go_parser/

parser.rs

// Copyright 2022 The Goscript Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
//
//
// This code is adapted from the offical Go code written in Go
// with license as follows:
// Copyright 2013 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

use super::ast::*;
use super::errors::{ErrorList, FilePosErrors};
use super::objects::*;
use super::position;
use super::scanner;
use super::scope::*;
use super::token::{Token, LOWEST_PREC};
use std::rc::Rc;

macro_rules! new_scope {
    ($owner:ident, $outer:expr) => {
        $owner.objects.scopes.insert(Scope::new($outer))
    };
}

macro_rules! new_ident {
    ($owner:ident, $pos:expr, $name:expr, $entity:expr) => {
        $owner.objects.idents.insert(Ident {
            pos: $pos,
            name: $name,
            entity: $entity,
        })
    };
}

macro_rules! new_field {
    ($owner:ident, $names:expr, $typ:expr, $tag:expr) => {
        $owner.objects.fields.insert(Field {
            names: $names,
            typ: $typ,
            tag: $tag,
        })
    };
}

// Parsing modes for parseSimpleStmt.
#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
enum ParseSimpleMode {
    Basic,
    LabelOk,
    RangeOk,
}

pub struct Parser<'a> {
    objects: &'a mut AstObjects,
    scanner: scanner::Scanner<'a>,
    errors: &'a ErrorList,

    trace: bool,
    indent: isize,

    pos: position::Pos,
    token: Token,

    sync_pos: position::Pos,
    sync_count: isize,

    expr_level: isize,
    in_rhs: bool,

    pkg_scope: Option<ScopeKey>,
    top_scope: Option<ScopeKey>,
    unresolved: Vec<IdentKey>,
    imports: Vec<SpecKey>, //ImportSpec

    label_scope: Option<ScopeKey>,
    target_stack: Vec<Vec<IdentKey>>,
}

impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
    pub fn new(
        objs: &'a mut AstObjects,
        file: &'a mut position::File,
        el: &'a ErrorList,
        src: &'a str,
        trace: bool,
    ) -> Parser<'a> {
        let s = scanner::Scanner::new(file, src, el);
        let mut p = Parser {
            objects: objs,
            scanner: s,
            errors: el,
            trace: trace,
            indent: 0,
            pos: 0,
            token: Token::NONE,
            sync_pos: 0,
            sync_count: 0,
            expr_level: 0,
            in_rhs: false,
            pkg_scope: None,
            top_scope: None,
            unresolved: vec![],
            imports: vec![],
            label_scope: None,
            target_stack: vec![],
        };
        p.next(); // get the first token ready
        p
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Getters

    pub fn get_errors(&self) -> &ErrorList {
        self.errors
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Scoping support

    fn open_scope(&mut self) {
        self.top_scope = Some(new_scope!(self, self.top_scope));
    }

    fn close_scope(&mut self) {
        self.top_scope = self.objects.scopes[self.top_scope.unwrap()].outer;
    }

    fn open_label_scope(&mut self) {
        self.label_scope = Some(new_scope!(self, self.label_scope));
        self.target_stack.push(vec![]);
    }

    fn close_label_scope(&mut self) {
        let scope = &self.objects.scopes[*self.label_scope.as_ref().unwrap()];
        match self.target_stack.pop() {
            Some(v) => {
                for i in v {
                    let ident = &mut self.objects.idents[i];
                    match scope.look_up(&ident.name) {
                        Some(e) => {
                            ident.entity = IdentEntity::Entity(*e);
                        }
                        None => {
                            let s = format!("label {} undefined", ident.name);
                            self.error(self.pos, s);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => panic!("invalid target stack."),
        }
        self.label_scope = self.objects.scopes[self.label_scope.unwrap()].outer;
    }

    fn declare(&mut self, decl: DeclObj, data: EntityData, kind: EntityKind, scope_ind: &ScopeKey) {
        let mut names: Vec<IdentKey> = vec![];
        let idents = match decl {
            DeclObj::Field(id) => &(self.objects.fields[id].names),
            DeclObj::Spec(id) => match &self.objects.specs[id] {
                Spec::Value(vs) => &vs.names,
                Spec::Type(ts) => {
                    names.push(ts.name);
                    &names
                }
                Spec::Import(_) => &names,
            },
            DeclObj::FuncDecl(i) => {
                let func_decl = &self.objects.fdecls[i];
                names.push(func_decl.name);
                &names
            }
            DeclObj::LabeledStmt(i) => {
                names.push(self.objects.l_stmts[i].label);
                &names
            }
            DeclObj::AssignStmt(_) => {
                unreachable!();
            }
            DeclObj::NoDecl => &names,
        };
        for id in idents.iter() {
            let mut_ident = &mut self.objects.idents[*id];
            let entity_obj = Entity::new(
                kind.clone(),
                mut_ident.name.clone(),
                decl.clone(),
                data.clone(),
            );
            let entity = self.objects.entities.insert(entity_obj);
            mut_ident.entity = IdentEntity::Entity(entity);
            let ident = &self.objects.idents[*id];
            if ident.name != "_" {
                let scope = &mut self.objects.scopes[*scope_ind];
                match scope.insert(ident.name.clone(), entity) {
                    Some(prev_decl) => {
                        let p = self.objects.entities[prev_decl].pos(&self.objects);
                        self.error(
                            ident.pos,
                            format!(
                                "{} redeclared in this block\n\tprevious declaration at {}",
                                ident.name,
                                self.file().position(p)
                            ),
                        );
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn short_var_decl(&mut self, stmt: &Stmt) {
        // Go spec: A short variable declaration may redeclare variables
        // provided they were originally declared in the same block with
        // the same type, and at least one of the non-blank variables is new.
        let assign = if let Stmt::Assign(idx) = stmt {
            *idx
        } else {
            unreachable!();
        };
        let list = &self.objects.a_stmts[assign].lhs;
        let mut n = 0; // number of new variables
        for expr in list {
            match expr {
                Expr::Ident(id) => {
                    let ident = &mut self.objects.idents[*id];
                    if ident.name != "_" {
                        let top_scope = &mut self.objects.scopes[self.top_scope.unwrap()];
                        match top_scope.look_up(&ident.name) {
                            Some(e) => {
                                ident.entity = IdentEntity::Entity(*e);
                            }
                            None => {
                                let entity_obj = Entity::new(
                                    EntityKind::Var,
                                    ident.name.clone(),
                                    DeclObj::AssignStmt(assign),
                                    EntityData::NoData,
                                );
                                let entity = self.objects.entities.insert(entity_obj);
                                top_scope.insert(ident.name.clone(), entity);
                                ident.entity = IdentEntity::Entity(entity);
                                n += 1;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    self.error_expected(expr.pos(&self.objects), "identifier on left side of :=");
                }
            }
        }
        if n == 0 {
            self.error_str(
                list[0].pos(&self.objects),
                "no new variables on left side of :=",
            )
        }
    }

    // If x is an identifier, tryResolve attempts to resolve x by looking up
    // the object it denotes. If no object is found and collectUnresolved is
    // set, x is marked as unresolved and collected in the list of unresolved
    // identifiers.
    fn try_resolve(&mut self, x: &Expr, collect_unresolved: bool) {
        if let Expr::Ident(i) = x {
            let ident = &mut self.objects.idents[*i];
            assert!(
                ident.entity.is_none(),
                "identifier already declared or resolved"
            );
            if ident.name == "_" {
                return;
            }
            // try to resolve the identifier
            let mut s = self.top_scope;
            loop {
                match s {
                    Some(sidx) => {
                        let scope = &self.objects.scopes[sidx];
                        if let Some(entity) = scope.look_up(&ident.name) {
                            ident.entity = IdentEntity::Entity(*entity);
                            return;
                        }
                        s = scope.outer;
                    }
                    None => {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            // all local scopes are known, so any unresolved identifier
            // must be found either in the file scope, package scope
            // (perhaps in another file), or universe scope --- collect
            // them so that they can be resolved later
            if collect_unresolved {
                ident.entity = IdentEntity::Sentinel;
                self.unresolved.push(*i);
            }
        }
    }

    fn resolve(&mut self, x: &Expr) {
        self.try_resolve(x, true)
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Parsing support

    fn file(&self) -> &position::File {
        self.scanner.file()
    }

    fn print_trace(&self, pos: position::Pos, msg: &str) {
        if !self.trace {
            return;
        }
        let f = self.file();
        let p = f.position(pos);
        let mut buf = format!("{:5}:{:3}:", p.line, p.column);
        for _ in 0..self.indent {
            buf.push_str("..");
        }
        print!("{}{}\n", buf, msg);
    }

    fn trace_begin(&mut self, msg: &str) {
        let mut trace_str = msg.to_string();
        trace_str.push('(');
        self.print_trace(self.pos, &trace_str);
        self.indent += 1;
    }

    fn trace_end(&mut self) {
        self.indent -= 1;
        self.print_trace(self.pos, ")");
    }

    fn next(&mut self) {
        // Get next token and skip comments
        loop {
            let (token, pos) = self.scanner.scan();
            match token {
                Token::COMMENT(_) => {
                    // Skip comment
                    self.print_trace(pos, &format!("{}", token));
                }
                _ => {
                    self.print_trace(pos, &format!("next: {}", token));
                    self.token = token;
                    self.pos = pos;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn error_str(&self, pos: position::Pos, s: &str) {
        FilePosErrors::new(self.file(), self.errors).parser_add_str(pos, s);
    }

    fn error(&self, pos: position::Pos, msg: String) {
        FilePosErrors::new(self.file(), self.errors).parser_add(pos, msg);
    }

    fn error_expected(&self, pos: position::Pos, msg: &str) {
        let mut mstr = "expected ".to_owned();
        mstr.push_str(msg);
        if pos == self.pos {
            match &self.token {
                Token::SEMICOLON(real) => {
                    if !*real.as_bool() {
                        mstr.push_str(", found newline");
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    mstr.push_str(", found ");
                    mstr.push_str(self.token.text());
                }
            }
        }
        self.error(pos, mstr);
    }

    fn expect(&mut self, token: &Token) -> position::Pos {
        let pos = self.pos;
        if self.token != *token {
            self.error_expected(pos, &format!("'{}'", token));
        }
        self.next();
        pos
    }

    // https://github.com/golang/go/issues/3008
    // Same as expect but with better error message for certain cases
    fn expect_closing(&mut self, token: &Token, context: &str) -> position::Pos {
        if let Token::SEMICOLON(real) = token {
            if !*real.as_bool() {
                let msg = format!("missing ',' before newline in {}", context);
                self.error(self.pos, msg);
                self.next();
            }
        }
        self.expect(token)
    }

    fn expect_semi(&mut self) {
        // semicolon is optional before a closing ')' or '}'
        match self.token {
            Token::RPAREN | Token::RBRACE => {}
            Token::SEMICOLON(_) => {
                self.next();
            }
            _ => {
                if let Token::COMMA = self.token {
                    // permit a ',' instead of a ';' but complain
                    self.error_expected(self.pos, "';'");
                    self.next();
                }
                self.error_expected(self.pos, "';'");
                self.advance(Token::is_stmt_start);
            }
        }
    }

    fn at_comma(&self, context: &str, follow: &Token) -> bool {
        if self.token == Token::COMMA {
            true
        } else if self.token != *follow {
            let mut msg = "missing ','".to_owned();
            if let Token::SEMICOLON(real) = &self.token {
                if !*real.as_bool() {
                    msg.push_str(" before newline");
                }
            }
            msg = format!("{} in {}", msg, context);
            self.error(self.pos, msg);
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    // advance consumes tokens until the current token p.tok
    // is in the 'to' set, or token.EOF. For error recovery.
    fn advance(&mut self, to: fn(&Token) -> bool) {
        while self.token != Token::EOF {
            self.next();
            if to(&self.token) {
                // Return only if parser made some progress since last
                // sync or if it has not reached 10 advance calls without
                // progress. Otherwise consume at least one token to
                // avoid an endless parser loop (it is possible that
                // both parseOperand and parseStmt call advance and
                // correctly do not advance, thus the need for the
                // invocation limit p.syncCnt).
                if self.pos == self.sync_pos && self.sync_count < 10 {
                    self.sync_count += 1;
                    break;
                }
                if self.pos > self.sync_pos {
                    self.sync_pos = self.pos;
                    self.sync_count = 0;
                    break;
                }
                // Reaching here indicates a parser bug, likely an
                // incorrect token list in this function, but it only
                // leads to skipping of possibly correct code if a
                // previous error is present, and thus is preferred
                // over a non-terminating parse.
            }
        }
    }

    // safe_pos returns a valid file position for a given position: If pos
    // is valid to begin with, safe_pos returns pos. If pos is out-of-range,
    // safe_pos returns the EOF position.
    //
    // This is hack to work around "artificial" end positions in the AST which
    // are computed by adding 1 to (presumably valid) token positions. If the
    // token positions are invalid due to parse errors, the resulting end position
    // may be past the file's EOF position, which would lead to panics if used
    // later on.
    fn safe_pos(&self, pos: position::Pos) -> position::Pos {
        let max = self.file().base() + self.file().size();
        if pos > max {
            max
        } else {
            pos
        }
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Identifiers

    fn parse_ident(&mut self) -> IdentKey {
        let pos = self.pos;
        let mut name = "_".to_owned();
        if let Token::IDENT(lit) = &self.token {
            name = lit.as_str().clone();
            self.next();
        } else {
            self.expect(&Token::IDENT("".to_owned().into()));
        }
        self.objects.idents.insert(Ident {
            pos: pos,
            name: name,
            entity: IdentEntity::NoEntity,
        })
    }

    fn parse_ident_list(&mut self) -> Vec<IdentKey> {
        self.trace_begin("IdentList");

        let mut list = vec![self.parse_ident()];
        while self.token == Token::COMMA {
            self.next();
            list.push(self.parse_ident());
        }

        self.trace_end();
        list
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Common productions
    fn parse_expr_list(&mut self, lhs: bool) -> Vec<Expr> {
        self.trace_begin("ExpressionList");

        let expr = self.parse_expr(lhs);
        let mut list = vec![self.check_expr(expr)];
        while self.token == Token::COMMA {
            self.next();
            let expr = self.parse_expr(lhs);
            list.push(self.check_expr(expr));
        }

        self.trace_end();
        list
    }

    fn parse_lhs_list(&mut self) -> Vec<Expr> {
        let bak = self.in_rhs;
        self.in_rhs = false;
        let list = self.parse_expr_list(true);
        match self.token {
            // lhs of a short variable declaration
            // but doesn't enter scope until later:
            // caller must call self.short_var_decl(list)
            // at appropriate time.
            Token::DEFINE => {}
            // lhs of a label declaration or a communication clause of a select
            // statement (parse_lhs_list is not called when parsing the case clause
            // of a switch statement):
            // - labels are declared by the caller of parse_lhs_list
            // - for communication clauses, if there is a stand-alone identifier
            //   followed by a colon, we have a syntax error; there is no need
            //   to resolve the identifier in that case
            Token::COLON => {}
            _ => {
                // identifiers must be declared elsewhere
                for x in list.iter() {
                    self.resolve(x);
                }
            }
        }
        self.in_rhs = bak;
        list
    }

    fn parse_rhs_list(&mut self) -> Vec<Expr> {
        let bak = self.in_rhs;
        self.in_rhs = true;
        let list = self.parse_expr_list(false);
        self.in_rhs = bak;
        list
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Types
    fn parse_type(&mut self) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("Type");

        let typ = self.try_type();
        let ret = if typ.is_none() {
            let pos = self.pos;
            self.error_expected(pos, "type");
            self.next();
            Expr::new_bad(pos, self.pos)
        } else {
            typ.unwrap()
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    // If the result is an identifier, it is not resolved.
    fn parse_type_name(&mut self) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("TypeName");

        let ident = self.parse_ident();
        let x_ident = Expr::Ident(ident);
        // don't resolve ident yet - it may be a parameter or field name
        let ret = if let Token::PERIOD = self.token {
            // ident is a package name
            self.next();
            self.resolve(&x_ident);
            let sel = self.parse_ident();
            Expr::new_selector(x_ident, sel)
        } else {
            x_ident
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    fn parse_array_type(&mut self) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("ArrayType");

        let lpos = self.expect(&Token::LBRACK);
        self.expr_level += 1;
        let len = match self.token {
            // always permit ellipsis for more fault-tolerant parsing
            Token::ELLIPSIS => {
                let ell = Expr::new_ellipsis(self.pos, None);
                self.next();
                Some(ell)
            }
            _ if self.token != Token::RBRACK => Some(self.parse_rhs()),
            _ => None,
        };
        self.expr_level -= 1;
        self.expect(&Token::RBRACK);
        let elt = self.parse_type();

        self.trace_end();
        Expr::Array(Rc::new(ArrayType {
            l_brack: lpos,
            len: len,
            elt: elt,
        }))
    }

    fn make_ident_list(&mut self, exprs: &mut Vec<Expr>) -> Vec<IdentKey> {
        exprs
            .iter()
            .map(|x| {
                match x {
                    Expr::Ident(ident) => *ident,
                    _ => {
                        let pos = x.pos(&self.objects);
                        if let Expr::Bad(_) = x {
                            // only report error if it's a new one
                            self.error_expected(pos, "identifier")
                        }
                        new_ident!(self, pos, "_".to_owned(), IdentEntity::NoEntity)
                    }
                }
            })
            .collect()
    }

    fn parse_field_decl(&mut self, scope: ScopeKey) -> FieldKey {
        self.trace_begin("FieldDecl");

        // 1st FieldDecl
        // A type name used as an anonymous field looks like a field identifier.
        let mut list = vec![];
        loop {
            list.push(self.parse_var_type(false));
            if self.token != Token::COMMA {
                break;
            }
            self.next();
        }

        let mut idents = vec![];
        let typ = match self.try_var_type(false) {
            Some(t) => {
                idents = self.make_ident_list(&mut list);
                t
            }
            // ["*"] TypeName (AnonymousField)
            None => {
                let first = &list[0]; // we always have at least one element
                if list.len() > 1 {
                    self.error_expected(self.pos, "type");
                    Expr::new_bad(self.pos, self.pos)
                } else if !Parser::is_type_name(Parser::deref(first)) {
                    self.error_expected(self.pos, "anonymous field");
                    Expr::new_bad(
                        first.pos(&self.objects),
                        self.safe_pos(first.end(&self.objects)),
                    )
                } else {
                    list.into_iter().nth(0).unwrap()
                }
            }
        };

        // Tag
        let token = self.token.clone();
        let tag = if let Token::STRING(_) = token {
            let t = Some(Expr::new_basic_lit(self.pos, self.token.clone()));
            self.next();
            t
        } else {
            None
        };

        self.expect_semi();

        let to_resolve = typ.clone_ident();
        let field = new_field!(self, idents, typ, tag);
        self.declare(
            DeclObj::Field(field),
            EntityData::NoData,
            EntityKind::Var,
            &scope,
        );
        if let Some(ident) = to_resolve {
            self.resolve(&ident);
        }

        self.trace_end();
        field
    }

    fn parse_struct_type(&mut self) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("FieldDecl");

        let stru = self.expect(&Token::STRUCT);
        let lbrace = self.expect(&Token::LBRACE);
        let scope = new_scope!(self, None);
        let mut list = vec![];
        loop {
            match &self.token {
                Token::IDENT(_) | Token::MUL | Token::LPAREN => {
                    list.push(self.parse_field_decl(scope));
                }
                _ => {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        let rbrace = self.expect(&Token::RBRACE);

        self.trace_end();
        Expr::Struct(Rc::new(StructType {
            struct_pos: stru,
            fields: FieldList::new(Some(lbrace), list, Some(rbrace)),
            incomplete: false,
        }))
    }

    fn parse_pointer_type(&mut self) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("PointerType");

        let star = self.expect(&Token::MUL);
        let base = self.parse_type();

        self.trace_end();
        Expr::Star(Rc::new(StarExpr {
            star: star,
            expr: base,
        }))
    }

    // If the result is an identifier, it is not resolved.
    fn try_var_type(&mut self, is_param: bool) -> Option<Expr> {
        if is_param {
            if let Token::ELLIPSIS = self.token {
                let pos = self.pos;
                self.next();
                let typ = if let Some(t) = self.try_ident_or_type() {
                    self.resolve(&t);
                    t
                } else {
                    self.error_str(pos, "'...' parameter is missing type");
                    Expr::new_bad(pos, self.pos)
                };
                return Some(Expr::new_ellipsis(pos, Some(typ)));
            }
        }
        self.try_ident_or_type()
    }

    fn parse_var_type(&mut self, is_param: bool) -> Expr {
        match self.try_var_type(is_param) {
            Some(typ) => typ,
            None => {
                let pos = self.pos;
                self.error_expected(pos, "type");
                self.next();
                Expr::new_bad(pos, self.pos)
            }
        }
    }

    fn parse_parameter_list(&mut self, scope: ScopeKey, ellipsis_ok: bool) -> Vec<FieldKey> {
        self.trace_begin("ParameterList");

        // 1st ParameterDecl
        // A list of identifiers looks like a list of type names.
        let mut list = vec![];
        loop {
            list.push(self.parse_var_type(ellipsis_ok));
            if self.token != Token::COMMA {
                break;
            }
            self.next();
            if self.token == Token::RPAREN {
                break;
            }
        }
        let mut params = vec![];
        let typ = self.try_var_type(ellipsis_ok);
        if let Some(t) = typ {
            // IdentifierList Type
            let idents = self.make_ident_list(&mut list);
            let to_resolve = t.clone_ident();
            let field = new_field!(self, idents, t, None);
            params.push(field);
            // Go spec: The scope of an identifier denoting a function
            // parameter or result variable is the function body.
            self.declare(
                DeclObj::Field(field),
                EntityData::NoData,
                EntityKind::Var,
                &scope,
            );
            if let Some(ident) = to_resolve {
                self.resolve(&ident);
            }
            if !self.at_comma("parameter list", &Token::RPAREN) {
                self.trace_end();
                return params;
            }
            self.next();
            while self.token != Token::RPAREN && self.token != Token::EOF {
                let idents = self.parse_ident_list();
                let t = self.parse_var_type(ellipsis_ok);
                let to_resolve = t.clone_ident();
                let field = new_field!(self, idents, t, None);
                // warning: copy paste
                params.push(field);
                // Go spec: The scope of an identifier denoting a function
                // parameter or result variable is the function body.
                self.declare(
                    DeclObj::Field(field),
                    EntityData::NoData,
                    EntityKind::Var,
                    &scope,
                );
                if let Some(ident) = to_resolve {
                    self.resolve(&ident);
                }
                if !self.at_comma("parameter list", &Token::RPAREN) {
                    break;
                }
                self.next();
            }
        } else {
            // Type { "," Type } (anonymous parameters)
            for typ in list {
                self.resolve(&typ);
                params.push(new_field!(self, vec![], typ, None));
            }
        }
        self.trace_end();
        params
    }

    fn parse_parameters(&mut self, scope: ScopeKey, ellipsis_ok: bool) -> FieldList {
        self.trace_begin("Parameters");

        let mut params = vec![];
        let lparen = Some(self.expect(&Token::LPAREN));
        if self.token != Token::RPAREN {
            params = self.parse_parameter_list(scope, ellipsis_ok);
        }
        let rparen = Some(self.expect(&Token::RPAREN));

        self.trace_end();
        FieldList::new(lparen, params, rparen)
    }

    fn parse_result(&mut self, scope: ScopeKey) -> Option<FieldList> {
        self.trace_begin("Result");

        let ret = if self.token == Token::LPAREN {
            Some(self.parse_parameters(scope, false))
        } else {
            self.try_type().map(|t| {
                let field = new_field!(self, vec![], t, None);
                FieldList::new(None, vec![field], None)
            })
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    fn parse_signature(&mut self, scope: ScopeKey) -> (FieldList, Option<FieldList>) {
        self.trace_begin("Signature");

        let params = self.parse_parameters(scope, true);
        let results = self.parse_result(scope);

        self.trace_end();
        (params, results)
    }

    fn parse_func_type(&mut self) -> (FuncType, ScopeKey) {
        self.trace_begin("FuncType");

        let pos = self.expect(&Token::FUNC);
        let scope = new_scope!(self, self.top_scope);
        let (params, results) = self.parse_signature(scope);

        self.trace_end();
        (FuncType::new(Some(pos), params, results), scope)
    }

    // method spec in interface
    fn parse_method_spec(&mut self, scope: ScopeKey) -> FieldKey {
        self.trace_begin("MethodSpec");

        let mut idents = vec![];
        let mut typ = self.parse_type_name();
        let ident = typ.try_as_ident();
        if ident.is_some() && self.token == Token::LPAREN {
            idents = vec![*ident.unwrap()];
            let scope = new_scope!(self, self.top_scope);
            let (params, results) = self.parse_signature(scope);
            typ = Expr::box_func_type(FuncType::new(None, params, results), &mut self.objects);
        } else {
            // embedded interface
            self.resolve(&typ);
        }
        self.expect_semi();
        let field = new_field!(self, idents, typ, None);
        self.declare(
            DeclObj::Field(field),
            EntityData::NoData,
            EntityKind::Fun,
            &scope,
        );

        self.trace_end();
        field
    }

    fn parse_interface_type(&mut self) -> InterfaceType {
        self.trace_begin("InterfaceType");

        let pos = self.expect(&Token::INTERFACE);
        let lbrace = self.expect(&Token::LBRACE);
        let scope = new_scope!(self, None);
        let mut list = vec![];
        loop {
            if let Token::IDENT(_) = self.token {
            } else {
                break;
            }
            list.push(self.parse_method_spec(scope));
        }
        let rbrace = self.expect(&Token::RBRACE);

        self.trace_end();
        InterfaceType {
            interface: pos,
            methods: FieldList {
                openning: Some(lbrace),
                list: list,
                closing: Some(rbrace),
            },
            incomplete: false,
        }
    }

    fn parse_map_type(&mut self) -> MapType {
        self.trace_begin("MapType");

        let pos = self.expect(&Token::MAP);
        self.expect(&Token::LBRACK);
        let key = self.parse_type();
        self.expect(&Token::RBRACK);
        let val = self.parse_type();

        self.trace_end();
        MapType {
            map: pos,
            key: key,
            val: val,
        }
    }

    fn parse_chan_type(&mut self) -> ChanType {
        self.trace_begin("ChanType");

        let pos = self.pos;
        let arrow_pos: position::Pos;
        let dir: ChanDir;
        if let Token::CHAN = self.token {
            self.next();
            if let Token::ARROW = self.token {
                arrow_pos = self.pos;
                self.next();
                dir = ChanDir::Send;
            } else {
                arrow_pos = 0;
                dir = ChanDir::SendRecv;
            }
        } else {
            arrow_pos = self.expect(&Token::ARROW);
            self.expect(&Token::CHAN);
            dir = ChanDir::Recv;
        }
        let val = self.parse_type();

        self.trace_end();
        ChanType {
            begin: pos,
            arrow: arrow_pos,
            dir: dir,
            val: val,
        }
    }

    // Returns a ident or a type
    // If the result is an identifier, it is not resolved.
    fn try_ident_or_type(&mut self) -> Option<Expr> {
        match self.token {
            Token::IDENT(_) => Some(self.parse_type_name()),
            Token::LBRACK => Some(self.parse_array_type()),
            Token::STRUCT => Some(self.parse_struct_type()),
            Token::MUL => Some(self.parse_pointer_type()),
            Token::FUNC => {
                let (typ, _) = self.parse_func_type();
                Some(Expr::box_func_type(typ, &mut self.objects))
            }
            Token::INTERFACE => Some(Expr::Interface(Rc::new(self.parse_interface_type()))),
            Token::MAP => Some(Expr::Map(Rc::new(self.parse_map_type()))),
            Token::CHAN | Token::ARROW => Some(Expr::Chan(Rc::new(self.parse_chan_type()))),
            Token::LPAREN => {
                let lparen = self.pos;
                self.next();
                let typ = self.parse_type();
                let rparen = self.expect(&Token::RPAREN);
                Some(Expr::Paren(Rc::new(ParenExpr {
                    l_paren: lparen,
                    expr: typ,
                    r_paren: rparen,
                })))
            }
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    fn try_type(&mut self) -> Option<Expr> {
        if let Some(typ) = self.try_ident_or_type() {
            self.resolve(&typ);
            Some(typ)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Blocks

    fn parse_stmt_list(&mut self) -> Vec<Stmt> {
        self.trace_begin("Body");

        let mut list = vec![];
        loop {
            match self.token {
                Token::CASE | Token::DEFAULT | Token::RBRACE | Token::EOF => {
                    break;
                }
                _ => {}
            };
            list.push(self.parse_stmt());
        }

        self.trace_end();
        list
    }

    fn parse_body(&mut self, scope: ScopeKey) -> BlockStmt {
        self.trace_begin("Body");

        let lbrace = self.expect(&Token::LBRACE);
        self.top_scope = Some(scope); // open function scope
        self.open_label_scope();
        let list = self.parse_stmt_list();
        self.close_label_scope();
        self.close_scope();
        let rbrace = self.expect(&Token::RBRACE);

        self.trace_end();
        BlockStmt::new(lbrace, list, rbrace)
    }

    fn parse_block_stmt(&mut self) -> BlockStmt {
        self.trace_begin("BlockStmt");

        let lbrace = self.expect(&Token::LBRACE);
        self.open_scope();
        let list = self.parse_stmt_list();
        self.close_scope();
        let rbrace = self.expect(&Token::RBRACE);

        self.trace_end();
        BlockStmt::new(lbrace, list, rbrace)
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Expressions

    fn parse_func_type_or_lit(&mut self) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("BlockStmt");

        let (typ, scope) = self.parse_func_type();
        let typ_key = self.objects.ftypes.insert(typ);
        let ret = if self.token != Token::LBRACE {
            Expr::Func(typ_key)
        } else {
            self.expr_level += 1;
            let body = self.parse_body(scope);
            self.expr_level -= 1;
            Expr::FuncLit(Rc::new(FuncLit {
                typ: typ_key,
                body: Rc::new(body),
            }))
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    // parseOperand may return an expression or a raw type (incl. array
    // types of the form [...]T. Callers must verify the result.
    // If lhs is set and the result is an identifier, it is not resolved.
    fn parse_operand(&mut self, lhs: bool) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("Operand");

        let ret = match self.token {
            Token::IDENT(_) => {
                let x = Expr::Ident(self.parse_ident());
                if !lhs {
                    self.resolve(&x);
                }
                x
            }
            Token::INT(_)
            | Token::FLOAT(_)
            | Token::IMAG(_)
            | Token::CHAR(_)
            | Token::STRING(_) => {
                let x = Expr::new_basic_lit(self.pos, self.token.clone());
                self.next();
                x
            }
            Token::LPAREN => {
                let lparen = self.pos;
                self.next();
                self.expr_level += 1;
                // types may be parenthesized: (some type)
                let x = self.parse_rhs_or_type();
                self.expr_level -= 1;
                let rparen = self.expect(&Token::RPAREN);
                Expr::Paren(Rc::new(ParenExpr {
                    l_paren: lparen,
                    expr: x,
                    r_paren: rparen,
                }))
            }
            Token::FUNC => self.parse_func_type_or_lit(),
            _ => {
                if let Some(typ) = self.try_ident_or_type() {
                    if let Expr::Ident(_) = typ {
                        // unreachable but would work, so don't panic
                        assert!(false, "should only get idents here");
                    }
                    typ
                } else {
                    let pos = self.pos;
                    self.error_expected(pos, "operand");
                    self.advance(Token::is_stmt_start);
                    Expr::new_bad(pos, self.pos)
                }
            }
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    fn parse_selector(&mut self, x: Expr) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("Selector");
        let sel = self.parse_ident();
        self.trace_end();
        Expr::Selector(Rc::new(SelectorExpr { expr: x, sel: sel }))
    }

    fn parse_type_assertion(&mut self, x: Expr) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("TypeAssertion");

        let lparen = self.expect(&Token::LPAREN);
        let typ = if self.token == Token::TYPE {
            // type switch: typ == nil, i.e.: x.(type)
            self.next();
            None
        } else {
            Some(self.parse_type())
        };
        let rparen = self.expect(&Token::RPAREN);

        self.trace_end();
        Expr::TypeAssert(Rc::new(TypeAssertExpr {
            expr: x,
            l_paren: lparen,
            typ: typ,
            r_paren: rparen,
        }))
    }

    fn parse_index_or_slice(&mut self, x: Expr) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("IndexOrSlice");

        const N: usize = 3; // change the 3 to 2 to disable 3-index slices
        let lbrack = self.expect(&Token::LBRACK);
        self.expr_level += 1;
        let mut indices = vec![None, None, None];
        let mut colons = vec![0, 0, 0];
        let mut ncolons = 0;
        if self.token != Token::COLON {
            indices[0] = Some(self.parse_rhs());
        }
        while self.token == Token::COLON && ncolons < N - 1 {
            colons[ncolons] = self.pos;
            ncolons += 1;
            self.next();
            match self.token {
                Token::COLON | Token::RBRACK | Token::EOF => {}
                _ => indices[ncolons] = Some(self.parse_rhs()),
            }
        }
        self.expr_level -= 1;
        let rbrack = self.expect(&Token::RBRACK);
        let ret = if ncolons > 0 {
            let slice3 = ncolons == 2;
            if slice3 {
                // 3-index slices
                if indices[1].is_none() {
                    self.error_str(colons[0], "2nd index required in 3-index slice");
                    indices[1] = Some(Expr::new_bad(colons[0] + 1, colons[1]))
                }
                if indices[2].is_none() {
                    self.error_str(colons[1], "3rd index required in 3-index slice");
                    indices[2] = Some(Expr::new_bad(colons[1] + 1, colons[2]))
                }
            }
            let mut iter = indices.into_iter();
            Expr::Slice(Rc::new(SliceExpr {
                expr: x,
                l_brack: lbrack,
                low: iter.next().unwrap(), // unwrap the first of two Option
                high: iter.next().unwrap(),
                max: iter.next().unwrap(),
                slice3: slice3,
                r_brack: rbrack,
            }))
        } else {
            // the logic here differs from the original go code
            if indices[0].is_none() {
                self.error_str(lbrack, "expression for index value required");
                indices[0] = Some(Expr::new_bad(lbrack + 1, rbrack));
            }
            let index = indices.into_iter().nth(0).unwrap().unwrap();
            Expr::Index(Rc::new(IndexExpr {
                expr: x,
                l_brack: lbrack,
                index: index,
                r_brack: rbrack,
            }))
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    fn parse_call_or_conversion(&mut self, func: Expr) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("CallOrConversion");

        let lparen = self.expect(&Token::LPAREN);
        self.expr_level += 1;
        let mut list = vec![];
        let mut ellipsis: Option<position::Pos> = None;
        while self.token != Token::RPAREN && self.token != Token::EOF && ellipsis.is_none() {
            //// builtins may expect a type: make(some_type)
            list.push(self.parse_rhs_or_type());
            if self.token == Token::ELLIPSIS {
                ellipsis = Some(self.pos);
                self.next();
            }
            if !self.at_comma("argument list", &Token::RPAREN) {
                break;
            }
            self.next();
        }
        self.expr_level -= 1;
        let rparen = self.expect_closing(&Token::RPAREN, "argument list");

        self.trace_end();
        Expr::Call(Rc::new(CallExpr {
            func: func,
            l_paren: lparen,
            args: list,
            ellipsis: ellipsis,
            r_paren: rparen,
        }))
    }

    fn parse_value(&mut self, key_ok: bool) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("Value");

        let ret = if self.token == Token::LBRACE {
            self.parse_literal_value(None)
        } else {
            // Because the parser doesn't know the composite literal type, it cannot
            // know if a key that's an identifier is a struct field name or a name
            // denoting a value. The former is not resolved by the parser or the
            // resolver.
            //
            // Instead, _try_ to resolve such a key if possible. If it resolves,
            // it a) has correctly resolved, or b) incorrectly resolved because
            // the key is a struct field with a name matching another identifier.
            // In the former case we are done, and in the latter case we don't
            // care because the type checker will do a separate field lookup.
            //
            // If the key does not resolve, it a) must be defined at the top
            // level in another file of the same package, the universe scope, or be
            // undeclared; or b) it is a struct field. In the former case, the type
            // checker can do a top-level lookup, and in the latter case it will do
            // a separate field lookup.
            let x0 = self.parse_expr(key_ok);
            let x = self.check_expr(x0);
            if key_ok {
                if self.token == Token::COLON {
                    // Try to resolve the key but don't collect it
                    // as unresolved identifier if it fails so that
                    // we don't get (possibly false) errors about
                    // undeclared names.
                    self.try_resolve(&x, false)
                } else {
                    // not a key
                    self.resolve(&x)
                }
            }
            x
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    fn parse_element(&mut self) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("Element");

        let x = self.parse_value(true);
        let ret = if self.token == Token::COLON {
            let colon = self.pos;
            self.next();
            Expr::KeyValue(Rc::new(KeyValueExpr {
                key: x,
                colon: colon,
                val: self.parse_value(false),
            }))
        } else {
            x
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    fn parse_element_list(&mut self) -> Vec<Expr> {
        self.trace_begin("ElementList");

        let mut list = vec![];
        while self.token != Token::RBRACE && self.token != Token::EOF {
            list.push(self.parse_element());
            if !self.at_comma("composite literal", &Token::RBRACE) {
                break;
            }
            self.next();
        }

        self.trace_end();
        list
    }

    fn parse_literal_value(&mut self, typ: Option<Expr>) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("LiteralValue");

        let lbrace = self.expect(&Token::LBRACE);
        self.expr_level += 1;
        let elts = if self.token != Token::RBRACE {
            self.parse_element_list()
        } else {
            vec![]
        };
        self.expr_level -= 1;
        let rbrace = self.expect_closing(&Token::RBRACE, "composite literal");

        self.trace_end();
        Expr::CompositeLit(Rc::new(CompositeLit {
            typ: typ,
            l_brace: lbrace,
            elts: elts,
            r_brace: rbrace,
            incomplete: false,
        }))
    }

    // checkExpr checks that x is an expression (and not a type).
    fn check_expr(&self, x: Expr) -> Expr {
        let unparenx = Parser::unparen(&x);
        match unparenx {
            Expr::Bad(_) => x,
            Expr::Ident(_) => x,
            Expr::BasicLit(_) => x,
            Expr::FuncLit(_) => x,
            Expr::CompositeLit(_) => x,
            Expr::Paren(_) => {
                unreachable!();
            }
            Expr::Selector(_) => x,
            Expr::Index(_) => x,
            Expr::Slice(_) => x,
            // If t.Type == nil we have a type assertion of the form
            // y.(type), which is only allowed in type switch expressions.
            // It's hard to exclude those but for the case where we are in
            // a type switch. Instead be lenient and test this in the type
            // checker.
            Expr::TypeAssert(_) => x,
            Expr::Call(_) => x,
            Expr::Star(_) => x,
            Expr::Unary(_) => x,
            Expr::Binary(_) => x,
            _ => {
                self.error_expected(self.pos, "expression");
                Expr::new_bad(x.pos(&self.objects), self.safe_pos(x.end(&self.objects)))
            }
        }
    }

    // isTypeName reports whether x is a (qualified) TypeName.
    fn is_type_name(x: &Expr) -> bool {
        match x {
            Expr::Bad(_) | Expr::Ident(_) => true,
            Expr::Selector(s) => {
                if let Expr::Ident(_) = s.expr {
                    true
                } else {
                    false
                }
            }
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    // isLiteralType reports whether x is a legal composite literal type.
    fn is_literal_type(x: &Expr) -> bool {
        match x {
            Expr::Bad(_) | Expr::Ident(_) | Expr::Array(_) | Expr::Struct(_) | Expr::Map(_) => true,
            Expr::Selector(s) => {
                if let Expr::Ident(_) = s.expr {
                    true
                } else {
                    false
                }
            }
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    pub fn deref(x: &Expr) -> &Expr {
        if let Expr::Star(s) = x {
            &s.expr
        } else {
            x
        }
    }

    pub fn unparen(x: &Expr) -> &Expr {
        if let Expr::Paren(p) = x {
            Parser::unparen(&p.expr)
        } else {
            x
        }
    }

    // checkExprOrType checks that x is an expression or a type
    // (and not a raw type such as [...]T).
    fn check_expr_or_type(&self, x: Expr) -> Expr {
        let unparenx = Parser::unparen(&x);
        match unparenx {
            Expr::Paren(_) => {
                unreachable!()
            }
            Expr::Array(array) => {
                if let Some(expr) = &array.len {
                    if let Expr::Ellipsis(ell) = expr {
                        self.error_str(ell.pos, "expected array length, found '...'");
                        return Expr::new_bad(
                            unparenx.pos(&self.objects),
                            self.safe_pos(unparenx.end(&self.objects)),
                        );
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
        return x;
    }

    fn parse_primary_expr(&mut self, mut lhs: bool) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("PrimaryExpr");

        let mut x = self.parse_operand(lhs);
        loop {
            match self.token {
                Token::PERIOD => {
                    self.next();
                    if lhs {
                        self.resolve(&x);
                    }
                    match self.token {
                        Token::IDENT(_) => {
                            x = self.parse_selector(self.check_expr_or_type(x));
                        }
                        Token::LPAREN => {
                            x = self.parse_type_assertion(self.check_expr(x));
                        }
                        _ => {
                            let pos = self.pos;
                            self.error_expected(pos, "selector or type assertion");
                            self.next();
                            let sel = new_ident!(self, pos, "_".to_owned(), IdentEntity::NoEntity);
                            x = Expr::new_selector(x, sel);
                        }
                    }
                }
                Token::LBRACK => {
                    if lhs {
                        self.resolve(&x);
                    }
                    x = self.parse_index_or_slice(self.check_expr(x));
                }
                Token::LPAREN => {
                    if lhs {
                        self.resolve(&x);
                    }
                    x = self.parse_call_or_conversion(self.check_expr_or_type(x));
                }
                Token::LBRACE => {
                    if Parser::is_literal_type(&x)
                        && (self.expr_level >= 0 || !Parser::is_type_name(&x))
                    {
                        if lhs {
                            self.resolve(&x);
                        }
                        x = self.parse_literal_value(Some(x));
                    } else {
                        break;
                    }
                }
                _ => {
                    break;
                }
            }
            lhs = false; // no need to try to resolve again
        }

        self.trace_end();
        x
    }

    fn parse_unary_expr(&mut self, lhs: bool) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("UnaryExpr");

        let ret = match self.token {
            Token::ADD | Token::SUB | Token::NOT | Token::XOR | Token::AND => {
                let pos = self.pos;
                let op = self.token.clone();
                self.next();
                let x = self.parse_unary_expr(false);
                Expr::new_unary_expr(pos, op, self.check_expr(x))
            }
            Token::ARROW => {
                // channel type or receive expression
                let mut arrow = self.pos;
                self.next();

                // If the next token is token.CHAN we still don't know if it
                // is a channel type or a receive operation - we only know
                // once we have found the end of the unary expression. There
                // are two cases:
                //
                //   <- type  => (<-type) must be channel type
                //   <- expr  => <-(expr) is a receive from an expression
                //
                //   oxfeeefeee: a: [<- chan val_type_of_<-_chan]
                //               b: [<- chan val_type_of_chan]
                //
                // In the first case, the arrow must be re-associated with
                // the channel type parsed already:
                //
                //   <- (chan type)    =>  (<-chan type)
                //   <- (chan<- type)  =>  (<-chan (<-type))

                let mut x = self.parse_unary_expr(false);
                // determine which case we have
                if let Expr::Chan(c) = &mut x {
                    // (<-type)
                    // re-associate position info and <-
                    let mut ctype = Rc::get_mut(c).unwrap(); // c is not shared
                    let mut dir = ChanDir::Send;
                    while dir == ChanDir::Send {
                        if ctype.dir == ChanDir::Recv {
                            // error: (<-type) is (<-(<-chan T))
                            self.error_expected(ctype.arrow, "'chan'")
                        }
                        let new_arrow = ctype.arrow;
                        ctype.begin = arrow;
                        ctype.arrow = arrow;
                        arrow = new_arrow;
                        dir = ctype.dir.clone();
                        ctype.dir = ChanDir::Recv;
                        if let Expr::Chan(c) = &mut ctype.val {
                            ctype = Rc::get_mut(c).unwrap(); // c is not shared
                        } else {
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    if dir == ChanDir::Send {
                        self.error_expected(arrow, "channel type");
                    }
                    x
                } else {
                    Expr::new_unary_expr(arrow, Token::ARROW, self.check_expr(x))
                }
            }
            Token::MUL => {
                // pointer type or unary "*" expression
                let pos = self.pos;
                self.next();
                let x = self.parse_unary_expr(false);
                Expr::Star(Rc::new(StarExpr {
                    star: pos,
                    expr: self.check_expr_or_type(x),
                }))
            }
            _ => self.parse_primary_expr(lhs),
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    fn token_prec(&self) -> (Token, usize) {
        let token = if self.in_rhs && self.token == Token::ASSIGN {
            Token::EQL
        } else {
            self.token.clone()
        };
        let pre = token.precedence();
        (token, pre)
    }

    fn parse_binary_expr(&mut self, lhs: bool, prec1: usize) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("BinaryExpr");

        let mut x = self.parse_unary_expr(lhs);
        loop {
            let (op, prec) = self.token_prec();
            if prec < prec1 {
                break;
            }
            let pos = self.expect(&op);
            if lhs {
                self.resolve(&x);
            }
            let y = self.parse_binary_expr(false, prec + 1);
            x = Expr::Binary(Rc::new(BinaryExpr {
                expr_a: x,
                op_pos: pos,
                op: op,
                expr_b: y,
            }))
        }

        self.trace_end();
        x
    }

    fn parse_expr(&mut self, lhs: bool) -> Expr {
        self.trace_begin("Expression");
        let x = self.parse_binary_expr(lhs, LOWEST_PREC + 1);
        self.trace_end();
        x
    }

    fn parse_rhs(&mut self) -> Expr {
        let bak = self.in_rhs;
        self.in_rhs = true;
        let x0 = self.parse_expr(false);
        let x1 = self.check_expr(x0);
        self.in_rhs = bak;
        x1
    }

    fn parse_rhs_or_type(&mut self) -> Expr {
        let bak = self.in_rhs;
        self.in_rhs = true;
        let mut x = self.parse_expr(false);
        x = self.check_expr_or_type(x);
        self.in_rhs = bak;
        x
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Statements

    // parseSimpleStmt returns true as 2nd result if it parsed the assignment
    // of a range clause (with mode == rangeOk). The returned statement is an
    // assignment with a right-hand side that is a single unary expression of
    // the form "range x". No guarantees are given for the left-hand side.
    fn parse_simple_stmt(&mut self, mode: ParseSimpleMode) -> (Stmt, bool) {
        self.trace_begin("SimpleStmt");
        let ret: Stmt;
        let mut is_range = false;

        let x = self.parse_lhs_list();
        match self.token {
            Token::DEFINE
            | Token::ASSIGN
            | Token::ADD_ASSIGN
            | Token::SUB_ASSIGN
            | Token::MUL_ASSIGN
            | Token::QUO_ASSIGN
            | Token::REM_ASSIGN
            | Token::AND_ASSIGN
            | Token::OR_ASSIGN
            | Token::XOR_ASSIGN
            | Token::SHL_ASSIGN
            | Token::SHR_ASSIGN
            | Token::AND_NOT_ASSIGN => {
                // assignment statement, possibly part of a range clause
                let (mut pos, token) = (self.pos, self.token.clone());
                self.next();
                let y: Vec<Expr>;
                if mode == ParseSimpleMode::RangeOk
                    && self.token == Token::RANGE
                    && (token == Token::DEFINE || token == Token::ASSIGN)
                {
                    pos = self.pos;
                    self.next();
                    y = vec![Expr::new_unary_expr(pos, Token::RANGE, self.parse_rhs())];
                    is_range = true;
                } else {
                    y = self.parse_rhs_list();
                }
                ret = Stmt::new_assign(&mut self.objects, x, pos, token.clone(), y);
                if token == Token::DEFINE {
                    self.short_var_decl(&ret);
                }
            }
            _ => {
                if x.len() > 1 {
                    self.error_expected(x[0].pos(&self.objects), "1 expression");
                    // continue with first expression
                }
                let x0 = x.into_iter().nth(0).unwrap();
                ret = match self.token {
                    Token::COLON => {
                        // labeled statement
                        let colon = self.pos;
                        self.next();
                        let ident = match mode {
                            ParseSimpleMode::LabelOk => match x0 {
                                Expr::Ident(ident) => Some(ident),
                                _ => None,
                            },
                            _ => None,
                        };
                        match ident {
                            Some(ident) => {
                                // Go spec: The scope of a label is the body of the
                                // function in which it is declared and excludes the
                                // body of any nested function.
                                //
                                // wuhao todo: this messes up the declaration order! if the next stmt
                                // contains an exact same label, the error message would be wrong
                                // like this:
                                //
                                // L1:
                                // L1:
                                let s = self.parse_stmt();
                                let ls = LabeledStmt::arena_new(&mut self.objects, ident, colon, s);
                                self.declare(
                                    DeclObj::LabeledStmt(ls),
                                    EntityData::NoData,
                                    EntityKind::Lbl,
                                    &self.label_scope.unwrap(),
                                );
                                Stmt::Labeled(ls)
                            }
                            None => {
                                self.error_str(colon, "illegal label declaration");
                                Stmt::new_bad(x0.pos(&self.objects), colon + 1)
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    Token::ARROW => {
                        let arrow = self.pos;
                        self.next();
                        let y = self.parse_rhs();
                        Stmt::Send(Rc::new(SendStmt {
                            chan: x0,
                            arrow: arrow,
                            val: y,
                        }))
                    }
                    Token::INC | Token::DEC => {
                        let s = Stmt::IncDec(Rc::new(IncDecStmt {
                            expr: x0,
                            token_pos: self.pos,
                            token: self.token.clone(),
                        }));
                        self.next();
                        s
                    }
                    _ => Stmt::Expr(Box::new(x0)),
                }
            }
        }

        self.trace_end();
        (ret, is_range)
    }

    fn parse_call_expr(&mut self, call_type: &str) -> Option<Expr> {
        let x = self.parse_rhs_or_type(); // could be a conversion: (some type)(x)
        if let Expr::Call(_) = x {
            Some(x)
        } else {
            if !x.is_bad() {
                // only report error if it's a new one
                self.error(
                    self.safe_pos(x.end(&self.objects)),
                    format!("function must be invoked in {} statement", call_type),
                )
            }
            None
        }
    }

    fn parse_go_stmt(&mut self) -> Stmt {
        self.trace_begin("GoStmt");

        let pos = self.expect(&Token::GO);
        let call = self.parse_call_expr("go");
        self.expect_semi();
        let ret = match call {
            Some(c) => Stmt::Go(Rc::new(GoStmt { go: pos, call: c })),
            None => {
                Stmt::new_bad(pos, pos + 2) // "go".len() == 2
            }
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    fn parse_defer_stmt(&mut self) -> Stmt {
        self.trace_begin("DeferStmt");

        let pos = self.expect(&Token::DEFER);
        let call = self.parse_call_expr("defer");
        self.expect_semi();
        let ret = match call {
            Some(c) => Stmt::Defer(Rc::new(DeferStmt {
                defer: pos,
                call: c,
            })),
            None => {
                Stmt::new_bad(pos, pos + 5) // "defer".len() == 5
            }
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    fn parse_return_stmt(&mut self) -> Stmt {
        self.trace_begin("ReturnStmt");

        let pos = self.pos;
        self.expect(&Token::RETURN);
        let x = match self.token {
            Token::SEMICOLON(_) | Token::RBRACE => vec![],
            _ => self.parse_rhs_list(),
        };

        self.trace_end();
        Stmt::Return(Rc::new(ReturnStmt {
            ret: pos,
            results: x,
        }))
    }

    fn parse_branch_stmt(&mut self, token: Token) -> Stmt {
        self.trace_begin("BranchStmt");

        let pos = self.expect(&token);
        let mut label = None;
        if let Token::IDENT(_) = self.token {
            if token != Token::FALLTHROUGH {
                let ident = self.parse_ident();
                label = Some(ident.clone());
                self.target_stack.last_mut().unwrap().push(ident);
            }
        }
        self.expect_semi();

        self.trace_end();
        Stmt::Branch(Rc::new(BranchStmt {
            token_pos: pos,
            token: token,
            label: label,
        }))
    }

    fn make_expr(&self, s: Option<Stmt>, want: &str) -> Option<Expr> {
        match s {
            Some(stmt) => match stmt {
                Stmt::Expr(x) => Some(self.check_expr(*x)),
                _ => {
                    let found = if let Stmt::Assign(_) = stmt {
                        "assignment"
                    } else {
                        "simple statement"
                    };
                    let extra = "(missing parentheses around composite literal?)";
                    let stri = format!("expected {}, found {} {}", want, found, extra);
                    let pos = stmt.pos(&self.objects);
                    self.error(pos, stri);
                    Some(Expr::new_bad(pos, self.safe_pos(stmt.end(&self.objects))))
                }
            },
            None => None,
        }
    }

    fn parse_if_header(&mut self) -> (Option<Stmt>, Expr) {
        if self.token == Token::LBRACE {
            self.error_str(self.pos, "missing condition in if statement");
            return (None, Expr::new_bad(self.pos, self.pos));
        }

        let outer = self.expr_level;
        self.expr_level = -1;

        let mut init = match self.token {
            Token::SEMICOLON(_) => None,
            _ => {
                // accept potential variable declaration but complain
                if self.token == Token::VAR {
                    self.next();
                    self.error_str(self.pos, "var declaration not allowed in 'IF' initializer");
                }
                Some(self.parse_simple_stmt(ParseSimpleMode::Basic).0)
            }
        };

        let mut semi_real = false;
        let mut semi_pos = None;
        let cond_stmt = if self.token != Token::LBRACE {
            if let Token::SEMICOLON(real) = &self.token {
                semi_real = *real.as_ref();
                semi_pos = Some(self.pos);
                self.next();
            } else {
                self.expect(&Token::SEMICOLON(true.into()));
            }
            if self.token != Token::LBRACE {
                Some(self.parse_simple_stmt(ParseSimpleMode::Basic).0)
            } else {
                None
            }
        } else {
            init.take()
        };

        let cond = if let Some(_) = &cond_stmt {
            self.make_expr(cond_stmt, "boolean expression").unwrap()
        } else {
            if let Some(pos) = semi_pos {
                let msg = if semi_real {
                    "missing condition in if statement"
                } else {
                    "unexpected newline, expecting { after if clause"
                };
                self.error_str(pos, msg);
            }
            Expr::new_bad(self.pos, self.pos)
        };

        self.expr_level = outer;
        return (init, cond);
    }

    fn parse_if_stmt(&mut self) -> Stmt {
        self.trace_begin("IfStmt");

        let pos = self.expect(&Token::IF);
        self.open_scope();
        let (init, cond) = self.parse_if_header();
        let body = self.parse_block_stmt();
        let els = if self.token == Token::ELSE {
            self.next();
            match self.token {
                Token::IF => Some(self.parse_if_stmt()),
                Token::LBRACE => {
                    let block = self.parse_block_stmt();
                    self.expect_semi();
                    Some(Stmt::box_block(block))
                }
                _ => {
                    self.error_expected(self.pos, "if statement or block");
                    Some(Stmt::new_bad(self.pos, self.pos))
                }
            }
        } else {
            self.expect_semi();
            None
        };

        self.close_scope();
        self.trace_end();
        Stmt::If(Rc::new(IfStmt {
            if_pos: pos,
            init: init,
            cond: cond,
            body: Rc::new(body),
            els: els,
        }))
    }

    fn parse_type_list(&mut self) -> Vec<Expr> {
        self.trace_begin("TypeList");

        let mut list = vec![self.parse_type()];
        while self.token == Token::COMMA {
            self.next();
            list.push(self.parse_type());
        }

        self.trace_end();
        list
    }

    fn parse_case_clause(&mut self, type_switch: bool) -> CaseClause {
        self.trace_begin("CaseClause");

        let pos = self.pos;
        let list = match self.token {
            Token::CASE => {
                self.next();
                if type_switch {
                    Some(self.parse_type_list())
                } else {
                    Some(self.parse_rhs_list())
                }
            }
            _ => {
                self.expect(&Token::DEFAULT);
                None
            }
        };

        let colon = self.expect(&Token::COLON);
        self.open_scope();
        let body = self.parse_stmt_list();
        self.close_scope();

        self.trace_end();
        CaseClause {
            case: pos,
            list: list,
            colon: colon,
            body: body,
        }
    }

    fn is_type_switch_guard(&self, s: &Option<Stmt>) -> bool {
        match s {
            Some(stmt) => match stmt {
                Stmt::Expr(x) => x.is_type_switch_assert(),
                Stmt::Assign(idx) => {
                    let ass = &self.objects.a_stmts[*idx];
                    if ass.lhs.len() == 1
                        && ass.rhs.len() == 1
                        && ass.rhs[0].is_type_switch_assert()
                    {
                        match ass.token {
                            Token::ASSIGN => {
                                // permit v = x.(type) but complain
                                let s = "expected ':=', found '='";
                                self.error_str(ass.token_pos, s);
                                true
                            }
                            Token::DEFINE => true,
                            _ => false,
                        }
                    } else {
                        false
                    }
                }
                _ => false,
            },
            None => false,
        }
    }

    fn parse_switch_stmt(&mut self) -> Stmt {
        self.trace_begin("SwitchStmt");

        let pos = self.expect(&Token::SWITCH);
        self.open_scope();

        let (mut s1, mut s2) = (None, None);
        if self.token != Token::LBRACE {
            let bak_lev = self.expr_level;
            self.expr_level = -1;
            if let Token::SEMICOLON(_) = self.token {
            } else {
                s2 = Some(self.parse_simple_stmt(ParseSimpleMode::Basic).0);
            }
            if let Token::SEMICOLON(_) = self.token {
                self.next();
                s1 = s2.take();
                if self.token != Token::LBRACE {
                    // A TypeSwitchGuard may declare a variable in addition
                    // to the variable declared in the initial SimpleStmt.
                    // Introduce extra scope to avoid redeclaration errors:
                    //
                    //	switch t := 0; t := x.(T) { ... }
                    //
                    // (this code is not valid Go because the first t
                    // cannot be accessed and thus is never used, the extra
                    // scope is needed for the correct error message).
                    //
                    // If we don't have a type switch, s2 must be an expression.
                    // Having the extra nested but empty scope won't affect it.
                    self.open_scope();
                    s2 = Some(self.parse_simple_stmt(ParseSimpleMode::Basic).0);
                    self.close_scope();
                }
            }
            self.expr_level = bak_lev;
        }

        let type_switch = self.is_type_switch_guard(&s2);
        let lbrace = self.expect(&Token::LBRACE);
        let mut list = vec![];
        while self.token == Token::CASE || self.token == Token::DEFAULT {
            let clause = self.parse_case_clause(type_switch);
            list.push(Stmt::Case(Rc::new(clause)));
        }
        let rbrace = self.expect(&Token::RBRACE);
        self.expect_semi();
        let body = BlockStmt {
            l_brace: lbrace,
            list: list,
            r_brace: rbrace,
        };
        let ret = if type_switch {
            Stmt::TypeSwitch(Rc::new(TypeSwitchStmt {
                switch: pos,
                init: s1,
                assign: s2.unwrap(),
                body: Rc::new(body),
            }))
        } else {
            Stmt::Switch(Rc::new(SwitchStmt {
                switch: pos,
                init: s1,
                tag: self.make_expr(s2, "switch expression"),
                body: Rc::new(body),
            }))
        };

        self.close_scope();
        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    fn parse_comm_clause(&mut self) -> CommClause {
        self.trace_begin("CommClause");
        self.open_scope();

        let pos = self.pos;
        let comm = if self.token == Token::CASE {
            self.next();
            let mut lhs = self.parse_lhs_list();
            let tk = self.token.clone();
            if self.token == Token::ARROW {
                // SendStmt
                if lhs.len() > 1 {
                    self.error_expected(lhs[0].pos(&self.objects), "1 expression");
                    // continue with first expression
                }
                let arrow = self.pos;
                self.next();
                let rhs = self.parse_rhs();
                Some(Stmt::Send(Rc::new(SendStmt {
                    chan: lhs.into_iter().nth(0).unwrap(),
                    arrow: arrow,
                    val: rhs,
                })))
            } else {
                // RecvStmt
                if tk == Token::ASSIGN || tk == Token::DEFINE {
                    // RecvStmt with assignment
                    if lhs.len() > 2 {
                        self.error_expected(lhs[0].pos(&self.objects), "1 or 2 expressions");
                        lhs.truncate(2);
                    }
                    let pos = self.pos;
                    self.next();
                    let rhs = self.parse_rhs();
                    let ass = Stmt::new_assign(&mut self.objects, lhs, pos, tk.clone(), vec![rhs]);
                    if tk == Token::DEFINE {
                        self.short_var_decl(&ass);
                    }
                    Some(ass)
                } else {
                    if lhs.len() > 1 {
                        self.error_expected(lhs[0].pos(&self.objects), "1 expression");
                        // continue with first expression
                    }
                    Some(Stmt::Expr(Box::new(lhs.into_iter().nth(0).unwrap())))
                }
            }
        } else {
            self.expect(&Token::DEFAULT);
            None
        };
        let colon = self.expect(&Token::COLON);
        let body = self.parse_stmt_list();

        self.close_scope();
        self.trace_end();
        CommClause {
            case: pos,
            comm: comm,
            colon: colon,
            body: body,
        }
    }

    fn parse_select_stmt(&mut self) -> Stmt {
        self.trace_begin("SelectStmt");

        let pos = self.expect(&Token::SELECT);
        let lbrace = self.expect(&Token::LBRACE);
        let mut list = vec![];
        while self.token == Token::CASE || self.token == Token::DEFAULT {
            list.push(Stmt::Comm(Rc::new(self.parse_comm_clause())));
        }
        let rbrace = self.expect(&Token::RBRACE);
        self.expect_semi();
        let body = BlockStmt {
            l_brace: lbrace,
            list: list,
            r_brace: rbrace,
        };

        self.trace_end();
        Stmt::Select(Rc::new(SelectStmt {
            select: pos,
            body: Rc::new(body),
        }))
    }

    fn parse_for_stmt(&mut self) -> Stmt {
        self.trace_begin("ForStmt");
        let pos = self.expect(&Token::FOR);
        self.open_scope();

        let (mut s1, mut s2, mut s3) = (None, None, None);
        let mut is_range = false;
        if self.token != Token::LBRACE {
            let bak_lev = self.expr_level;
            self.expr_level = -1;
            match self.token {
                Token::RANGE => {
                    // "for range x" (nil lhs in assignment)
                    let pos = self.pos;
                    self.next();
                    let unary = Expr::new_unary_expr(pos, Token::RANGE, self.parse_rhs());
                    s2 = Some(Stmt::new_assign(
                        &mut self.objects,
                        vec![],
                        0,
                        Token::NONE,
                        vec![unary],
                    ));
                    is_range = true;
                }
                Token::SEMICOLON(_) => {}
                _ => {
                    let ss = self.parse_simple_stmt(ParseSimpleMode::RangeOk);
                    s2 = Some(ss.0);
                    is_range = ss.1;
                }
            }
            if !is_range {
                if let Token::SEMICOLON(_) = self.token {
                    self.next();
                    s1 = s2.take();
                    if let Token::SEMICOLON(_) = self.token {
                    } else {
                        s2 = Some(self.parse_simple_stmt(ParseSimpleMode::Basic).0);
                    }
                    self.expect_semi();
                    if self.token != Token::LBRACE {
                        s3 = Some(self.parse_simple_stmt(ParseSimpleMode::Basic).0);
                    }
                }
            }
            self.expr_level = bak_lev;
        }

        let body = self.parse_block_stmt();
        self.expect_semi();

        let ret = if is_range {
            if let Stmt::Assign(idx) = s2.unwrap() {
                let ass = &self.objects.a_stmts[idx];
                let (key, val) = match ass.lhs.len() {
                    0 => (None, None),
                    1 => (Some(ass.lhs[0].clone()), None),
                    2 => {
                        let lhs0 = ass.lhs[0].clone();
                        let lhs1 = ass.lhs[1].clone();
                        (Some(lhs0), Some(lhs1))
                    }
                    _ => {
                        let pos = ass.lhs[0].pos(&self.objects);
                        self.error_expected(pos, "at most 2 expressions");
                        (None, None)
                    }
                };
                // parseSimpleStmt returned a right-hand side that
                // is a single unary expression of the form "range x"
                if let Expr::Unary(unary) = ass.rhs[0].clone() {
                    Stmt::Range(Rc::new(RangeStmt {
                        for_pos: pos,
                        key: key,
                        val: val,
                        token_pos: ass.token_pos,
                        token: ass.token.clone(),
                        expr: unary.expr.clone(),
                        body: Rc::new(body),
                    }))
                } else {
                    unreachable!();
                }
            } else {
                unreachable!();
            }
        } else {
            Stmt::For(Rc::new(ForStmt {
                for_pos: pos,
                init: s1,
                cond: self.make_expr(s2, "boolean or range expression"),
                post: s3,
                body: Rc::new(body),
            }))
        };

        self.close_scope();
        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    fn parse_stmt(&mut self) -> Stmt {
        self.trace_begin("Statement");

        let ret = match &self.token {
            Token::CONST | Token::TYPE | Token::VAR =>
                Stmt::Decl(Rc::new(self.parse_decl(Token::is_stmt_start))),
            Token::IDENT(_) | Token::INT(_) | Token::FLOAT(_) | Token::IMAG(_) |
            Token::CHAR(_) | Token::STRING(_) | Token::FUNC | Token::LPAREN | // operands
		    Token::LBRACK | Token::STRUCT |
            Token::MAP | Token::CHAN | Token::INTERFACE | // composite types
		    Token::ADD | Token::SUB | Token::MUL | Token::AND |
            Token::XOR | Token::ARROW | Token::NOT => { // unary operators
                let s = self.parse_simple_stmt(ParseSimpleMode::LabelOk).0;
                if let Stmt::Labeled(_) = s {} else {self.expect_semi();}
                s
            },
            Token::GO => self.parse_go_stmt(),
            Token::DEFER => self.parse_defer_stmt(),
            Token::RETURN => self.parse_return_stmt(),
            Token::BREAK | Token::CONTINUE | Token::GOTO | Token::FALLTHROUGH =>
                self.parse_branch_stmt(self.token.clone()),
            Token::LBRACE => {
                let s = self.parse_block_stmt();
                self.expect_semi();
                Stmt::Block(Rc::new(s))
            },
            Token::IF => self.parse_if_stmt(),
            Token::SWITCH => self.parse_switch_stmt(),
            Token::SELECT => self.parse_select_stmt(),
            Token::FOR => self.parse_for_stmt(),
            Token::SEMICOLON(real) => {
                // Is it ever possible to have an implicit semicolon
                // producing an empty statement in a valid program?
                // (handle correctly anyway)
                let s = Stmt::Empty(Rc::new(
                    EmptyStmt{semi: self.pos, implicit: !*real.as_bool()}));
                self.next();
                s
            }
            Token::RBRACE => {
                // a semicolon may be omitted before a closing "}"
                Stmt::Empty(Rc::new(EmptyStmt{
                    semi: self.pos, implicit: false}))
            }
            _ => {
                let pos = self.pos;
                self.error_expected(pos, "statement");
                self.advance(Token::is_stmt_start);
                Stmt::new_bad(pos, self.pos)
            }
        };

        self.trace_end();
        ret
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Declarations

    fn is_valid_import(path: &str) -> bool {
        if path.len() < 3 || (!path.starts_with('"') || !path.ends_with('"')) {
            return false;
        }
        let result = &path[1..path.len() - 1];
        let mut illegal_chars: Vec<char> = r##"!"#$%&'()*,:;<=>?[\]^{|}`"##.chars().collect();
        illegal_chars.push('\u{FFFD}');
        result
            .chars()
            .find(|&x| !x.is_ascii_graphic() || x.is_whitespace() || illegal_chars.contains(&x))
            .is_none()
    }

    fn parse_import_spec(&mut self, _: &Token, _: isize) -> SpecKey {
        self.trace_begin("ImportSpec");

        let ident = match self.token {
            Token::PERIOD => {
                let i = new_ident!(self, self.pos, ".".to_owned(), IdentEntity::NoEntity);
                self.next();
                Some(i)
            }
            Token::IDENT(_) => Some(self.parse_ident()),
            _ => None,
        };
        let pos = self.pos;
        let path_token = match &self.token {
            Token::STRING(lit) => {
                let litstr: &String = lit.as_ref();
                if !Parser::is_valid_import(litstr) {
                    let msg = format!("{}{}", "invalid import path: ", litstr);
                    self.error(pos, msg);
                }
                let token = self.token.clone();
                self.next();
                token
            }
            _ => {
                // use expect() error handling
                let token = Token::STRING("_".to_owned().into());
                self.expect(&token);
                token
            }
        };
        self.expect_semi();
        let index = self.objects.specs.insert(Spec::Import(Rc::new(ImportSpec {
            name: ident,
            path: BasicLit {
                pos: pos,
                token: path_token,
            },
            end_pos: None,
        })));
        self.imports.push(index);

        self.trace_end();
        index
    }

    fn parse_value_spec<'p, 'k>(
        self_: &'p mut Parser<'a>,
        keyword: &'k Token,
        iota: isize,
    ) -> SpecKey {
        self_.trace_begin(&format!("{}{}", keyword.text(), "Spec"));

        let pos = self_.pos;
        let idents = self_.parse_ident_list();
        let typ = self_.try_type();
        let values = match self_.token {
            Token::ASSIGN => {
                self_.next();
                self_.parse_rhs_list()
            }
            _ => vec![],
        };
        self_.expect_semi();

        match keyword {
            Token::VAR => {
                if typ.is_none() && values.len() == 0 {
                    self_.error_str(pos, "missing variable type or initialization");
                }
            }
            Token::CONST => {
                if values.len() == 0 && (iota == 0 || typ.is_some()) {
                    self_.error_str(pos, "missing constant value");
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }

        // Go spec: The scope of a constant or variable identifier declared inside
        // a function begins at the end of the ConstSpec or VarSpec and ends at
        // the end of the innermost containing block.
        // (Global identifiers are resolved in a separate phase after parsing.)
        let spec = self_.objects.specs.insert(Spec::Value(Rc::new(ValueSpec {
            names: idents,
            typ,
            values,
        })));
        let kind = if let Token::VAR = keyword {
            EntityKind::Var
        } else {
            EntityKind::Con
        };
        self_.declare(
            DeclObj::Spec(spec),
            EntityData::ConIota(iota),
            kind,
            &self_.top_scope.unwrap(),
        );

        self_.trace_end();
        spec
    }

    fn parse_type_spec(&mut self, _: &Token, _: isize) -> SpecKey {
        self.trace_begin("TypeSpec");

        let ident = self.parse_ident();
        // Go spec: The scope of a type identifier declared inside a function begins
        // at the identifier in the TypeSpec and ends at the end of the innermost
        // containing block.
        // (Global identifiers are resolved in a separate phase after parsing.)
        let placeholder = Expr::new_bad(0, 0);
        let spec_val = Spec::Type(Rc::new(TypeSpec {
            name: ident,
            assign: 0,
            typ: placeholder,
        }));
        let index = self.objects.specs.insert(spec_val);
        let scope = self.top_scope.unwrap();
        self.declare(
            DeclObj::Spec(index),
            EntityData::NoData,
            EntityKind::Typ,
            &scope,
        );
        let assign = if self.token == Token::ASSIGN {
            self.next();
            self.pos
        } else {
            0
        };
        let typ = self.parse_type();
        let spec = if let Spec::Type(boxts) = &mut self.objects.specs[index] {
            Rc::get_mut(boxts).unwrap()
        } else {
            unreachable!()
        };
        spec.assign = assign;
        spec.typ = typ;
        self.expect_semi();

        self.trace_end();
        index
    }

    fn parse_gen_decl(
        &mut self,
        keyword: &Token,
        f: fn(&mut Parser<'a>, &Token, isize) -> SpecKey,
    ) -> Decl {
        self.trace_begin(&format!("GenDecl({})", keyword.text()));

        let pos = self.expect(keyword);
        let (lparen, rparen, list) = if self.token == Token::LPAREN {
            let lp = self.pos;
            self.next();
            let mut list = vec![];
            let mut iota = 0;
            while self.token != Token::RPAREN && self.token != Token::EOF {
                list.push(f(self, keyword, iota));
                iota += 1;
            }
            let rp = self.expect(&Token::RPAREN);
            self.expect_semi();
            (Some(lp), Some(rp), list)
        } else {
            (None, None, vec![f(self, keyword, 0)])
        };

        self.trace_end();
        Decl::Gen(Rc::new(GenDecl {
            token_pos: pos,
            token: keyword.clone(),
            l_paran: lparen,
            specs: list,
            r_paren: rparen,
        }))
    }

    fn parse_func_decl(&mut self) -> Decl {
        self.trace_begin("FunctionDecl");

        let pos = self.expect(&Token::FUNC);
        let scope = new_scope!(self, self.top_scope);
        let recv = if self.token == Token::LPAREN {
            Some(self.parse_parameters(scope, false))
        } else {
            None
        };
        let ident = self.parse_ident();
        let (params, results) = self.parse_signature(scope);
        let body = if self.token == Token::LBRACE {
            Some(Rc::new(self.parse_body(scope)))
        } else {
            None
        };
        self.expect_semi();

        let recv_is_none = recv.is_none();
        let typ = self.objects.ftypes.insert(FuncType {
            func: Some(pos),
            params: params,
            results: results,
        });
        let decl = self.objects.fdecls.insert(FuncDecl {
            recv: recv,
            name: ident,
            typ: typ,
            body: body,
        });
        if recv_is_none {
            // Go spec: The scope of an identifier denoting a constant, type,
            // variable, or function (but not method) declared at top level
            // (outside any function) is the package block.
            //
            // init() functions cannot be referred to and there may
            // be more than one - don't put them in the pkgScope
            if self.objects.idents[ident].name != "init" {
                self.declare(
                    DeclObj::FuncDecl(decl),
                    EntityData::NoData,
                    EntityKind::Fun,
                    &self.pkg_scope.unwrap(),
                );
            }
        }

        self.trace_end();
        Decl::Func(decl)
    }

    fn parse_decl(&mut self, sync: fn(&Token) -> bool) -> Decl {
        self.trace_begin("Declaration");

        let decl = match self.token {
            Token::CONST | Token::VAR | Token::TYPE => {
                let token = self.token.clone();
                match token {
                    Token::CONST | Token::VAR => {
                        self.parse_gen_decl(&token, Parser::parse_value_spec)
                    }
                    Token::TYPE => self.parse_gen_decl(&token, Parser::parse_type_spec),
                    _ => {
                        unreachable!();
                    }
                }
            }
            Token::FUNC => self.parse_func_decl(),
            _ => {
                let pos = self.pos;
                self.error_expected(pos, "declaration");
                self.advance(sync);
                Decl::Bad(Rc::new(BadDecl {
                    from: pos,
                    to: self.pos,
                }))
            }
        };

        self.trace_end();
        decl
    }

    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Source files

    pub fn parse_file(&mut self) -> Option<File> {
        self.trace_begin("File");

        let err_count = self.errors.len();
        let pos = self.expect(&Token::PACKAGE);
        // Go spec: The package clause is not a declaration;
        // the package name does not appear in any scope.
        let ident = self.parse_ident();
        if self.objects.idents[ident].name == "_" {
            self.error_str(self.pos, "invalid package name _");
        }
        self.expect_semi();

        // Don't bother parsing the rest if we had errors parsing the package clause.
        // Likely not a Go source file at all.
        if self.errors.len() > err_count {
            self.trace_end();
            return None;
        }

        self.open_scope();
        self.pkg_scope = self.top_scope;
        let mut decls = vec![];
        // import decls
        while self.token == Token::IMPORT {
            decls.push(self.parse_gen_decl(&Token::IMPORT, Parser::parse_import_spec));
        }
        // rest of package body
        while self.token != Token::EOF {
            decls.push(self.parse_decl(Token::is_decl_start))
        }
        self.close_scope();
        assert!(self.top_scope.is_none(), "unbalanced scopes");
        assert!(self.label_scope.is_none(), "unbalanced label scopes");

        // resolve global identifiers within the same file
        self.unresolved = self
            .unresolved
            .to_owned()
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|x| {
                let ident = &mut self.objects.idents[x];
                let scope = &self.objects.scopes[self.pkg_scope.unwrap()];
                let entity = scope.look_up(&ident.name);
                if let Some(en) = entity {
                    ident.entity = IdentEntity::Entity(*en);
                    Some(x)
                } else {
                    None
                }
            })
            .collect();

        self.trace_end();
        Some(File {
            package: pos,
            name: ident,
            decls: decls,
            scope: self.pkg_scope.unwrap(),
            imports: self.imports.clone(),
            unresolved: self.unresolved.clone(),
        })
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_parser() {
        let mut fs = position::FileSet::new();
        let f = fs.add_file("testfile1.gs".to_owned(), None, 1000);

        let s1 = r###"
        func (p *someobj) testFunc(a, b *int) (i int) {
            for 我 := range iii {
                a = 1;
            }
        }
        "###;
        let o = &mut AstObjects::new();
        let el = &mut ErrorList::new();
        let mut p = Parser::new(o, f, el, s1, true);
        p.open_scope();
        p.pkg_scope = p.top_scope;
        p.parse_decl(Token::is_decl_start);
    }
}