fraiseql_db/postgres/adapter/

mod.rs

//! PostgreSQL database adapter implementation.

mod database;
mod query_stats;
mod relay;

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests;

#[cfg(all(test, feature = "test-postgres"))]
mod integration_tests;

use std::{fmt::Write, time::Duration};

use deadpool_postgres::{Config, ManagerConfig, Pool, RecyclingMethod, Runtime};
use fraiseql_error::{FraiseQLError, Result};
use tokio_postgres::{NoTls, Row};

use super::where_generator::PostgresWhereGenerator;
use crate::{
    dialect::PostgresDialect,
    identifier::quote_postgres_identifier,
    order_by::append_order_by,
    traits::DatabaseAdapter,
    types::{
        DatabaseType, JsonbValue, QueryParam,
        sql_hints::{OrderByClause, SqlProjectionHint},
    },
    where_clause::WhereClause,
};

/// Default maximum pool size for PostgreSQL connections.
/// Increased from 10 to 25 to prevent pool exhaustion under concurrent
/// nested query load (fixes Issue #41).
const DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE: usize = 25;

/// Maximum retries for connection acquisition with exponential backoff.
const MAX_CONNECTION_RETRIES: u32 = 3;

/// Base delay in milliseconds for connection retry backoff.
const CONNECTION_RETRY_DELAY_MS: u64 = 50;

/// Configuration for connection pool construction and pre-warming.
///
/// Controls the minimum guaranteed connections (pre-warmed at startup),
/// the maximum pool ceiling, and the wait/create timeout for connection
/// acquisition.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust
/// use fraiseql_db::postgres::PoolPrewarmConfig;
///
/// let cfg = PoolPrewarmConfig {
///     min_size:     5,
///     max_size:     20,
///     timeout_secs: Some(30),
/// };
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct PoolPrewarmConfig {
    /// Number of connections to establish at pool creation time.
    ///
    /// After the pool is created, `min_size` connections are opened eagerly
    /// so they are ready when the first request arrives. Set to `0` to disable
    /// pre-warming (lazy init — one connection from the startup health check).
    pub min_size: usize,

    /// Maximum number of connections the pool may hold.
    pub max_size: usize,

    /// Optional timeout (in seconds) for connection acquisition and creation.
    ///
    /// Applied to both the `wait` (blocked waiting for an idle connection) and
    /// `create` (time to open a new TCP connection to PostgreSQL) deadpool slots.
    /// When `None`, acquisition can block indefinitely on pool exhaustion.
    pub timeout_secs: Option<u64>,
}

/// Build a `deadpool-postgres` pool with an optional wait/create timeout.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns `FraiseQLError::ConnectionPool` if pool creation fails (e.g., unparseable URL).
fn build_pool(connection_string: &str, max_size: usize, timeout_secs: Option<u64>) -> Result<Pool> {
    let mut cfg = Config::new();
    cfg.url = Some(connection_string.to_string());
    cfg.manager = Some(ManagerConfig {
        recycling_method: RecyclingMethod::Fast,
    });

    let mut pool_cfg = deadpool_postgres::PoolConfig::new(max_size);
    if let Some(secs) = timeout_secs {
        let t = Duration::from_secs(secs);
        pool_cfg.timeouts.wait = Some(t);
        pool_cfg.timeouts.create = Some(t);
        // `recycle` intentionally stays None — fast recycle, not user-configurable.
    }
    cfg.pool = Some(pool_cfg);

    cfg.create_pool(Some(Runtime::Tokio1), NoTls)
        .map_err(|e| FraiseQLError::ConnectionPool {
            message: format!("Failed to create connection pool: {e}"),
        })
}

/// Escape a JSONB key for use in a PostgreSQL string literal (`data->>'key'`).
///
/// PostgreSQL string literals use single-quote doubling for escaping (`'` → `''`).
/// This function is defense-in-depth: `OrderByClause` already rejects field names
/// that are not valid GraphQL identifiers (which cannot contain `'`), but this
/// escaping ensures correctness for any future caller that bypasses that validation.
pub(super) fn escape_jsonb_key(key: &str) -> String {
    key.replace('\'', "''")
}

/// PostgreSQL database adapter with connection pooling.
///
/// Uses `deadpool-postgres` for connection pooling and `tokio-postgres` for async queries.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```rust,no_run
/// use fraiseql_db::postgres::PostgresAdapter;
/// use fraiseql_db::{DatabaseAdapter, WhereClause, WhereOperator};
/// use serde_json::json;
///
/// # async fn example() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
/// // Create adapter with connection string
/// let adapter = PostgresAdapter::new("postgresql://localhost/mydb").await?;
///
/// // Execute query
/// let where_clause = WhereClause::Field {
///     path: vec!["email".to_string()],
///     operator: WhereOperator::Icontains,
///     value: json!("example.com"),
/// };
///
/// let results = adapter
///     .execute_where_query("v_user", Some(&where_clause), Some(10), None, None)
///     .await?;
///
/// println!("Found {} users", results.len());
/// # Ok(())
/// # }
/// ```
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct PostgresAdapter {
    pub(super) pool:         Pool,
    /// Whether mutation timing injection is enabled.
    mutation_timing_enabled: bool,
    /// The PostgreSQL session variable name for timing.
    timing_variable_name:    String,
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for PostgresAdapter {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("PostgresAdapter")
            .field("mutation_timing_enabled", &self.mutation_timing_enabled)
            .field("timing_variable_name", &self.timing_variable_name)
            .field("pool", &"<Pool>")
            .finish()
    }
}

impl PostgresAdapter {
    /// Create new PostgreSQL adapter with default pool configuration.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `connection_string` - PostgreSQL connection string (e.g., "postgresql://localhost/mydb")
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `FraiseQLError::ConnectionPool` if pool creation fails.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```rust,no_run
    /// # use fraiseql_db::postgres::PostgresAdapter;
    /// # async fn example() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// let adapter = PostgresAdapter::new("postgresql://localhost/mydb").await?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    pub async fn new(connection_string: &str) -> Result<Self> {
        Self::with_pool_config(
            connection_string,
            PoolPrewarmConfig {
                min_size:     0,
                max_size:     DEFAULT_POOL_SIZE,
                timeout_secs: None,
            },
        )
        .await
    }

    /// Create new PostgreSQL adapter with pre-warming and timeout configuration.
    ///
    /// Constructs the pool, runs a startup health check, then eagerly opens
    /// `cfg.min_size` connections so they are ready when the first request arrives.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `connection_string` - PostgreSQL connection string
    /// * `cfg` - Pool pre-warming and timeout configuration
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `FraiseQLError::ConnectionPool` if pool creation or the startup
    /// health check fails.
    pub async fn with_pool_config(connection_string: &str, cfg: PoolPrewarmConfig) -> Result<Self> {
        let pool = build_pool(connection_string, cfg.max_size, cfg.timeout_secs)?;

        // Startup health check — establishes the first connection.
        let client = pool.get().await.map_err(|e| FraiseQLError::ConnectionPool {
            message: format!("Failed to acquire connection: {e}"),
        })?;

        client.query("SELECT 1", &[]).await.map_err(|e| FraiseQLError::Database {
            message:   format!("Failed to connect to database: {e}"),
            sql_state: e.code().map(|c| c.code().to_string()),
        })?;

        // Drop client back to the pool before pre-warming so that the health-check
        // connection counts as idle slot #1.
        drop(client);

        let adapter = Self {
            pool,
            mutation_timing_enabled: false,
            timing_variable_name: "fraiseql.started_at".to_string(),
        };

        // Pre-warm: open `min_size - 1` additional connections (one already exists).
        let warm_target = cfg.min_size.min(cfg.max_size).saturating_sub(1);
        if warm_target > 0 {
            adapter.prewarm(warm_target).await;
        }

        Ok(adapter)
    }

    /// Create new PostgreSQL adapter with custom pool size.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `connection_string` - PostgreSQL connection string
    /// * `max_size` - Maximum number of connections in pool
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `FraiseQLError::ConnectionPool` if pool creation fails.
    pub async fn with_pool_size(connection_string: &str, max_size: usize) -> Result<Self> {
        Self::with_pool_config(
            connection_string,
            PoolPrewarmConfig {
                min_size: 0,
                max_size,
                timeout_secs: None,
            },
        )
        .await
    }

    /// Pre-warm the pool by opening `count` additional connections.
    ///
    /// Pre-warming is best-effort: failures from individual connections are logged
    /// but do not prevent startup. A 10-second outer timeout ensures the server
    /// never blocks indefinitely on a slow or unreachable PostgreSQL instance.
    async fn prewarm(&self, count: usize) {
        use futures::future::join_all;
        use tokio::time::timeout;

        let handles: Vec<_> = (0..count)
            .map(|_| {
                let pool = self.pool.clone();
                tokio::spawn(async move { pool.get().await })
            })
            .collect();

        let result = timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), join_all(handles)).await;

        let (succeeded, failed) = match result {
            Ok(outcomes) => {
                let s = outcomes
                    .iter()
                    .filter(|r| r.as_ref().map(|inner| inner.is_ok()).unwrap_or(false))
                    .count();
                (s, count - s)
            },
            Err(_elapsed) => {
                tracing::warn!(
                    target_connections = count,
                    "Pool pre-warm timed out after 10s; server will continue with partial pre-warm"
                );
                (0, count)
            },
        };

        if failed > 0 {
            tracing::warn!(
                succeeded,
                failed,
                "Pool pre-warm: some connections could not be established"
            );
        } else {
            tracing::info!(
                idle_connections = succeeded + 1,
                "PostgreSQL pool pre-warmed successfully"
            );
        }
    }

    /// Get a reference to the internal connection pool.
    ///
    /// This allows sharing the pool with other components like `PostgresIntrospector`.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn pool(&self) -> &Pool {
        &self.pool
    }

    /// Enable mutation timing injection.
    ///
    /// When enabled, `execute_function_call` wraps each mutation in a transaction
    /// and sets a session variable to `clock_timestamp()::text` before execution,
    /// allowing SQL functions to compute their own duration.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `variable_name` - The PostgreSQL session variable name (e.g., `"fraiseql.started_at"`)
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_mutation_timing(mut self, variable_name: &str) -> Self {
        self.mutation_timing_enabled = true;
        self.timing_variable_name = variable_name.to_string();
        self
    }

    /// Returns whether mutation timing injection is enabled.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn mutation_timing_enabled(&self) -> bool {
        self.mutation_timing_enabled
    }

    /// Execute raw SQL query and return JSONB rows.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `FraiseQLError::Database` on query execution failure.
    pub(super) async fn execute_raw(
        &self,
        sql: &str,
        params: &[&(dyn tokio_postgres::types::ToSql + Sync)],
    ) -> Result<Vec<JsonbValue>> {
        let client = self.acquire_connection_with_retry().await?;

        let rows: Vec<Row> =
            client.query(sql, params).await.map_err(|e| FraiseQLError::Database {
                message:   format!("Query execution failed: {e}"),
                sql_state: e.code().map(|c| c.code().to_string()),
            })?;

        let results = rows
            .into_iter()
            .map(|row| {
                let data: serde_json::Value = row.get(0);
                JsonbValue::new(data)
            })
            .collect();

        Ok(results)
    }

    /// Like [`execute_raw`](Self::execute_raw) but applies transaction-local
    /// session variables on the same connection / transaction that runs the
    /// query.
    ///
    /// `set_config(..., true)` and the `SELECT` share one transaction, so
    /// PostgreSQL RLS policies backed by `current_setting()` see the configured
    /// values (fixes #329).
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `FraiseQLError::Database` on transaction, `set_config`, query, or
    /// commit failure.
    pub(super) async fn execute_raw_with_session(
        &self,
        sql: &str,
        params: &[&(dyn tokio_postgres::types::ToSql + Sync)],
        session_vars: &[(&str, &str)],
    ) -> Result<Vec<JsonbValue>> {
        let mut client = self.acquire_connection_with_retry().await?;
        let txn =
            client.build_transaction().start().await.map_err(|e| FraiseQLError::Database {
                message:   format!("Failed to start session-var transaction: {e}"),
                sql_state: e.code().map(|c| c.code().to_string()),
            })?;

        database::apply_session_vars(&txn, session_vars).await?;

        let rows: Vec<Row> = txn.query(sql, params).await.map_err(|e| FraiseQLError::Database {
            message:   format!("Query execution failed: {e}"),
            sql_state: e.code().map(|c| c.code().to_string()),
        })?;

        txn.commit().await.map_err(|e| FraiseQLError::Database {
            message:   format!("Failed to commit session-var transaction: {e}"),
            sql_state: e.code().map(|c| c.code().to_string()),
        })?;

        Ok(rows
            .into_iter()
            .map(|row| {
                let data: serde_json::Value = row.get(0);
                JsonbValue::new(data)
            })
            .collect())
    }

    /// Acquire a connection from the pool with retry logic.
    ///
    /// - `PoolError::Timeout`: the pool was exhausted for the full configured wait period. This is
    ///   not transient — retrying would only multiply the wait. Fails immediately.
    /// - `PoolError::Backend` / create errors: potentially transient. Retries with exponential
    ///   backoff (up to `MAX_CONNECTION_RETRIES` attempts).
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `FraiseQLError::ConnectionPool` on timeout or when all retries are exhausted.
    pub(super) async fn acquire_connection_with_retry(&self) -> Result<deadpool_postgres::Client> {
        use deadpool_postgres::PoolError;

        let mut last_error = None;

        for attempt in 0..MAX_CONNECTION_RETRIES {
            match self.pool.get().await {
                Ok(client) => {
                    if attempt > 0 {
                        tracing::info!(attempt, "Successfully acquired connection after retries");
                    }
                    return Ok(client);
                },
                // Pool exhausted for the full wait period — not transient, fail immediately.
                Err(PoolError::Timeout(_)) => {
                    let metrics = self.pool_metrics();
                    tracing::error!(
                        available = metrics.idle_connections,
                        active = metrics.active_connections,
                        max = metrics.total_connections,
                        "Connection pool timeout: all connections busy"
                    );
                    return Err(FraiseQLError::ConnectionPool {
                        message: format!(
                            "Connection pool timeout: {}/{} connections busy. \
                             Increase pool_max_size or reduce concurrent load.",
                            metrics.active_connections, metrics.total_connections,
                        ),
                    });
                },
                // Backend/create errors are potentially transient — retry with backoff.
                Err(e) => {
                    last_error = Some(e);
                    if attempt < MAX_CONNECTION_RETRIES - 1 {
                        let delay = CONNECTION_RETRY_DELAY_MS * (u64::from(attempt) + 1);
                        tracing::warn!(
                            attempt = attempt + 1,
                            total = MAX_CONNECTION_RETRIES,
                            delay_ms = delay,
                            "Transient connection error, retrying"
                        );
                        tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(delay)).await;
                    }
                },
            }
        }

        // All retries for transient errors exhausted.
        let pool_metrics = self.pool_metrics();
        tracing::error!(
            retries = MAX_CONNECTION_RETRIES,
            available = pool_metrics.idle_connections,
            active = pool_metrics.active_connections,
            max = pool_metrics.total_connections,
            "Failed to acquire connection after all retries"
        );

        Err(FraiseQLError::ConnectionPool {
            message: format!(
                "Failed to acquire connection after {} retries: {}. \
                 Pool state: idle={}, active={}, max={}",
                MAX_CONNECTION_RETRIES,
                last_error.expect("last_error is set on every retry iteration"),
                pool_metrics.idle_connections,
                pool_metrics.active_connections,
                pool_metrics.total_connections,
            ),
        })
    }

    /// Execute query with SQL field projection optimization.
    ///
    /// Uses the provided `SqlProjectionHint` to generate optimized SQL that projects
    /// only the requested fields from the JSONB column, reducing network payload and
    /// JSON deserialization overhead.
    ///
    /// # Arguments
    ///
    /// * `view` - View/table name to query
    /// * `projection` - Optional SQL projection hint with field list
    /// * `where_clause` - Optional WHERE clause for filtering
    /// * `limit` - Optional row limit
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// Vector of projected JSONB rows with only the requested fields
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `FraiseQLError::Database` on query execution failure.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Cannot panic in practice: the inner `expect` is guarded by an `is_none()` check
    /// immediately above it.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```no_run
    /// // Requires: running PostgreSQL database.
    /// use fraiseql_db::postgres::PostgresAdapter;
    /// use fraiseql_db::types::SqlProjectionHint;
    /// use fraiseql_db::DatabaseType;
    ///
    /// # async fn example(adapter: &PostgresAdapter) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    /// let projection = SqlProjectionHint::new(
    ///     DatabaseType::PostgreSQL,
    ///     "jsonb_build_object('id', data->>'id')".to_string(),
    ///     75,
    /// );
    ///
    /// let results = adapter
    ///     .execute_with_projection("v_user", Some(&projection), None, Some(10), None)
    ///     .await?;
    /// # Ok(())
    /// # }
    /// ```
    /// Implementation of `execute_with_projection` with ORDER BY support.
    ///
    /// Called by both the inherent convenience method and the `DatabaseAdapter`
    /// trait implementation.
    pub(super) async fn execute_with_projection_impl(
        &self,
        view: &str,
        projection: Option<&SqlProjectionHint>,
        where_clause: Option<&WhereClause>,
        limit: Option<u32>,
        offset: Option<u32>,
        order_by: Option<&[OrderByClause]>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<JsonbValue>> {
        // If no projection, fall back to standard query
        if projection.is_none() {
            return self.execute_where_query(view, where_clause, limit, offset, order_by).await;
        }

        let projection = projection.expect("projection is Some; None was returned above");

        let (sql, typed_params) =
            build_projection_select_sql(projection, view, where_clause, limit, offset, order_by)?;

        tracing::debug!("SQL with projection = {}", sql);
        tracing::debug!("typed_params = {:?}", typed_params);

        let param_refs = crate::types::as_sql_param_refs(&typed_params);

        self.execute_raw(&sql, &param_refs).await
    }

    /// Execute query with SQL field projection optimization.
    ///
    /// Convenience wrapper for callers that don't need ORDER BY.
    /// See `execute_with_projection_impl` for details.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `FraiseQLError::Database` on query execution failure.
    pub async fn execute_with_projection(
        &self,
        view: &str,
        projection: Option<&SqlProjectionHint>,
        where_clause: Option<&WhereClause>,
        limit: Option<u32>,
        offset: Option<u32>,
    ) -> Result<Vec<JsonbValue>> {
        self.execute_with_projection_impl(view, projection, where_clause, limit, offset, None)
            .await
    }
}

/// Build a parameterized `SELECT data FROM {view}` SQL string.
///
/// Shared by [`PostgresAdapter::execute_where_query`] and
/// [`PostgresAdapter::explain_where_query`] so that SQL construction
/// logic is never duplicated.
///
/// # Returns
///
/// `(sql, typed_params)` — the SQL string and the bound parameter values.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns `FraiseQLError` if WHERE clause generation fails.
pub(super) fn build_where_select_sql(
    view: &str,
    where_clause: Option<&WhereClause>,
    limit: Option<u32>,
    offset: Option<u32>,
) -> Result<(String, Vec<QueryParam>)> {
    build_where_select_sql_ordered(view, where_clause, limit, offset, None)
}

/// Build a parameterized `SELECT data FROM {view}` SQL string with optional ORDER BY.
///
/// ORDER BY is inserted between the WHERE clause and LIMIT/OFFSET as required by SQL.
///
/// # Returns
///
/// `(sql, typed_params)` — the SQL string and the bound parameter values.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns `FraiseQLError` if WHERE clause generation or field name validation fails.
pub(super) fn build_where_select_sql_ordered(
    view: &str,
    where_clause: Option<&WhereClause>,
    limit: Option<u32>,
    offset: Option<u32>,
    order_by: Option<&[OrderByClause]>,
) -> Result<(String, Vec<QueryParam>)> {
    // Build base query
    let mut sql = format!("SELECT data FROM {}", quote_postgres_identifier(view));

    // Collect WHERE clause params (if any)
    let mut typed_params: Vec<QueryParam> = if let Some(clause) = where_clause {
        let generator = PostgresWhereGenerator::new(PostgresDialect);
        let (where_sql, where_params) = generator.generate(clause)?;
        sql.push_str(" WHERE ");
        sql.push_str(&where_sql);

        // Convert WHERE clause JSON values to QueryParam
        where_params.into_iter().map(QueryParam::from).collect()
    } else {
        Vec::new()
    };
    let mut param_count = typed_params.len();

    // ORDER BY must come before LIMIT/OFFSET in SQL.
    append_order_by(&mut sql, order_by, DatabaseType::PostgreSQL)?;

    // Add LIMIT as BigInt (PostgreSQL requires integer type for LIMIT).
    // Reason (expect below): fmt::Write for String is infallible.
    if let Some(lim) = limit {
        param_count += 1;
        write!(sql, " LIMIT ${param_count}").expect("write to String");
        typed_params.push(QueryParam::BigInt(i64::from(lim)));
    }

    // Add OFFSET as BigInt (PostgreSQL requires integer type for OFFSET)
    if let Some(off) = offset {
        param_count += 1;
        write!(sql, " OFFSET ${param_count}").expect("write to String");
        typed_params.push(QueryParam::BigInt(i64::from(off)));
    }

    Ok((sql, typed_params))
}

/// Build a parameterized projection `SELECT` SQL string.
///
/// Mirrors the SQL produced inline by [`PostgresAdapter::execute_with_projection_impl`],
/// extracted so the connection-affine `*_with_session` path can reuse it
/// without acquiring its own connection.
///
/// # Returns
///
/// `(sql, typed_params)` — the SQL string and the bound parameter values.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns `FraiseQLError` if WHERE clause generation fails.
pub(super) fn build_projection_select_sql(
    projection: &SqlProjectionHint,
    view: &str,
    where_clause: Option<&WhereClause>,
    limit: Option<u32>,
    offset: Option<u32>,
    order_by: Option<&[OrderByClause]>,
) -> Result<(String, Vec<QueryParam>)> {
    // The projection_template is the SELECT clause with projection SQL,
    // e.g. "jsonb_build_object('id', data->>'id', 'email', data->>'email')".
    let mut sql = format!(
        "SELECT {} FROM {}",
        projection.projection_template,
        quote_postgres_identifier(view)
    );

    let mut typed_params: Vec<QueryParam> = if let Some(clause) = where_clause {
        let generator = PostgresWhereGenerator::new(PostgresDialect);
        let (where_sql, where_params) = generator.generate(clause)?;
        sql.push_str(" WHERE ");
        sql.push_str(&where_sql);
        where_params.into_iter().map(QueryParam::from).collect()
    } else {
        Vec::new()
    };
    let mut param_count = typed_params.len();

    // ORDER BY must come before LIMIT/OFFSET in SQL.
    append_order_by(&mut sql, order_by, DatabaseType::PostgreSQL)?;

    // Append LIMIT/OFFSET as BigInt (PostgreSQL requires integer type).
    // Reason (expect below): fmt::Write for String is infallible.
    if let Some(lim) = limit {
        param_count += 1;
        write!(sql, " LIMIT ${param_count}").expect("write to String");
        typed_params.push(QueryParam::BigInt(i64::from(lim)));
    }

    if let Some(off) = offset {
        param_count += 1;
        write!(sql, " OFFSET ${param_count}").expect("write to String");
        typed_params.push(QueryParam::BigInt(i64::from(off)));
    }

    Ok((sql, typed_params))
}