}s",
                self.meta.id,
                self.vector_indexes.len(),
                started.elapsed().as_secs_f64(),
            );
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Get the float IVF-PQ vector index for a field (if available).
    pub fn get_ivf_pq_vector_index(&self, field: Field) -> Option<Arc<IVFPQIndex>> {
        match self.vector_indexes.get(&field.0) {
            Some(VectorIndex::IvfPq(lazy)) => lazy.get().map(Arc::clone),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Get the vector index type for a field
    pub fn get_vector_index(&self, field: Field) -> Option<&VectorIndex> {
        self.vector_indexes.get(&field.0)
    }

    /// Get positions for a term (for phrase queries)
    ///
    /// Position offsets are now embedded in TermInfo, so we first look up
    /// the term to get its TermInfo, then use position_info() to get the offset.
    pub async fn get_positions(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        term: &[u8],
    ) -> Result<Option<crate::structures::PositionPostingList>> {
        // Get positions handle
        let handle = match &self.positions_handle {
            Some(h) => h,
            None => return Ok(None),
        };

        // Build key: field_id + term
        let mut key = Vec::with_capacity(4 + term.len());
        key.extend_from_slice(&field.0.to_le_bytes());
        key.extend_from_slice(term);

        // Look up term in dictionary to get TermInfo with position offset
        let term_info = match self.term_dict.get(&key).await? {
            Some(info) => info,
            None => return Ok(None),
        };

        // Get position offset from TermInfo
        let (offset, length) = match term_info.position_info() {
            Some((o, l)) => (o, l),
            None => return Ok(None),
        };

        // Read the position data only after validating untrusted offsets from
        // the term dictionary. Direct `offset + length` can wrap in release
        // builds and alias an unrelated range.
        let range = checked_file_range(offset, length, handle.len(), "position list")?;
        let slice = handle.slice(range);
        let data = slice.read_bytes().await?;

        // Deserialize
        let pos_list = crate::structures::PositionPostingList::deserialize(data.as_slice())?;

        Ok(Some(pos_list))
    }

    /// Check if positions are available for a field
    pub fn has_positions(&self, field: Field) -> bool {
        // Check schema for position mode on this field
        if let Some(entry) = self.schema.get_field_entry(field) {
            entry.positions.is_some()
        } else {
            false
        }
    }
}

// ── Synchronous search methods (mmap/RAM only) ─────────────────────────────
#[cfg(feature = "sync")]
impl SegmentReader {
    /// Synchronous posting list lookup — requires Inline (mmap/RAM) file handles.
    pub fn get_postings_sync(&self, field: Field, term: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<BlockPostingList>> {
        // Build key: field_id + term
        let mut key = Vec::with_capacity(4 + term.len());
        key.extend_from_slice(&field.0.to_le_bytes());
        key.extend_from_slice(term);

        // Look up in term dictionary (sync)
        let term_info = match self.term_dict.get_sync(&key)? {
            Some(info) => info,
            None => return Ok(None),
        };

        // Check if posting list is inlined
        if let Some((doc_ids, term_freqs)) = term_info.decode_inline() {
            let mut posting_list = crate::structures::PostingList::with_capacity(doc_ids.len());
            for (doc_id, tf) in doc_ids.into_iter().zip(term_freqs) {
                posting_list.push(doc_id, tf);
            }
            let block_list = BlockPostingList::from_posting_list(&posting_list)?;
            return Ok(Some(block_list));
        }

        // External posting list — sync range read
        let (posting_offset, posting_len) = term_info.external_info().ok_or_else(|| {
            Error::Corruption("TermInfo has neither inline nor external data".to_string())
        })?;

        let range = checked_file_range(
            posting_offset,
            posting_len,
            self.postings_handle.len(),
            "posting",
        )?;
        let posting_bytes = self.postings_handle.read_bytes_range_sync(range)?;
        let block_list = BlockPostingList::deserialize_zero_copy(posting_bytes)?;

        Ok(Some(block_list))
    }

    /// Synchronous prefix posting list lookup — requires Inline (mmap/RAM) file handles.
    pub fn get_prefix_postings_sync(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        prefix: &[u8],
    ) -> Result<Vec<BlockPostingList>> {
        if prefix.is_empty() {
            return Err(Error::Query("prefix must not be empty".into()));
        }
        let mut key_prefix = Vec::with_capacity(4 + prefix.len());
        key_prefix.extend_from_slice(&field.0.to_le_bytes());
        key_prefix.extend_from_slice(prefix);

        let (entries, truncated) = self
            .term_dict
            .prefix_scan_limited_sync(&key_prefix, MAX_PREFIX_TERMS)?;
        if truncated {
            return Err(Error::Query(format!(
                "prefix expands to more than {MAX_PREFIX_TERMS} terms"
            )));
        }
        let posting_count: u64 = entries
            .iter()
            .map(|(_, term_info)| term_info.doc_freq() as u64)
            .sum();
        if posting_count > MAX_PREFIX_POSTINGS {
            return Err(Error::Query(format!(
                "prefix expands to {posting_count} postings (maximum {MAX_PREFIX_POSTINGS})"
            )));
        }
        let mut results = Vec::with_capacity(entries.len());

        for (_key, term_info) in entries {
            if let Some((doc_ids, term_freqs)) = term_info.decode_inline() {
                let mut posting_list = crate::structures::PostingList::with_capacity(doc_ids.len());
                for (doc_id, tf) in doc_ids.into_iter().zip(term_freqs) {
                    posting_list.push(doc_id, tf);
                }
                results.push(BlockPostingList::from_posting_list(&posting_list)?);
            } else if let Some((posting_offset, posting_len)) = term_info.external_info() {
                let range = checked_file_range(
                    posting_offset,
                    posting_len,
                    self.postings_handle.len(),
                    "prefix posting",
                )?;
                let posting_bytes = self.postings_handle.read_bytes_range_sync(range)?;
                results.push(BlockPostingList::deserialize_zero_copy(posting_bytes)?);
            }
        }

        Ok(results)
    }

    /// Synchronous position list lookup — requires Inline (mmap/RAM) file handles.
    pub fn get_positions_sync(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        term: &[u8],
    ) -> Result<Option<crate::structures::PositionPostingList>> {
        let handle = match &self.positions_handle {
            Some(h) => h,
            None => return Ok(None),
        };

        // Build key: field_id + term
        let mut key = Vec::with_capacity(4 + term.len());
        key.extend_from_slice(&field.0.to_le_bytes());
        key.extend_from_slice(term);

        // Look up term in dictionary (sync)
        let term_info = match self.term_dict.get_sync(&key)? {
            Some(info) => info,
            None => return Ok(None),
        };

        let (offset, length) = match term_info.position_info() {
            Some((o, l)) => (o, l),
            None => return Ok(None),
        };

        let range = checked_file_range(offset, length, handle.len(), "position list")?;
        let slice = handle.slice(range);
        let data = slice.read_bytes_sync()?;

        let pos_list = crate::structures::PositionPostingList::deserialize(data.as_slice())?;
        Ok(Some(pos_list))
    }

    /// Synchronous dense vector search — ANN indexes are already sync,
    /// brute-force uses sync mmap reads.
    pub fn search_dense_vector_sync(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[f32],
        k: usize,
        nprobe: usize,
        rerank_factor: f32,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        self.search_dense_vector_sync_impl(field, query, k, nprobe, rerank_factor, combiner, None)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    pub(crate) fn search_dense_vector_sync_with_probe_cache(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[f32],
        k: usize,
        nprobe: usize,
        rerank_factor: f32,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
        probe_cache: &std::sync::Mutex<Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::structures::IvfPqQueryPlan>>>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        self.search_dense_vector_sync_impl(
            field,
            query,
            k,
            nprobe,
            rerank_factor,
            combiner,
            Some(probe_cache),
        )
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
    fn search_dense_vector_sync_impl(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[f32],
        k: usize,
        nprobe: usize,
        rerank_factor: f32,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
        probe_cache: Option<
            &std::sync::Mutex<Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::structures::IvfPqQueryPlan>>>,
        >,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        let params =
            self.validate_dense_search_request(field, query, nprobe, rerank_factor, combiner)?;
        let fetch_k = checked_dense_fetch_k(k, rerank_factor)?;
        if k == 0 {
            return Ok(Vec::new());
        }

        let ann_index = self.vector_indexes.get(&field.0);
        let lazy_flat = self.flat_vectors.get(&field.0);
        if ann_index.is_none() && lazy_flat.is_none() {
            return Ok(Vec::new());
        }

        if ann_index.is_some() && lazy_flat.is_none() {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                "dense ANN field {} is missing flat vector storage",
                field.0
            )));
        }

        if let Some(flat) = lazy_flat
            && flat.dim != params.dim
        {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                "dense vector field {} has schema dimension {} but flat storage dimension {}",
                field.0, params.dim, flat.dim
            )));
        }

        let mut results: Vec<(u32, u16, f32)> = if let Some(index) = ann_index {
            // ANN search (already sync)
            match index {
                VectorIndex::IvfPq(lazy) => {
                    let index = lazy.get().ok_or_else(|| {
                        Error::Schema("IVF-PQ index deserialization failed".to_string())
                    })?;
                    let codebook =
                        self.trained_vectors
                            .codebooks
                            .get(&field.0)
                            .ok_or_else(|| {
                                Error::Schema(format!(
                                    "IVF-PQ index requires a global codebook for field {}",
                                    field.0
                                ))
                            })?;
                    let centroids =
                        self.trained_vectors
                            .centroids
                            .get(&field.0)
                            .ok_or_else(|| {
                                Error::Schema(format!(
                                    "IVF-PQ index requires coarse centroids for field {}",
                                    field.0
                                ))
                            })?;
                    validate_coarse_centroids(centroids, params.dim)?;
                    if index.config.dim != params.dim
                        || codebook.config.dim != params.dim
                        || index.config.code_size != codebook.config.num_subspaces
                        || index.centroids_version != centroids.version
                        || index.codebook_version != codebook.version
                        || index
                            .clusters
                            .iter()
                            .any(|(cluster_id, _)| *cluster_id >= centroids.num_clusters)
                    {
                        return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                            "IVF-PQ index/codebook/centroid metadata does not match schema dimension {}",
                            params.dim
                        )));
                    }
                    let routing = self
                        .schema
                        .get_field_entry(field)
                        .and_then(|entry| entry.dense_vector_config.as_ref())
                        .map_or(crate::dsl::IvfRoutingMode::Auto, |config| {
                            config.ivf_routing
                        });
                    let query_plan = float_query_plan(
                        centroids,
                        codebook,
                        query,
                        params.nprobe,
                        routing,
                        probe_cache,
                    )?;
                    let flat = lazy_flat.expect("ANN/flat pairing validated above");
                    index
                        .search_distinct_documents(
                            fetch_k.min(flat.num_docs_with_vectors()),
                            &query_plan,
                        )
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|(doc_id, ordinal, dist)| (doc_id, ordinal, 1.0 / (1.0 + dist)))
                        .collect()
                }
                VectorIndex::BinaryIvf(_) => {
                    // Binary IVF serves Hamming queries only (BinaryDenseVectorQuery)
                    Vec::new()
                }
            }
        } else if let Some(lazy_flat) = lazy_flat {
            // Batched brute-force (sync mmap reads)
            let dim = lazy_flat.dim;
            let n = lazy_flat.num_vectors;
            let quant = lazy_flat.quantization;
            let batch_len =
                bounded_vector_score_batch(lazy_flat.vector_byte_size(), DENSE_SCORE_BATCH);
            let mut collector = FlatDocumentCollector::new(fetch_k.min(n), combiner);
            let mut scores = vec![0f32; batch_len];

            for batch_start in (0..n).step_by(batch_len) {
                let batch_count = batch_len.min(n - batch_start);
                let batch_bytes = lazy_flat
                    .read_vectors_batch_sync(batch_start, batch_count)
                    .map_err(crate::Error::Io)?;
                let raw = batch_bytes.as_slice();

                Self::score_quantized_batch(
                    query,
                    raw,
                    quant,
                    dim,
                    &mut scores[..batch_count],
                    params.unit_norm,
                )?;

                for (i, &score) in scores.iter().enumerate().take(batch_count) {
                    let (doc_id, ordinal) = lazy_flat.get_doc_id(batch_start + i);
                    collector.push(doc_id, ordinal, score);
                }
            }

            return Ok(collector.into_results());
        } else {
            return Ok(Vec::new());
        };

        // Rerank ANN candidates using raw vectors (sync)
        if ann_index.is_some()
            && !results.is_empty()
            && let Some(lazy_flat) = lazy_flat
        {
            let dim = lazy_flat.dim;
            let quant = lazy_flat.quantization;
            let vbs = lazy_flat.vector_byte_size();

            let (expanded, mut resolved) = expand_ann_candidate_documents(&results, lazy_flat)?;
            results = expanded;

            if !resolved.is_empty() {
                resolved.sort_unstable_by_key(|&(_, flat_idx)| flat_idx);
                let batch_len = bounded_vector_score_batch(vbs, DENSE_SCORE_BATCH);
                let max_batch = batch_len.min(resolved.len());
                let max_raw_len = max_batch
                    .checked_mul(vbs)
                    .ok_or_else(|| Error::Query("dense rerank buffer size overflow".into()))?;
                let mut raw_buf = vec![0u8; max_raw_len];
                let mut scores = vec![0f32; max_batch];

                for chunk in resolved.chunks(batch_len) {
                    let raw_len = chunk
                        .len()
                        .checked_mul(vbs)
                        .ok_or_else(|| Error::Query("dense rerank buffer size overflow".into()))?;
                    let raw = &mut raw_buf[..raw_len];
                    for (buf_idx, &(_, flat_idx)) in chunk.iter().enumerate() {
                        lazy_flat
                            .read_vector_raw_into_sync(
                                flat_idx,
                                &mut raw[buf_idx * vbs..(buf_idx + 1) * vbs],
                            )
                            .map_err(crate::Error::Io)?;
                    }

                    Self::score_quantized_batch(
                        query,
                        raw,
                        quant,
                        dim,
                        &mut scores[..chunk.len()],
                        params.unit_norm,
                    )?;

                    for (buf_idx, &(ri, _)) in chunk.iter().enumerate() {
                        results[ri].2 = scores[buf_idx];
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(combine_grouped_ordinal_results(results, combiner, k))
    }

    /// Synchronous binary dense vector search (mmap/RAM only).
    ///
    /// Mirrors [`Self::search_binary_dense_vector`] for the rayon-parallel
    /// sync scorer path used by multi-threaded runtimes.
    #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
    fn search_binary_dense_vector_sync_impl(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[u8],
        k: usize,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
        probe_cache: Option<&std::sync::Mutex<Option<crate::structures::IvfProbePlan>>>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        let schema_dim = self.validate_binary_search_request(field, query)?;
        combiner.validate().map_err(Error::Query)?;
        if k == 0 {
            return Ok(Vec::new());
        }
        let t0 = crate::observe::Timer::start();
        if let Some(VectorIndex::BinaryIvf(lazy)) = self.vector_indexes.get(&field.0) {
            let ivf = lazy.get().ok_or_else(|| {
                Error::Corruption(format!(
                    "global binary IVF field {} could not be decoded",
                    field.0
                ))
            })?;
            let config = self
                .schema
                .get_field_entry(field)
                .and_then(|entry| entry.binary_dense_vector_config.as_ref())
                .ok_or_else(|| {
                    Error::Schema(format!(
                        "binary IVF field {} has no schema configuration",
                        field.0
                    ))
                })?;
            let quantizer = self
                .trained_vectors
                .binary_quantizers
                .get(&field.0)
                .ok_or_else(|| {
                    Error::Schema(format!(
                        "global binary IVF field {} has no loaded quantizer",
                        field.0
                    ))
                })?;
            if ivf.dim_bits != schema_dim
                || quantizer.dim_bits != schema_dim
                || ivf.quantizer_version != quantizer.version
                || ivf.num_clusters != quantizer.num_clusters
            {
                return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                    "global binary IVF field {} does not match its quantizer/schema generation",
                    field.0
                )));
            }
            let flat = self.flat_vectors.get(&field.0).ok_or_else(|| {
                Error::Corruption(format!(
                    "global binary IVF field {} is missing flat vector storage",
                    field.0
                ))
            })?;
            let clusters = binary_probe_clusters(
                quantizer,
                query,
                config.nprobe,
                config.ivf_routing,
                probe_cache,
            )?;
            let candidate_docs = k.min(flat.num_docs_with_vectors());
            let ann_results = if flat.num_vectors == flat.num_docs_with_vectors() {
                ivf.search_in_clusters(query, candidate_docs, &clusters)
            } else {
                ivf.search_distinct_documents_in_clusters(query, candidate_docs, &clusters)
            };
            let results =
                exact_score_binary_candidate_documents_sync(&ann_results, flat, query, schema_dim)?;
            crate::observe::dense_l1(
                self.schema.index_label(),
                self.schema.get_field_name(field).unwrap_or("?"),
                "global_binary_ivf",
                t0.secs(),
                results.len(),
            );
            return Ok(combine_grouped_ordinal_results(results, combiner, k));
        }
        let lazy_flat = match self.flat_vectors.get(&field.0) {
            Some(f) => f,
            None => return Ok(Vec::new()),
        };

        let dim_bits = lazy_flat.dim;
        let byte_len = lazy_flat.vector_byte_size();
        let n = lazy_flat.num_vectors;

        if dim_bits != schema_dim {
            return Err(Error::Corruption(format!(
                "binary vector field {} has schema dimension {} but flat storage dimension {}",
                field.0, schema_dim, dim_bits
            )));
        }

        if byte_len != query.len() {
            return Err(Error::Schema(format!(
                "Binary query vector byte length {} != field byte length {}",
                query.len(),
                byte_len
            )));
        }

        let batch_len = bounded_vector_score_batch(byte_len, BINARY_SCORE_BATCH);
        let mut collector = FlatDocumentCollector::new(k, combiner);
        let mut scores = vec![0f32; batch_len];

        for batch_start in (0..n).step_by(batch_len) {
            let batch_count = batch_len.min(n - batch_start);
            let batch_bytes = lazy_flat
                .read_vectors_batch_sync(batch_start, batch_count)
                .map_err(crate::Error::Io)?;
            let raw = batch_bytes.as_slice();

            crate::structures::simd::batch_hamming_scores(
                query,
                raw,
                byte_len,
                dim_bits,
                &mut scores[..batch_count],
            );

            for (i, &score) in scores.iter().enumerate().take(batch_count) {
                let (doc_id, ordinal) = lazy_flat.get_doc_id(batch_start + i);
                collector.push(doc_id, ordinal, score);
            }
        }

        let results = collector.into_results();

        crate::observe::dense_l1(
            self.schema.index_label(),
            self.schema.get_field_name(field).unwrap_or("?"),
            "binary_flat",
            t0.secs(),
            results.len(),
        );
        Ok(results)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
    pub fn search_binary_dense_vector_sync(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[u8],
        k: usize,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        self.search_binary_dense_vector_sync_impl(field, query, k, combiner, None)
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "sync")]
    pub(crate) fn search_binary_dense_vector_sync_with_probe_cache(
        &self,
        field: Field,
        query: &[u8],
        k: usize,
        combiner: crate::query::MultiValueCombiner,
        probe_cache: &std::sync::Mutex<Option<crate::structures::IvfProbePlan>>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<VectorSearchResult>> {
        self.search_binary_dense_vector_sync_impl(field, query, k, combiner, Some(probe_cache))
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod dense_search_safety_tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn dense_fetch_count_rejects_non_finite_and_unbounded_factors() {
        for factor in [
            f32::NAN,
            f32::INFINITY,
            f32::NEG_INFINITY,
            0.0,
            0.5,
            MAX_DENSE_RERANK_FACTOR + 1.0,
        ] {
            assert!(
                checked_dense_fetch_k(10, factor).is_err(),
                "factor={factor}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn flat_document_collector_does_not_let_one_multivalue_doc_crowd_out_others() {
        let mut collector = FlatDocumentCollector::new(2, crate::query::MultiValueCombiner::Max);
        collector.push(1, 0, 1.0);
        collector.push(1, 1, 0.9);
        collector.push(2, 0, 0.8);

        let results = collector.into_results();
        assert_eq!(
            results
                .iter()
                .map(|result| result.doc_id)
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![1, 2]
        );
        assert_eq!(results[0].ordinals.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn flat_document_collector_evicts_by_score_then_doc_id() {
        let mut collector = FlatDocumentCollector::new(2, crate::query::MultiValueCombiner::Max);
        collector.push(1, 0, 0.5);
        collector.push(3, 0, 0.8);
        collector.push(2, 0, 0.9);
        let results = collector.into_results();
        assert_eq!(
            results
                .iter()
                .map(|result| result.doc_id)
                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            vec![2, 3]
        );

        let mut tied = FlatDocumentCollector::new(1, crate::query::MultiValueCombiner::Max);
        tied.push(2, 0, 1.0);
        tied.push(1, 0, 1.0);
        let results = tied.into_results();
        assert_eq!(results[0].doc_id, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn dense_fetch_count_rounds_up_and_detects_overflow() {
        assert_eq!(checked_dense_fetch_k(3, 1.5).unwrap(), 5);
        assert_eq!(checked_dense_fetch_k(5_000, 3.0).unwrap(), 15_000);
        assert!(checked_dense_fetch_k(50_000, 3.0).is_err());
        assert!(checked_dense_fetch_k(usize::MAX, 2.0).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn file_ranges_reject_overflow_and_truncation() {
        assert_eq!(checked_file_range(4, 3, 7, "test").unwrap(), 4..7);
        assert!(checked_file_range(u64::MAX, 1, u64::MAX, "test").is_err());
        assert!(checked_file_range(5, 3, 7, "test").is_err());
    }

    /// Probe-returned (doc, ordinal) pairs keep their probe scores and are
    /// pruned from the flat-read list; only the candidate documents'
    /// remaining ordinals still need reads.
    #[test]
    fn probe_scored_candidates_skip_flat_rereads() {
        let ann_results: Vec<RawVectorCandidate> = vec![(7, 0, 0.75), (9, 2, 0.5)];
        // Expansion of docs 7 and 9 to all their ordinals (scores unfilled).
        let mut expanded: Vec<RawVectorCandidate> =
            vec![(7, 0, 0.0), (7, 1, 0.0), (9, 0, 0.0), (9, 2, 0.0)];
        let resolved: Vec<ResolvedVectorCandidate> = vec![(0, 10), (1, 11), (2, 20), (3, 22)];

        let remaining = fill_probe_scores_and_prune_resolved(&ann_results, &mut expanded, resolved);

        // Probe-scored pairs (7,0) and (9,2) are filled and pruned.
        assert_eq!(expanded[0].2, 0.75);
        assert_eq!(expanded[3].2, 0.5);
        // Unseen ordinals (7,1) and (9,0) still need flat reads.
        assert_eq!(remaining, vec![(1, 11), (2, 20)]);
        assert_eq!(expanded[1].2, 0.0);
        assert_eq!(expanded[2].2, 0.0);
    }
}