harper_core/

dict_word_metadata.rs

use harper_brill::UPOS;
use is_macro::Is;
use itertools::Itertools;
use paste::paste;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use smallvec::SmallVec;
use strum::{EnumCount as _, VariantArray as _};
use strum_macros::{Display, EnumCount, EnumIter, EnumString, VariantArray};

use std::convert::TryFrom;

use crate::dict_word_metadata_orthography::OrthFlags;
use crate::spell::WordId;
use crate::{Document, TokenKind, TokenStringExt};

/// This represents a "lexeme" or "headword" which is case-folded but affix-expanded.
/// So not only lemmata but also inflected forms are stored here, with "horn" and "horns" each
/// having their own lexeme, but "Ivy" and "ivy" sharing the same lexeme.
#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialOrd, Hash)]
pub struct DictWordMetadata {
    /// The main parts of speech which have extra data.
    pub noun: Option<NounData>,
    pub pronoun: Option<PronounData>,
    pub verb: Option<VerbData>,
    pub adjective: Option<AdjectiveData>,
    pub adverb: Option<AdverbData>,
    pub conjunction: Option<ConjunctionData>,
    pub determiner: Option<DeterminerData>,
    pub affix: Option<AffixData>,
    /// Parts of speech which don't have extra data.
    /// Whether the word is a [preposition](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/preposition).
    #[serde(default = "default_false")]
    pub preposition: bool,
    /// Whether the word is an offensive word.
    pub swear: Option<bool>,
    /// The dialects this word belongs to.
    /// If no dialects are defined, it can be assumed that the word is
    /// valid in all dialects of English.
    #[serde(default = "default_default")]
    pub dialects: DialectFlags,
    /// Orthographic information: letter case, spaces, hyphens, etc.
    #[serde(default = "OrthFlags::empty")]
    pub orth_info: OrthFlags,
    /// Whether the word is considered especially common.
    #[serde(default = "default_false")]
    pub common: bool,
    #[serde(default = "default_none")]
    pub derived_from: Option<WordId>,
    /// Generated by a chunker. Declares whether the word is a member of a nominal phrase. Using
    /// this should be preferred over the similarly named `Pattern`.
    ///
    /// For more details, see [the announcement blog post](https://elijahpotter.dev/articles/training_a_chunker_with_burn).
    pub np_member: Option<bool>,
    /// Generated by a POS tagger. Declares what it inferred the word's part of speech to be.
    pub pos_tag: Option<UPOS>,
}

/// Needed for `serde`
fn default_false() -> bool {
    false
}

/// Needed for `serde`
fn default_none<T>() -> Option<T> {
    None
}

/// Needed for `serde`
fn default_default<T: Default>() -> T {
    T::default()
}

macro_rules! generate_metadata_queries {
    ($($category:ident has $($sub:ident),*).*) => {
        paste! {
            pub fn is_likely_homograph(&self) -> bool {
                [self.is_determiner(), self.preposition, $(
                    self.[< is_ $category >](),
                )*].iter().map(|b| *b as u8).sum::<u8>() > 1
            }

            /// How different is this word from another?
            pub fn difference(&self, other: &Self) -> u32 {
                [
                    $(
                        Self::[< is_ $category >],
                        $(
                            Self::[< is_ $sub _ $category >],
                            Self::[< is_non_ $sub _ $category >],
                        )*
                    )*
                ]
                .iter()
                .fold(0, |acc, func| acc + (func(self) ^ func(other)) as u32)
            }

            $(
                #[doc = concat!("Checks if the word is definitely a ", stringify!($category), ".")]
                pub fn [< is_ $category >](&self) -> bool {
                    self.$category.is_some()
                }

                $(
                    #[doc = concat!("Checks if the word is definitely a ", stringify!($category), " and more specifically is labeled as (a) ", stringify!($sub), ".")]
                    pub fn [< is_ $sub _ $category >](&self) -> bool {
                        matches!(
                            self.$category,
                            Some([< $category:camel Data >]{
                                [< is_ $sub >]: Some(true),
                                ..
                            })
                        ) }

                    #[doc = concat!("Checks if the word is definitely a ", stringify!($category), " and more specifically is labeled as __not__ (a) ", stringify!($sub), ".")]
                    pub fn [< is_non_ $sub _ $category >](&self) -> bool {
                        matches!(
                            self.$category,
                            Some([< $category:camel Data >]{
                                [< is_ $sub >]: None | Some(false),
                                ..
                            })
                        )
                    }
                )*
            )*
        }
    };
}

impl DictWordMetadata {
    /// If there is only one possible interpretation of the metadata, infer its UPOS tag.
    pub fn infer_pos_tag(&self) -> Option<UPOS> {
        // If an explicit POS tag exists, return it immediately.
        if let Some(pos) = self.pos_tag {
            return Some(pos);
        }

        // Collect all possible POS tags from metadata
        let mut candidates = SmallVec::<[UPOS; 14]>::with_capacity(14);

        if self.is_proper_noun() {
            candidates.push(UPOS::PROPN);
        }

        if self.is_pronoun() {
            candidates.push(UPOS::PRON);
        }
        if self.is_noun() {
            candidates.push(UPOS::NOUN);
        }
        if self.is_verb() {
            // Distinguish auxiliary verbs
            if let Some(data) = &self.verb {
                if data.is_auxiliary == Some(true) {
                    candidates.push(UPOS::AUX);
                } else {
                    candidates.push(UPOS::VERB);
                }
            } else {
                candidates.push(UPOS::VERB);
            }
        }
        if self.is_adjective() {
            candidates.push(UPOS::ADJ);
        }
        if self.is_adverb() {
            candidates.push(UPOS::ADV);
        }
        if self.is_conjunction() {
            candidates.push(UPOS::CCONJ);
        }
        if self.is_determiner() {
            candidates.push(UPOS::DET);
        }
        if self.preposition {
            candidates.push(UPOS::ADP);
        }

        // Remove duplicates
        candidates.sort();
        candidates.dedup();

        candidates.into_iter().exactly_one().ok()
    }

    /// Produce a copy of `self` with the known properties of `other` set.
    pub fn or(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
        let mut clone = self.clone();
        clone.merge(other);
        clone
    }

    /// Given a UPOS tag, discard any metadata that would disagree with the given POS tag.
    /// For example, if the metadata suggests a word could either be a noun or an adjective, and we
    /// provide a [`UPOS::NOUN`], this function will remove the adjective data.
    ///
    /// Additionally, if the metadata does not currently declare the potential of the word to be
    /// the specific POS, it becomes so. That means if we provide a [`UPOS::ADJ`] to the function
    /// for a metadata whose `Self::adjective = None`, it will become `Some`.
    pub fn enforce_pos_exclusivity(&mut self, pos: &UPOS) {
        use UPOS::*;
        match pos {
            NOUN => {
                if let Some(noun) = self.noun {
                    self.noun = Some(NounData {
                        is_proper: Some(false),
                        ..noun
                    })
                } else {
                    self.noun = Some(NounData {
                        is_proper: Some(false),
                        is_singular: None,
                        is_plural: None,
                        is_countable: None,
                        is_mass: None,
                        is_possessive: None,
                    })
                }

                self.pronoun = None;
                self.verb = None;
                self.adjective = None;
                self.adverb = None;
                self.conjunction = None;
                self.determiner = None;
                self.affix = None;
                self.preposition = false;
            }
            PROPN => {
                if let Some(noun) = self.noun {
                    self.noun = Some(NounData {
                        is_proper: Some(true),
                        ..noun
                    })
                } else {
                    self.noun = Some(NounData {
                        is_proper: Some(true),
                        is_singular: None,
                        is_plural: None,
                        is_countable: None,
                        is_mass: None,
                        is_possessive: None,
                    })
                }

                self.pronoun = None;
                self.verb = None;
                self.adjective = None;
                self.adverb = None;
                self.conjunction = None;
                self.determiner = None;
                self.affix = None;
                self.preposition = false;
            }
            PRON => {
                if self.pronoun.is_none() {
                    self.pronoun = Some(PronounData::default())
                }

                self.noun = None;
                self.verb = None;
                self.adjective = None;
                self.adverb = None;
                self.conjunction = None;
                self.determiner = None;
                self.affix = None;
                self.preposition = false;
            }
            VERB => {
                if let Some(verb) = self.verb {
                    self.verb = Some(VerbData {
                        is_auxiliary: Some(false),
                        ..verb
                    })
                } else {
                    self.verb = Some(VerbData {
                        is_auxiliary: Some(false),
                        ..Default::default()
                    })
                }

                self.noun = None;
                self.pronoun = None;
                self.adjective = None;
                self.adverb = None;
                self.conjunction = None;
                self.determiner = None;
                self.affix = None;
                self.preposition = false;
            }
            AUX => {
                if let Some(verb) = self.verb {
                    self.verb = Some(VerbData {
                        is_auxiliary: Some(true),
                        ..verb
                    })
                } else {
                    self.verb = Some(VerbData {
                        is_auxiliary: Some(true),
                        ..Default::default()
                    })
                }

                self.noun = None;
                self.pronoun = None;
                self.adjective = None;
                self.adverb = None;
                self.conjunction = None;
                self.determiner = None;
                self.affix = None;
                self.preposition = false;
            }
            ADJ => {
                if self.adjective.is_none() {
                    self.adjective = Some(AdjectiveData::default())
                }

                self.noun = None;
                self.pronoun = None;
                self.verb = None;
                self.adverb = None;
                self.conjunction = None;
                self.determiner = None;
                self.affix = None;
                self.preposition = false;
            }
            ADV => {
                if self.adverb.is_none() {
                    self.adverb = Some(AdverbData::default())
                }

                self.noun = None;
                self.pronoun = None;
                self.verb = None;
                self.adjective = None;
                self.conjunction = None;
                self.determiner = None;
                self.affix = None;
                self.preposition = false;
            }
            ADP => {
                self.noun = None;
                self.pronoun = None;
                self.verb = None;
                self.adjective = None;
                self.adverb = None;
                self.conjunction = None;
                self.determiner = None;
                self.affix = None;
                self.preposition = true;
            }
            DET => {
                self.noun = None;
                self.pronoun = None;
                self.verb = None;
                self.adjective = None;
                self.adverb = None;
                self.conjunction = None;
                self.affix = None;
                self.preposition = false;
                self.determiner = Some(DeterminerData::default());
            }
            CCONJ | SCONJ => {
                if self.conjunction.is_none() {
                    self.conjunction = Some(ConjunctionData::default())
                }

                self.noun = None;
                self.pronoun = None;
                self.verb = None;
                self.adjective = None;
                self.adverb = None;
                self.determiner = None;
                self.affix = None;
                self.preposition = false;
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    generate_metadata_queries!(
        // Singular and countable default to true, so their metadata queries are not generated.
        noun has proper, plural, mass, possessive.
        pronoun has personal, singular, plural, possessive, reflexive, subject, object.
        determiner has demonstrative, possessive, quantifier.
        verb has linking, auxiliary.
        conjunction has.
        adjective has.
        adverb has manner, frequency, degree
    );

    // Manual metadata queries

    // Pronoun metadata queries

    pub fn get_person(&self) -> Option<Person> {
        self.pronoun.as_ref().and_then(|p| p.person)
    }

    pub fn is_first_person_plural_pronoun(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.pronoun,
            Some(PronounData {
                person: Some(Person::First),
                is_plural: Some(true),
                ..
            })
        )
    }

    pub fn is_first_person_singular_pronoun(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.pronoun,
            Some(PronounData {
                person: Some(Person::First),
                is_singular: Some(true),
                ..
            })
        )
    }

    pub fn is_third_person_plural_pronoun(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.pronoun,
            Some(PronounData {
                person: Some(Person::Third),
                is_plural: Some(true),
                ..
            })
        )
    }

    pub fn is_third_person_singular_pronoun(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.pronoun,
            Some(PronounData {
                person: Some(Person::Third),
                is_singular: Some(true),
                ..
            })
        )
    }

    pub fn is_third_person_pronoun(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.pronoun,
            Some(PronounData {
                person: Some(Person::Third),
                ..
            })
        )
    }

    pub fn is_second_person_pronoun(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.pronoun,
            Some(PronounData {
                person: Some(Person::Second),
                ..
            })
        )
    }

    // Lemma is default if no verb form is specified in the dictionary
    pub fn is_verb_lemma(&self) -> bool {
        if let Some(verb) = self.verb {
            if let Some(forms) = verb.verb_forms {
                return forms.is_empty() || forms.contains(VerbFormFlags::LEMMA);
            } else {
                return true;
            }
        }
        false
    }

    pub fn is_verb_past_form(&self) -> bool {
        self.verb.is_some_and(|v| {
            v.verb_forms
                .is_some_and(|vf| vf.contains(VerbFormFlags::PAST))
        })
    }

    pub fn is_verb_simple_past_form(&self) -> bool {
        self.verb.is_some_and(|v| {
            v.verb_forms
                .is_some_and(|vf| vf.contains(VerbFormFlags::PRETERITE))
        })
    }

    pub fn is_verb_past_participle_form(&self) -> bool {
        self.verb.is_some_and(|v| {
            v.verb_forms
                .is_some_and(|vf| vf.contains(VerbFormFlags::PAST_PARTICIPLE))
        })
    }

    pub fn is_verb_progressive_form(&self) -> bool {
        self.verb.is_some_and(|v| {
            v.verb_forms
                .is_some_and(|vf| vf.contains(VerbFormFlags::PROGRESSIVE))
        })
    }

    pub fn is_verb_third_person_singular_present_form(&self) -> bool {
        self.verb.is_some_and(|v| {
            v.verb_forms
                .is_some_and(|vf| vf.contains(VerbFormFlags::THIRD_PERSON_SINGULAR))
        })
    }

    // Noun metadata queries

    // Singular is default if number is not marked in the dictionary.
    pub fn is_singular_noun(&self) -> bool {
        if let Some(noun) = self.noun {
            matches!(
                (noun.is_singular, noun.is_plural),
                (Some(true), _) | (None | Some(false), None | Some(false))
            )
        } else {
            false
        }
    }
    pub fn is_non_singular_noun(&self) -> bool {
        if let Some(noun) = self.noun {
            !matches!(
                (noun.is_singular, noun.is_plural),
                (Some(true), _) | (None | Some(false), None | Some(false))
            )
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    // Countable is default if countability is not marked in the dictionary.
    pub fn is_countable_noun(&self) -> bool {
        if let Some(noun) = self.noun {
            matches!(
                (noun.is_countable, noun.is_mass),
                (Some(true), _) | (None | Some(false), None | Some(false))
            )
        } else {
            false
        }
    }
    pub fn is_non_countable_noun(&self) -> bool {
        if let Some(noun) = self.noun {
            !matches!(
                (noun.is_countable, noun.is_mass),
                (Some(true), _) | (None | Some(false), None | Some(false))
            )
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    // Most mass nouns also have countable senses. Match those that are only mass nouns.
    pub fn is_mass_noun_only(&self) -> bool {
        if let Some(noun) = self.noun {
            matches!(
                (noun.is_countable, noun.is_mass),
                (None | Some(false), Some(true))
            )
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    // Nominal metadata queries (noun + pronoun)

    /// Checks if the word is definitely nominal.
    pub fn is_nominal(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_noun() || self.is_pronoun()
    }

    /// Checks if the word is definitely a nominal and more specifically is labeled as (a) singular.
    pub fn is_singular_nominal(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_singular_noun() || self.is_singular_pronoun()
    }

    /// Checks if the word is definitely a nominal and more specifically is labeled as (a) plural.
    pub fn is_plural_nominal(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_plural_noun() || self.is_plural_pronoun()
    }

    /// Checks if the word is definitely a nominal and more specifically is labeled as (a) possessive.
    /// NOTE: `possessive pronoun`s are not qualifiers, but words like `mine`, `yours`, etc.
    /// The terminology of `possessive noun`, `possessive pronoun` and `possessive determiner` only
    /// tends to reinforce this confusion.
    pub fn is_possessive_nominal(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_possessive_noun() || self.is_possessive_determiner()
    }

    /// Checks if the word is definitely a nominal and more specifically is labeled as __not__ (a) singular.
    pub fn is_non_singular_nominal(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_non_singular_noun() || self.is_non_singular_pronoun()
    }

    /// Checks if the word is definitely a nominal and more specifically is labeled as __not__ (a) plural.
    pub fn is_non_plural_nominal(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_non_plural_noun() || self.is_non_plural_pronoun()
    }

    // Adjective metadata queries

    pub fn get_degree(&self) -> Option<Degree> {
        self.adjective.as_ref().and_then(|a| a.degree)
    }

    pub fn is_comparative_adjective(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.adjective,
            Some(AdjectiveData {
                degree: Some(Degree::Comparative)
            })
        )
    }

    pub fn is_superlative_adjective(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.adjective,
            Some(AdjectiveData {
                degree: Some(Degree::Superlative)
            })
        )
    }

    // Degree::Positive is the default if degree is not marked in the dictionary.
    pub fn is_positive_adjective(&self) -> bool {
        match self.adjective {
            Some(AdjectiveData {
                degree: Some(Degree::Positive),
            }) => true,
            Some(AdjectiveData { degree: None }) => true,
            Some(AdjectiveData {
                degree: Some(degree),
            }) => !matches!(degree, Degree::Comparative | Degree::Superlative),
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    // Determiner metadata queries

    // Checks if the word is definitely a determiner and more specifically is labeled as (a) quantifier.
    pub fn is_quantifier(&self) -> bool {
        self.is_quantifier_determiner()
    }

    // Non-POS queries

    /// Checks whether a word is _definitely_ a swear.
    pub fn is_swear(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.swear, Some(true))
    }

    // Orthographic queries

    /// Does the metadata for this word cover an all-lowercase variant? (e.g., "hello")
    ///
    /// This returns true if all letters in the word are lowercase. Words containing
    /// non-letter characters (like numbers or symbols) are only considered if all
    /// letter characters are lowercase.
    pub fn is_lowercase(&self) -> bool {
        self.orth_info.contains(OrthFlags::LOWERCASE)
    }
    /// Does the metadata for this word cover a titlecase variant? (e.g., "Hello")
    ///
    /// This returns true if the word is in titlecase form, which means:
    /// - The first letter is uppercase
    /// - All other letters are lowercase
    /// - The word is at least 2 characters long
    ///
    /// Examples: "Hello", "World"
    ///
    /// Note: Words with internal capital letters (like "McDonald") or apostrophes (like "O'Reilly")
    /// are not considered titlecase - they are classified as UPPER_CAMEL instead.
    pub fn is_titlecase(&self) -> bool {
        self.orth_info.contains(OrthFlags::TITLECASE)
    }
    /// Does the metadata for this word cover an all-uppercase variant? (e.g., "HELLO")
    ///
    /// This returns true if all letters in the word are uppercase. Words containing
    /// non-letter characters (like numbers or symbols) are only considered if all
    /// letter characters are uppercase.
    ///
    /// Examples: "HELLO", "NASA", "I"
    pub fn is_allcaps(&self) -> bool {
        self.orth_info.contains(OrthFlags::ALLCAPS)
    }
    /// Does the metadata for this word cover a lower camel case variant? (e.g., "helloWorld")
    ///
    /// This returns true if the word is in lower camel case, which means:
    /// - The first letter is lowercase
    /// - There is at least one uppercase letter after the first character
    /// - The word must be at least 2 characters long
    ///
    /// Examples: "helloWorld", "getHTTPResponse", "eBay"
    ///
    /// Note: Single words that are all lowercase will return false.
    /// Words starting with an uppercase letter will return false (those would be UpperCamel).
    pub fn is_lower_camel(&self) -> bool {
        self.orth_info.contains(OrthFlags::LOWER_CAMEL)
    }
    /// Does the metadata for this word cover an upper camel case / pascal case variant? (e.g., "HelloWorld")
    ///
    /// This returns true if the word is in upper camel case (also known as Pascal case), which means:
    /// - The first letter is uppercase
    /// - There is at least one other uppercase letter after the first character
    /// - There is at least one lowercase letter after the first uppercase letter
    /// - The word must be at least 3 characters long
    ///
    /// Examples:
    /// - "HelloWorld" (standard Pascal case)
    /// - "McDonald" (name with internal caps)
    /// - "O'Reilly" (name with apostrophe and internal caps)
    /// - "HttpRequest" (initialism followed by word)
    ///
    /// Note: Single words that are titlecase (like "Hello") will return false.
    /// Words that are all uppercase (like "NASA") will also return false.
    pub fn is_upper_camel(&self) -> bool {
        self.orth_info.contains(OrthFlags::UPPER_CAMEL)
    }

    /// Does the metadata for this word cover an apostrophized variant? (e.g., "doesn't")
    pub fn is_apostrophized(&self) -> bool {
        self.orth_info.contains(OrthFlags::APOSTROPHE)
    }

    pub fn is_roman_numerals(&self) -> bool {
        self.orth_info.contains(OrthFlags::ROMAN_NUMERALS)
    }

    /// Same thing as [`Self::or`], except in-place rather than a clone.
    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &Self) -> &mut Self {
        macro_rules! merge {
            ($a:expr, $b:expr) => {
                match ($a, $b) {
                    (Some(a), Some(b)) => Some(a.or(&b)),
                    (Some(a), None) => Some(a),
                    (None, Some(b)) => Some(b),
                    (None, None) => None,
                }
            };
        }

        self.noun = merge!(self.noun, other.noun);
        self.pronoun = merge!(self.pronoun, other.pronoun);
        self.verb = merge!(self.verb, other.verb);
        self.adjective = merge!(self.adjective, other.adjective);
        self.adverb = merge!(self.adverb, other.adverb);
        self.conjunction = merge!(self.conjunction, other.conjunction);
        self.determiner = merge!(self.determiner, other.determiner);
        self.affix = merge!(self.affix, other.affix);
        self.preposition |= other.preposition;
        self.dialects |= other.dialects;
        self.orth_info |= other.orth_info;
        self.swear = self.swear.or(other.swear);
        self.common |= other.common;
        self.derived_from = self.derived_from.or(other.derived_from);
        self.pos_tag = self.pos_tag.or(other.pos_tag);
        self.np_member = self.np_member.or(other.np_member);

        self
    }
}

// These verb forms are morphological variations, distinct from TAM (Tense-Aspect-Mood)
// Each form can be used in various TAM combinations:
// - Lemma form (infinitive, citation form, dictionary form)
//   Used in infinitives (e.g., "to sleep"), imperatives (e.g., "sleep!"), and with modals (e.g., "will sleep")
// - Past form (past participle and simple past)
//   Used as verbs (e.g., "slept") or adjectives (e.g., "closed door")
// - Progressive form (present participle and gerund)
//   Used as verbs (e.g., "sleeping"), nouns (e.g., "sleeping is important"), or adjectives (e.g., "sleeping dog")
// - Third person singular present (-s/-es)
//   Used for third person singular subjects (e.g., "he sleeps", "she reads")
//
// Important notes:
// 1. English expresses time through auxiliary verbs, not verb form alone
// 2. Irregular verbs can have different forms for past participle and simple past
// 3. Future is always expressed through auxiliary verbs (e.g., "will sleep", "going to sleep")
#[repr(u32)]
pub enum VerbForm {
    /// The uninflected verb form: "walk", "eat"
    LemmaForm = 1 << 0,
    /// The past form for regular verbs: "walked"
    PastForm = 1 << 1,
    /// The simple past/preterite form for irregular verbs: "ate"
    SimplePastForm = 1 << 2,
    /// The past participle form for irregular verbs: "eaten"
    PastParticipleForm = 1 << 3,
    /// The progressive/continuous/gerund/present participle form: "walking", "eating"
    ProgressiveForm = 1 << 4,
    /// The third person singular present form: "walks", "eats"
    ThirdPersonSingularPresentForm = 1 << 5,
}

/// The underlying type used for verb form flags.
pub type VerbFormFlagsUnderlyingType = u32;

bitflags::bitflags! {
    /// A collection of bit flags used to represent verb forms.
    ///
    /// This allows a word to be tagged with multiple verb forms when applicable.
    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Hash, Default)]
    #[serde(transparent)]
    pub struct VerbFormFlags: VerbFormFlagsUnderlyingType {
        const LEMMA = VerbForm::LemmaForm as VerbFormFlagsUnderlyingType;
        const PAST = VerbForm::PastForm as VerbFormFlagsUnderlyingType;
        const PRETERITE = VerbForm::SimplePastForm as VerbFormFlagsUnderlyingType;
        const PAST_PARTICIPLE = VerbForm::PastParticipleForm as VerbFormFlagsUnderlyingType;
        const PROGRESSIVE = VerbForm::ProgressiveForm as VerbFormFlagsUnderlyingType;
        const THIRD_PERSON_SINGULAR = VerbForm::ThirdPersonSingularPresentForm as VerbFormFlagsUnderlyingType;
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Hash, Default)]
pub struct VerbData {
    pub is_linking: Option<bool>,
    pub is_auxiliary: Option<bool>,
    #[serde(rename = "verb_form", default)]
    pub verb_forms: Option<VerbFormFlags>,
}

impl VerbData {
    /// Produce a copy of `self` with the known properties of `other` set.
    pub fn or(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
        let verb_forms = match (self.verb_forms, other.verb_forms) {
            (Some(self_verb_forms), Some(other_verb_forms)) => {
                Some(self_verb_forms | other_verb_forms)
            }
            (Some(self_verb_forms), None) => Some(self_verb_forms),
            (None, Some(other_verb_forms)) => Some(other_verb_forms),
            (None, None) => None,
        };

        Self {
            is_linking: self.is_linking.or(other.is_linking),
            is_auxiliary: self.is_auxiliary.or(other.is_auxiliary),
            verb_forms,
        }
    }
}

// nouns can be both singular and plural: "aircraft", "biceps", "fish", "sheep"
// TODO other noun properties may be worth adding: abstract
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Hash, Default)]
pub struct NounData {
    pub is_proper: Option<bool>,
    pub is_singular: Option<bool>,
    pub is_plural: Option<bool>,
    pub is_countable: Option<bool>,
    pub is_mass: Option<bool>,
    pub is_possessive: Option<bool>,
}

impl NounData {
    /// Produce a copy of `self` with the known properties of `other` set.
    pub fn or(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
        Self {
            is_proper: self.is_proper.or(other.is_proper),
            is_singular: self.is_singular.or(other.is_singular),
            is_plural: self.is_plural.or(other.is_plural),
            is_countable: self.is_countable.or(other.is_countable),
            is_mass: self.is_mass.or(other.is_mass),
            is_possessive: self.is_possessive.or(other.is_possessive),
        }
    }
}

// Person is a property of pronouns; the verb 'be', plus all verbs reflect 3rd person singular with -s
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialOrd, Is, Hash)]
pub enum Person {
    First,
    Second,
    Third,
}

// TODO for now focused on personal pronouns?
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Hash, Default)]
pub struct PronounData {
    pub is_personal: Option<bool>,
    pub is_singular: Option<bool>,
    pub is_plural: Option<bool>,
    pub is_possessive: Option<bool>,
    pub is_reflexive: Option<bool>,
    pub person: Option<Person>,
    pub is_subject: Option<bool>,
    pub is_object: Option<bool>,
}

impl PronounData {
    /// Produce a copy of `self` with the known properties of `other` set.
    pub fn or(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
        Self {
            is_personal: self.is_personal.or(other.is_personal),
            is_singular: self.is_singular.or(other.is_singular),
            is_plural: self.is_plural.or(other.is_plural),
            is_possessive: self.is_possessive.or(other.is_possessive),
            is_reflexive: self.is_reflexive.or(other.is_reflexive),
            person: self.person.or(other.person),
            is_subject: self.is_subject.or(other.is_subject),
            is_object: self.is_object.or(other.is_object),
        }
    }
}

/// Additional metadata for determiners
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Hash, Default)]
pub struct DeterminerData {
    pub is_demonstrative: Option<bool>,
    pub is_possessive: Option<bool>,
    pub is_quantifier: Option<bool>,
}

impl DeterminerData {
    /// Produce a copy of `self` with the known properties of `other` set.
    pub fn or(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
        Self {
            is_demonstrative: self.is_demonstrative.or(other.is_demonstrative),
            is_possessive: self.is_possessive.or(other.is_possessive),
            is_quantifier: self.is_quantifier.or(other.is_quantifier),
        }
    }
}

/// Degree is a property of adjectives: positive is not inflected
/// Comparative is inflected with -er or comes after the word "more"
/// Superlative is inflected with -est or comes after the word "most"
#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialOrd, Is, Hash)]
pub enum Degree {
    Positive,
    Comparative,
    Superlative,
}

/// Some adjectives are not comparable so don't have -er or -est forms and can't be used with "more" or "most".
/// Some adjectives can only be used "attributively" (before a noun); some only predicatively (after "is" etc.).
/// In old grammars words like the articles and determiners are classified as adjectives but behave differently.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Hash, Default)]
pub struct AdjectiveData {
    pub degree: Option<Degree>,
}

impl AdjectiveData {
    /// Produce a copy of `self` with the known properties of `other` set.
    pub fn or(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
        Self {
            degree: self.degree.or(other.degree),
        }
    }
}

/// Adverb can be a "junk drawer" category for words which don't fit the other major categories.
/// The typical adverbs are "adverbs of manner", those derived from adjectives in -ly
/// other adverbs (time, place, etc) should probably not be considered adverbs for Harper's purposes
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Hash, Default)]
pub struct AdverbData {
    pub is_manner: Option<bool>,
    pub is_frequency: Option<bool>,
    pub is_degree: Option<bool>,
}

impl AdverbData {
    /// Produce a copy of `self` with the known properties of `other` set.
    pub fn or(&self, _other: &Self) -> Self {
        Self {
            is_manner: self.is_manner.or(_other.is_manner),
            is_frequency: self.is_frequency.or(_other.is_frequency),
            is_degree: self.is_degree.or(_other.is_degree),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Hash, Default)]
pub struct ConjunctionData {}

impl ConjunctionData {
    /// Produce a copy of `self` with the known properties of `other` set.
    pub fn or(&self, _other: &Self) -> Self {
        Self {}
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Hash, Default)]
pub struct AffixData {
    pub is_prefix: Option<bool>,
    pub is_suffix: Option<bool>,
}

impl AffixData {
    /// Produce a copy of `self` with the known properties of `other` set.
    pub fn or(&self, _other: &Self) -> Self {
        Self {
            is_prefix: self.is_prefix.or(_other.is_prefix),
            is_suffix: self.is_suffix.or(_other.is_suffix),
        }
    }
}

/// A regional dialect.
///
/// Note: these have bit-shifted values so that they can ergonomically integrate with
/// `DialectFlags`. Each value here must have a unique bit index inside
/// `DialectsUnderlyingType`.
#[derive(
    Debug,
    Clone,
    Copy,
    Serialize,
    Deserialize,
    PartialEq,
    PartialOrd,
    Eq,
    Hash,
    EnumCount,
    EnumString,
    EnumIter,
    Display,
    VariantArray,
)]
pub enum Dialect {
    American = 1 << 0,
    Canadian = 1 << 1,
    Australian = 1 << 2,
    British = 1 << 3,
    Indian = 1 << 4,
}
impl Dialect {
    /// Tries to guess the dialect used in the document by finding which dialect is used the most.
    /// Returns `None` if it fails to find a single dialect that is used the most.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn try_guess_from_document(document: &Document) -> Option<Self> {
        Self::try_from(DialectFlags::get_most_used_dialects_from_document(document)).ok()
    }

    /// Tries to get a dialect from its abbreviation. Returns `None` if the abbreviation is not
    /// recognized.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use harper_core::Dialect;
    ///
    /// let abbrs = ["US", "CA", "AU", "GB", "IN"];
    /// let mut dialects = abbrs.iter().map(|abbr| Dialect::try_from_abbr(abbr));
    ///
    /// assert_eq!(Some(Dialect::American), dialects.next().unwrap()); // US
    /// assert_eq!(Some(Dialect::Canadian), dialects.next().unwrap()); // CA
    /// assert_eq!(Some(Dialect::Australian), dialects.next().unwrap()); // AU
    /// assert_eq!(Some(Dialect::British), dialects.next().unwrap()); // GB
    /// assert_eq!(Some(Dialect::Indian), dialects.next().unwrap()); // IN
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn try_from_abbr(abbr: &str) -> Option<Self> {
        match abbr {
            "US" => Some(Self::American),
            "CA" => Some(Self::Canadian),
            "AU" => Some(Self::Australian),
            "GB" => Some(Self::British),
            "IN" => Some(Self::Indian),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
}
impl TryFrom<DialectFlags> for Dialect {
    type Error = ();

    /// Attempts to convert `DialectFlags` to a single `Dialect`.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Will return `Err` if more than one dialect is enabled or if an undefined dialect is
    /// enabled.
    fn try_from(dialect_flags: DialectFlags) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        // Ensure only one dialect is enabled before converting.
        if dialect_flags.bits().count_ones() == 1 {
            match dialect_flags {
                df if df.is_dialect_enabled_strict(Dialect::American) => Ok(Dialect::American),
                df if df.is_dialect_enabled_strict(Dialect::Canadian) => Ok(Dialect::Canadian),
                df if df.is_dialect_enabled_strict(Dialect::Australian) => Ok(Dialect::Australian),
                df if df.is_dialect_enabled_strict(Dialect::British) => Ok(Dialect::British),
                df if df.is_dialect_enabled_strict(Dialect::Indian) => Ok(Dialect::Indian),
                _ => Err(()),
            }
        } else {
            // More than one dialect enabled; can't soundly convert.
            Err(())
        }
    }
}

// The underlying type used for DialectFlags.
// At the time of writing, this is currently a `u8`. If we want to define more than 8 dialects in
// the future, we will need to switch this to a larger type.
type DialectFlagsUnderlyingType = u8;

bitflags::bitflags! {
    /// A collection of bit flags used to represent enabled dialects.
    ///
    /// This is generally used to allow a word (or similar) to be tagged with multiple dialects.
    #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Eq, Hash)]
    #[serde(transparent)]
    pub struct DialectFlags: DialectFlagsUnderlyingType {
        const AMERICAN = Dialect::American as DialectFlagsUnderlyingType;
        const CANADIAN = Dialect::Canadian as DialectFlagsUnderlyingType;
        const AUSTRALIAN = Dialect::Australian as DialectFlagsUnderlyingType;
        const BRITISH = Dialect::British as DialectFlagsUnderlyingType;
        const INDIAN = Dialect::Indian as DialectFlagsUnderlyingType;
    }
}
impl DialectFlags {
    /// Checks if the provided dialect is enabled.
    /// If no dialect is explicitly enabled, it is assumed that all dialects are enabled.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_dialect_enabled(self, dialect: Dialect) -> bool {
        self.is_empty() || self.intersects(Self::from_dialect(dialect))
    }

    /// Checks if the provided dialect is ***explicitly*** enabled.
    ///
    /// Unlike `is_dialect_enabled`, this will return false when no dialects are explicitly
    /// enabled.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn is_dialect_enabled_strict(self, dialect: Dialect) -> bool {
        self.intersects(Self::from_dialect(dialect))
    }

    /// Constructs a `DialectFlags` from the provided `Dialect`, with only that dialect being
    /// enabled.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// This will panic if `dialect` represents a dialect that is not defined in
    /// `DialectFlags`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn from_dialect(dialect: Dialect) -> Self {
        let Some(out) = Self::from_bits(dialect as DialectFlagsUnderlyingType) else {
            panic!("The '{dialect}' dialect isn't defined in DialectFlags!");
        };
        out
    }

    /// Gets the most commonly used dialect(s) in the document.
    ///
    /// If multiple dialects are used equally often, they will all be enabled in the returned
    /// `DialectFlags`. On the other hand, if there is a single dialect that is used the most, it
    /// will be the only one enabled.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn get_most_used_dialects_from_document(document: &Document) -> Self {
        // Initialize counters.
        let mut dialect_counters: [(Dialect, usize); Dialect::COUNT] = Dialect::VARIANTS
            .iter()
            .map(|d| (*d, 0))
            .collect_array()
            .unwrap();

        // Count word dialects.
        document.iter_words().for_each(|w| {
            if let TokenKind::Word(Some(lexeme_metadata)) = &w.kind {
                // If the token is a word, iterate though the dialects in `dialect_counters` and
                // increment those counters where the word has the respective dialect enabled.
                dialect_counters.iter_mut().for_each(|(dialect, count)| {
                    if lexeme_metadata.dialects.is_dialect_enabled(*dialect) {
                        *count += 1;
                    }
                });
            }
        });

        // Find max counter.
        let max_counter = dialect_counters
            .iter()
            .map(|(_, count)| count)
            .max()
            .unwrap();
        // Get and convert the collection of most used dialects into a `DialectFlags`.
        dialect_counters
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|(_, count)| count == max_counter)
            .fold(DialectFlags::empty(), |acc, dialect| {
                // Fold most used dialects into `DialectFlags` via bitwise or.
                acc | Self::from_dialect(dialect.0)
            })
    }
}
impl Default for DialectFlags {
    /// A default value with no dialects explicitly enabled.
    /// Implicitly, this state corresponds to all dialects being enabled.
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::empty()
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
pub mod tests {
    use crate::DictWordMetadata;
    use crate::spell::{Dictionary, FstDictionary};

    // Helper function to get metadata from the curated dictionary
    pub fn md(word: &str) -> DictWordMetadata {
        FstDictionary::curated()
            .get_word_metadata_str(word)
            .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("Word '{word}' not found in dictionary"))
            .into_owned()
    }

    mod dialect {
        use super::super::{Dialect, DialectFlags};
        use crate::Document;

        #[test]
        fn guess_british_dialect() {
            let document = Document::new_plain_english_curated("Aluminium was used.");
            let df = DialectFlags::get_most_used_dialects_from_document(&document);
            assert!(
                df.is_dialect_enabled_strict(Dialect::British)
                    && !df.is_dialect_enabled_strict(Dialect::American)
            );
        }

        #[test]
        fn guess_american_dialect() {
            let document = Document::new_plain_english_curated("Aluminum was used.");
            let df = DialectFlags::get_most_used_dialects_from_document(&document);
            assert!(
                df.is_dialect_enabled_strict(Dialect::American)
                    && !df.is_dialect_enabled_strict(Dialect::British)
            );
        }
    }

    mod noun {
        use crate::dict_word_metadata::tests::md;

        #[test]
        fn puppy_is_noun() {
            assert!(md("puppy").is_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn prepare_is_not_noun() {
            assert!(!md("prepare").is_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn paris_is_proper_noun() {
            assert!(md("Paris").is_proper_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn permit_is_non_proper_noun() {
            assert!(md("lapdog").is_non_proper_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn hound_is_singular_noun() {
            assert!(md("hound").is_singular_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn pooches_is_non_singular_noun() {
            assert!(md("pooches").is_non_singular_noun());
        }

        // Make sure is_non_xxx_noun methods don't behave like is_not_xxx_noun.
        // In other words, make sure they don't return true for words that are not nouns.
        // They must only pass for words that are nouns but not singular etc.
        #[test]
        fn loyal_doesnt_pass_is_non_singular_noun() {
            assert!(!md("loyal").is_non_singular_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn hounds_is_plural_noun() {
            assert!(md("hounds").is_plural_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn pooch_is_non_plural_noun() {
            assert!(md("pooch").is_non_plural_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn fish_is_singular_noun() {
            assert!(md("fish").is_singular_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn fish_is_plural_noun() {
            assert!(md("fish").is_plural_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn fishes_is_plural_noun() {
            assert!(md("fishes").is_plural_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn sheep_is_singular_noun() {
            assert!(md("sheep").is_singular_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn sheep_is_plural_noun() {
            assert!(md("sheep").is_plural_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        #[should_panic]
        fn sheeps_is_not_word() {
            md("sheeps");
        }

        #[test]
        fn bicep_is_singular_noun() {
            assert!(md("bicep").is_singular_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn biceps_is_singular_noun() {
            assert!(md("biceps").is_singular_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn biceps_is_plural_noun() {
            assert!(md("biceps").is_plural_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn aircraft_is_singular_noun() {
            assert!(md("aircraft").is_singular_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn aircraft_is_plural_noun() {
            assert!(md("aircraft").is_plural_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        #[should_panic]
        fn aircrafts_is_not_word() {
            md("aircrafts");
        }

        #[test]
        fn dog_apostrophe_s_is_possessive_noun() {
            assert!(md("dog's").is_possessive_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn dogs_is_non_possessive_noun() {
            assert!(md("dogs").is_non_possessive_noun());
        }

        // noun countability

        #[test]
        fn dog_is_countable() {
            assert!(md("dog").is_countable_noun());
        }
        #[test]
        fn dog_is_non_mass_noun() {
            assert!(md("dog").is_non_mass_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn furniture_is_mass_noun() {
            assert!(md("furniture").is_mass_noun());
        }
        #[test]
        fn furniture_is_non_countable_noun() {
            assert!(md("furniture").is_non_countable_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn equipment_is_mass_noun() {
            assert!(md("equipment").is_mass_noun());
        }
        #[test]
        fn equipment_is_non_countable_noun() {
            assert!(md("equipment").is_non_countable_noun());
        }

        #[test]
        fn beer_is_countable_noun() {
            assert!(md("beer").is_countable_noun());
        }
        #[test]
        fn beer_is_mass_noun() {
            assert!(md("beer").is_mass_noun());
        }
    }

    mod pronoun {
        use crate::dict_word_metadata::tests::md;

        mod i_me_myself {
            use crate::dict_word_metadata::tests::md;

            #[test]
            fn i_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("I").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn i_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("I").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn i_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("I").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn i_is_subject_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("I").is_subject_pronoun());
            }

            #[test]
            fn me_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("me").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn me_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("me").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn me_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("me").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn me_is_object_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("me").is_object_pronoun());
            }

            #[test]
            fn myself_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("myself").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn myself_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("myself").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn myself_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("myself").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn myself_is_reflexive_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("myself").is_reflexive_pronoun());
            }
        }

        mod we_us_ourselves {
            use crate::dict_word_metadata::tests::md;

            #[test]
            fn we_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("we").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn we_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("we").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn we_is_plural_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("we").is_plural_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn we_is_subject_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("we").is_subject_pronoun());
            }

            #[test]
            fn us_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("us").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn us_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("us").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn us_is_plural_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("us").is_plural_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn us_is_object_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("us").is_object_pronoun());
            }

            #[test]
            fn ourselves_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("ourselves").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn ourselves_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("ourselves").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn ourselves_is_plural_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("ourselves").is_plural_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn ourselves_is_reflexive_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("ourselves").is_reflexive_pronoun());
            }
        }

        mod you_yourself {
            use crate::dict_word_metadata::tests::md;

            #[test]
            fn you_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("you").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn you_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("you").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn you_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("you").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn you_is_plural_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("you").is_plural_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn you_is_subject_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("you").is_subject_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn you_is_object_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("you").is_object_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn yourself_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("yourself").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn yourself_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("yourself").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn yourself_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("yourself").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn yourself_is_reflexive_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("yourself").is_reflexive_pronoun());
            }
        }

        mod he_him_himself {
            use crate::dict_word_metadata::tests::md;

            #[test]
            fn he_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("he").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn he_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("he").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn he_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("he").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn he_is_subject_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("he").is_subject_pronoun());
            }

            #[test]
            fn him_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("him").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn him_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("him").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn him_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("him").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn him_is_object_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("him").is_object_pronoun());
            }

            #[test]
            fn himself_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("himself").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn himself_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("himself").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn himself_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("himself").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn himself_is_reflexive_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("himself").is_reflexive_pronoun());
            }
        }

        mod she_her_herself {
            use crate::dict_word_metadata::tests::md;

            #[test]
            fn she_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("she").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn she_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("she").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn she_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("she").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn she_is_subject_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("she").is_subject_pronoun());
            }

            #[test]
            fn her_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("her").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn her_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("her").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn her_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("her").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn her_is_object_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("her").is_object_pronoun());
            }

            #[test]
            fn herself_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("herself").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn herself_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("herself").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn herself_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("herself").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn herself_is_reflexive_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("herself").is_reflexive_pronoun());
            }
        }

        mod it_itself {
            use crate::dict_word_metadata::tests::md;

            #[test]
            fn it_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("it").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn it_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("it").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn it_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("it").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn it_is_subject_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("it").is_subject_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn it_is_object_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("it").is_object_pronoun());
            }

            #[test]
            fn itself_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("itself").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn itself_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("itself").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn itself_is_singular_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("itself").is_singular_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn itself_is_reflexive_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("itself").is_reflexive_pronoun());
            }
        }

        mod they_them_themselves {
            use crate::dict_word_metadata::tests::md;

            #[test]
            fn they_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("they").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn they_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("they").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn they_is_plural_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("they").is_plural_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn they_is_subject_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("they").is_subject_pronoun());
            }

            #[test]
            fn them_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("them").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn them_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("them").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn them_is_plural_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("them").is_plural_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn them_is_object_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("them").is_object_pronoun());
            }

            #[test]
            fn themselves_is_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("themselves").is_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn themselves_is_personal_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("themselves").is_personal_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn themselves_is_plural_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("themselves").is_plural_pronoun());
            }
            #[test]
            fn themselves_is_reflexive_pronoun() {
                assert!(md("themselves").is_reflexive_pronoun());
            }
        }

        // Possessive pronouns (not to be confused with possessive adjectives/determiners)
        #[test]
        fn mine_is_pronoun() {
            assert!(md("mine").is_pronoun());
        }
        #[test]
        fn ours_is_pronoun() {
            assert!(md("ours").is_pronoun());
        }
        #[test]
        fn yours_is_pronoun() {
            assert!(md("yours").is_pronoun());
        }
        #[test]
        fn his_is_pronoun() {
            assert!(md("his").is_pronoun());
        }
        #[test]
        fn hers_is_pronoun() {
            assert!(md("hers").is_pronoun());
        }
        #[test]
        fn its_is_pronoun() {
            assert!(md("its").is_pronoun());
        }
        #[test]
        fn theirs_is_pronoun() {
            assert!(md("theirs").is_pronoun());
        }

        // archaic pronouns
        #[test]
        fn archaic_pronouns() {
            assert!(md("thou").is_pronoun());
            assert!(md("thee").is_pronoun());
            assert!(md("thyself").is_pronoun());
            assert!(md("thine").is_pronoun());
        }

        // generic pronouns
        #[test]
        fn generic_pronouns() {
            assert!(md("one").is_pronoun());
            assert!(md("oneself").is_pronoun());
        }

        // relative and interrogative pronouns
        #[test]
        fn relative_and_interrogative_pronouns() {
            assert!(md("who").is_pronoun());
            assert!(md("whom").is_pronoun());
            assert!(md("whose").is_pronoun());
            assert!(md("which").is_pronoun());
            assert!(md("what").is_pronoun());
        }

        // nonstandard pronouns
        #[test]
        #[ignore = "not in dictionary"]
        fn nonstandard_pronouns() {
            assert!(md("themself").pronoun.is_some());
            assert!(md("y'all'").pronoun.is_some());
        }
    }

    mod nominal {
        use crate::dict_word_metadata::tests::md;

        #[test]
        fn my_is_possessive_nominal() {
            assert!(md("my").is_possessive_nominal());
        }

        #[test]
        fn mine_is_not_possessive_nominal() {
            assert!(!md("mine").is_possessive_nominal());
        }

        #[test]
        fn freds_is_possessive_nominal() {
            assert!(md("Fred's").is_possessive_nominal());
        }

        #[test]
        fn fred_is_not_possessive_nominal() {
            assert!(!md("Fred").is_possessive_nominal());
        }

        #[test]
        fn dogs_is_possessive_nominal() {
            assert!(md("dog's").is_possessive_nominal());
        }

        #[test]
        fn microsofts_is_possessive_nominal() {
            assert!(md("Microsoft's").is_possessive_nominal());
        }
    }

    mod adjective {
        use crate::{Degree, dict_word_metadata::tests::md};

        // Getting degrees

        #[test]
        #[ignore = "not marked yet because it might not be reliable"]
        fn big_is_positive() {
            assert_eq!(md("big").get_degree(), Some(Degree::Positive));
        }

        #[test]
        fn bigger_is_comparative() {
            assert_eq!(md("bigger").get_degree(), Some(Degree::Comparative));
        }

        #[test]
        fn biggest_is_superlative() {
            assert_eq!(md("biggest").get_degree(), Some(Degree::Superlative));
        }

        #[test]
        #[should_panic(expected = "Word 'bigly' not found in dictionary")]
        fn bigly_is_not_an_adjective_form_we_track() {
            assert_eq!(md("bigly").get_degree(), None);
        }

        // Calling is_ methods

        // TODO: positive degree not implemented

        #[test]
        fn bigger_is_comparative_adjective() {
            assert!(md("bigger").is_comparative_adjective());
        }

        #[test]
        fn biggest_is_superlative_adjective() {
            assert!(md("biggest").is_superlative_adjective());
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn the_is_determiner() {
        assert!(md("the").is_determiner());
    }
    #[test]
    fn this_is_demonstrative_determiner() {
        assert!(md("this").is_demonstrative_determiner());
    }
    #[test]
    fn your_is_possessive_determiner() {
        assert!(md("your").is_possessive_determiner());
    }

    #[test]
    fn every_is_quantifier() {
        assert!(md("every").is_quantifier());
    }

    #[test]
    fn the_isnt_quantifier() {
        assert!(!md("the").is_quantifier());
    }

    #[test]
    fn equipment_is_mass_noun() {
        assert!(md("equipment").is_mass_noun());
    }

    #[test]
    fn equipment_is_non_countable_noun() {
        assert!(md("equipment").is_non_countable_noun());
    }

    #[test]
    fn equipment_isnt_countable_noun() {
        assert!(!md("equipment").is_countable_noun());
    }

    mod verb {
        use crate::dict_word_metadata::tests::md;

        #[test]
        fn lemma_walk() {
            let md = md("walk");
            assert!(md.is_verb_lemma())
        }

        #[test]
        fn lemma_fix() {
            let md = md("fix");
            assert!(md.is_verb_lemma())
        }

        #[test]
        fn progressive_walking() {
            let md = md("walking");
            assert!(md.is_verb_progressive_form())
        }

        #[test]
        fn past_walked() {
            let md = md("walked");
            assert!(md.is_verb_past_form())
        }

        #[test]
        fn simple_past_ate() {
            let md = md("ate");
            assert!(md.is_verb_simple_past_form())
        }

        #[test]
        fn past_participle_eaten() {
            let md = md("eaten");
            assert!(md.is_verb_past_participle_form())
        }

        #[test]
        fn third_pers_sing_walks() {
            let md = md("walks");
            assert!(md.is_verb_third_person_singular_present_form())
        }
    }
}