forgellm_codegen_metal/

lib.rs

//! Forge Metal Code Generation — native Apple Silicon GPU inference.
//!
//! Generates a complete Cargo project that runs GPU inference via the `metal`
//! crate (metal-rs), using Metal Shading Language compute kernels compiled at
//! runtime. Targets Apple Silicon unified memory for zero-copy weight loading.

use std::fmt::Write as FmtWrite;
use std::fs;
use std::path::Path;

use forgellm_frontend::ir::*;

/// Errors during Metal code generation.
#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
pub enum MetalCodegenError {
    /// The computation graph has no attached [`ModelConfig`].
    #[error("graph has no model config")]
    MissingConfig,

    /// An I/O error during file creation.
    #[error("I/O error: {0}")]
    Io(#[from] std::io::Error),

    /// A formatting error while building source strings.
    #[error("format error: {0}")]
    Fmt(#[from] std::fmt::Error),
}

/// Generate a complete Metal Cargo project from a computation graph.
///
/// Creates:
/// - `Cargo.toml` — with metal, objc, tokenizers, memmap2, half dependencies
/// - `src/main.rs` — CLI that reads weights + tokenizer, runs Metal inference
/// - `src/model.rs` — MetalModel struct, compute pipelines, forward pass
/// - `shaders/kernels.metal` — Metal Shading Language compute kernels
pub fn generate_metal_project(
    graph: &Graph,
    output_dir: &Path,
    model_name: &str,
) -> Result<(), MetalCodegenError> {
    let config = graph
        .config
        .as_ref()
        .ok_or(MetalCodegenError::MissingConfig)?;

    let src_dir = output_dir.join("src");
    let shader_dir = output_dir.join("shaders");
    fs::create_dir_all(&src_dir)?;
    fs::create_dir_all(&shader_dir)?;

    fs::write(
        output_dir.join("Cargo.toml"),
        generate_cargo_toml(model_name),
    )?;

    fs::write(
        shader_dir.join("kernels.metal"),
        generate_metal_shaders(config),
    )?;

    let model_rs = generate_model_rs(config)?;
    fs::write(src_dir.join("model.rs"), model_rs)?;

    let main_rs = generate_main_rs(model_name, config)?;
    fs::write(src_dir.join("main.rs"), main_rs)?;

    Ok(())
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Internal helpers
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn sanitize_name(name: &str) -> String {
    name.to_lowercase()
        .replace(|c: char| !c.is_alphanumeric() && c != '-', "-")
        .trim_matches('-')
        .to_string()
}

fn generate_cargo_toml(model_name: &str) -> String {
    let sanitized = sanitize_name(model_name);
    format!(
        r#"[package]
name = "{sanitized}"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

[[bin]]
name = "{sanitized}"
path = "src/main.rs"

[dependencies]
metal = "0.29"
objc = "0.2"
half = "2"
tokenizers = {{ version = "0.21", default-features = false, features = ["onig"] }}
memmap2 = "0.9"
tiny_http = "0.12"
serde = {{ version = "1", features = ["derive"] }}
serde_json = "1"

[profile.release]
opt-level = 3
lto = "fat"
codegen-units = 1
"#
    )
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Metal Shading Language kernels
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn generate_metal_shaders(config: &ModelConfig) -> String {
    // The vec_tile shared memory array must fit the largest column dimension
    // used in any matmul kernel.  For standard LLM architectures this is
    // max(hidden_size, intermediate_size).  Apple Silicon provides 32 KB of
    // threadgroup memory; at 4 bytes per float that caps us at 8192 elements.
    let vec_tile_size = config.hidden_size.max(config.intermediate_size).min(8192);
    // The attention-scores shared array must be at least effective_seq_len
    // elements; anything smaller silently overflows for long prompts.  For
    // small-context models (135M at 2K), a smaller array saves threadgroup
    // memory and improves occupancy — so we size it precisely.
    let attn_scores_size = config.max_seq_len.min(4096);
    r#"//
// Auto-generated by ForgeLLM Metal codegen.
// Metal Shading Language compute kernels for transformer inference.
//
// Optimized with simdgroup cooperative reductions, shared memory vector
// caching, float4 vectorized loads, multi-block Q8_0/Q4_0 processing per SIMD
// lane, and fast:: math intrinsics for Apple Silicon throughput.
//

#include <metal_stdlib>
#include <metal_simdgroup_matrix>
using namespace metal;

// ── Constants ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// 8 simdgroups per threadgroup = 256 threads, each simdgroup handles 8 rows
// = 64 rows per threadgroup. 8-row register blocking doubles vector reuse
// per shared memory load vs 4-row, improving ILP and reducing launches.
constant constexpr uint SIMDGROUPS_PER_TG = 8;
constant constexpr uint ROWS_PER_SIMDGROUP = 8;
constant constexpr uint ROWS_PER_TG = SIMDGROUPS_PER_TG * ROWS_PER_SIMDGROUP; // 64

// ── matmul_vec ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Matrix-vector multiply: output[row] = dot(matrix[row, :], vector[:])
// Uses simdgroup cooperative dot product with shared memory vector caching
// and float4 vectorized loads. Each simdgroup processes 8 rows for better
// shared memory reuse (8x vector reuse per load) and instruction-level
// parallelism. 8 simdgroups x 8 rows = 64 rows per threadgroup.
kernel void matmul_vec(
    device const float* matrix [[buffer(0)]],
    device const float* vector [[buffer(1)]],
    device float* output       [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& rows        [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& cols        [[buffer(4)]],
    uint tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_lane [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    // Cooperatively load vector into threadgroup shared memory
    threadgroup float vec_tile[VEC_TILE_SIZE];  // sized to max(hidden, intermediate), capped at 8192 (32 KB TG mem)
    for (uint i = tid; i < cols; i += 256) {
        vec_tile[i] = vector[i];
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    // Each simdgroup handles 8 consecutive rows
    uint row_base = tgid * ROWS_PER_TG + simd_id * ROWS_PER_SIMDGROUP;
    if (row_base >= rows) return;

    uint base0 = row_base * cols;
    uint base1 = (row_base + 1) * cols;
    uint base2 = (row_base + 2) * cols;
    uint base3 = (row_base + 3) * cols;
    uint base4 = (row_base + 4) * cols;
    uint base5 = (row_base + 5) * cols;
    uint base6 = (row_base + 6) * cols;
    uint base7 = (row_base + 7) * cols;

    // float4 vectorized accumulation across 8 rows
    uint cols_vec4 = cols & ~127u;  // largest multiple of 128 <= cols
    float4 sum4_0 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_1 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_2 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_3 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_4 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_5 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_6 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_7 = float4(0.0f);

    for (uint j = simd_lane * 4; j < cols_vec4; j += 128) {
        float4 v = *reinterpret_cast<threadgroup const float4*>(vec_tile + j);
        sum4_0 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base0 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 1 < rows) sum4_1 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base1 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 2 < rows) sum4_2 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base2 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 3 < rows) sum4_3 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base3 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 4 < rows) sum4_4 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base4 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 5 < rows) sum4_5 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base5 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 6 < rows) sum4_6 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base6 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 7 < rows) sum4_7 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base7 + j) * v;
    }

    float sum0 = sum4_0.x + sum4_0.y + sum4_0.z + sum4_0.w;
    float sum1 = sum4_1.x + sum4_1.y + sum4_1.z + sum4_1.w;
    float sum2 = sum4_2.x + sum4_2.y + sum4_2.z + sum4_2.w;
    float sum3 = sum4_3.x + sum4_3.y + sum4_3.z + sum4_3.w;
    float sum4 = sum4_4.x + sum4_4.y + sum4_4.z + sum4_4.w;
    float sum5 = sum4_5.x + sum4_5.y + sum4_5.z + sum4_5.w;
    float sum6 = sum4_6.x + sum4_6.y + sum4_6.z + sum4_6.w;
    float sum7 = sum4_7.x + sum4_7.y + sum4_7.z + sum4_7.w;

    // Handle remaining elements (cols not divisible by 128)
    for (uint j = cols_vec4 + simd_lane; j < cols; j += 32) {
        float vv = vec_tile[j];
        sum0 += matrix[base0 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 1 < rows) sum1 += matrix[base1 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 2 < rows) sum2 += matrix[base2 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 3 < rows) sum3 += matrix[base3 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 4 < rows) sum4 += matrix[base4 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 5 < rows) sum5 += matrix[base5 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 6 < rows) sum6 += matrix[base6 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 7 < rows) sum7 += matrix[base7 + j] * vv;
    }

    // Simdgroup hardware warp-level reduction
    sum0 = simd_sum(sum0); sum1 = simd_sum(sum1);
    sum2 = simd_sum(sum2); sum3 = simd_sum(sum3);
    sum4 = simd_sum(sum4); sum5 = simd_sum(sum5);
    sum6 = simd_sum(sum6); sum7 = simd_sum(sum7);

    // Only first lane writes the results
    if (simd_lane == 0) {
        if (row_base     < rows) output[row_base]     = sum0;
        if (row_base + 1 < rows) output[row_base + 1] = sum1;
        if (row_base + 2 < rows) output[row_base + 2] = sum2;
        if (row_base + 3 < rows) output[row_base + 3] = sum3;
        if (row_base + 4 < rows) output[row_base + 4] = sum4;
        if (row_base + 5 < rows) output[row_base + 5] = sum5;
        if (row_base + 6 < rows) output[row_base + 6] = sum6;
        if (row_base + 7 < rows) output[row_base + 7] = sum7;
    }
}

// ── rms_norm ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// RMS normalization: output[i] = input[i] * rsqrt(mean(input^2) + eps) * weight[i]
// Uses simdgroup reduction within each warp, then cross-simdgroup reduction
// via shared memory for minimal synchronization overhead.
kernel void rms_norm(
    device const float* input   [[buffer(0)]],
    device const float* weight  [[buffer(1)]],
    device float* output        [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& n            [[buffer(3)]],
    constant float& eps         [[buffer(4)]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    // Each thread accumulates partial sum-of-squares
    float sum_sq = 0.0f;
    for (uint i = tid; i < n; i += 256) {
        float v = input[i];
        sum_sq += v * v;
    }

    // Simdgroup-level reduction (hardware warp sum)
    sum_sq = simd_sum(sum_sq);

    // Cross-simdgroup reduction via shared memory
    threadgroup float shared[8];
    uint simd_id = tid / 32;
    uint simd_lane = tid % 32;
    if (simd_lane == 0) {
        shared[simd_id] = sum_sq;
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    // First thread computes final inverse RMS
    if (tid == 0) {
        float total = 0.0f;
        for (uint i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
            total += shared[i];
        }
        shared[0] = fast::rsqrt(total / float(n) + eps);
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    float inv_rms = shared[0];

    // Normalize
    for (uint i = tid; i < n; i += 256) {
        output[i] = input[i] * inv_rms * weight[i];
    }
}

// ── rope ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Rotary Position Embedding applied in-place.
// Each thread handles one (head, pair) combination.
kernel void rope(
    device float* data        [[buffer(0)]],
    constant uint& num_heads  [[buffer(1)]],
    constant uint& head_dim   [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& pos        [[buffer(3)]],
    constant float& theta     [[buffer(4)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    uint half_dim = head_dim / 2;
    uint total_pairs = num_heads * half_dim;
    if (id >= total_pairs) return;

    uint h = id / half_dim;
    uint i = id % half_dim;
    uint off = h * head_dim;

    float freq = 1.0f / pow(theta, 2.0f * float(i) / float(head_dim));
    float angle = float(pos) * freq;
    float c = cos(angle);
    float s = sin(angle);

    float x0 = data[off + 2 * i];
    float x1 = data[off + 2 * i + 1];
    data[off + 2 * i]     = x0 * c - x1 * s;
    data[off + 2 * i + 1] = x0 * s + x1 * c;
}

// ── softmax ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Numerically stable softmax over a 1-D array.
// Single-threadgroup kernel with cooperative reduction.
kernel void softmax(
    device float* data       [[buffer(0)]],
    constant uint& n         [[buffer(1)]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint tg_size [[threads_per_threadgroup]])
{
    threadgroup float shared_val[256];

    // Pass 1: find max
    float local_max = -INFINITY;
    for (uint i = tid; i < n; i += tg_size) {
        local_max = max(local_max, data[i]);
    }
    shared_val[tid] = local_max;
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    for (uint stride = tg_size / 2; stride > 0; stride >>= 1) {
        if (tid < stride) {
            shared_val[tid] = max(shared_val[tid], shared_val[tid + stride]);
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    }
    float max_val = shared_val[0];
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    // Pass 2: exp and sum
    float local_sum = 0.0f;
    for (uint i = tid; i < n; i += tg_size) {
        float e = fast::exp(data[i] - max_val);
        data[i] = e;
        local_sum += e;
    }
    shared_val[tid] = local_sum;
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    for (uint stride = tg_size / 2; stride > 0; stride >>= 1) {
        if (tid < stride) {
            shared_val[tid] += shared_val[tid + stride];
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    }
    float inv_sum = 1.0f / shared_val[0];
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    // Pass 3: normalize
    for (uint i = tid; i < n; i += tg_size) {
        data[i] *= inv_sum;
    }
}

// ── silu_mul ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Fused SiLU activation * element-wise multiply:
//   output[i] = (gate[i] / (1 + exp(-gate[i]))) * up[i]
kernel void silu_mul(
    device const float* gate [[buffer(0)]],
    device const float* up   [[buffer(1)]],
    device float* output     [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& n         [[buffer(3)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    if (id >= n) return;
    float g = gate[id];
    output[id] = (g / (1.0f + fast::exp(-g))) * up[id];
}

// ── silu_mul_fused ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Fused SiLU-multiply reading gate and up from a single concatenated buffer:
//   gate = gate_up[0..n], up = gate_up[n..2*n]
//   output[i] = silu(gate_up[i]) * gate_up[n + i]
kernel void silu_mul_fused(
    device const float* gate_up [[buffer(0)]],
    device float* output        [[buffer(1)]],
    constant uint& n            [[buffer(2)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    if (id >= n) return;
    float g = gate_up[id];
    float u = gate_up[n + id];
    output[id] = (g / (1.0f + fast::exp(-g))) * u;
}

// ── elementwise_add ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Residual connection: output[i] = a[i] + b[i]
kernel void elementwise_add(
    device const float* a  [[buffer(0)]],
    device const float* b  [[buffer(1)]],
    device float* output   [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& n       [[buffer(3)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    if (id >= n) return;
    output[id] = a[id] + b[id];
}

// ── copy_buffer ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Simple buffer-to-buffer copy via compute kernel, avoiding blit encoder
// transitions. Used for KV cache updates and embedding lookup.
kernel void copy_buffer(
    device const float* src [[buffer(0)]],
    device float* dst       [[buffer(1)]],
    constant uint& count    [[buffer(2)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    if (id < count) dst[id] = src[id];
}

// ── copy_offset ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Copy with source offset (in floats). Used for embedding table lookup
// where we need to copy a specific row from a large table.
kernel void copy_offset(
    device const float* src     [[buffer(0)]],
    device float* dst           [[buffer(1)]],
    constant uint& src_offset   [[buffer(2)]],  // in floats
    constant uint& count        [[buffer(3)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    if (id < count) dst[id] = src[src_offset + id];
}

// ── copy_f32_to_f16_offset ──────────────────────────────────────────────
// Copy f32 elements from src into a half-typed dst, converting to half on
// write.  Used by the single-token decode path to append a new K/V vector
// to the f16 KV cache.  Byte offsets into src/dst are supplied via the
// Metal buffer binding offsets — no in-kernel offsets needed.
kernel void copy_f32_to_f16_offset(
    device const float* src     [[buffer(0)]],
    device half* dst            [[buffer(1)]],
    constant uint& count        [[buffer(2)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    if (id < count) dst[id] = half(src[id]);
}

// ── add_inplace ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// In-place residual connection: a[i] += b[i]
// Avoids a separate blit copy for residual add, reducing encoder overhead.
kernel void add_inplace(
    device float* a        [[buffer(0)]],
    device const float* b  [[buffer(1)]],
    constant uint& n       [[buffer(2)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    if (id >= n) return;
    a[id] += b[id];
}

// ── matmul_vec_q8 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Matrix-vector multiply where the matrix is stored as Q8_0 blocks.
// Q8_0 block: 2 bytes f16 scale + 32 bytes int8 data = 34 bytes per 32 elements.
// Operates directly on quantized weights to halve memory bandwidth vs f32,
// yielding ~1.5-2x speedup on bandwidth-bound GPU matmul.
//
// Register-pressure-optimised: 4 rows per simdgroup (vs 8 for f32 matmul)
// because int8->float conversion doubles register demand.  Fully unrolled
// inner loop with float4 vector loads from shared memory eliminates loop
// overhead and enables better instruction scheduling.
// 8 simdgroups x 4 rows = 32 rows per threadgroup of 256 threads.
constant constexpr uint Q8_ROWS_PER_SG = 4;
constant constexpr uint Q8_ROWS_PER_TG = SIMDGROUPS_PER_TG * Q8_ROWS_PER_SG; // 32

// Q4_0 uses the same 4-row-per-simdgroup layout as Q8_0 (nibble unpacking
// doubles ALU work, so the same register budget applies).
constant constexpr uint Q4_ROWS_PER_SG = 4;
constant constexpr uint Q4_ROWS_PER_TG = SIMDGROUPS_PER_TG * Q4_ROWS_PER_SG; // 32

kernel void matmul_vec_q8(
    device const uchar* matrix   [[buffer(0)]],  // Q8_0 raw bytes
    device const float* vector   [[buffer(1)]],  // f32 input
    device float* output         [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& rows          [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& cols          [[buffer(4)]],  // number of elements per row
    uint tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_lane [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    // Load vector into shared memory
    threadgroup float vec_tile[VEC_TILE_SIZE];
    for (uint i = tid; i < cols; i += 256) {
        vec_tile[i] = vector[i];
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    // Each simdgroup handles 4 consecutive rows (lower register pressure)
    uint row_base = tgid * Q8_ROWS_PER_TG + simd_id * Q8_ROWS_PER_SG;
    if (row_base >= rows) return;

    // Q8_0: each block is 34 bytes for 32 elements
    uint blocks_per_row = cols / 32;
    uint row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 34;

    // Pointers to each row's Q8_0 data
    device const uchar* r0 = matrix + row_base * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r1 = matrix + (row_base + 1) * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r2 = matrix + (row_base + 2) * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r3 = matrix + (row_base + 3) * row_bytes;

    float sum0 = 0.0, sum1 = 0.0, sum2 = 0.0, sum3 = 0.0;

    for (uint blk = simd_lane; blk < blocks_per_row; blk += 32) {
        uint bb = blk * 34;
        uint vb = blk * 32;

        // Prefetch all 4 scales
        float sc0 = float(*(device const half*)(r0 + bb));
        float sc1 = float(*(device const half*)(r1 + bb));
        float sc2 = float(*(device const half*)(r2 + bb));
        float sc3 = float(*(device const half*)(r3 + bb));

        // Wide 64-bit loads via packed_short4 (2-byte aligned — matches the
        // Q8_0 block layout where the int8 data starts at offset +2 from a
        // 34-byte block boundary). Each packed_short4 covers 8 int8 weights,
        // so 4 loads per row per block vs the previous 8 char4 loads — a 2x
        // reduction in memory transactions. Metal's char16/packed_char16 are
        // reserved types and packed_*int4 require >=4-byte alignment which
        // this layout does not provide, so packed_short4 is the widest valid
        // vectorized load.
        device const packed_short4* d0 = (device const packed_short4*)(r0 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_short4* d1 = (device const packed_short4*)(r1 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_short4* d2 = (device const packed_short4*)(r2 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_short4* d3 = (device const packed_short4*)(r3 + bb + 2);

        // Load all 8 float4 vector values for this 32-element block from shared memory
        float4 v0 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb);
        float4 v1 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 4);
        float4 v2 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 8);
        float4 v3 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 12);
        float4 v4 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 16);
        float4 v5 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 20);
        float4 v6 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 24);
        float4 v7 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 28);

        // Helper: expand a packed_short4 into a float4 pair covering 8 int8 weights.
        // char2(as_type<char2>(s)) yields (low_byte, high_byte) on little-endian.
        #define Q8_UNPACK8(SHORT4, OUT_LO, OUT_HI) { \
            short4 _s = short4(SHORT4); \
            char2 _a = as_type<char2>(_s.x); \
            char2 _b = as_type<char2>(_s.y); \
            char2 _c = as_type<char2>(_s.z); \
            char2 _d = as_type<char2>(_s.w); \
            (OUT_LO) = float4(float(_a.x), float(_a.y), float(_b.x), float(_b.y)); \
            (OUT_HI) = float4(float(_c.x), float(_c.y), float(_d.x), float(_d.y)); \
        }

        float4 f0, f1;
        float bd0 = 0.0, bd1 = 0.0, bd2 = 0.0, bd3 = 0.0;

        // Row 0: 4 short4 loads cover 32 int8 weights
        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[0], f0, f1); bd0 += dot(f0, v0) + dot(f1, v1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[1], f0, f1); bd0 += dot(f0, v2) + dot(f1, v3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[2], f0, f1); bd0 += dot(f0, v4) + dot(f1, v5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[3], f0, f1); bd0 += dot(f0, v6) + dot(f1, v7);

        // Row 1
        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[0], f0, f1); bd1 += dot(f0, v0) + dot(f1, v1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[1], f0, f1); bd1 += dot(f0, v2) + dot(f1, v3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[2], f0, f1); bd1 += dot(f0, v4) + dot(f1, v5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[3], f0, f1); bd1 += dot(f0, v6) + dot(f1, v7);

        // Row 2
        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[0], f0, f1); bd2 += dot(f0, v0) + dot(f1, v1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[1], f0, f1); bd2 += dot(f0, v2) + dot(f1, v3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[2], f0, f1); bd2 += dot(f0, v4) + dot(f1, v5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[3], f0, f1); bd2 += dot(f0, v6) + dot(f1, v7);

        // Row 3
        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[0], f0, f1); bd3 += dot(f0, v0) + dot(f1, v1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[1], f0, f1); bd3 += dot(f0, v2) + dot(f1, v3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[2], f0, f1); bd3 += dot(f0, v4) + dot(f1, v5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[3], f0, f1); bd3 += dot(f0, v6) + dot(f1, v7);

        #undef Q8_UNPACK8

        sum0 += sc0 * bd0; sum1 += sc1 * bd1; sum2 += sc2 * bd2; sum3 += sc3 * bd3;
    }

    sum0 = simd_sum(sum0); sum1 = simd_sum(sum1);
    sum2 = simd_sum(sum2); sum3 = simd_sum(sum3);

    if (simd_lane == 0) {
        if (row_base     < rows) output[row_base]     = sum0;
        if (row_base + 1 < rows) output[row_base + 1] = sum1;
        if (row_base + 2 < rows) output[row_base + 2] = sum2;
        if (row_base + 3 < rows) output[row_base + 3] = sum3;
    }
}

// ── matmul_vec_q4 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Matrix-vector multiply where the matrix is stored as Q4_0 blocks.
// Q4_0 block: 2 bytes f16 scale + 16 packed bytes (32 4-bit values) = 18 bytes per 32 elements.
// Each packed byte holds two 4-bit unsigned values; subtract 8 to get signed.
// Low nibble (& 0x0F) - 8 → element[i], high nibble (>> 4) - 8 → element[i+16].
//
// Same threadgroup geometry as Q8_0: 4 rows per simdgroup, 32 rows per TG.
// Inner loop fully unrolled with uchar4 loads and float4 vector reads.
kernel void matmul_vec_q4(
    device const uchar* matrix   [[buffer(0)]],  // Q4_0 raw bytes
    device const float* vector   [[buffer(1)]],  // f32 input
    device float* output         [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& rows          [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& cols          [[buffer(4)]],  // number of elements per row
    uint tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_lane [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    // Load vector into shared memory
    threadgroup float vec_tile[VEC_TILE_SIZE];
    for (uint i = tid; i < cols; i += 256) {
        vec_tile[i] = vector[i];
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    // Each simdgroup handles 4 consecutive rows
    uint row_base = tgid * Q4_ROWS_PER_TG + simd_id * Q4_ROWS_PER_SG;
    if (row_base >= rows) return;

    // Q4_0: each block is 18 bytes for 32 elements
    uint blocks_per_row = cols / 32;
    uint row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 18;

    // Pointers to each row's Q4_0 data
    device const uchar* r0 = matrix + row_base * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r1 = matrix + (row_base + 1) * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r2 = matrix + (row_base + 2) * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r3 = matrix + (row_base + 3) * row_bytes;

    float sum0 = 0.0, sum1 = 0.0, sum2 = 0.0, sum3 = 0.0;

    for (uint blk = simd_lane; blk < blocks_per_row; blk += 32) {
        uint bb = blk * 18;
        uint vb = blk * 32;

        // Prefetch all 4 scales
        float sc0 = float(*(device const half*)(r0 + bb));
        float sc1 = float(*(device const half*)(r1 + bb));
        float sc2 = float(*(device const half*)(r2 + bb));
        float sc3 = float(*(device const half*)(r3 + bb));

        // Packed byte pointers (16 bytes = 32 nibbles = 32 elements)
        device const packed_uchar4* p0 = (device const packed_uchar4*)(r0 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_uchar4* p1 = (device const packed_uchar4*)(r1 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_uchar4* p2 = (device const packed_uchar4*)(r2 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_uchar4* p3 = (device const packed_uchar4*)(r3 + bb + 2);

        // Load 8 float4 vector values for 32 elements from shared memory
        // Low nibble elements: indices [0..15], High nibble elements: indices [16..31]
        float4 v0 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb);       // [0..3]
        float4 v1 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 4);   // [4..7]
        float4 v2 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 8);   // [8..11]
        float4 v3 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 12);  // [12..15]
        float4 v4 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 16);  // [16..19]
        float4 v5 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 20);  // [20..23]
        float4 v6 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 24);  // [24..27]
        float4 v7 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 28);  // [28..31]

        // Fully unrolled block dot products — 4 rows x 4 uchar4 reads
        // Each uchar4 has 4 packed bytes; low nibble → elem[j], high nibble → elem[j+16]
        float bd0=0, bd1=0, bd2=0, bd3=0;
        uchar4 b;

        // Row 0: p0[0]→v0/v4, p0[1]→v1/v5, p0[2]→v2/v6, p0[3]→v3/v7
        b=p0[0]; bd0+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v0.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v4.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v0.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v4.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v0.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v4.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v0.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v4.w;
        b=p0[1]; bd0+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v1.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v5.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v1.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v5.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v1.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v5.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v1.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v5.w;
        b=p0[2]; bd0+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v2.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v6.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v2.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v6.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v2.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v6.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v2.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v6.w;
        b=p0[3]; bd0+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v3.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v7.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v3.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v7.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v3.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v7.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v3.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v7.w;

        // Row 1
        b=p1[0]; bd1+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v0.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v4.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v0.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v4.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v0.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v4.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v0.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v4.w;
        b=p1[1]; bd1+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v1.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v5.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v1.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v5.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v1.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v5.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v1.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v5.w;
        b=p1[2]; bd1+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v2.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v6.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v2.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v6.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v2.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v6.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v2.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v6.w;
        b=p1[3]; bd1+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v3.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v7.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v3.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v7.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v3.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v7.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v3.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v7.w;

        // Row 2
        b=p2[0]; bd2+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v0.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v4.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v0.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v4.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v0.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v4.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v0.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v4.w;
        b=p2[1]; bd2+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v1.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v5.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v1.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v5.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v1.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v5.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v1.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v5.w;
        b=p2[2]; bd2+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v2.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v6.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v2.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v6.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v2.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v6.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v2.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v6.w;
        b=p2[3]; bd2+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v3.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v7.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v3.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v7.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v3.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v7.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v3.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v7.w;

        // Row 3
        b=p3[0]; bd3+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v0.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v4.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v0.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v4.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v0.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v4.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v0.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v4.w;
        b=p3[1]; bd3+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v1.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v5.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v1.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v5.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v1.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v5.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v1.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v5.w;
        b=p3[2]; bd3+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v2.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v6.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v2.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v6.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v2.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v6.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v2.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v6.w;
        b=p3[3]; bd3+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v3.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v7.x
                    +float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v3.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v7.y
                    +float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v3.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v7.z
                    +float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v3.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v7.w;

        sum0 += sc0 * bd0; sum1 += sc1 * bd1; sum2 += sc2 * bd2; sum3 += sc3 * bd3;
    }

    sum0 = simd_sum(sum0); sum1 = simd_sum(sum1);
    sum2 = simd_sum(sum2); sum3 = simd_sum(sum3);

    if (simd_lane == 0) {
        if (row_base     < rows) output[row_base]     = sum0;
        if (row_base + 1 < rows) output[row_base + 1] = sum1;
        if (row_base + 2 < rows) output[row_base + 2] = sum2;
        if (row_base + 3 < rows) output[row_base + 3] = sum3;
    }
}

// ── attention ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Single-query attention with simdgroup cooperative reductions.
// Computes Q*K^T scores using 32-lane simd dot products, applies softmax
// with simd_max/simd_sum reductions, then weighted sum of V.
// Each threadgroup handles one head with 256 threads (8 simdgroups).
//
// Buffers:
//   q:       [num_heads * head_dim]       current query
//   k_cache: [max_seq_len * num_kv_heads * head_dim]
//   v_cache: [max_seq_len * num_kv_heads * head_dim]
//   output:  [num_heads * head_dim]
kernel void attention(
    device const float* q        [[buffer(0)]],
    device const half*  k_cache  [[buffer(1)]],
    device const half*  v_cache  [[buffer(2)]],
    device float* output         [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& seq_len       [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& num_heads     [[buffer(5)]],
    constant uint& num_kv_heads  [[buffer(6)]],
    constant uint& head_dim      [[buffer(7)]],
    uint tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_lane [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint head = tgid;
    if (head >= num_heads) return;
    uint kv_head = head / (num_heads / num_kv_heads);

    uint q_off = head * head_dim;

    // Step 1: Compute attention scores Q·K^T with simdgroup reduction
    // Use shared memory for scores — 2048 entries (8 KB) saves TG memory
    // vs 4096. For seq_len > 2048, generation-phase attention is rare;
    // most generation steps have short effective context.
    threadgroup float scores[ATTN_SCORES_SIZE];  // max seq_len for generation phase (matches MAX_SEQ_LEN cap)

    for (uint s = simd_id; s < seq_len; s += 8) {
        uint k_off = s * num_kv_heads * head_dim + kv_head * head_dim;
        float dot = 0.0;
        for (uint d = simd_lane; d < head_dim; d += 32) {
            dot += q[q_off + d] * k_cache[k_off + d];
        }
        dot = simd_sum(dot);
        if (simd_lane == 0) {
            scores[s] = dot * fast::rsqrt(float(head_dim));
        }
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    // Step 2: Softmax over scores (cooperative)
    // Find max
    float local_max = -INFINITY;
    for (uint s = tid; s < seq_len; s += 256) {
        local_max = max(local_max, scores[s]);
    }
    local_max = simd_max(local_max);
    threadgroup float shared_max[8];
    if (simd_lane == 0) shared_max[simd_id] = local_max;
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    if (tid == 0) {
        float m = shared_max[0];
        for (uint i = 1; i < 8; i++) m = max(m, shared_max[i]);
        shared_max[0] = m;
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    float max_val = shared_max[0];

    // Exp and sum
    float local_sum = 0.0;
    for (uint s = tid; s < seq_len; s += 256) {
        scores[s] = fast::exp(scores[s] - max_val);
        local_sum += scores[s];
    }
    local_sum = simd_sum(local_sum);
    threadgroup float shared_sum[8];
    if (simd_lane == 0) shared_sum[simd_id] = local_sum;
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    if (tid == 0) {
        float total = 0.0;
        for (uint i = 0; i < 8; i++) total += shared_sum[i];
        shared_sum[0] = 1.0 / total;
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    float inv_sum = shared_sum[0];

    for (uint s = tid; s < seq_len; s += 256) {
        scores[s] *= inv_sum;
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    // Step 3: Weighted sum of V: output = scores · V
    // Each thread handles a range of head_dim dimensions.
    // Process 4 sequence positions at a time for better ILP and reduced
    // loop overhead (float4 score gather, 4 V loads per iteration).
    uint seq_len4 = seq_len & ~3u;  // largest multiple of 4 <= seq_len
    uint v_stride = num_kv_heads * head_dim;
    for (uint d = tid; d < head_dim; d += 256) {
        float acc = 0.0;
        uint v_base = kv_head * head_dim + d;
        for (uint s = 0; s < seq_len4; s += 4) {
            float sc0 = scores[s];
            float sc1 = scores[s + 1];
            float sc2 = scores[s + 2];
            float sc3 = scores[s + 3];
            acc += sc0 * v_cache[s * v_stride + v_base]
                 + sc1 * v_cache[(s+1) * v_stride + v_base]
                 + sc2 * v_cache[(s+2) * v_stride + v_base]
                 + sc3 * v_cache[(s+3) * v_stride + v_base];
        }
        for (uint s = seq_len4; s < seq_len; s++) {
            acc += scores[s] * v_cache[s * v_stride + v_base];
        }
        output[q_off + d] = acc;
    }
}

// ── Batched prefill kernels ────────────────────────────────────────────
// These kernels process M input vectors against the same weight matrix
// in a single dispatch, converting mat-vec into mat-mat for better GPU
// utilization during prompt prefill.

// ── rms_norm_batch ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// RMS normalization for a batch of vectors.
// Each threadgroup handles one vector: input[token * n .. (token+1) * n].
// Grid: M threadgroups (one per token).
kernel void rms_norm_batch(
    device const float* input   [[buffer(0)]],  // [M, n]
    device const float* weight  [[buffer(1)]],  // [n]
    device float* output        [[buffer(2)]],  // [M, n]
    constant uint& n            [[buffer(3)]],
    constant float& eps         [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& num_tokens   [[buffer(5)]],
    uint tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    if (tgid >= num_tokens) return;

    uint base = tgid * n;

    float sum_sq = 0.0f;
    for (uint i = tid; i < n; i += 256) {
        float v = input[base + i];
        sum_sq += v * v;
    }

    sum_sq = simd_sum(sum_sq);

    threadgroup float shared[8];
    uint simd_id = tid / 32;
    uint simd_lane = tid % 32;
    if (simd_lane == 0) {
        shared[simd_id] = sum_sq;
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    if (tid == 0) {
        float total = 0.0f;
        for (uint i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
            total += shared[i];
        }
        shared[0] = fast::rsqrt(total / float(n) + eps);
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    float inv_rms = shared[0];

    for (uint i = tid; i < n; i += 256) {
        output[base + i] = input[base + i] * inv_rms * weight[i];
    }
}

// ── rope_batch ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Rotary Position Embedding for a batch of vectors with different positions.
// data layout: [M, num_heads * head_dim], positions: [M]
// Each thread handles one (token, head, pair) combination.
kernel void rope_batch(
    device float* data           [[buffer(0)]],  // [M, num_heads * head_dim]
    constant uint& num_heads     [[buffer(1)]],
    constant uint& head_dim      [[buffer(2)]],
    device const uint* positions  [[buffer(3)]],  // [M] position per token
    constant float& theta        [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& num_tokens    [[buffer(5)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    uint half_dim = head_dim / 2;
    uint pairs_per_token = num_heads * half_dim;
    uint total = num_tokens * pairs_per_token;
    if (id >= total) return;

    uint token = id / pairs_per_token;
    uint rem = id % pairs_per_token;
    uint h = rem / half_dim;
    uint i = rem % half_dim;
    uint off = token * (num_heads * head_dim) + h * head_dim;

    float freq = 1.0f / pow(theta, 2.0f * float(i) / float(head_dim));
    float angle = float(positions[token]) * freq;
    float c = cos(angle);
    float s = sin(angle);

    float x0 = data[off + 2 * i];
    float x1 = data[off + 2 * i + 1];
    data[off + 2 * i]     = x0 * c - x1 * s;
    data[off + 2 * i + 1] = x0 * s + x1 * c;
}

// ── silu_mul_fused_batch ───────────────────────────────────────────────
// Fused SiLU-multiply for a batch: gate_up layout [M, 2*n].
// Each element: output[token*n + i] = silu(gate_up[token*2*n + i]) * gate_up[token*2*n + n + i]
kernel void silu_mul_fused_batch(
    device const float* gate_up [[buffer(0)]],  // [M, 2*n]
    device float* output        [[buffer(1)]],  // [M, n]
    constant uint& n            [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& num_tokens   [[buffer(3)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    uint total = num_tokens * n;
    if (id >= total) return;
    uint token = id / n;
    uint i = id % n;
    uint gu_base = token * 2 * n;
    float g = gate_up[gu_base + i];
    float u = gate_up[gu_base + n + i];
    output[token * n + i] = (g / (1.0f + fast::exp(-g))) * u;
}

// ── add_inplace_batch ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
// In-place residual connection for a batch: a[i] += b[i] for all M*n elements.
kernel void add_inplace_batch(
    device float* a        [[buffer(0)]],  // [M * n]
    device const float* b  [[buffer(1)]],  // [M * n]
    constant uint& total   [[buffer(2)]],  // M * n
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    if (id >= total) return;
    a[id] += b[id];
}

// ── copy_embedding_batch ───────────────────────────────────────────────
// Copy M embedding rows from embedding table to a contiguous batch buffer.
// tokens: [M] array of token IDs, each selects a row of `dim` floats.
kernel void copy_embedding_batch(
    device const float* embed   [[buffer(0)]],  // [vocab_size, dim]
    device float* output        [[buffer(1)]],  // [M, dim]
    device const uint* tokens   [[buffer(2)]],  // [M]
    constant uint& dim          [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& num_tokens   [[buffer(4)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    uint total = num_tokens * dim;
    if (id >= total) return;
    uint token_idx = id / dim;
    uint d = id % dim;
    output[id] = embed[tokens[token_idx] * dim + d];
}

// ── matmul_vec_batch ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Batched matrix-vector multiply: process M input vectors against the same
// weight matrix. Grid: ceil(rows/ROWS_PER_TG) * M threadgroups.
// Each threadgroup handles one (token, row_group) pair.
kernel void matmul_vec_batch(
    device const float* matrix  [[buffer(0)]],  // [rows, cols] weight
    device const float* inputs  [[buffer(1)]],  // [M, cols] input batch
    device float* outputs       [[buffer(2)]],  // [M, rows] output batch
    constant uint& num_tokens   [[buffer(3)]],  // M
    constant uint& rows         [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& cols         [[buffer(5)]],
    uint tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_lane [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint row_tgs = (rows + ROWS_PER_TG - 1) / ROWS_PER_TG;
    uint token = tgid / row_tgs;
    uint tg_in_token = tgid % row_tgs;
    if (token >= num_tokens) return;

    // Load this token's input vector into shared memory
    threadgroup float vec_tile[VEC_TILE_SIZE];
    device const float* input = inputs + token * cols;
    for (uint i = tid; i < cols; i += 256) {
        vec_tile[i] = input[i];
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    uint row_base = tg_in_token * ROWS_PER_TG + simd_id * ROWS_PER_SIMDGROUP;
    if (row_base >= rows) return;

    uint base0 = row_base * cols;
    uint base1 = (row_base + 1) * cols;
    uint base2 = (row_base + 2) * cols;
    uint base3 = (row_base + 3) * cols;
    uint base4 = (row_base + 4) * cols;
    uint base5 = (row_base + 5) * cols;
    uint base6 = (row_base + 6) * cols;
    uint base7 = (row_base + 7) * cols;

    uint cols_vec4 = cols & ~127u;
    float4 sum4_0 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_1 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_2 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_3 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_4 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_5 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_6 = float4(0.0f);
    float4 sum4_7 = float4(0.0f);

    for (uint j = simd_lane * 4; j < cols_vec4; j += 128) {
        float4 v = *reinterpret_cast<threadgroup const float4*>(vec_tile + j);
        sum4_0 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base0 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 1 < rows) sum4_1 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base1 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 2 < rows) sum4_2 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base2 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 3 < rows) sum4_3 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base3 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 4 < rows) sum4_4 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base4 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 5 < rows) sum4_5 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base5 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 6 < rows) sum4_6 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base6 + j) * v;
        if (row_base + 7 < rows) sum4_7 += *reinterpret_cast<device const float4*>(matrix + base7 + j) * v;
    }

    float sum0 = sum4_0.x + sum4_0.y + sum4_0.z + sum4_0.w;
    float sum1 = sum4_1.x + sum4_1.y + sum4_1.z + sum4_1.w;
    float sum2 = sum4_2.x + sum4_2.y + sum4_2.z + sum4_2.w;
    float sum3 = sum4_3.x + sum4_3.y + sum4_3.z + sum4_3.w;
    float sum4 = sum4_4.x + sum4_4.y + sum4_4.z + sum4_4.w;
    float sum5 = sum4_5.x + sum4_5.y + sum4_5.z + sum4_5.w;
    float sum6 = sum4_6.x + sum4_6.y + sum4_6.z + sum4_6.w;
    float sum7 = sum4_7.x + sum4_7.y + sum4_7.z + sum4_7.w;

    for (uint j = cols_vec4 + simd_lane; j < cols; j += 32) {
        float vv = vec_tile[j];
        sum0 += matrix[base0 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 1 < rows) sum1 += matrix[base1 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 2 < rows) sum2 += matrix[base2 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 3 < rows) sum3 += matrix[base3 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 4 < rows) sum4 += matrix[base4 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 5 < rows) sum5 += matrix[base5 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 6 < rows) sum6 += matrix[base6 + j] * vv;
        if (row_base + 7 < rows) sum7 += matrix[base7 + j] * vv;
    }

    sum0 = simd_sum(sum0); sum1 = simd_sum(sum1);
    sum2 = simd_sum(sum2); sum3 = simd_sum(sum3);
    sum4 = simd_sum(sum4); sum5 = simd_sum(sum5);
    sum6 = simd_sum(sum6); sum7 = simd_sum(sum7);

    device float* output = outputs + token * rows;
    if (simd_lane == 0) {
        if (row_base     < rows) output[row_base]     = sum0;
        if (row_base + 1 < rows) output[row_base + 1] = sum1;
        if (row_base + 2 < rows) output[row_base + 2] = sum2;
        if (row_base + 3 < rows) output[row_base + 3] = sum3;
        if (row_base + 4 < rows) output[row_base + 4] = sum4;
        if (row_base + 5 < rows) output[row_base + 5] = sum5;
        if (row_base + 6 < rows) output[row_base + 6] = sum6;
        if (row_base + 7 < rows) output[row_base + 7] = sum7;
    }
}

// ── matmul_vec_q8_batch ────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Batched Q8_0 matrix-vector multiply for M input vectors.
// Grid: ceil(rows/Q8_ROWS_PER_TG) * M threadgroups.
kernel void matmul_vec_q8_batch(
    device const uchar* matrix   [[buffer(0)]],  // Q8_0 raw bytes [rows, cols]
    device const float* inputs   [[buffer(1)]],  // [M, cols] input batch
    device float* outputs        [[buffer(2)]],  // [M, rows] output batch
    constant uint& num_tokens    [[buffer(3)]],  // M
    constant uint& rows          [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& cols          [[buffer(5)]],
    uint tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_lane [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint row_tgs = (rows + Q8_ROWS_PER_TG - 1) / Q8_ROWS_PER_TG;
    uint token = tgid / row_tgs;
    uint tg_in_token = tgid % row_tgs;
    if (token >= num_tokens) return;

    // Load this token's input vector into shared memory
    threadgroup float vec_tile[VEC_TILE_SIZE];
    device const float* input = inputs + token * cols;
    for (uint i = tid; i < cols; i += 256) {
        vec_tile[i] = input[i];
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    uint row_base = tg_in_token * Q8_ROWS_PER_TG + simd_id * Q8_ROWS_PER_SG;
    if (row_base >= rows) return;

    uint blocks_per_row = cols / 32;
    uint row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 34;

    device const uchar* r0 = matrix + row_base * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r1 = matrix + (row_base + 1) * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r2 = matrix + (row_base + 2) * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r3 = matrix + (row_base + 3) * row_bytes;

    float sum0 = 0.0, sum1 = 0.0, sum2 = 0.0, sum3 = 0.0;

    for (uint blk = simd_lane; blk < blocks_per_row; blk += 32) {
        uint bb = blk * 34;
        uint vb = blk * 32;

        float sc0 = float(*(device const half*)(r0 + bb));
        float sc1 = float(*(device const half*)(r1 + bb));
        float sc2 = float(*(device const half*)(r2 + bb));
        float sc3 = float(*(device const half*)(r3 + bb));

        // Wide 64-bit loads via packed_short4 (2-byte aligned): 4 loads per
        // row per block vs 8 char4 loads — 2x reduction in memory transactions.
        device const packed_short4* d0 = (device const packed_short4*)(r0 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_short4* d1 = (device const packed_short4*)(r1 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_short4* d2 = (device const packed_short4*)(r2 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_short4* d3 = (device const packed_short4*)(r3 + bb + 2);

        float4 v0 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb);
        float4 v1 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 4);
        float4 v2 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 8);
        float4 v3 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 12);
        float4 v4 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 16);
        float4 v5 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 20);
        float4 v6 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 24);
        float4 v7 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 28);

        #define Q8_UNPACK8(SHORT4, OUT_LO, OUT_HI) { \
            short4 _s = short4(SHORT4); \
            char2 _a = as_type<char2>(_s.x); \
            char2 _b = as_type<char2>(_s.y); \
            char2 _c = as_type<char2>(_s.z); \
            char2 _d = as_type<char2>(_s.w); \
            (OUT_LO) = float4(float(_a.x), float(_a.y), float(_b.x), float(_b.y)); \
            (OUT_HI) = float4(float(_c.x), float(_c.y), float(_d.x), float(_d.y)); \
        }

        float4 f0, f1;
        float bd0 = 0.0, bd1 = 0.0, bd2 = 0.0, bd3 = 0.0;

        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[0], f0, f1); bd0 += dot(f0, v0) + dot(f1, v1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[1], f0, f1); bd0 += dot(f0, v2) + dot(f1, v3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[2], f0, f1); bd0 += dot(f0, v4) + dot(f1, v5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[3], f0, f1); bd0 += dot(f0, v6) + dot(f1, v7);

        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[0], f0, f1); bd1 += dot(f0, v0) + dot(f1, v1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[1], f0, f1); bd1 += dot(f0, v2) + dot(f1, v3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[2], f0, f1); bd1 += dot(f0, v4) + dot(f1, v5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[3], f0, f1); bd1 += dot(f0, v6) + dot(f1, v7);

        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[0], f0, f1); bd2 += dot(f0, v0) + dot(f1, v1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[1], f0, f1); bd2 += dot(f0, v2) + dot(f1, v3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[2], f0, f1); bd2 += dot(f0, v4) + dot(f1, v5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[3], f0, f1); bd2 += dot(f0, v6) + dot(f1, v7);

        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[0], f0, f1); bd3 += dot(f0, v0) + dot(f1, v1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[1], f0, f1); bd3 += dot(f0, v2) + dot(f1, v3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[2], f0, f1); bd3 += dot(f0, v4) + dot(f1, v5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[3], f0, f1); bd3 += dot(f0, v6) + dot(f1, v7);

        #undef Q8_UNPACK8

        sum0 += sc0 * bd0; sum1 += sc1 * bd1; sum2 += sc2 * bd2; sum3 += sc3 * bd3;
    }

    sum0 = simd_sum(sum0); sum1 = simd_sum(sum1);
    sum2 = simd_sum(sum2); sum3 = simd_sum(sum3);

    device float* output = outputs + token * rows;
    if (simd_lane == 0) {
        if (row_base     < rows) output[row_base]     = sum0;
        if (row_base + 1 < rows) output[row_base + 1] = sum1;
        if (row_base + 2 < rows) output[row_base + 2] = sum2;
        if (row_base + 3 < rows) output[row_base + 3] = sum3;
    }
}

// ── matmul_q8_gemm_batch ───────────────────────────────────────────────
// True GEMM-style Q8_0 kernel that reuses weight reads across a token tile.
// Each threadgroup covers 32 rows and TOKENS_PER_TG consecutive tokens, so
// the Q8_0 weight blocks are fetched once from device memory and reused for
// every token in the tile (1/TOKENS_PER_TG the weight bandwidth of the
// per-token dispatch).
//
// Grid: (ceil(rows/32), ceil(M/TOKENS_PER_TG)) threadgroups.
// Each TG: 8 simdgroups * 4 rows = 32 rows; each simdgroup reduces over blocks
// with simd_sum.  Token vectors are read directly from device memory inside
// the block loop (not cached in shared memory) so intermediate_size up to
// 8192 fits without spilling threadgroup memory.
constant constexpr uint TOKENS_PER_TG_Q8 = 4;

kernel void matmul_q8_gemm_batch(
    device const uchar* matrix   [[buffer(0)]],  // Q8_0 raw bytes [rows, cols]
    device const float* inputs   [[buffer(1)]],  // [M, cols] input batch
    device float* outputs        [[buffer(2)]],  // [M, rows] output batch
    constant uint& num_tokens    [[buffer(3)]],  // M
    constant uint& rows          [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& cols          [[buffer(5)]],
    uint2 tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_lane [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint row_base = tgid.x * Q8_ROWS_PER_TG + simd_id * Q8_ROWS_PER_SG;
    uint tok_base = tgid.y * TOKENS_PER_TG_Q8;
    if (row_base >= rows || tok_base >= num_tokens) return;

    // How many tokens in this tile are valid?
    uint tok_count = min(uint(TOKENS_PER_TG_Q8), num_tokens - tok_base);

    uint blocks_per_row = cols / 32;
    uint row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 34;

    device const uchar* r0 = matrix + row_base * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r1 = matrix + (row_base + 1) * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r2 = matrix + (row_base + 2) * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r3 = matrix + (row_base + 3) * row_bytes;

    // Accumulators: 4 tokens × 4 rows per simdgroup.
    float s00 = 0, s01 = 0, s02 = 0, s03 = 0;
    float s10 = 0, s11 = 0, s12 = 0, s13 = 0;
    float s20 = 0, s21 = 0, s22 = 0, s23 = 0;
    float s30 = 0, s31 = 0, s32 = 0, s33 = 0;

    for (uint blk = simd_lane; blk < blocks_per_row; blk += 32) {
        uint bb = blk * 34;
        uint vb = blk * 32;

        // ── Load weight data ONCE per block (reused across all tokens) ──
        float sc0 = float(*(device const half*)(r0 + bb));
        float sc1 = float(*(device const half*)(r1 + bb));
        float sc2 = float(*(device const half*)(r2 + bb));
        float sc3 = float(*(device const half*)(r3 + bb));

        device const packed_short4* d0 = (device const packed_short4*)(r0 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_short4* d1 = (device const packed_short4*)(r1 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_short4* d2 = (device const packed_short4*)(r2 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_short4* d3 = (device const packed_short4*)(r3 + bb + 2);

        #define Q8_UNPACK8(SHORT4, OUT_LO, OUT_HI) { \
            short4 _s = short4(SHORT4); \
            char2 _a = as_type<char2>(_s.x); \
            char2 _b = as_type<char2>(_s.y); \
            char2 _c = as_type<char2>(_s.z); \
            char2 _d = as_type<char2>(_s.w); \
            (OUT_LO) = float4(float(_a.x), float(_a.y), float(_b.x), float(_b.y)); \
            (OUT_HI) = float4(float(_c.x), float(_c.y), float(_d.x), float(_d.y)); \
        }

        // Unpack all 4 rows × 8 float4 weights (scaled).  These live in
        // registers for the duration of the block and are dotted against
        // every token's vector tile.
        float4 w0_0, w0_1, w0_2, w0_3, w0_4, w0_5, w0_6, w0_7;
        float4 w1_0, w1_1, w1_2, w1_3, w1_4, w1_5, w1_6, w1_7;
        float4 w2_0, w2_1, w2_2, w2_3, w2_4, w2_5, w2_6, w2_7;
        float4 w3_0, w3_1, w3_2, w3_3, w3_4, w3_5, w3_6, w3_7;

        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[0], w0_0, w0_1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[1], w0_2, w0_3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[2], w0_4, w0_5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d0[3], w0_6, w0_7);

        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[0], w1_0, w1_1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[1], w1_2, w1_3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[2], w1_4, w1_5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d1[3], w1_6, w1_7);

        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[0], w2_0, w2_1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[1], w2_2, w2_3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[2], w2_4, w2_5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d2[3], w2_6, w2_7);

        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[0], w3_0, w3_1);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[1], w3_2, w3_3);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[2], w3_4, w3_5);
        Q8_UNPACK8(d3[3], w3_6, w3_7);

        #undef Q8_UNPACK8

        // ── For each token, read vector and accumulate against shared weights ──
        // Token 0 (always valid: tok_count >= 1).
        {
            device const float* a0 = inputs + (tok_base + 0) * cols + vb;
            float4 v0 = *(device const float4*)(a0);
            float4 v1 = *(device const float4*)(a0 + 4);
            float4 v2 = *(device const float4*)(a0 + 8);
            float4 v3 = *(device const float4*)(a0 + 12);
            float4 v4 = *(device const float4*)(a0 + 16);
            float4 v5 = *(device const float4*)(a0 + 20);
            float4 v6 = *(device const float4*)(a0 + 24);
            float4 v7 = *(device const float4*)(a0 + 28);
            float bd0 = dot(w0_0,v0)+dot(w0_1,v1)+dot(w0_2,v2)+dot(w0_3,v3)
                      + dot(w0_4,v4)+dot(w0_5,v5)+dot(w0_6,v6)+dot(w0_7,v7);
            float bd1 = dot(w1_0,v0)+dot(w1_1,v1)+dot(w1_2,v2)+dot(w1_3,v3)
                      + dot(w1_4,v4)+dot(w1_5,v5)+dot(w1_6,v6)+dot(w1_7,v7);
            float bd2 = dot(w2_0,v0)+dot(w2_1,v1)+dot(w2_2,v2)+dot(w2_3,v3)
                      + dot(w2_4,v4)+dot(w2_5,v5)+dot(w2_6,v6)+dot(w2_7,v7);
            float bd3 = dot(w3_0,v0)+dot(w3_1,v1)+dot(w3_2,v2)+dot(w3_3,v3)
                      + dot(w3_4,v4)+dot(w3_5,v5)+dot(w3_6,v6)+dot(w3_7,v7);
            s00 += sc0 * bd0; s01 += sc1 * bd1; s02 += sc2 * bd2; s03 += sc3 * bd3;
        }
        // Token 1
        if (tok_count > 1) {
            device const float* a1 = inputs + (tok_base + 1) * cols + vb;
            float4 v0 = *(device const float4*)(a1);
            float4 v1 = *(device const float4*)(a1 + 4);
            float4 v2 = *(device const float4*)(a1 + 8);
            float4 v3 = *(device const float4*)(a1 + 12);
            float4 v4 = *(device const float4*)(a1 + 16);
            float4 v5 = *(device const float4*)(a1 + 20);
            float4 v6 = *(device const float4*)(a1 + 24);
            float4 v7 = *(device const float4*)(a1 + 28);
            float bd0 = dot(w0_0,v0)+dot(w0_1,v1)+dot(w0_2,v2)+dot(w0_3,v3)
                      + dot(w0_4,v4)+dot(w0_5,v5)+dot(w0_6,v6)+dot(w0_7,v7);
            float bd1 = dot(w1_0,v0)+dot(w1_1,v1)+dot(w1_2,v2)+dot(w1_3,v3)
                      + dot(w1_4,v4)+dot(w1_5,v5)+dot(w1_6,v6)+dot(w1_7,v7);
            float bd2 = dot(w2_0,v0)+dot(w2_1,v1)+dot(w2_2,v2)+dot(w2_3,v3)
                      + dot(w2_4,v4)+dot(w2_5,v5)+dot(w2_6,v6)+dot(w2_7,v7);
            float bd3 = dot(w3_0,v0)+dot(w3_1,v1)+dot(w3_2,v2)+dot(w3_3,v3)
                      + dot(w3_4,v4)+dot(w3_5,v5)+dot(w3_6,v6)+dot(w3_7,v7);
            s10 += sc0 * bd0; s11 += sc1 * bd1; s12 += sc2 * bd2; s13 += sc3 * bd3;
        }
        // Token 2
        if (tok_count > 2) {
            device const float* a2 = inputs + (tok_base + 2) * cols + vb;
            float4 v0 = *(device const float4*)(a2);
            float4 v1 = *(device const float4*)(a2 + 4);
            float4 v2 = *(device const float4*)(a2 + 8);
            float4 v3 = *(device const float4*)(a2 + 12);
            float4 v4 = *(device const float4*)(a2 + 16);
            float4 v5 = *(device const float4*)(a2 + 20);
            float4 v6 = *(device const float4*)(a2 + 24);
            float4 v7 = *(device const float4*)(a2 + 28);
            float bd0 = dot(w0_0,v0)+dot(w0_1,v1)+dot(w0_2,v2)+dot(w0_3,v3)
                      + dot(w0_4,v4)+dot(w0_5,v5)+dot(w0_6,v6)+dot(w0_7,v7);
            float bd1 = dot(w1_0,v0)+dot(w1_1,v1)+dot(w1_2,v2)+dot(w1_3,v3)
                      + dot(w1_4,v4)+dot(w1_5,v5)+dot(w1_6,v6)+dot(w1_7,v7);
            float bd2 = dot(w2_0,v0)+dot(w2_1,v1)+dot(w2_2,v2)+dot(w2_3,v3)
                      + dot(w2_4,v4)+dot(w2_5,v5)+dot(w2_6,v6)+dot(w2_7,v7);
            float bd3 = dot(w3_0,v0)+dot(w3_1,v1)+dot(w3_2,v2)+dot(w3_3,v3)
                      + dot(w3_4,v4)+dot(w3_5,v5)+dot(w3_6,v6)+dot(w3_7,v7);
            s20 += sc0 * bd0; s21 += sc1 * bd1; s22 += sc2 * bd2; s23 += sc3 * bd3;
        }
        // Token 3
        if (tok_count > 3) {
            device const float* a3 = inputs + (tok_base + 3) * cols + vb;
            float4 v0 = *(device const float4*)(a3);
            float4 v1 = *(device const float4*)(a3 + 4);
            float4 v2 = *(device const float4*)(a3 + 8);
            float4 v3 = *(device const float4*)(a3 + 12);
            float4 v4 = *(device const float4*)(a3 + 16);
            float4 v5 = *(device const float4*)(a3 + 20);
            float4 v6 = *(device const float4*)(a3 + 24);
            float4 v7 = *(device const float4*)(a3 + 28);
            float bd0 = dot(w0_0,v0)+dot(w0_1,v1)+dot(w0_2,v2)+dot(w0_3,v3)
                      + dot(w0_4,v4)+dot(w0_5,v5)+dot(w0_6,v6)+dot(w0_7,v7);
            float bd1 = dot(w1_0,v0)+dot(w1_1,v1)+dot(w1_2,v2)+dot(w1_3,v3)
                      + dot(w1_4,v4)+dot(w1_5,v5)+dot(w1_6,v6)+dot(w1_7,v7);
            float bd2 = dot(w2_0,v0)+dot(w2_1,v1)+dot(w2_2,v2)+dot(w2_3,v3)
                      + dot(w2_4,v4)+dot(w2_5,v5)+dot(w2_6,v6)+dot(w2_7,v7);
            float bd3 = dot(w3_0,v0)+dot(w3_1,v1)+dot(w3_2,v2)+dot(w3_3,v3)
                      + dot(w3_4,v4)+dot(w3_5,v5)+dot(w3_6,v6)+dot(w3_7,v7);
            s30 += sc0 * bd0; s31 += sc1 * bd1; s32 += sc2 * bd2; s33 += sc3 * bd3;
        }
    }

    // simdgroup reduction
    s00 = simd_sum(s00); s01 = simd_sum(s01); s02 = simd_sum(s02); s03 = simd_sum(s03);
    s10 = simd_sum(s10); s11 = simd_sum(s11); s12 = simd_sum(s12); s13 = simd_sum(s13);
    s20 = simd_sum(s20); s21 = simd_sum(s21); s22 = simd_sum(s22); s23 = simd_sum(s23);
    s30 = simd_sum(s30); s31 = simd_sum(s31); s32 = simd_sum(s32); s33 = simd_sum(s33);

    if (simd_lane == 0) {
        device float* o0 = outputs + (tok_base + 0) * rows;
        if (row_base     < rows) o0[row_base]     = s00;
        if (row_base + 1 < rows) o0[row_base + 1] = s01;
        if (row_base + 2 < rows) o0[row_base + 2] = s02;
        if (row_base + 3 < rows) o0[row_base + 3] = s03;

        if (tok_count > 1) {
            device float* o1 = outputs + (tok_base + 1) * rows;
            if (row_base     < rows) o1[row_base]     = s10;
            if (row_base + 1 < rows) o1[row_base + 1] = s11;
            if (row_base + 2 < rows) o1[row_base + 2] = s12;
            if (row_base + 3 < rows) o1[row_base + 3] = s13;
        }
        if (tok_count > 2) {
            device float* o2 = outputs + (tok_base + 2) * rows;
            if (row_base     < rows) o2[row_base]     = s20;
            if (row_base + 1 < rows) o2[row_base + 1] = s21;
            if (row_base + 2 < rows) o2[row_base + 2] = s22;
            if (row_base + 3 < rows) o2[row_base + 3] = s23;
        }
        if (tok_count > 3) {
            device float* o3 = outputs + (tok_base + 3) * rows;
            if (row_base     < rows) o3[row_base]     = s30;
            if (row_base + 1 < rows) o3[row_base + 1] = s31;
            if (row_base + 2 < rows) o3[row_base + 2] = s32;
            if (row_base + 3 < rows) o3[row_base + 3] = s33;
        }
    }
}

// ── matmul_q8_mma ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Hardware matrix-multiply GEMM for Q8_0 weights, using Apple Silicon
// simdgroup_matrix tiles (simdgroup_multiply_accumulate).  This dispatches
// far higher FLOP/cycle than the scalar dot-product GEMM and is the primary
// driver of prompt-prefill throughput on M >= MMA_TOK_TILE inputs.
//
// Tile: 16 tokens × 16 rows per threadgroup, K=32 per iteration (one Q8 block).
// 4 simdgroups per TG, each computing a single 8×8 output sub-tile via one
// simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> accumulator.  Weight bytes are cooperatively
// dequantized into threadgroup memory once per block and reused by all
// simdgroups in the tile.
//
// Assumptions (verified in the dispatch helper, falls back otherwise):
//   * cols  % 32 == 0   (one Q8_0 block per K chunk)
//   * rows  % 16 == 0   (tile-aligned; true for all supported architectures)
//   * num_tokens may be any value; partial row at the tile boundary is handled
//     via a scratch copy path.
constant constexpr uint MMA_TOK_TILE = 16;
constant constexpr uint MMA_ROW_TILE = 16;

kernel void matmul_q8_mma(
    device const uchar* matrix   [[buffer(0)]],  // Q8_0 [rows, cols/32 * 34]
    device const float* inputs   [[buffer(1)]],  // [M, cols]
    device float* outputs        [[buffer(2)]],  // [M, rows]
    constant uint& num_tokens    [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& rows          [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& cols          [[buffer(5)]],
    uint2 tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint row_base = tgid.x * MMA_ROW_TILE;
    uint tok_base = tgid.y * MMA_TOK_TILE;
    if (row_base >= rows || tok_base >= num_tokens) return;

    // Shared dequant tiles (16*32 = 512 floats = 2 KB each, 4 KB total).
    threadgroup float w_tile[MMA_ROW_TILE * 32];
    threadgroup float t_tile[MMA_TOK_TILE * 32];

    // 4 simdgroups → 2×2 grid of 8×8 sub-tiles inside the 16×16 output.
    uint sg_tok_base = (simd_id / 2) * 8;  // row within output tile (token dim)
    uint sg_row_base = (simd_id % 2) * 8;  // col within output tile (row dim)

    simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> C = simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8>(0.0f);

    uint blocks_per_row = cols / 32;
    uint row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 34;

    for (uint blk = 0; blk < blocks_per_row; blk++) {
        // ── Cooperatively dequantize 16 weight rows × 32 K into w_tile ──
        // 512 floats / 128 threads = 4 floats per thread.
        {
            uint base = tid * 4;
            for (uint ii = 0; ii < 4; ii++) {
                uint idx = base + ii;
                uint r = idx / 32;
                uint k = idx % 32;
                device const uchar* rp = matrix + (row_base + r) * row_bytes + blk * 34;
                float sc = float(*(device const half*)rp);
                int ival = int(*(device const int8_t*)(rp + 2 + k));
                w_tile[r * 32 + k] = float(ival) * sc;
            }
        }

        // ── Cooperatively load 16 token vectors × 32 K into t_tile ──
        {
            uint base = tid * 4;
            for (uint ii = 0; ii < 4; ii++) {
                uint idx = base + ii;
                uint m = idx / 32;
                uint k = idx % 32;
                uint tok = tok_base + m;
                t_tile[m * 32 + k] = (tok < num_tokens)
                    ? inputs[tok * cols + blk * 32 + k]
                    : 0.0f;
            }
        }

        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // ── 4 × (8×8×8) MMA over the K=32 chunk ──
        // A[m, k] = t_tile[(sg_tok_base + m) * 32 + k_sub*8 + k]  (M×K, no transpose)
        // B[k, r] = w_tile[(sg_row_base + r) * 32 + k_sub*8 + k]  (loaded transposed → K×R)
        // C[m, r] += A[m, k] * B[k, r]
        for (uint k_sub = 0; k_sub < 4; k_sub++) {
            simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> A, B;
            simdgroup_load(A,
                t_tile + sg_tok_base * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                false);
            simdgroup_load(B,
                w_tile + sg_row_base * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                true);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C, A, B, C);
        }

        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    }

    // ── Store C to outputs[(tok_base+sg_tok_base)+m, (row_base+sg_row_base)+r] ──
    // Output layout: outputs[tok * rows + row], stride = rows (always tile-aligned).
    uint out_tok = tok_base + sg_tok_base;
    uint out_row = row_base + sg_row_base;
    bool full_tok = (out_tok + 8 <= num_tokens);
    if (full_tok) {
        // Fast path: entire 8×8 sub-tile is in-bounds.
        simdgroup_store(C, outputs + out_tok * rows + out_row, rows);
    } else if (out_tok < num_tokens) {
        // Partial row at the last token tile: stage in per-simdgroup scratch
        // and scalar-copy the valid rows.
        threadgroup float scratch[4 * 64];
        simdgroup_store(C, scratch + simd_id * 64, 8);
        simdgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
        uint lane = tid % 32;
        if (lane == 0) {
            uint valid = num_tokens - out_tok;  // 1..7
            for (uint m = 0; m < valid; m++) {
                device float* dst = outputs + (out_tok + m) * rows + out_row;
                threadgroup const float* src = scratch + simd_id * 64 + m * 8;
                dst[0] = src[0]; dst[1] = src[1]; dst[2] = src[2]; dst[3] = src[3];
                dst[4] = src[4]; dst[5] = src[5]; dst[6] = src[6]; dst[7] = src[7];
            }
        }
    }
}

// ── matmul_q8_mma32 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Larger-tile variant of matmul_q8_mma for long-context prefill.
//
// Tile: 32 tokens × 32 rows per threadgroup, K=32 per iteration.
// 8 simdgroups (256 threads) cover the 16-tile 4×4 output grid, with each
// simdgroup owning *two* stacked 8×8 accumulators along the row axis:
//
//     simd_id = 2*sg_tok_idx + sg_row_half          (sg_tok_idx∈[0,3], sg_row_half∈[0,1])
//     output sub-tiles (tok, row):
//         (sg_tok_idx*8, sg_row_half*16 +  0)  -> C_a
//         (sg_tok_idx*8, sg_row_half*16 +  8)  -> C_b
//
// This layout reuses the loaded A (token) simdgroup_matrix twice per K_sub
// iteration — better FLOP/load ratio than the 16×16 single-accumulator
// kernel — and halves the number of threadgroups vs the 16×16 tile.
//
// Assumptions (verified in dispatch helper, fallback otherwise):
//   * cols % 32 == 0
//   * rows % 32 == 0
constant constexpr uint MMA32_TOK_TILE = 32;
constant constexpr uint MMA32_ROW_TILE = 32;

kernel void matmul_q8_mma32(
    device const uchar* matrix   [[buffer(0)]],
    device const float* inputs   [[buffer(1)]],
    device float* outputs        [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& num_tokens    [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& rows          [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& cols          [[buffer(5)]],
    uint2 tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint row_base = tgid.x * MMA32_ROW_TILE;
    uint tok_base = tgid.y * MMA32_TOK_TILE;
    if (row_base >= rows || tok_base >= num_tokens) return;

    // 32×32 float tiles in threadgroup memory = 4 KB each, 8 KB total.
    threadgroup float w_tile[MMA32_ROW_TILE * 32];
    threadgroup float t_tile[MMA32_TOK_TILE * 32];

    uint sg_tok_idx  = simd_id / 2;      // 0..3
    uint sg_row_half = simd_id % 2;      // 0..1
    uint sg_tok_base = sg_tok_idx * 8;
    uint sg_row_base_a = sg_row_half * 16 + 0;
    uint sg_row_base_b = sg_row_half * 16 + 8;

    simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> C_a = simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8>(0.0f);
    simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> C_b = simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8>(0.0f);

    uint blocks_per_row = cols / 32;
    uint row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 34;

    for (uint blk = 0; blk < blocks_per_row; blk++) {
        // Cooperative weight dequantization: 32*32 floats / 256 threads = 4 floats each.
        {
            uint base = tid * 4;
            for (uint ii = 0; ii < 4; ii++) {
                uint idx = base + ii;
                uint r = idx / 32;
                uint k = idx % 32;
                device const uchar* rp = matrix + (row_base + r) * row_bytes + blk * 34;
                float sc = float(*(device const half*)rp);
                int ival = int(*(device const int8_t*)(rp + 2 + k));
                w_tile[r * 32 + k] = float(ival) * sc;
            }
        }

        // Cooperative token tile load.
        {
            uint base = tid * 4;
            for (uint ii = 0; ii < 4; ii++) {
                uint idx = base + ii;
                uint m = idx / 32;
                uint k = idx % 32;
                uint tok = tok_base + m;
                t_tile[m * 32 + k] = (tok < num_tokens)
                    ? inputs[tok * cols + blk * 32 + k]
                    : 0.0f;
            }
        }

        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // 4 K-sub chunks of 8 each. For each, reuse A across both row accumulators.
        for (uint k_sub = 0; k_sub < 4; k_sub++) {
            simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> A, B_a, B_b;
            simdgroup_load(A,
                t_tile + sg_tok_base * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                false);
            simdgroup_load(B_a,
                w_tile + sg_row_base_a * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                true);
            simdgroup_load(B_b,
                w_tile + sg_row_base_b * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                true);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_a, A, B_a, C_a);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_b, A, B_b, C_b);
        }

        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    }

    // Store both 8×8 accumulators.  rows is always MMA32_ROW_TILE-aligned
    // (verified in dispatch), so full simdgroup_store is safe for the row
    // dimension; only the last token tile may be partial.
    uint out_tok = tok_base + sg_tok_base;
    uint out_row_a = row_base + sg_row_base_a;
    uint out_row_b = row_base + sg_row_base_b;
    bool full_tok = (out_tok + 8 <= num_tokens);
    if (full_tok) {
        simdgroup_store(C_a, outputs + out_tok * rows + out_row_a, rows);
        simdgroup_store(C_b, outputs + out_tok * rows + out_row_b, rows);
    } else if (out_tok < num_tokens) {
        threadgroup float scratch[8 * 2 * 64];  // 8 simdgroups × 2 accs × 64 floats
        simdgroup_store(C_a, scratch + simd_id * 128, 8);
        simdgroup_store(C_b, scratch + simd_id * 128 + 64, 8);
        simdgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
        uint lane = tid % 32;
        if (lane == 0) {
            uint valid = num_tokens - out_tok;  // 1..7
            for (uint m = 0; m < valid; m++) {
                device float* dst_a = outputs + (out_tok + m) * rows + out_row_a;
                device float* dst_b = outputs + (out_tok + m) * rows + out_row_b;
                threadgroup const float* src_a = scratch + simd_id * 128 + m * 8;
                threadgroup const float* src_b = scratch + simd_id * 128 + 64 + m * 8;
                for (uint j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
                    dst_a[j] = src_a[j];
                    dst_b[j] = src_b[j];
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// ── matmul_q8_mma32_h ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
// FP16 threadgroup-tile variant of matmul_q8_mma32.
//
// Stores dequantized weights and token inputs as `half` in threadgroup
// memory — halving the shared-memory footprint (4 KB total vs 8 KB) and
// doubling concurrent-threadgroup occupancy per GPU core on Apple Silicon.
// The Q8_0 weight range is already int8 × f32_scale, so a f16 intermediate
// representation preserves the full quantized dynamic range.  Token
// activations stay numerically safe because the subsequent
// `simdgroup_multiply_accumulate` keeps the accumulator in `float`.
//
// Tile: 32 × 32 (same as mma32), 8 simdgroups × 2 row-stacked 8×8
// accumulators each.  Primary win vs mma32 is occupancy at moderate
// prefill lengths where the GPU is wave-starved.
kernel void matmul_q8_mma32_h(
    device const uchar* matrix   [[buffer(0)]],
    device const float* inputs   [[buffer(1)]],
    device float* outputs        [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& num_tokens    [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& rows          [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& cols          [[buffer(5)]],
    uint2 tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint row_base = tgid.x * MMA32_ROW_TILE;
    uint tok_base = tgid.y * MMA32_TOK_TILE;
    if (row_base >= rows || tok_base >= num_tokens) return;

    // 32×32 half tiles — 2 KB each, 4 KB total.
    threadgroup half w_tile[MMA32_ROW_TILE * 32];
    threadgroup half t_tile[MMA32_TOK_TILE * 32];

    uint sg_tok_idx  = simd_id / 2;
    uint sg_row_half = simd_id % 2;
    uint sg_tok_base = sg_tok_idx * 8;
    uint sg_row_base_a = sg_row_half * 16 + 0;
    uint sg_row_base_b = sg_row_half * 16 + 8;

    simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> C_a = simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8>(0.0f);
    simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> C_b = simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8>(0.0f);

    uint blocks_per_row = cols / 32;
    uint row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 34;

    for (uint blk = 0; blk < blocks_per_row; blk++) {
        // Cooperative weight dequantization to FP16.
        {
            uint base = tid * 4;
            for (uint ii = 0; ii < 4; ii++) {
                uint idx = base + ii;
                uint r = idx / 32;
                uint k = idx % 32;
                device const uchar* rp = matrix + (row_base + r) * row_bytes + blk * 34;
                float sc = float(*(device const half*)rp);
                int ival = int(*(device const int8_t*)(rp + 2 + k));
                w_tile[r * 32 + k] = half(float(ival) * sc);
            }
        }

        // Cooperative token tile load (f32 → f16 narrowing).
        {
            uint base = tid * 4;
            for (uint ii = 0; ii < 4; ii++) {
                uint idx = base + ii;
                uint m = idx / 32;
                uint k = idx % 32;
                uint tok = tok_base + m;
                t_tile[m * 32 + k] = (tok < num_tokens)
                    ? half(inputs[tok * cols + blk * 32 + k])
                    : half(0);
            }
        }

        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        for (uint k_sub = 0; k_sub < 4; k_sub++) {
            simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8> A, B_a, B_b;
            simdgroup_load(A,
                t_tile + sg_tok_base * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                false);
            simdgroup_load(B_a,
                w_tile + sg_row_base_a * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                true);
            simdgroup_load(B_b,
                w_tile + sg_row_base_b * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                true);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_a, A, B_a, C_a);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_b, A, B_b, C_b);
        }

        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    }

    uint out_tok = tok_base + sg_tok_base;
    uint out_row_a = row_base + sg_row_base_a;
    uint out_row_b = row_base + sg_row_base_b;
    bool full_tok = (out_tok + 8 <= num_tokens);
    if (full_tok) {
        simdgroup_store(C_a, outputs + out_tok * rows + out_row_a, rows);
        simdgroup_store(C_b, outputs + out_tok * rows + out_row_b, rows);
    } else if (out_tok < num_tokens) {
        threadgroup float scratch[8 * 2 * 64];
        simdgroup_store(C_a, scratch + simd_id * 128, 8);
        simdgroup_store(C_b, scratch + simd_id * 128 + 64, 8);
        simdgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
        uint lane = tid % 32;
        if (lane == 0) {
            uint valid = num_tokens - out_tok;
            for (uint m = 0; m < valid; m++) {
                device float* dst_a = outputs + (out_tok + m) * rows + out_row_a;
                device float* dst_b = outputs + (out_tok + m) * rows + out_row_b;
                threadgroup const float* src_a = scratch + simd_id * 128 + m * 8;
                threadgroup const float* src_b = scratch + simd_id * 128 + 64 + m * 8;
                for (uint j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
                    dst_a[j] = src_a[j];
                    dst_b[j] = src_b[j];
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// ── matmul_q8_mma32_h4 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
// 4-simdgroup variant of the FP16-tile 32×32 MMA kernel.
//
// Instead of 8 simdgroups × 2 row-stacked accumulators, this kernel runs
// 4 simdgroups × **2×2 grid** of 8×8 accumulators each.  Per simdgroup:
//   C_00 (tok 0..8, row 0..8)    C_01 (tok 0..8, row 8..16)
//   C_10 (tok 8..16, row 0..8)   C_11 (tok 8..16, row 8..16)
// A simdgroup_id addresses one 16×16 quadrant of the 32×32 output tile.
//
// Per K_sub iteration: load two A fragments and two B fragments, then run
// **four** MMA instructions reusing A_top with both B's and A_bot with
// both B's.  That's double the FLOP-per-simdgroup-load compared to the
// 2-accumulator kernel and halves the thread count per threadgroup (128
// threads), which often improves occupancy on Apple GPUs where the
// concurrent-thread budget is the tighter limit than shared-memory size.
kernel void matmul_q8_mma32_h4(
    device const uchar* matrix   [[buffer(0)]],
    device const float* inputs   [[buffer(1)]],
    device float* outputs        [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& num_tokens    [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& rows          [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& cols          [[buffer(5)]],
    uint2 tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint row_base = tgid.x * MMA32_ROW_TILE;
    uint tok_base = tgid.y * MMA32_TOK_TILE;
    if (row_base >= rows || tok_base >= num_tokens) return;

    // 32×32 FP16 tiles, 4 KB total.
    threadgroup half w_tile[MMA32_ROW_TILE * 32];
    threadgroup half t_tile[MMA32_TOK_TILE * 32];

    // 4 simdgroups laid out as a 2×2 grid of 16×16 quadrants.
    uint sg_tok_q = simd_id / 2;   // 0..1
    uint sg_row_q = simd_id % 2;   // 0..1
    uint sg_tok_base = sg_tok_q * 16;
    uint sg_row_base = sg_row_q * 16;

    simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> C_00 = simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8>(0.0f);
    simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> C_01 = simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8>(0.0f);
    simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> C_10 = simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8>(0.0f);
    simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> C_11 = simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8>(0.0f);

    uint blocks_per_row = cols / 32;
    uint row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 34;

    for (uint blk = 0; blk < blocks_per_row; blk++) {
        // Cooperative weight dequant — 128 threads × 8 halves = 1024 = 32*32.
        {
            uint base = tid * 8;
            for (uint ii = 0; ii < 8; ii++) {
                uint idx = base + ii;
                uint r = idx / 32;
                uint k = idx % 32;
                device const uchar* rp = matrix + (row_base + r) * row_bytes + blk * 34;
                float sc = float(*(device const half*)rp);
                int ival = int(*(device const int8_t*)(rp + 2 + k));
                w_tile[r * 32 + k] = half(float(ival) * sc);
            }
        }

        // Cooperative token tile load.
        {
            uint base = tid * 8;
            for (uint ii = 0; ii < 8; ii++) {
                uint idx = base + ii;
                uint m = idx / 32;
                uint k = idx % 32;
                uint tok = tok_base + m;
                t_tile[m * 32 + k] = (tok < num_tokens)
                    ? half(inputs[tok * cols + blk * 32 + k])
                    : half(0);
            }
        }

        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // 4 K-sub chunks, 4 MMA ops each, reusing A's and B's.
        for (uint k_sub = 0; k_sub < 4; k_sub++) {
            simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8> A_top, A_bot, B_lo, B_hi;
            simdgroup_load(A_top,
                t_tile + (sg_tok_base + 0) * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                false);
            simdgroup_load(A_bot,
                t_tile + (sg_tok_base + 8) * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                false);
            simdgroup_load(B_lo,
                w_tile + (sg_row_base + 0) * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                true);
            simdgroup_load(B_hi,
                w_tile + (sg_row_base + 8) * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32,
                ulong2(0, 0),
                true);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_00, A_top, B_lo, C_00);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_01, A_top, B_hi, C_01);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_10, A_bot, B_lo, C_10);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_11, A_bot, B_hi, C_11);
        }

        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    }

    // Store 4 output tiles.  Full-tile fast path assumes full 16×16 valid.
    uint out_tok_top = tok_base + sg_tok_base + 0;
    uint out_tok_bot = tok_base + sg_tok_base + 8;
    uint out_row_lo  = row_base + sg_row_base + 0;
    uint out_row_hi  = row_base + sg_row_base + 8;
    bool full = (out_tok_bot + 8 <= num_tokens);
    if (full) {
        simdgroup_store(C_00, outputs + out_tok_top * rows + out_row_lo, rows);
        simdgroup_store(C_01, outputs + out_tok_top * rows + out_row_hi, rows);
        simdgroup_store(C_10, outputs + out_tok_bot * rows + out_row_lo, rows);
        simdgroup_store(C_11, outputs + out_tok_bot * rows + out_row_hi, rows);
    } else {
        // Partial-token fallback via per-simdgroup scratch.
        threadgroup float scratch[4 * 4 * 64];  // 4 simdgroups × 4 accs × 64
        uint sg_base = simd_id * 256;
        simdgroup_store(C_00, scratch + sg_base +   0, 8);
        simdgroup_store(C_01, scratch + sg_base +  64, 8);
        simdgroup_store(C_10, scratch + sg_base + 128, 8);
        simdgroup_store(C_11, scratch + sg_base + 192, 8);
        simdgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
        uint lane = tid % 32;
        if (lane == 0) {
            for (uint m = 0; m < 8; m++) {
                uint t_top = out_tok_top + m;
                if (t_top < num_tokens) {
                    device float* dst0 = outputs + t_top * rows + out_row_lo;
                    device float* dst1 = outputs + t_top * rows + out_row_hi;
                    threadgroup const float* src0 = scratch + sg_base +   0 + m * 8;
                    threadgroup const float* src1 = scratch + sg_base +  64 + m * 8;
                    for (uint j = 0; j < 8; j++) { dst0[j] = src0[j]; dst1[j] = src1[j]; }
                }
                uint t_bot = out_tok_bot + m;
                if (t_bot < num_tokens) {
                    device float* dst2 = outputs + t_bot * rows + out_row_lo;
                    device float* dst3 = outputs + t_bot * rows + out_row_hi;
                    threadgroup const float* src2 = scratch + sg_base + 128 + m * 8;
                    threadgroup const float* src3 = scratch + sg_base + 192 + m * 8;
                    for (uint j = 0; j < 8; j++) { dst2[j] = src2[j]; dst3[j] = src3[j]; }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// ── matmul_q8_mma32_hh4 ────────────────────────────────────────────────
// All-half MMA variant of matmul_q8_mma32_h4.
//
// Both the input matrices and the accumulators are simdgroup_matrix<half>.
// On Apple Silicon, FP16 `simdgroup_multiply_accumulate` runs at 2x the FP32
// rate (dual-issue FMA), so if Q8_0 precision holds through half
// accumulation this kernel can double the effective FLOP throughput on
// matmul-bound prefill.
//
// Numerical notes: Q8_0 weights have only ~8 bits of mantissa and the token
// activations at each layer are bounded (post-RMSNorm ≈ O(1)).  Summing
// 2048-wide K for 1B or 8192-wide for the FFN may exceed half's ~3.3-digit
// precision on extreme values, but the inputs are already quantized so the
// per-product error floor is higher than the half-precision rounding error.
// We verify correctness on 135M / 1B / 3B before enabling.
kernel void matmul_q8_mma32_hh4(
    device const uchar* matrix   [[buffer(0)]],
    device const float* inputs   [[buffer(1)]],
    device float* outputs        [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& num_tokens    [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& rows          [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& cols          [[buffer(5)]],
    uint2 tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint row_base = tgid.x * MMA32_ROW_TILE;
    uint tok_base = tgid.y * MMA32_TOK_TILE;
    if (row_base >= rows || tok_base >= num_tokens) return;

    threadgroup half w_tile[MMA32_ROW_TILE * 32];
    threadgroup half t_tile[MMA32_TOK_TILE * 32];

    uint sg_tok_q = simd_id / 2;
    uint sg_row_q = simd_id % 2;
    uint sg_tok_base = sg_tok_q * 16;
    uint sg_row_base = sg_row_q * 16;

    simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8> C_00 = simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8>(half(0));
    simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8> C_01 = simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8>(half(0));
    simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8> C_10 = simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8>(half(0));
    simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8> C_11 = simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8>(half(0));

    uint blocks_per_row = cols / 32;
    uint row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 34;

    for (uint blk = 0; blk < blocks_per_row; blk++) {
        {
            uint base = tid * 8;
            for (uint ii = 0; ii < 8; ii++) {
                uint idx = base + ii;
                uint r = idx / 32;
                uint k = idx % 32;
                device const uchar* rp = matrix + (row_base + r) * row_bytes + blk * 34;
                float sc = float(*(device const half*)rp);
                int ival = int(*(device const int8_t*)(rp + 2 + k));
                w_tile[r * 32 + k] = half(float(ival) * sc);
            }
        }
        {
            uint base = tid * 8;
            for (uint ii = 0; ii < 8; ii++) {
                uint idx = base + ii;
                uint m = idx / 32;
                uint k = idx % 32;
                uint tok = tok_base + m;
                t_tile[m * 32 + k] = (tok < num_tokens)
                    ? half(inputs[tok * cols + blk * 32 + k])
                    : half(0);
            }
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        for (uint k_sub = 0; k_sub < 4; k_sub++) {
            simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8> A_top, A_bot, B_lo, B_hi;
            simdgroup_load(A_top,
                t_tile + (sg_tok_base + 0) * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32, ulong2(0, 0), false);
            simdgroup_load(A_bot,
                t_tile + (sg_tok_base + 8) * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32, ulong2(0, 0), false);
            simdgroup_load(B_lo,
                w_tile + (sg_row_base + 0) * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32, ulong2(0, 0), true);
            simdgroup_load(B_hi,
                w_tile + (sg_row_base + 8) * 32 + k_sub * 8,
                32, ulong2(0, 0), true);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_00, A_top, B_lo, C_00);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_01, A_top, B_hi, C_01);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_10, A_bot, B_lo, C_10);
            simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C_11, A_bot, B_hi, C_11);
        }

        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    }

    // Store half accumulators via scratch (must widen to f32 for device output).
    uint out_tok_top = tok_base + sg_tok_base + 0;
    uint out_tok_bot = tok_base + sg_tok_base + 8;
    uint out_row_lo  = row_base + sg_row_base + 0;
    uint out_row_hi  = row_base + sg_row_base + 8;

    threadgroup half scratch[4 * 4 * 64];
    uint sg_base = simd_id * 256;
    simdgroup_store(C_00, scratch + sg_base +   0, 8);
    simdgroup_store(C_01, scratch + sg_base +  64, 8);
    simdgroup_store(C_10, scratch + sg_base + 128, 8);
    simdgroup_store(C_11, scratch + sg_base + 192, 8);
    simdgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    uint lane = tid % 32;
    if (lane == 0) {
        for (uint m = 0; m < 8; m++) {
            uint t_top = out_tok_top + m;
            if (t_top < num_tokens) {
                device float* dst0 = outputs + t_top * rows + out_row_lo;
                device float* dst1 = outputs + t_top * rows + out_row_hi;
                threadgroup const half* src0 = scratch + sg_base +   0 + m * 8;
                threadgroup const half* src1 = scratch + sg_base +  64 + m * 8;
                for (uint j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
                    dst0[j] = float(src0[j]);
                    dst1[j] = float(src1[j]);
                }
            }
            uint t_bot = out_tok_bot + m;
            if (t_bot < num_tokens) {
                device float* dst2 = outputs + t_bot * rows + out_row_lo;
                device float* dst3 = outputs + t_bot * rows + out_row_hi;
                threadgroup const half* src2 = scratch + sg_base + 128 + m * 8;
                threadgroup const half* src3 = scratch + sg_base + 192 + m * 8;
                for (uint j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
                    dst2[j] = float(src2[j]);
                    dst3[j] = float(src3[j]);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

// ── add_bias_batch ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Broadcast-add a per-row bias vector to every row of an [M, rows] output.
// Used for Qwen2 QKV bias after the fused qkv matmul.
//     out[token, i] += bias[i]    for i in 0..rows, token in 0..num_tokens
kernel void add_bias_batch(
    device float* out            [[buffer(0)]],  // [num_tokens, rows]
    device const float* bias     [[buffer(1)]],  // [rows]
    constant uint& num_tokens    [[buffer(2)]],
    constant uint& rows          [[buffer(3)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    uint total = num_tokens * rows;
    if (id >= total) return;
    uint i = id % rows;
    out[id] += bias[i];
}

// ── matmul_vec_q4_batch ────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Batched Q4_0 matrix-vector multiply for M input vectors.
// Grid: ceil(rows/Q4_ROWS_PER_TG) * M threadgroups.
kernel void matmul_vec_q4_batch(
    device const uchar* matrix   [[buffer(0)]],  // Q4_0 raw bytes [rows, cols]
    device const float* inputs   [[buffer(1)]],  // [M, cols] input batch
    device float* outputs        [[buffer(2)]],  // [M, rows] output batch
    constant uint& num_tokens    [[buffer(3)]],  // M
    constant uint& rows          [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& cols          [[buffer(5)]],
    uint tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_lane [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint row_tgs = (rows + Q4_ROWS_PER_TG - 1) / Q4_ROWS_PER_TG;
    uint token = tgid / row_tgs;
    uint tg_in_token = tgid % row_tgs;
    if (token >= num_tokens) return;

    threadgroup float vec_tile[VEC_TILE_SIZE];
    device const float* input = inputs + token * cols;
    for (uint i = tid; i < cols; i += 256) {
        vec_tile[i] = input[i];
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    uint row_base = tg_in_token * Q4_ROWS_PER_TG + simd_id * Q4_ROWS_PER_SG;
    if (row_base >= rows) return;

    uint blocks_per_row = cols / 32;
    uint row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 18;

    device const uchar* r0 = matrix + row_base * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r1 = matrix + (row_base + 1) * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r2 = matrix + (row_base + 2) * row_bytes;
    device const uchar* r3 = matrix + (row_base + 3) * row_bytes;

    float sum0 = 0.0, sum1 = 0.0, sum2 = 0.0, sum3 = 0.0;

    for (uint blk = simd_lane; blk < blocks_per_row; blk += 32) {
        uint bb = blk * 18;
        uint vb = blk * 32;

        float sc0 = float(*(device const half*)(r0 + bb));
        float sc1 = float(*(device const half*)(r1 + bb));
        float sc2 = float(*(device const half*)(r2 + bb));
        float sc3 = float(*(device const half*)(r3 + bb));

        device const packed_uchar4* p0 = (device const packed_uchar4*)(r0 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_uchar4* p1 = (device const packed_uchar4*)(r1 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_uchar4* p2 = (device const packed_uchar4*)(r2 + bb + 2);
        device const packed_uchar4* p3 = (device const packed_uchar4*)(r3 + bb + 2);

        float4 v0 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb);
        float4 v1 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 4);
        float4 v2 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 8);
        float4 v3 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 12);
        float4 v4 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 16);
        float4 v5 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 20);
        float4 v6 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 24);
        float4 v7 = *(threadgroup const float4*)(vec_tile + vb + 28);

        float bd0=0, bd1=0, bd2=0, bd3=0;
        uchar4 b;

        b=p0[0]; bd0+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v0.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v4.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v0.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v4.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v0.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v4.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v0.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v4.w;
        b=p0[1]; bd0+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v1.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v5.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v1.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v5.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v1.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v5.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v1.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v5.w;
        b=p0[2]; bd0+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v2.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v6.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v2.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v6.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v2.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v6.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v2.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v6.w;
        b=p0[3]; bd0+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v3.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v7.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v3.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v7.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v3.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v7.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v3.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v7.w;

        b=p1[0]; bd1+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v0.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v4.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v0.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v4.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v0.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v4.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v0.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v4.w;
        b=p1[1]; bd1+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v1.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v5.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v1.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v5.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v1.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v5.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v1.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v5.w;
        b=p1[2]; bd1+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v2.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v6.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v2.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v6.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v2.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v6.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v2.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v6.w;
        b=p1[3]; bd1+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v3.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v7.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v3.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v7.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v3.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v7.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v3.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v7.w;

        b=p2[0]; bd2+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v0.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v4.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v0.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v4.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v0.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v4.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v0.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v4.w;
        b=p2[1]; bd2+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v1.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v5.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v1.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v5.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v1.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v5.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v1.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v5.w;
        b=p2[2]; bd2+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v2.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v6.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v2.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v6.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v2.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v6.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v2.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v6.w;
        b=p2[3]; bd2+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v3.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v7.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v3.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v7.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v3.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v7.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v3.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v7.w;

        b=p3[0]; bd3+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v0.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v4.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v0.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v4.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v0.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v4.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v0.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v4.w;
        b=p3[1]; bd3+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v1.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v5.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v1.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v5.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v1.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v5.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v1.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v5.w;
        b=p3[2]; bd3+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v2.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v6.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v2.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v6.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v2.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v6.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v2.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v6.w;
        b=p3[3]; bd3+=float(int(b.x&0xF)-8)*v3.x+float(int(b.x>>4)-8)*v7.x+float(int(b.y&0xF)-8)*v3.y+float(int(b.y>>4)-8)*v7.y+float(int(b.z&0xF)-8)*v3.z+float(int(b.z>>4)-8)*v7.z+float(int(b.w&0xF)-8)*v3.w+float(int(b.w>>4)-8)*v7.w;

        sum0 += sc0 * bd0; sum1 += sc1 * bd1; sum2 += sc2 * bd2; sum3 += sc3 * bd3;
    }

    sum0 = simd_sum(sum0); sum1 = simd_sum(sum1);
    sum2 = simd_sum(sum2); sum3 = simd_sum(sum3);

    device float* output = outputs + token * rows;
    if (simd_lane == 0) {
        if (row_base     < rows) output[row_base]     = sum0;
        if (row_base + 1 < rows) output[row_base + 1] = sum1;
        if (row_base + 2 < rows) output[row_base + 2] = sum2;
        if (row_base + 3 < rows) output[row_base + 3] = sum3;
    }
}

// ── copy_kv_batch ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Copy K or V from a strided batch QKV buffer to the KV cache.
// src layout: [M, qkv_stride] with K/V at src_float_offset within each row.
// dst layout: contiguous [max_seq, kv_dim] cache.
kernel void copy_kv_batch(
    device const float* src  [[buffer(0)]],  // batch QKV buffer (f32)
    device half* dst         [[buffer(1)]],  // KV cache (f16)
    constant uint& M         [[buffer(2)]],  // num tokens in batch
    constant uint& kv_dim    [[buffer(3)]],  // elements per KV vector
    constant uint& base_pos  [[buffer(4)]],  // starting position in cache
    constant uint& src_stride [[buffer(5)]], // floats per row in src (qkv_rows)
    constant uint& src_offset [[buffer(6)]], // float offset within each src row
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    uint total = M * kv_dim;
    if (id >= total) return;
    uint token = id / kv_dim;
    uint d = id % kv_dim;
    uint dst_off = (base_pos + token) * kv_dim + d;
    uint src_off = token * src_stride + src_offset + d;
    dst[dst_off] = half(src[src_off]);
}

// ── attention_batch ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Batched causal attention for prefill. Processes M tokens in one dispatch.
// Each threadgroup handles one (token, head) pair.
// Q is read from a strided buffer (batch QKV), K/V from the KV cache.
// Causal masking: token i can only attend to positions 0..base_pos+i.
kernel void attention_batch(
    device const float* q_batch      [[buffer(0)]],  // batch QKV buf (strided)
    device const half*  k_cache      [[buffer(1)]],  // [max_seq, num_kv_heads * head_dim] f16
    device const half*  v_cache      [[buffer(2)]],  // [max_seq, num_kv_heads * head_dim] f16
    device float* output_batch       [[buffer(3)]],  // [M, num_heads * head_dim]
    constant uint& M                 [[buffer(4)]],  // num tokens in batch
    constant uint& base_pos          [[buffer(5)]],  // starting position in KV cache
    constant uint& num_heads         [[buffer(6)]],
    constant uint& num_kv_heads      [[buffer(7)]],
    constant uint& head_dim          [[buffer(8)]],
    constant uint& q_stride          [[buffer(9)]],  // floats per row in q_batch
    uint tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_lane [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    // Grid: M * num_heads threadgroups
    uint token_idx = tgid / num_heads;
    uint head = tgid % num_heads;
    if (token_idx >= M) return;

    uint kv_head = head / (num_heads / num_kv_heads);
    uint seq_len = base_pos + token_idx + 1;  // causal: see positions 0..base_pos+token_idx

    // Q offset uses strided layout (from batch QKV buffer)
    uint q_off = token_idx * q_stride + head * head_dim;
    // Output is contiguous [M, num_heads * head_dim]
    uint out_off = token_idx * num_heads * head_dim + head * head_dim;

    // Shared memory for attention scores — sized to the effective max_seq_len
    // (4096 for all supported models) so long-context attention doesn't overflow.
    threadgroup float scores[ATTN_SCORES_SIZE];

    // Step 1: Q * K^T with simdgroup reduction
    for (uint s = simd_id; s < seq_len; s += 8) {
        uint k_off = s * num_kv_heads * head_dim + kv_head * head_dim;
        float dot = 0.0;
        for (uint d = simd_lane; d < head_dim; d += 32) {
            dot += q_batch[q_off + d] * k_cache[k_off + d];
        }
        dot = simd_sum(dot);
        if (simd_lane == 0) {
            scores[s] = dot * fast::rsqrt(float(head_dim));
        }
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    // Step 2: Softmax (cooperative)
    float local_max = -INFINITY;
    for (uint s = tid; s < seq_len; s += 256) {
        local_max = max(local_max, scores[s]);
    }
    local_max = simd_max(local_max);
    threadgroup float shared_max[8];
    if (simd_lane == 0) shared_max[simd_id] = local_max;
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    if (tid == 0) {
        float m = shared_max[0];
        for (uint i = 1; i < 8; i++) m = max(m, shared_max[i]);
        shared_max[0] = m;
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    float max_val = shared_max[0];

    float local_sum = 0.0;
    for (uint s = tid; s < seq_len; s += 256) {
        scores[s] = fast::exp(scores[s] - max_val);
        local_sum += scores[s];
    }
    local_sum = simd_sum(local_sum);
    threadgroup float shared_sum[8];
    if (simd_lane == 0) shared_sum[simd_id] = local_sum;
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    if (tid == 0) {
        float total = 0.0;
        for (uint i = 0; i < 8; i++) total += shared_sum[i];
        shared_sum[0] = (total > 0.0) ? (1.0 / total) : 0.0;
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    float inv_sum = shared_sum[0];
    for (uint s = tid; s < seq_len; s += 256) {
        scores[s] *= inv_sum;
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    // Step 3: scores * V using float4 vectorized loads
    // With head_dim=64, processing 4 dims per thread means 16 threads cover all dims.
    // This is much better than the scalar version where only 64 of 256 threads are active.
    uint v_stride = num_kv_heads * head_dim;
    uint head_dim4 = head_dim / 4;
    for (uint d4 = tid; d4 < head_dim4; d4 += 256) {
        uint d = d4 * 4;
        float4 acc = float4(0.0);
        uint v_base = kv_head * head_dim + d;
        uint seq_len4 = seq_len & ~3u;
        for (uint s = 0; s < seq_len4; s += 4) {
            float sc0 = scores[s];
            float sc1 = scores[s + 1];
            float sc2 = scores[s + 2];
            float sc3 = scores[s + 3];
            acc += sc0 * float4(*(device const half4*)(v_cache + s * v_stride + v_base))
                 + sc1 * float4(*(device const half4*)(v_cache + (s+1) * v_stride + v_base))
                 + sc2 * float4(*(device const half4*)(v_cache + (s+2) * v_stride + v_base))
                 + sc3 * float4(*(device const half4*)(v_cache + (s+3) * v_stride + v_base));
        }
        for (uint s = seq_len4; s < seq_len; s++) {
            acc += scores[s] * float4(*(device const half4*)(v_cache + s * v_stride + v_base));
        }
        *(device float4*)(output_batch + out_off + d) = acc;
    }
    // Handle remaining dimensions not divisible by 4 (scalar fallback)
    for (uint d = head_dim4 * 4 + tid; d < head_dim; d += 256) {
        float acc = 0.0;
        uint v_base = kv_head * head_dim + d;
        for (uint s = 0; s < seq_len; s++) {
            acc += scores[s] * v_cache[s * v_stride + v_base];
        }
        output_batch[out_off + d] = acc;
    }
}

// ── attention_flash_batch ─────────────────────────────────────────────
// Streaming attention with online softmax.  Same grid as attention_batch
// (M × num_heads threadgroups, one per (token, head) pair) but the scores
// matrix is never materialized.  K/V positions are processed in a tile of
// FLASH_K_TILE at a time, and the running (m, l, O) tuple is updated via
// the standard flash-attention recurrence:
//
//     m_new   = max(m_old, tile_max)
//     alpha   = exp(m_old - m_new)
//     l_new   = alpha * l_old + sum(exp(S - m_new))
//     O_new   = alpha * O_old + sum(exp(S - m_new) * V)
//     O_final = O / l
//
// This removes the `scores[2048]` cap in attention_batch (which silently
// overflows for prompts with seq_len > 2048) and keeps threadgroup memory
// use to O(head_dim + FLASH_K_TILE) instead of O(seq_len).
//
// Assumptions: head_dim ≤ 256 (Llama/Qwen/Mistral/Phi-3 all satisfy this).
constant constexpr uint FLASH_K_TILE = 32;
constant constexpr uint FLASH_MAX_HEAD_DIM = 256;

kernel void attention_flash_batch(
    device const float* q_batch      [[buffer(0)]],  // batch QKV buf (strided)
    device const half*  k_cache      [[buffer(1)]],  // [max_seq, num_kv_heads * head_dim] f16
    device const half*  v_cache      [[buffer(2)]],  // [max_seq, num_kv_heads * head_dim] f16
    device float* output_batch       [[buffer(3)]],  // [M, num_heads * head_dim]
    constant uint& M                 [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& base_pos          [[buffer(5)]],
    constant uint& num_heads         [[buffer(6)]],
    constant uint& num_kv_heads      [[buffer(7)]],
    constant uint& head_dim          [[buffer(8)]],
    constant uint& q_stride          [[buffer(9)]],
    uint tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_lane [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint token_idx = tgid / num_heads;
    uint head = tgid % num_heads;
    if (token_idx >= M) return;

    uint kv_head = head / (num_heads / num_kv_heads);
    uint seq_len = base_pos + token_idx + 1;  // causal: attend to [0, base_pos + token_idx]
    uint q_off = token_idx * q_stride + head * head_dim;
    uint out_off = token_idx * num_heads * head_dim + head * head_dim;

    // Threadgroup state:
    //   q_sh:      Q vector for this (token, head), loaded once
    //   o_sh:      running output vector, updated each K tile
    //   scores_sh: scores for the current K tile only
    //   stats:     [running max, running sum]  (see flash-attention recurrence)
    threadgroup float q_sh[FLASH_MAX_HEAD_DIM];
    threadgroup float o_sh[FLASH_MAX_HEAD_DIM];
    threadgroup float scores_sh[FLASH_K_TILE];
    threadgroup float stats[2];
    threadgroup float sg_scratch[8];  // simdgroup-level reduction buffer

    // --- Load Q (one row) and zero the running O ---
    for (uint d = tid; d < head_dim; d += 256) {
        q_sh[d] = q_batch[q_off + d];
        o_sh[d] = 0.0f;
    }
    if (tid == 0) {
        stats[0] = -INFINITY;
        stats[1] = 0.0f;
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    float scale = fast::rsqrt(float(head_dim));
    uint v_stride = num_kv_heads * head_dim;
    uint v_base = kv_head * head_dim;

    // --- Stream K/V in FLASH_K_TILE chunks, updating (m, l, O) each iteration ---
    for (uint kv_base = 0; kv_base < seq_len; kv_base += FLASH_K_TILE) {
        uint tile_n = min((uint)FLASH_K_TILE, seq_len - kv_base);

        // [1] Compute scores for this tile: scores[ti] = dot(q, k[kv_base+ti]) * scale.
        // 8 simdgroups cover up to FLASH_K_TILE/8 positions each, 32 lanes reduce head_dim.
        for (uint ti = simd_id; ti < tile_n; ti += 8) {
            uint k_off = (kv_base + ti) * v_stride + v_base;  // same layout as V stride
            float dot = 0.0f;
            for (uint d = simd_lane; d < head_dim; d += 32) {
                dot += q_sh[d] * k_cache[k_off + d];
            }
            dot = simd_sum(dot);
            if (simd_lane == 0) {
                scores_sh[ti] = dot * scale;
            }
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // [2] Tile max via cooperative reduction.
        float local_max = -INFINITY;
        for (uint s = tid; s < tile_n; s += 256) {
            local_max = max(local_max, scores_sh[s]);
        }
        local_max = simd_max(local_max);
        if (simd_lane == 0) {
            sg_scratch[simd_id] = local_max;
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
        // [3] Merge with running max, compute alpha, rescale running l.
        float m_new;
        float alpha;
        if (tid == 0) {
            float tile_max = sg_scratch[0];
            for (uint i = 1; i < 8; i++) tile_max = max(tile_max, sg_scratch[i]);
            float m_old = stats[0];
            m_new = max(m_old, tile_max);
            // First iteration: m_old = -inf → alpha = 0 (reset O).
            alpha = (m_old == -INFINITY) ? 0.0f : fast::exp(m_old - m_new);
            stats[0] = m_new;
            stats[1] *= alpha;
            // Broadcast via sg_scratch.
            sg_scratch[0] = alpha;
            sg_scratch[1] = m_new;
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
        alpha = sg_scratch[0];
        m_new = sg_scratch[1];

        // [4] Rescale running output by alpha, then compute exp(scores - m_new).
        for (uint d = tid; d < head_dim; d += 256) {
            o_sh[d] *= alpha;
        }
        for (uint s = tid; s < tile_n; s += 256) {
            scores_sh[s] = fast::exp(scores_sh[s] - m_new);
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // [5] Tile sum → update running l.
        float local_sum = 0.0f;
        for (uint s = tid; s < tile_n; s += 256) {
            local_sum += scores_sh[s];
        }
        local_sum = simd_sum(local_sum);
        if (simd_lane == 0) {
            sg_scratch[simd_id] = local_sum;
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
        if (tid == 0) {
            float tile_sum = 0.0f;
            for (uint i = 0; i < 8; i++) tile_sum += sg_scratch[i];
            stats[1] += tile_sum;
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // [6] Accumulate P @ V into o_sh: o_sh[d] += sum_s P[s] * V[kv_base+s, d]
        for (uint d = tid; d < head_dim; d += 256) {
            float acc = 0.0f;
            for (uint s = 0; s < tile_n; s++) {
                acc += scores_sh[s] * v_cache[(kv_base + s) * v_stride + v_base + d];
            }
            o_sh[d] += acc;
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    }

    // --- Normalize and write output ---
    float inv_l = (stats[1] > 0.0f) ? (1.0f / stats[1]) : 0.0f;
    for (uint d = tid; d < head_dim; d += 256) {
        output_batch[out_off + d] = o_sh[d] * inv_l;
    }
}

// ── attention_mma_flash_batch ─────────────────────────────────────────
// MMA-accelerated flash attention using simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8> for
// both Q·K^T and P·V.  Processes Q_BLOCK=8 tokens of one head per
// threadgroup (vs 1 token per TG in attention_flash_batch), amortizing
// K/V loads across 8 Q rows and using hardware matrix-multiply for the
// arithmetic.
//
// Grid: [ceil(M / 8), num_heads, 1], 128 threads (4 simdgroups) per TG.
// Requires head_dim ≤ FLASH_MMA_MAX_HEAD_DIM (128). Dispatch falls back
// to attention_batch / attention_flash_batch otherwise.
//
// Online softmax recurrence is identical to attention_flash_batch but
// per-Q-row: each K tile updates m[q], l[q], O[q] for q in 0..8.
constant constexpr uint FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK = 8;
constant constexpr uint FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK = 32;
constant constexpr uint FLASH_MMA_MAX_HEAD_DIM = 128;

kernel void attention_mma_flash_batch(
    device const float* q_batch      [[buffer(0)]],
    device const half*  k_cache      [[buffer(1)]],
    device const half*  v_cache      [[buffer(2)]],
    device float* output_batch       [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& M                 [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& base_pos          [[buffer(5)]],
    constant uint& num_heads         [[buffer(6)]],
    constant uint& num_kv_heads      [[buffer(7)]],
    constant uint& head_dim          [[buffer(8)]],
    constant uint& q_stride          [[buffer(9)]],
    uint2 tgid [[threadgroup_position_in_grid]],
    uint tid [[thread_index_in_threadgroup]],
    uint simd_lane [[thread_index_in_simdgroup]],
    uint simd_id [[simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup]])
{
    uint q_block_start = tgid.x * FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK;
    uint head = tgid.y;
    if (q_block_start >= M) return;
    uint q_valid = min((uint)FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK, M - q_block_start);

    uint kv_head = head / (num_heads / num_kv_heads);
    // Causal: Q row q (0..q_valid-1) attends to kv_pos in [0, base_pos + q_block_start + q].
    // Max attended pos across the block = base_pos + q_block_start + q_valid - 1.
    uint seq_len = base_pos + q_block_start + q_valid;
    float scale = fast::rsqrt(float(head_dim));

    uint kv_stride = num_kv_heads * head_dim;
    uint kv_base_off = kv_head * head_dim;

    // ── Threadgroup memory ──
    // q_sh:  [Q_BLOCK, head_dim] half  — Q tile, loaded once
    // k_sh:  [K_BLOCK, head_dim] half  — K tile, refreshed per kv_base iter
    // v_sh:  [K_BLOCK, head_dim] half  — V tile, refreshed per kv_base iter
    // s_sh:  [Q_BLOCK, K_BLOCK] float  — raw Q·K^T scores, then scaled+masked
    // p_sh:  [Q_BLOCK, K_BLOCK] half   — softmax probabilities (for P·V MMA)
    // o_sh:  [Q_BLOCK, head_dim] float — running output accumulator
    // m_sh:  [Q_BLOCK] float           — running max per Q row
    // l_sh:  [Q_BLOCK] float           — running softmax denominator per Q row
    // scratch: 4*Q_BLOCK floats        — per-row reduction scratch
    threadgroup half  q_sh[FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK * FLASH_MMA_MAX_HEAD_DIM];
    threadgroup half  k_sh[FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK * FLASH_MMA_MAX_HEAD_DIM];
    threadgroup half  v_sh[FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK * FLASH_MMA_MAX_HEAD_DIM];
    threadgroup float s_sh[FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK * FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK];
    threadgroup half  p_sh[FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK * FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK];
    threadgroup float o_sh[FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK * FLASH_MMA_MAX_HEAD_DIM];
    threadgroup float m_sh[FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK];
    threadgroup float l_sh[FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK];
    threadgroup float scratch[4 * FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK];

    // ── Load Q tile (Q_BLOCK rows, head_dim cols), init o_sh=0, m_sh=-INF, l_sh=0 ──
    uint qblock_elems = FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK * head_dim;
    for (uint i = tid; i < qblock_elems; i += 128) {
        uint q = i / head_dim;
        uint d = i % head_dim;
        if (q < q_valid) {
            uint q_off = (q_block_start + q) * q_stride + head * head_dim + d;
            q_sh[q * head_dim + d] = half(q_batch[q_off]);
        } else {
            q_sh[q * head_dim + d] = half(0);
        }
        o_sh[q * head_dim + d] = 0.0f;
    }
    if (tid < FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK) {
        m_sh[tid] = -INFINITY;
        l_sh[tid] = 0.0f;
    }
    threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

    // ── Stream K/V in K_BLOCK chunks ──
    for (uint kv_base = 0; kv_base < seq_len; kv_base += FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK) {
        uint tile_n = min((uint)FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK, seq_len - kv_base);

        // Load K and V tile into TG memory (as half).
        uint kv_tile_elems = FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK * head_dim;
        for (uint i = tid; i < kv_tile_elems; i += 128) {
            uint k_pos = i / head_dim;
            uint d = i % head_dim;
            if (k_pos < tile_n) {
                uint off = (kv_base + k_pos) * kv_stride + kv_base_off + d;
                k_sh[k_pos * head_dim + d] = half(k_cache[off]);
                v_sh[k_pos * head_dim + d] = half(v_cache[off]);
            } else {
                k_sh[k_pos * head_dim + d] = half(0);
                v_sh[k_pos * head_dim + d] = half(0);
            }
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // ── Phase 1: S = Q @ K^T via MMA ──
        // 4 simdgroups × 1 tile each → 4 tiles of [8,8] covering [Q_BLOCK=8, K_BLOCK=32].
        // Each simdgroup owns S columns [simd_id*8, simd_id*8+8).
        // Q is [Q_BLOCK, head_dim]; K is [K_BLOCK, head_dim]; we want K^T via transposed load.
        {
            simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> C = simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8>(0.0f);
            uint dim_chunks = head_dim / 8;
            for (uint dc = 0; dc < dim_chunks; dc++) {
                simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8> A, B;
                // A = Q[0:8, dc*8 : dc*8+8]  (rows of Q, no transpose)
                simdgroup_load(A, q_sh + dc * 8, head_dim, ulong2(0, 0), false);
                // B = K^T[dc*8 : dc*8+8, simd_id*8 : simd_id*8+8]
                // K in TG mem is laid out [K_BLOCK, head_dim]. We load the tile
                // K[simd_id*8 : simd_id*8+8, dc*8 : dc*8+8] (stride=head_dim) with
                // transpose=true, which places it in the register as K^T of that sub-block.
                simdgroup_load(B,
                    k_sh + (simd_id * 8) * head_dim + dc * 8,
                    head_dim, ulong2(0, 0), true);
                simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(C, A, B, C);
            }
            // Store S tile into s_sh[0..8, simd_id*8..simd_id*8+8], stride=K_BLOCK.
            simdgroup_store(C, s_sh + simd_id * 8, FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK);
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // ── Phase 2a: Apply scale + causal mask in place on s_sh ──
        // s_sh is [Q_BLOCK=8, K_BLOCK=32] = 256 elements; 128 threads → 2 each.
        uint s_elems = FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK * FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK;
        for (uint i = tid; i < s_elems; i += 128) {
            uint q = i / FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK;
            uint k = i % FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK;
            uint global_q = q_block_start + q;
            uint global_kv = kv_base + k;
            bool valid = (q < q_valid) && (k < tile_n) && (global_kv <= base_pos + global_q);
            s_sh[i] = valid ? (s_sh[i] * scale) : -INFINITY;
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // ── Phase 2b: per-row max via simdgroup reduction ──
        // 4 simdgroups × 2 rows each = 8 rows (= Q_BLOCK).
        // simd_lane (0..31) covers all K_BLOCK=32 positions in one pass.
        {
            uint row_base = simd_id * 2;
            for (uint qr = 0; qr < 2; qr++) {
                uint q = row_base + qr;
                float my = s_sh[q * FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK + simd_lane];
                float row_max = simd_max(my);
                if (simd_lane == 0) {
                    scratch[q] = row_max;  // tile_max[q]
                }
            }
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // ── Phase 2c: update m, alpha, rescale l; publish m_new and alpha ──
        if (tid < FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK) {
            uint q = tid;
            float m_old = m_sh[q];
            float tile_max = scratch[q];
            float m_new = max(m_old, tile_max);
            float alpha = (m_old == -INFINITY) ? 0.0f : fast::exp(m_old - m_new);
            m_sh[q] = m_new;
            l_sh[q] = l_sh[q] * alpha;
            // scratch[q]               = m_new   (for phase 2d)
            // scratch[Q_BLOCK + q]     = alpha   (for phase 3)
            scratch[q] = m_new;
            scratch[FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK + q] = alpha;
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // ── Phase 2d: P = exp(S - m_new), populate p_sh (half) and row-sum ──
        {
            uint row_base = simd_id * 2;
            for (uint qr = 0; qr < 2; qr++) {
                uint q = row_base + qr;
                float m_new = scratch[q];
                float p = fast::exp(s_sh[q * FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK + simd_lane] - m_new);
                p_sh[q * FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK + simd_lane] = half(p);
                float row_sum = simd_sum(p);
                if (simd_lane == 0) {
                    scratch[2 * FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK + q] = row_sum;
                }
            }
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // ── Phase 2e: l_sh += tile_sum ──
        if (tid < FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK) {
            uint q = tid;
            l_sh[q] += scratch[2 * FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK + q];
        }

        // ── Phase 3: Rescale o_sh[q,:] *= alpha[q] ──
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
        for (uint i = tid; i < qblock_elems; i += 128) {
            uint q = i / head_dim;
            float alpha = scratch[FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK + q];
            o_sh[i] *= alpha;
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);

        // ── Phase 4: O += P @ V via MMA ──
        // P is [Q_BLOCK=8, K_BLOCK=32] half; V is [K_BLOCK=32, head_dim] half.
        // Output tile span for this simdgroup: head_dim / 4 dims, divided into 8-wide tiles.
        // For head_dim=64: 16 dims/sg = 2 tiles.  head_dim=128: 32 dims/sg = 4 tiles.
        {
            uint dims_per_sg = head_dim / 4;       // 16 or 32
            uint tiles_per_sg = dims_per_sg / 8;   // 2 or 4
            uint sg_d_base = simd_id * dims_per_sg;
            for (uint t = 0; t < tiles_per_sg; t++) {
                uint d_base = sg_d_base + t * 8;
                simdgroup_matrix<float, 8, 8> O_acc;
                simdgroup_load(O_acc, o_sh + d_base, head_dim, ulong2(0, 0), false);
                uint k_chunks = FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK / 8;  // 4
                for (uint kc = 0; kc < k_chunks; kc++) {
                    simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8> A, B;
                    simdgroup_load(A, p_sh + kc * 8, FLASH_MMA_K_BLOCK,
                                   ulong2(0, 0), false);
                    simdgroup_load(B, v_sh + (kc * 8) * head_dim + d_base, head_dim,
                                   ulong2(0, 0), false);
                    simdgroup_multiply_accumulate(O_acc, A, B, O_acc);
                }
                simdgroup_store(O_acc, o_sh + d_base, head_dim);
            }
        }
        threadgroup_barrier(mem_flags::mem_threadgroup);
    }

    // ── Finalize: O /= l, write to output ──
    for (uint i = tid; i < qblock_elems; i += 128) {
        uint q = i / head_dim;
        uint d = i % head_dim;
        if (q < q_valid) {
            float l = l_sh[q];
            float inv_l = (l > 0.0f) ? (1.0f / l) : 0.0f;
            uint token_idx = q_block_start + q;
            uint out_off = token_idx * num_heads * head_dim + head * head_dim + d;
            output_batch[out_off] = o_sh[i] * inv_l;
        }
    }
}

// ── rope_qk_batch ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Fused RoPE for both Q and K in a single dispatch, saving one kernel
// launch + memory barrier per layer. Both Q and K live in the same
// qkv_data buffer at different offsets within each token's row.
// Q: offset 0, num_q_heads heads. K: offset num_q_heads*head_dim, num_kv_heads heads.
kernel void rope_qk_batch(
    device float* qkv_data           [[buffer(0)]],  // [M, qkv_stride]
    constant uint& M                 [[buffer(1)]],   // num tokens
    constant uint& base_pos          [[buffer(2)]],   // starting position
    constant uint& num_q_heads       [[buffer(3)]],
    constant uint& num_kv_heads      [[buffer(4)]],
    constant uint& head_dim          [[buffer(5)]],
    constant uint& qkv_stride        [[buffer(6)]],   // floats per row
    constant float& theta            [[buffer(7)]],
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    uint half_dim = head_dim / 2;
    uint total_pairs = (num_q_heads + num_kv_heads) * half_dim;
    uint token = id / total_pairs;
    uint pair = id % total_pairs;
    if (token >= M) return;

    uint pos = base_pos + token;
    uint q_pairs = num_q_heads * half_dim;

    uint h, i, offset;
    if (pair < q_pairs) {
        // Q head
        h = pair / half_dim;
        i = pair % half_dim;
        offset = token * qkv_stride + h * head_dim + i * 2;
    } else {
        // K head
        uint kp = pair - q_pairs;
        h = kp / half_dim;
        i = kp % half_dim;
        uint k_start = num_q_heads * head_dim;
        offset = token * qkv_stride + k_start + h * head_dim + i * 2;
    }

    float freq = 1.0f / pow(theta, 2.0f * float(i) / float(head_dim));
    float angle = float(pos) * freq;
    float cos_val = cos(angle);
    float sin_val = sin(angle);

    float x0 = qkv_data[offset];
    float x1 = qkv_data[offset + 1];
    qkv_data[offset]     = x0 * cos_val - x1 * sin_val;
    qkv_data[offset + 1] = x0 * sin_val + x1 * cos_val;
}

// ── copy_kv_both_batch ────────────────────────────────────────────────
// Fused K+V cache copy in a single dispatch: copies both K and V from
// the strided batch QKV buffer to their respective KV cache buffers.
// Saves one kernel launch + memory barrier per layer vs two copy_kv_batch calls.
kernel void copy_kv_both_batch(
    device const float* src    [[buffer(0)]],  // batch QKV buffer [M, qkv_stride] f32
    device half* k_dst         [[buffer(1)]],  // K cache [max_seq, kv_dim] f16
    device half* v_dst         [[buffer(2)]],  // V cache [max_seq, kv_dim] f16
    constant uint& M           [[buffer(3)]],  // num tokens in batch
    constant uint& kv_dim      [[buffer(4)]],  // elements per KV vector
    constant uint& base_pos    [[buffer(5)]],  // starting position in cache
    constant uint& src_stride  [[buffer(6)]],  // floats per row in src (qkv_stride)
    constant uint& k_offset    [[buffer(7)]],  // float offset of K within each src row
    constant uint& v_offset    [[buffer(8)]],  // float offset of V within each src row
    uint id [[thread_position_in_grid]])
{
    // Total elements = M * kv_dim * 2 (K + V)
    uint total_kv = M * kv_dim;
    if (id >= total_kv * 2) return;

    uint is_v = id / total_kv;        // 0 = K, 1 = V
    uint local_id = id % total_kv;
    uint token = local_id / kv_dim;
    uint d = local_id % kv_dim;

    uint dst_off = (base_pos + token) * kv_dim + d;
    uint src_off = token * src_stride + (is_v ? v_offset : k_offset) + d;

    if (is_v) {
        v_dst[dst_off] = half(src[src_off]);
    } else {
        k_dst[dst_off] = half(src[src_off]);
    }
}
"#
    .replace("VEC_TILE_SIZE", &vec_tile_size.to_string())
    .replace("ATTN_SCORES_SIZE", &attn_scores_size.to_string())
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// model.rs generation
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn generate_model_rs(config: &ModelConfig) -> Result<String, MetalCodegenError> {
    let mut code = String::with_capacity(48 * 1024);
    emit_model_header(&mut code, config)?;
    emit_metal_model_struct(&mut code, config)?;
    emit_layer_buffers_struct(&mut code, config)?;
    emit_metal_model_impl(&mut code, config)?;
    emit_helper_functions(&mut code)?;
    Ok(code)
}

fn emit_model_header(code: &mut String, config: &ModelConfig) -> Result<(), MetalCodegenError> {
    writeln!(code, "//! Auto-generated by ForgeLLM Metal codegen.")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "//! Model: {} ({} layers, hidden={})",
        config.architecture, config.num_layers, config.hidden_size
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "//!")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "//! Uses native Metal compute pipelines via the metal crate."
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "#![allow(dead_code)]")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "use metal::*;")?;
    writeln!(code, "#[allow(unused_imports)]")?;
    writeln!(code, "use metal::objc::{{sel, sel_impl}};")?;
    writeln!(code, "use std::mem;")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Model constants
    writeln!(
        code,
        "// ── Model constants ──────────────────────────────────"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "pub const HIDDEN_SIZE: usize = {};",
        config.hidden_size
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "pub const INTERMEDIATE_SIZE: usize = {};",
        config.intermediate_size
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "pub const NUM_LAYERS: usize = {};", config.num_layers)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "pub const NUM_HEADS: usize = {};",
        config.num_attention_heads
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "pub const NUM_KV_HEADS: usize = {};",
        config.num_kv_heads
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "pub const HEAD_DIM: usize = {};", config.head_dim)?;
    writeln!(code, "pub const VOCAB_SIZE: usize = {};", config.vocab_size)?;
    let effective_seq_len = config.max_seq_len.min(4096);
    writeln!(
        code,
        "pub const MAX_SEQ_LEN: usize = {};  // capped from model's {}",
        effective_seq_len, config.max_seq_len
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "pub const RMS_NORM_EPS: f32 = {:e};",
        config.rms_norm_eps
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "pub const ROPE_THETA: f32 = {:e};", config.rope_theta)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "/// Maximum batch size for batched prefill (prompt tokens processed at once)."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "pub const MAX_BATCH_SIZE: usize = 512;")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    Ok(())
}

fn emit_metal_model_struct(
    code: &mut String,
    config: &ModelConfig,
) -> Result<(), MetalCodegenError> {
    writeln!(
        code,
        "// ── MetalModel ──────────────────────────────────────────"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "/// Metal-accelerated transformer model for Apple Silicon."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "///")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "/// Uses unified memory for zero-copy weight access and native Metal"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "/// compute pipelines for GPU-accelerated inference.")?;
    writeln!(code, "pub struct MetalModel {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "    device: Device,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    queue: CommandQueue,")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    // ── Compute pipelines ──")?;
    writeln!(code, "    matmul_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    matmul_q8_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    matmul_q4_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    rms_norm_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    rope_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    softmax_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    silu_mul_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    silu_mul_fused_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    add_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    attention_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    add_inplace_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    copy_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    copy_offset_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    copy_f32_to_f16_offset_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    // ── Batched prefill pipelines ──")?;
    writeln!(code, "    matmul_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    matmul_q8_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    matmul_q8_gemm_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    matmul_q8_mma_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    matmul_q8_mma32_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    matmul_q8_mma32_h_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    matmul_q8_mma32_h4_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    matmul_q8_mma32_hh4_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,"
    )?;
    if config.qkv_bias {
        writeln!(code, "    add_bias_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    }
    writeln!(code, "    matmul_q4_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    rms_norm_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    rope_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    silu_mul_fused_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    add_inplace_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    copy_embedding_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    attention_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    attention_flash_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    attention_mma_flash_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    copy_kv_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    rope_qk_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    copy_kv_both_batch_pipeline: ComputePipelineState,"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    // ── Weight buffers (Metal shared memory) ──")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Token embedding table [VOCAB_SIZE, HIDDEN_SIZE]"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    embed_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    /// Per-layer weight buffers")?;
    writeln!(code, "    layers: Vec<LayerBuffers>,")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    /// Final layer-norm weight [HIDDEN_SIZE]")?;
    writeln!(code, "    norm_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// LM head projection weight [VOCAB_SIZE, HIDDEN_SIZE] (f32)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    lm_head_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    // ── Working buffers (pre-allocated, reused every forward pass) ──"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    hidden_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    residual_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    normed_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Fused QKV output buffer [hidden + 2*kv_dim] — Q, K, V are contiguous slices"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    qkv_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    attn_out_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    attn_proj_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Fused gate+up output buffer [2*intermediate] — gate and up are contiguous slices"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    gate_up_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    ffn_hidden_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    ffn_out_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    add_tmp_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    logits_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    // ── Batched prefill working buffers ──")?;
    writeln!(code, "    /// Batch hidden states [MAX_BATCH, HIDDEN_SIZE]")?;
    writeln!(code, "    batch_hidden_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Batch residual states [MAX_BATCH, HIDDEN_SIZE]"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    batch_residual_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    /// Batch QKV output [MAX_BATCH, qkv_rows]")?;
    writeln!(code, "    batch_qkv_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Batch attention output [MAX_BATCH, HIDDEN_SIZE]"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    batch_attn_out_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Batch attention projection [MAX_BATCH, HIDDEN_SIZE]"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    batch_attn_proj_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Batch gate+up output [MAX_BATCH, 2*INTERMEDIATE_SIZE]"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    batch_gate_up_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Batch FFN hidden [MAX_BATCH, INTERMEDIATE_SIZE]"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    batch_ffn_hidden_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    /// Batch FFN output [MAX_BATCH, HIDDEN_SIZE]")?;
    writeln!(code, "    batch_ffn_out_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    /// Token IDs buffer for batch embedding lookup")?;
    writeln!(code, "    batch_tokens_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    /// Positions buffer for batch RoPE")?;
    writeln!(code, "    batch_positions_buf: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    // ── KV cache buffers (per-layer) ──")?;
    writeln!(code, "    k_cache: Vec<Buffer>,  // per-layer")?;
    writeln!(code, "    v_cache: Vec<Buffer>,  // per-layer")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    // ── Inference state ──")?;
    writeln!(code, "    pos: usize,")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Previous command buffer for double-buffered prefill."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// While the GPU executes token N, the CPU can encode token N+1."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    prev_cmd: Option<CommandBuffer>,")?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    Ok(())
}

fn emit_layer_buffers_struct(
    code: &mut String,
    config: &ModelConfig,
) -> Result<(), MetalCodegenError> {
    writeln!(
        code,
        "/// Per-layer weight buffers for attention and FFN projections."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "struct LayerBuffers {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "    attn_norm: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Fused Q+K+V weight [hidden+2*kv_dim, hidden] (concatenated rows)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    qkv_weight: Buffer,")?;
    if config.qkv_bias {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "    /// Fused Q+K+V bias [hidden+2*kv_dim] (f32) — Qwen2 only."
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "    qkv_bias: Buffer,")?;
    }
    writeln!(code, "    o_weight: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    ffn_norm: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Fused gate+up weight [2*intermediate, hidden] (concatenated rows)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    gate_up_weight: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    down_weight: Buffer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    Ok(())
}

fn emit_metal_model_impl(code: &mut String, config: &ModelConfig) -> Result<(), MetalCodegenError> {
    let hidden = config.hidden_size;
    let intermediate = config.intermediate_size;
    let _num_layers = config.num_layers;
    let num_heads = config.num_attention_heads;
    let num_kv_heads = config.num_kv_heads;
    let head_dim = config.head_dim;
    let vocab = config.vocab_size;
    let effective_seq_len = config.max_seq_len.min(4096);
    let is_q8 = config.dtype == DType::Q8_0;
    let is_q4 = config.dtype == DType::Q4_0;
    let kv_dim = num_kv_heads * head_dim;

    writeln!(code, "impl MetalModel {{")?;

    // ── new() ──
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Create a new MetalModel: compile shaders, load weights, allocate buffers."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    ///")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// `weights` is the raw weight blob produced by `forge export-weights`."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    pub fn new(weights: &[u8]) -> Self {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let device = Device::system_default().expect(\"no Metal device found\");"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let queue = device.new_command_queue();")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Compile shaders
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Compile Metal shaders from embedded source"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let shader_source = include_str!(\"../shaders/kernels.metal\");"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let library = device.new_library_with_source(shader_source, &CompileOptions::new())"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            .expect(\"failed to compile Metal shaders\");"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Create compute pipelines
    writeln!(code, "        // Create compute pipelines")?;
    for (var, fn_name) in [
        ("matmul_pipeline", "matmul_vec"),
        ("matmul_q8_pipeline", "matmul_vec_q8"),
        ("matmul_q4_pipeline", "matmul_vec_q4"),
        ("rms_norm_pipeline", "rms_norm"),
        ("rope_pipeline", "rope"),
        ("softmax_pipeline", "softmax"),
        ("silu_mul_pipeline", "silu_mul"),
        ("silu_mul_fused_pipeline", "silu_mul_fused"),
        ("add_pipeline", "elementwise_add"),
        ("attention_pipeline", "attention"),
        ("add_inplace_pipeline", "add_inplace"),
        ("copy_pipeline", "copy_buffer"),
        ("copy_offset_pipeline", "copy_offset"),
        ("copy_f32_to_f16_offset_pipeline", "copy_f32_to_f16_offset"),
        ("matmul_batch_pipeline", "matmul_vec_batch"),
        ("matmul_q8_batch_pipeline", "matmul_vec_q8_batch"),
        ("matmul_q8_gemm_batch_pipeline", "matmul_q8_gemm_batch"),
        ("matmul_q8_mma_pipeline", "matmul_q8_mma"),
        ("matmul_q8_mma32_pipeline", "matmul_q8_mma32"),
        ("matmul_q8_mma32_h_pipeline", "matmul_q8_mma32_h"),
        ("matmul_q8_mma32_h4_pipeline", "matmul_q8_mma32_h4"),
        ("matmul_q8_mma32_hh4_pipeline", "matmul_q8_mma32_hh4"),
        ("matmul_q4_batch_pipeline", "matmul_vec_q4_batch"),
        ("rms_norm_batch_pipeline", "rms_norm_batch"),
        ("rope_batch_pipeline", "rope_batch"),
        ("silu_mul_fused_batch_pipeline", "silu_mul_fused_batch"),
        ("add_inplace_batch_pipeline", "add_inplace_batch"),
        ("copy_embedding_batch_pipeline", "copy_embedding_batch"),
        ("attention_batch_pipeline", "attention_batch"),
        ("attention_flash_batch_pipeline", "attention_flash_batch"),
        (
            "attention_mma_flash_batch_pipeline",
            "attention_mma_flash_batch",
        ),
        ("copy_kv_batch_pipeline", "copy_kv_batch"),
        ("rope_qk_batch_pipeline", "rope_qk_batch"),
        ("copy_kv_both_batch_pipeline", "copy_kv_both_batch"),
    ] {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        let {var} = make_pipeline(&device, &library, \"{fn_name}\");"
        )?;
    }
    if config.qkv_bias {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        let add_bias_batch_pipeline = make_pipeline(&device, &library, \"add_bias_batch\");"
        )?;
    }
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Weight loading
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Load weights into Metal shared-memory buffers"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let f32_size = mem::size_of::<f32>();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let embed_elems = VOCAB_SIZE * HIDDEN_SIZE;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let hidden_elems = HIDDEN_SIZE;")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let cursor = std::cell::Cell::new(0usize);  // byte cursor into `weights`"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Helper: read the next `n` f32s from the weight blob as a Metal buffer."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let next_f32_buffer = |device: &Device, n: usize| -> Buffer {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            let byte_len = n * f32_size;")?;
    writeln!(code, "            let cur = cursor.get();")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let data = &weights[cur..cur + byte_len];"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            cursor.set(cur + byte_len);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            device.new_buffer_with_data(")?;
    writeln!(code, "                data.as_ptr() as *const _,")?;
    writeln!(code, "                byte_len as u64,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                MTLResourceOptions::StorageModeShared,"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            )")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }};")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    if is_q8 {
        // For Q8_0 models, projection weights are stored as raw Q8_0 bytes.
        // We load them directly into Metal buffers without dequantizing,
        // and use the matmul_vec_q8 shader that operates on quantized data.
        // This halves GPU memory usage and memory bandwidth vs f32 dequantization.
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // Helper: read the next Q8_0 weight matrix (rows x cols elements)"
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // as raw bytes into a Metal buffer (no dequantization)."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // Q8_0 format: each block of 32 values = 2 bytes (f16 scale) + 32 bytes (int8) = 34 bytes."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        let next_q8_buffer = |device: &Device, rows: usize, cols: usize| -> Buffer {{"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            let blocks_per_row = cols.div_ceil(32);")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 34;")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let total_raw = rows * row_bytes;")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let cur = cursor.get();")?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let data = &weights[cur..cur + total_raw];"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            cursor.set(cur + total_raw);")?;
        writeln!(code, "            device.new_buffer_with_data(")?;
        writeln!(code, "                data.as_ptr() as *const _,")?;
        writeln!(code, "                total_raw as u64,")?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "                MTLResourceOptions::StorageModeShared,"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            )")?;
        writeln!(code, "        }};")?;
        writeln!(code)?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // Helper: read consecutive Q8_0 weight matrices as a single fused buffer."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // Reads `total_rows` rows of Q8_0 data (each row has `cols` elements)."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // Used for fused QKV and gate+up projections where weights are adjacent in the file."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        let next_q8_fused_buffer = |device: &Device, total_rows: usize, cols: usize| -> Buffer {{"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            let blocks_per_row = cols.div_ceil(32);")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 34;")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let total_raw = total_rows * row_bytes;")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let cur = cursor.get();")?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let data = &weights[cur..cur + total_raw];"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            cursor.set(cur + total_raw);")?;
        writeln!(code, "            device.new_buffer_with_data(")?;
        writeln!(code, "                data.as_ptr() as *const _,")?;
        writeln!(code, "                total_raw as u64,")?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "                MTLResourceOptions::StorageModeShared,"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            )")?;
        writeln!(code, "        }};")?;
        writeln!(code)?;
    }

    if is_q4 {
        // For Q4_0 models, projection weights are stored as raw Q4_0 bytes.
        // We load them directly into Metal buffers without dequantizing,
        // and use the matmul_vec_q4 shader that operates on quantized data.
        // This quarters GPU memory usage vs f32 dequantization.
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // Helper: read the next Q4_0 weight matrix (rows x cols elements)"
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // as raw bytes into a Metal buffer (no dequantization)."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // Q4_0 format: each block of 32 values = 2 bytes (f16 scale) + 16 bytes (4-bit pairs) = 18 bytes."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        let next_q4_buffer = |device: &Device, rows: usize, cols: usize| -> Buffer {{"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            let blocks_per_row = cols.div_ceil(32);")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 18;")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let total_raw = rows * row_bytes;")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let cur = cursor.get();")?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let data = &weights[cur..cur + total_raw];"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            cursor.set(cur + total_raw);")?;
        writeln!(code, "            device.new_buffer_with_data(")?;
        writeln!(code, "                data.as_ptr() as *const _,")?;
        writeln!(code, "                total_raw as u64,")?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "                MTLResourceOptions::StorageModeShared,"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            )")?;
        writeln!(code, "        }};")?;
        writeln!(code)?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // Helper: read consecutive Q4_0 weight matrices as a single fused buffer."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // Reads `total_rows` rows of Q4_0 data (each row has `cols` elements)."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        // Used for fused QKV and gate+up projections where weights are adjacent in the file."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        let next_q4_fused_buffer = |device: &Device, total_rows: usize, cols: usize| -> Buffer {{"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            let blocks_per_row = cols.div_ceil(32);")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let row_bytes = blocks_per_row * 18;")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let total_raw = total_rows * row_bytes;")?;
        writeln!(code, "            let cur = cursor.get();")?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let data = &weights[cur..cur + total_raw];"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            cursor.set(cur + total_raw);")?;
        writeln!(code, "            device.new_buffer_with_data(")?;
        writeln!(code, "                data.as_ptr() as *const _,")?;
        writeln!(code, "                total_raw as u64,")?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "                MTLResourceOptions::StorageModeShared,"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "            )")?;
        writeln!(code, "        }};")?;
        writeln!(code)?;
    }

    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let embed_buf = next_f32_buffer(&device, embed_elems);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Per-layer weights
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let mut layers: Vec<LayerBuffers> = Vec::with_capacity(NUM_LAYERS);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        for _layer in 0..NUM_LAYERS {{")?;

    // attn_norm is always f32
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let attn_norm = next_f32_buffer(&device, hidden_elems);"
    )?;

    let qkv_rows = hidden + 2 * kv_dim;
    if is_q8 {
        // Fused Q+K+V weight: read all three consecutive Q8_0 matrices as one buffer
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let qkv_weight = next_q8_fused_buffer(&device, {qkv_rows}, {hidden});"
        )?;
        if config.qkv_bias {
            writeln!(
                code,
                "            // Qwen2 QKV bias triplet (F32): {qkv_rows} floats, loaded immediately after the fused weight."
            )?;
            writeln!(
                code,
                "            let qkv_bias = next_f32_buffer(&device, {qkv_rows});"
            )?;
        }
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let o_weight = next_q8_buffer(&device, {hidden}, {hidden});"
        )?;
    } else if is_q4 {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let qkv_weight = next_q4_fused_buffer(&device, {qkv_rows}, {hidden});"
        )?;
        if config.qkv_bias {
            writeln!(
                code,
                "            let qkv_bias = next_f32_buffer(&device, {qkv_rows});"
            )?;
        }
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let o_weight = next_q4_buffer(&device, {hidden}, {hidden});"
        )?;
    } else {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let qkv_weight = next_f32_buffer(&device, {qkv_rows} * {hidden});"
        )?;
        if config.qkv_bias {
            writeln!(
                code,
                "            let qkv_bias = next_f32_buffer(&device, {qkv_rows});"
            )?;
        }
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let o_weight = next_f32_buffer(&device, {hidden} * {hidden});"
        )?;
    }

    // ffn_norm is always f32
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let ffn_norm = next_f32_buffer(&device, hidden_elems);"
    )?;

    let gate_up_rows = 2 * intermediate;
    if is_q8 {
        // Fused gate+up weight: read both consecutive Q8_0 matrices as one buffer
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let gate_up_weight = next_q8_fused_buffer(&device, {gate_up_rows}, {hidden});"
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let down_weight = next_q8_buffer(&device, {hidden}, {intermediate});"
        )?;
    } else if is_q4 {
        // Fused gate+up weight: read both consecutive Q4_0 matrices as one buffer
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let gate_up_weight = next_q4_fused_buffer(&device, {gate_up_rows}, {hidden});"
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let down_weight = next_q4_buffer(&device, {hidden}, {intermediate});"
        )?;
    } else {
        // Fused gate+up weight: read both as a single contiguous f32 buffer
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let gate_up_weight = next_f32_buffer(&device, {gate_up_rows} * {hidden});"
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "            let down_weight = next_f32_buffer(&device, {hidden} * {intermediate});"
        )?;
    }

    writeln!(code, "            layers.push(LayerBuffers {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                attn_norm,")?;
    writeln!(code, "                qkv_weight,")?;
    if config.qkv_bias {
        writeln!(code, "                qkv_bias,")?;
    }
    writeln!(code, "                o_weight,")?;
    writeln!(code, "                ffn_norm,")?;
    writeln!(code, "                gate_up_weight,")?;
    writeln!(code, "                down_weight,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            }});")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // final_norm is always f32
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let norm_buf = next_f32_buffer(&device, hidden_elems);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // lm_head
    if is_q8 {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        let lm_head_buf = next_q8_buffer(&device, {vocab}, {hidden});"
        )?;
    } else if is_q4 {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        let lm_head_buf = next_q4_buffer(&device, {vocab}, {hidden});"
        )?;
    } else {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        let lm_head_buf = next_f32_buffer(&device, {vocab} * {hidden});"
        )?;
    }
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Working buffers
    let hidden_bytes = hidden * 4;
    let _kv_dim_bytes = kv_dim * 4;
    let intermediate_bytes = intermediate * 4;
    let vocab_bytes = vocab * 4;
    // KV cache is stored as f16 (2 bytes/element) to halve attention memory
    // bandwidth in long-context decode.
    let kv_cache_bytes = effective_seq_len * num_kv_heads * head_dim * 2;

    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Allocate working buffers (shared memory for zero-copy)"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let opts = MTLResourceOptions::StorageModeShared;"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let hidden_buf = device.new_buffer({hidden_bytes} as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let residual_buf = device.new_buffer({hidden_bytes} as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    let qkv_buf_bytes = (hidden + 2 * kv_dim) * 4;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let normed_buf = device.new_buffer({hidden_bytes} as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Fused QKV output: [Q ({hidden}), K ({kv_dim}), V ({kv_dim})] = {qkv_rows} f32s"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let qkv_buf = device.new_buffer({qkv_buf_bytes} as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let attn_out_buf = device.new_buffer({hidden_bytes} as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let attn_proj_buf = device.new_buffer({hidden_bytes} as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    let gate_up_buf_bytes = 2 * intermediate * 4;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Fused gate+up output: [gate ({intermediate}), up ({intermediate})] = {gate_up_rows} f32s"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let gate_up_buf = device.new_buffer({gate_up_buf_bytes} as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let ffn_hidden_buf = device.new_buffer({intermediate_bytes} as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let ffn_out_buf = device.new_buffer({hidden_bytes} as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let add_tmp_buf = device.new_buffer({hidden_bytes} as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let logits_buf = device.new_buffer({vocab_bytes} as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Batch prefill working buffers
    let batch_hidden_bytes = hidden * 4; // per-token
    let batch_qkv_bytes = (hidden + 2 * kv_dim) * 4;
    let batch_gate_up_bytes = 2 * intermediate * 4;
    let batch_intermediate_bytes = intermediate * 4;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Batched prefill working buffers (sized for MAX_BATCH_SIZE tokens)"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let batch_hidden_buf = device.new_buffer((MAX_BATCH_SIZE * {batch_hidden_bytes}) as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let batch_residual_buf = device.new_buffer((MAX_BATCH_SIZE * {batch_hidden_bytes}) as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let batch_qkv_buf = device.new_buffer((MAX_BATCH_SIZE * {batch_qkv_bytes}) as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let batch_attn_out_buf = device.new_buffer((MAX_BATCH_SIZE * {batch_hidden_bytes}) as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let batch_attn_proj_buf = device.new_buffer((MAX_BATCH_SIZE * {batch_hidden_bytes}) as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let batch_gate_up_buf = device.new_buffer((MAX_BATCH_SIZE * {batch_gate_up_bytes}) as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let batch_ffn_hidden_buf = device.new_buffer((MAX_BATCH_SIZE * {batch_intermediate_bytes}) as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let batch_ffn_out_buf = device.new_buffer((MAX_BATCH_SIZE * {batch_hidden_bytes}) as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let batch_tokens_buf = device.new_buffer((MAX_BATCH_SIZE * mem::size_of::<u32>()) as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let batch_positions_buf = device.new_buffer((MAX_BATCH_SIZE * mem::size_of::<u32>()) as u64, opts);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // KV cache buffers
    writeln!(code, "        // KV cache buffers (per-layer)")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let mut k_cache: Vec<Buffer> = Vec::with_capacity(NUM_LAYERS);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let mut v_cache: Vec<Buffer> = Vec::with_capacity(NUM_LAYERS);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        for _ in 0..NUM_LAYERS {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            k_cache.push(device.new_buffer({kv_cache_bytes} as u64, opts));"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            v_cache.push(device.new_buffer({kv_cache_bytes} as u64, opts));"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    writeln!(code, "        Self {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            device,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            queue,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_q8_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_q4_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            rms_norm_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            rope_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            softmax_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            silu_mul_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            silu_mul_fused_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            add_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            attention_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            add_inplace_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            copy_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            copy_offset_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            copy_f32_to_f16_offset_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_q8_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_q8_gemm_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_q8_mma_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_q8_mma32_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_q8_mma32_h_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_q8_mma32_h4_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_q8_mma32_hh4_pipeline,")?;
    if config.qkv_bias {
        writeln!(code, "            add_bias_batch_pipeline,")?;
    }
    writeln!(code, "            matmul_q4_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            rms_norm_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            rope_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            silu_mul_fused_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            add_inplace_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            copy_embedding_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            attention_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            attention_flash_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            attention_mma_flash_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            copy_kv_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            rope_qk_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            copy_kv_both_batch_pipeline,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            embed_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            layers,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            norm_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            lm_head_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            hidden_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            residual_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            normed_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            qkv_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            attn_out_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            attn_proj_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            gate_up_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            ffn_hidden_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            ffn_out_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            add_tmp_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            logits_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            batch_hidden_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            batch_residual_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            batch_qkv_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            batch_attn_out_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            batch_attn_proj_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            batch_gate_up_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            batch_ffn_hidden_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            batch_ffn_out_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            batch_tokens_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            batch_positions_buf,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            k_cache,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            v_cache,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            pos: 0,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            prev_cmd: None,")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // ── forward() ──
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Run the forward pass for a single token at the current position."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    ///")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Returns logits over the vocabulary as a `Vec<f32>`."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    ///")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// All GPU operations are encoded into a single command buffer and"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// committed once at the end, avoiding per-operation synchronization."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    pub fn forward(&mut self, token_id: u32) -> Vec<f32> {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Wait for any pending prefill command buffer"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        if let Some(prev) = self.prev_cmd.take() {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            prev.wait_until_completed();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "        let pos = self.pos;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let cmd = self.queue.new_command_buffer();")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Single compute encoder for the entire forward pass — no blit encoder
    // transitions. Copy operations use compute copy kernels instead of blits.
    let matmul_fn = if is_q8 {
        "dispatch_matmul_q8"
    } else if is_q4 {
        "dispatch_matmul_q4"
    } else {
        "dispatch_matmul"
    };

    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Single compute encoder for the entire forward pass (no blit transitions)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let enc = cmd.new_compute_command_encoder();"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // 1. Embedding lookup via CPU memcpy (unified memory — zero GPU dispatch overhead)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // 1. Embedding lookup via CPU memcpy (unified memory = zero-copy, avoids GPU dispatch overhead)"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // On Apple Silicon, Metal shared buffers use unified memory so CPU and GPU see the"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // same physical memory. CPU memcpy avoids GPU dispatch + memory barrier overhead for"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // this tiny copy ({hidden} floats = {} bytes), reducing GPU thermal load.",
        hidden * 4,
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            unsafe {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                let embed_ptr = self.embed_buf.contents() as *const f32;"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                let hidden_ptr = self.hidden_buf.contents() as *mut f32;"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                let residual_ptr = self.residual_buf.contents() as *mut f32;"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                    embed_ptr.add(token_id as usize * HIDDEN_SIZE),"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                    hidden_ptr,")?;
    writeln!(code, "                    HIDDEN_SIZE,")?;
    writeln!(code, "                );")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(hidden_ptr, residual_ptr, HIDDEN_SIZE);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // 2. Transformer layers
    writeln!(code, "            // 2. Transformer layers")?;
    writeln!(code, "            for layer in 0..NUM_LAYERS {{")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    let q_byte_offset = 0usize;
    let k_byte_offset = hidden * 4;
    let v_byte_offset = (hidden + kv_dim) * 4;

    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // Pre-attention: rms_norm, fused QKV projection, RoPE"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_rms_norm(&enc, &self.layers[layer].attn_norm);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // Fused Q+K+V matmul: single dispatch for all three projections"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.hidden_buf, &self.layers[layer].qkv_weight, &self.qkv_buf, {qkv_rows}, {hidden});"
    )?;
    if config.qkv_bias {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "                // Qwen2: broadcast-add per-row QKV bias after the fused matmul."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "                self.dispatch_add_bias_batch(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, &self.layers[layer].qkv_bias, 1, {qkv_rows});"
        )?;
    }
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // RoPE on Q portion (qkv_buf offset 0) and K portion (qkv_buf offset {k_byte_offset})"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_rope_offset(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, {q_byte_offset}, {num_heads}, {head_dim}, pos);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_rope_offset(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, {k_byte_offset}, {num_kv_heads}, {head_dim}, pos);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // KV cache update from fused qkv_buf (K at offset {k_byte_offset}, V at offset {v_byte_offset})"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                let kv_offset = pos * {kv_dim};")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_copy_from_offset_f16(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, {k_byte_offset}, &self.k_cache[layer], kv_offset, {kv_dim});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_copy_from_offset_f16(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, {v_byte_offset}, &self.v_cache[layer], kv_offset, {kv_dim});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // Attention using Q from qkv_buf (offset 0)"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_attention_offset(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, {q_byte_offset}, &self.k_cache[layer], &self.v_cache[layer], &self.attn_out_buf, pos + 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.attn_out_buf, &self.layers[layer].o_weight, &self.attn_proj_buf, {hidden}, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_add_inplace(&enc, &self.residual_buf, &self.attn_proj_buf, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // FFN: rms_norm, fused gate+up projection, silu_mul, down projection"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_rms_norm(&enc, &self.layers[layer].ffn_norm);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // Fused gate+up matmul: single dispatch for both projections"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.hidden_buf, &self.layers[layer].gate_up_weight, &self.gate_up_buf, {gate_up_rows}, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_silu_mul_fused(&enc, &self.gate_up_buf, &self.ffn_hidden_buf, {intermediate});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.ffn_hidden_buf, &self.layers[layer].down_weight, &self.ffn_out_buf, {hidden}, {intermediate});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_add_inplace(&enc, &self.residual_buf, &self.ffn_out_buf, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // 3. Final RMS norm + logits
    writeln!(code, "            // 3. Final RMS norm + logits projection")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            self.dispatch_rms_norm(&enc, &self.norm_buf);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            self.{matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.hidden_buf, &self.lm_head_buf, &self.logits_buf, {vocab}, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.end_encoding();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // 5. Single commit + wait, then read back logits
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // 5. Commit all GPU work and wait for completion"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        cmd.commit();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        cmd.wait_until_completed();")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "        // 6. Read back logits from GPU")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let logits = unsafe {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let ptr = self.logits_buf.contents() as *const f32;"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            std::slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, VOCAB_SIZE).to_vec()"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        }};")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "        self.pos += 1;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        logits")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // ── forward_profile: instrumented forward with per-operation timing ──
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Profiling forward pass that prints per-stage GPU timing."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    ///")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Each stage is committed and waited on separately so that GPU timestamps"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// accurately reflect per-operation cost. This is slower than `forward()` due"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// to the per-stage synchronization, but useful for identifying bottlenecks."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    pub fn forward_profile(&mut self, token_id: u32) -> Vec<f32> {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        use std::time::Instant;")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Wait for any pending prefill command buffer"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        if let Some(prev) = self.prev_cmd.take() {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            prev.wait_until_completed();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "        let pos = self.pos;")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Stage: embedding (CPU, no GPU)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // ── Stage: Embedding lookup (CPU via unified memory) ──"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let t_embed = Instant::now();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let embed_ptr = self.embed_buf.contents() as *const f32;"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let hidden_ptr = self.hidden_buf.contents() as *mut f32;"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let residual_ptr = self.residual_buf.contents() as *mut f32;"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                embed_ptr.add(token_id as usize * HIDDEN_SIZE),"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                hidden_ptr,")?;
    writeln!(code, "                HIDDEN_SIZE,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            );")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(hidden_ptr, residual_ptr, HIDDEN_SIZE);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let d_embed = t_embed.elapsed();")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Stage: Transformer layers (all together on GPU)
    writeln!(code, "        // ── Stage: Transformer layers (GPU) ──")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let t_layers = Instant::now();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let cmd = self.queue.new_command_buffer();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let enc = cmd.new_compute_command_encoder();"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            for layer in 0..NUM_LAYERS {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_rms_norm(&enc, &self.layers[layer].attn_norm);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.hidden_buf, &self.layers[layer].qkv_weight, &self.qkv_buf, {qkv_rows}, {hidden});"
    )?;
    if config.qkv_bias {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "                self.dispatch_add_bias_batch(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, &self.layers[layer].qkv_bias, 1, {qkv_rows});"
        )?;
    }
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_rope_offset(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, {q_byte_offset}, {num_heads}, {head_dim}, pos);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_rope_offset(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, {k_byte_offset}, {num_kv_heads}, {head_dim}, pos);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                let kv_offset = pos * {kv_dim};")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_copy_from_offset_f16(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, {k_byte_offset}, &self.k_cache[layer], kv_offset, {kv_dim});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_copy_from_offset_f16(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, {v_byte_offset}, &self.v_cache[layer], kv_offset, {kv_dim});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_attention_offset(&enc, &self.qkv_buf, {q_byte_offset}, &self.k_cache[layer], &self.v_cache[layer], &self.attn_out_buf, pos + 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.attn_out_buf, &self.layers[layer].o_weight, &self.attn_proj_buf, {hidden}, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_add_inplace(&enc, &self.residual_buf, &self.attn_proj_buf, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_rms_norm(&enc, &self.layers[layer].ffn_norm);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.hidden_buf, &self.layers[layer].gate_up_weight, &self.gate_up_buf, {gate_up_rows}, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_silu_mul_fused(&enc, &self.gate_up_buf, &self.ffn_hidden_buf, {intermediate});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.ffn_hidden_buf, &self.layers[layer].down_weight, &self.ffn_out_buf, {hidden}, {intermediate});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_add_inplace(&enc, &self.residual_buf, &self.ffn_out_buf, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.end_encoding();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        cmd.commit();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        cmd.wait_until_completed();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let d_layers = t_layers.elapsed();")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Stage: Final norm + logits
    writeln!(code, "        // ── Stage: Final norm + logits (GPU) ──")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let t_logits = Instant::now();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let cmd2 = self.queue.new_command_buffer();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let enc = cmd2.new_compute_command_encoder();"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            self.dispatch_rms_norm(&enc, &self.norm_buf);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            self.{matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.hidden_buf, &self.lm_head_buf, &self.logits_buf, {vocab}, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.end_encoding();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        cmd2.commit();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        cmd2.wait_until_completed();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let d_logits = t_logits.elapsed();")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Print profile results
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        eprintln!(\"[profile] embed: {{:.3}}ms, layers: {{:.3}}ms, norm+logits: {{:.3}}ms, total: {{:.3}}ms\","
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            d_embed.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            d_layers.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,")?;
    writeln!(code, "            d_logits.as_secs_f64() * 1000.0,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            (d_embed + d_layers + d_logits).as_secs_f64() * 1000.0);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Read back logits
    writeln!(code, "        let logits = unsafe {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let ptr = self.logits_buf.contents() as *const f32;"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            std::slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, VOCAB_SIZE).to_vec()"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        }};")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "        self.pos += 1;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        logits")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // ── forward_prefill: single-token async forward (backward compat) ──
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Asynchronous forward pass for a single prefill token (no logits readback)."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    ///")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Commits the command buffer without waiting, enabling double-buffered"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// execution: GPU processes token N while CPU encodes token N+1."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    pub fn forward_prefill(&mut self, token_id: u32) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        self.forward_prefill_batch(&[token_id]);")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // ── forward_prefill_batch: batched prefill for multiple tokens ──
    // Batched matmuls for QKV/O/FFN projections, sequential attention (causal dependency).
    let batch_matmul_fn = if is_q8 {
        "dispatch_matmul_q8_batch"
    } else if is_q4 {
        "dispatch_matmul_q4_batch"
    } else {
        "dispatch_matmul_batch"
    };

    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Batched prefill: process multiple prompt tokens in one GPU dispatch."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    ///")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Uses batched matmul kernels for QKV/O/FFN projections (mat-mat instead"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// of mat-vec), and batched causal attention with a single GPU dispatch."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// This provides significant speedup during prompt prefill."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    pub fn forward_prefill_batch(&mut self, tokens: &[u32]) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        if tokens.is_empty() {{ return; }}")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Chunk long prompts into MAX_BATCH_SIZE-sized slices — the batched"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // prefill buffers are sized for MAX_BATCH_SIZE tokens, so prompts"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // longer than that must be processed iteratively.  The KV cache"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        // carries state across chunks via self.pos.")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        for chunk in tokens.chunks(MAX_BATCH_SIZE) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let m = chunk.len();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        if m == 0 {{ continue; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let start_pos = self.pos;")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "        // Wait for any pending command buffer")?;
    writeln!(code, "        if let Some(prev) = self.prev_cmd.take() {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            prev.wait_until_completed();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Upload token IDs and positions to GPU
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Upload token IDs and positions to GPU buffers"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let tok_ptr = self.batch_tokens_buf.contents() as *mut u32;"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let pos_ptr = self.batch_positions_buf.contents() as *mut u32;"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            for i in 0..m {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                *tok_ptr.add(i) = chunk[i];")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                *pos_ptr.add(i) = (start_pos + i) as u32;"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    writeln!(code, "        let cmd = self.queue.new_command_buffer();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let enc = cmd.new_compute_command_encoder();"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // 1. Batch embedding lookup
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // 1. Batch embedding lookup: copy all token embeddings at once"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            self.dispatch_copy_embedding_batch(&enc, m);"
    )?;
    // Copy batch_hidden -> batch_residual
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            self.dispatch_add_inplace_batch_copy(&enc, &self.batch_hidden_buf, &self.batch_residual_buf, m * {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // 2. Transformer layers
    writeln!(code, "            // 2. Transformer layers")?;
    writeln!(code, "            for layer in 0..NUM_LAYERS {{")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Batch RMS norm: residual -> hidden (batched)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // Batch RMS norm: batch_residual -> batch_hidden"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_rms_norm_batch(&enc, &self.batch_residual_buf, &self.layers[layer].attn_norm, &self.batch_hidden_buf, m);"
    )?;

    // Batch QKV matmul
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // Batch QKV matmul: [M, hidden] x [qkv_rows, hidden]^T -> [M, qkv_rows]"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{batch_matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.batch_hidden_buf, &self.layers[layer].qkv_weight, &self.batch_qkv_buf, m, {qkv_rows}, {hidden});"
    )?;
    if config.qkv_bias {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "                // Qwen2: broadcast-add QKV bias across all M tokens."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "                self.dispatch_add_bias_batch(&enc, &self.batch_qkv_buf, &self.layers[layer].qkv_bias, m, {qkv_rows});"
        )?;
    }
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Fused RoPE on Q+K portions in a single dispatch
    let k_float_offset = hidden;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // Fused RoPE on Q+K in one dispatch (saves 1 dispatch + barrier per layer)"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_rope_qk_batch(&enc, &self.batch_qkv_buf, m, start_pos, {qkv_rows});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Fused KV cache update: copy both K and V in a single dispatch
    let v_float_offset = hidden + kv_dim;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // Fused KV cache update: copy K+V in one dispatch (saves 1 dispatch + barrier per layer)"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_copy_kv_both_batch(&enc, &self.batch_qkv_buf, &self.k_cache[layer], &self.v_cache[layer], m, {kv_dim}, start_pos, {qkv_rows}, {k_float_offset}, {v_float_offset});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Batched causal attention: ONE dispatch for all M tokens
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // Batched causal attention: one dispatch for all M tokens"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_attention_batch(&enc, &self.batch_qkv_buf, &self.k_cache[layer], &self.v_cache[layer], &self.batch_attn_out_buf, m, start_pos, {qkv_rows});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Batched O projection: [M, hidden] x [hidden, hidden]^T -> [M, hidden]
    writeln!(code, "                // Batched O projection")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{batch_matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.batch_attn_out_buf, &self.layers[layer].o_weight, &self.batch_attn_proj_buf, m, {hidden}, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Batch add: residual += attn_proj for all tokens
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_add_inplace_batch_n(&enc, &self.batch_residual_buf, &self.batch_attn_proj_buf, m * {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Batch FFN
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // Batch FFN: rms_norm, gate+up matmul, silu_mul, down matmul"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_rms_norm_batch(&enc, &self.batch_residual_buf, &self.layers[layer].ffn_norm, &self.batch_hidden_buf, m);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{batch_matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.batch_hidden_buf, &self.layers[layer].gate_up_weight, &self.batch_gate_up_buf, m, {gate_up_rows}, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_silu_mul_fused_batch(&enc, &self.batch_gate_up_buf, &self.batch_ffn_hidden_buf, {intermediate}, m);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.{batch_matmul_fn}(&enc, &self.batch_ffn_hidden_buf, &self.layers[layer].down_weight, &self.batch_ffn_out_buf, m, {hidden}, {intermediate});"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                self.dispatch_add_inplace_batch_n(&enc, &self.batch_residual_buf, &self.batch_ffn_out_buf, m * {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // Copy last token's residual to single-token residual_buf for next forward() call
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // Copy last token's residual to single-token buffer for subsequent forward()"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            self.dispatch_copy_from_offset_bytes(&enc, &self.batch_residual_buf, (m - 1) * {hidden} * 4, &self.residual_buf, 0, {hidden});"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.end_encoding();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    writeln!(code, "        cmd.commit();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        self.prev_cmd = Some(cmd.to_owned());")?;
    writeln!(code, "        self.pos += m;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}  // end for chunk")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // ── reset() — rewind KV cache position for new inference requests ──
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Reset the model state for a new inference request."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    pub fn reset(&mut self) {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "        self.pos = 0;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        self.prev_cmd = None;")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // ── Private dispatch helpers (all take a shared compute encoder) ──
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    // ── Dispatch helpers (append to a shared compute command encoder) ──"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    // These methods set pipeline state + buffers + dispatch on an existing"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    // encoder, avoiding per-operation encoder creation overhead."
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_rms_norm
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch RMS norm: normalizes residual_buf -> hidden_buf using given weight."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_rms_norm(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, weight: &Buffer) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let n: u32 = HIDDEN_SIZE as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let eps: f32 = RMS_NORM_EPS;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.rms_norm_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(&self.residual_buf), 0);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(weight), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(&self.hidden_buf), 0);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &n as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<f32>() as u64, &eps as *const f32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(1, 1, 1);  // single threadgroup"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_matmul
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch matrix-vector multiply: weight * input -> output."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_matmul(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, input: &Buffer, weight: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, rows: usize, cols: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let r: u32 = rows as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let c: u32 = cols as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.matmul_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(weight), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(input), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &r as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &c as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // 64 rows per threadgroup (8 simdgroups x 8 rows each = 256 threads)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let num_tg = ((rows + 63) / 64) as u64;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(num_tg, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_matmul_q8
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch Q8_0 quantized matrix-vector multiply: weight_q8 * input -> output."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Weights are raw Q8_0 bytes (34 bytes per block of 32 elements)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_matmul_q8(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, input: &Buffer, weight: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, rows: usize, cols: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let r: u32 = rows as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let c: u32 = cols as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.matmul_q8_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(weight), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(input), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &r as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &c as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // 32 rows per threadgroup (8 simdgroups x 4 rows each = 256 threads)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let num_tg = ((rows + 31) / 32) as u64;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(num_tg, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_matmul_q4
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch Q4_0 quantized matrix-vector multiply: weight_q4 * input -> output."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Weights are raw Q4_0 bytes (18 bytes per block of 32 elements)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_matmul_q4(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, input: &Buffer, weight: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, rows: usize, cols: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let r: u32 = rows as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let c: u32 = cols as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.matmul_q4_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(weight), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(input), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &r as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &c as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // 32 rows per threadgroup (8 simdgroups x 4 rows each = 256 threads)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let num_tg = ((rows + 31) / 32) as u64;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(num_tg, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_rope
    writeln!(code, "    /// Dispatch RoPE on a buffer in-place.")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_rope(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, buf: &Buffer, num_heads: usize, head_dim: usize, pos: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nh: u32 = num_heads as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let hd: u32 = head_dim as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let p: u32 = pos as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let theta: f32 = ROPE_THETA;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let total_pairs = num_heads * (head_dim / 2);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.rope_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(buf), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(1, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nh as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &hd as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &p as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<f32>() as u64, &theta as *const f32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((total_pairs + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_rope_offset
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch RoPE on a buffer at a given byte offset (for fused QKV buffer)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_rope_offset(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, buf: &Buffer, byte_offset: usize, num_heads: usize, head_dim: usize, pos: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nh: u32 = num_heads as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let hd: u32 = head_dim as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let p: u32 = pos as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let theta: f32 = ROPE_THETA;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let total_pairs = num_heads * (head_dim / 2);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.rope_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(buf), byte_offset as u64);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(1, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nh as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &hd as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &p as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<f32>() as u64, &theta as *const f32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((total_pairs + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_attention
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch attention kernel: Q * K^T -> softmax -> * V."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_attention(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, q_buf: &Buffer, k_cache: &Buffer, v_cache: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, seq_len: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let sl: u32 = seq_len as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nh: u32 = NUM_HEADS as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nkv: u32 = NUM_KV_HEADS as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let hd: u32 = HEAD_DIM as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.attention_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(q_buf), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(k_cache), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(v_cache), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(3, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &sl as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nh as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(6, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nkv as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(7, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &hd as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // One threadgroup per head, 256 threads (8 simdgroups for cooperative reductions)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(NUM_HEADS as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_attention_offset
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch attention with Q at a byte offset in the source buffer (for fused QKV)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_attention_offset(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, q_buf: &Buffer, q_byte_offset: usize, k_cache: &Buffer, v_cache: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, seq_len: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let sl: u32 = seq_len as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nh: u32 = NUM_HEADS as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nkv: u32 = NUM_KV_HEADS as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let hd: u32 = HEAD_DIM as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.attention_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(q_buf), q_byte_offset as u64);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(k_cache), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(v_cache), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(3, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &sl as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nh as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(6, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nkv as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(7, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &hd as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(NUM_HEADS as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_silu_mul
    writeln!(code, "    /// Dispatch fused SiLU-multiply kernel.")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_silu_mul(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, gate: &Buffer, up: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, n: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let count: u32 = n as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.silu_mul_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(gate), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(up), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &count as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((n + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_silu_mul_fused
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch fused SiLU-multiply reading gate and up from a single concatenated buffer."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// gate_up_buf contains [gate(n), up(n)] contiguously."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_silu_mul_fused(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, gate_up: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, n: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let count: u32 = n as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.silu_mul_fused_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(gate_up), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &count as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((n + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_copy (simple src -> dst copy via compute kernel)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch buffer copy via compute kernel: dst[i] = src[i] for i in 0..count."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_copy(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, src: &Buffer, dst: &Buffer, count: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let n: u32 = count as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.copy_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(src), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(dst), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &n as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((count + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_copy_offset (copy from src[src_offset..] -> dst)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch offset copy via compute kernel: dst[i] = src[src_offset + i]."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Used for embedding table lookup (copy a specific row)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_copy_offset(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, src: &Buffer, dst: &Buffer, src_offset: usize, count: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let off: u32 = src_offset as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let n: u32 = count as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.copy_offset_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(src), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(dst), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &off as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &n as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((count + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_copy_from_offset (copy from src at byte offset to dst at float offset)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch copy from source at byte offset to destination at float offset."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Used for KV cache updates from fused QKV buffer."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_copy_from_offset(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, src: &Buffer, src_byte_offset: usize, dst: &Buffer, dst_float_offset: usize, count: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let n: u32 = count as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.copy_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(src), src_byte_offset as u64);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(dst), (dst_float_offset * mem::size_of::<f32>()) as u64);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &n as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((count + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_copy_from_offset_f16 (copy src[src_byte_offset..] -> f16 dst[dst_elem_offset..])
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch f32 -> f16 copy from src at byte offset to half-typed dst at element offset."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Used for single-token decode KV cache updates (f32 QKV buf -> f16 KV cache)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_copy_from_offset_f16(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, src: &Buffer, src_byte_offset: usize, dst: &Buffer, dst_elem_offset: usize, count: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let n: u32 = count as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.copy_f32_to_f16_offset_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(src), src_byte_offset as u64);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(dst), (dst_elem_offset * 2) as u64);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &n as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((count + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_copy_to_offset (copy src -> dst[dst_offset..])
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch copy to destination offset: dst[dst_offset + i] = src[i]."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Used for KV cache updates (write to a specific position in the cache)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_copy_to_offset(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, src: &Buffer, dst: &Buffer, dst_offset: usize, count: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let n: u32 = count as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.copy_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(src), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(dst), (dst_offset * mem::size_of::<f32>()) as u64);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &n as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((count + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_add_inplace (residual connection, no blit needed)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch in-place element-wise add (residual connection): a[i] += b[i]."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_add_inplace(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, a: &Buffer, b: &Buffer, n: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let count: u32 = n as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.add_inplace_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(a), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(b), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &count as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((n + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // ── Batched prefill dispatch helpers ──
    writeln!(code, "    // ── Batched prefill dispatch helpers ──")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_copy_embedding_batch
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch batched embedding lookup: copy M token embeddings at once."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_copy_embedding_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, num_tokens: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let dim: u32 = HIDDEN_SIZE as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nt: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.copy_embedding_batch_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(&self.embed_buf), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(&self.batch_hidden_buf), 0);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(&self.batch_tokens_buf), 0);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &dim as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nt as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let total = num_tokens * HIDDEN_SIZE;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((total + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_rms_norm_batch
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch batched RMS norm: normalizes M vectors at once."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_rms_norm_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, input: &Buffer, weight: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, num_tokens: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let n: u32 = HIDDEN_SIZE as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let eps: f32 = RMS_NORM_EPS;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nt: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.rms_norm_batch_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(input), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(weight), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &n as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<f32>() as u64, &eps as *const f32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nt as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(num_tokens as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_matmul_batch (f32)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch batched f32 matmul: [M, cols] x [rows, cols]^T -> [M, rows]."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_matmul_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, input: &Buffer, weight: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, num_tokens: usize, rows: usize, cols: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nt: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let r: u32 = rows as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let c: u32 = cols as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.matmul_batch_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(weight), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(input), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nt as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &r as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &c as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let row_tgs = (rows + 63) / 64;  // 64 rows per threadgroup for f32"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let num_tg = (row_tgs * num_tokens) as u64;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(num_tg, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_matmul_q8_batch
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch batched Q8_0 matmul: [M, cols] x [rows, cols]^T -> [M, rows]."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    ///")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Selects between a per-token mat-vec kernel (M < 4) and a GEMM-style"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// kernel that reuses weight reads across a tile of 4 tokens (M >= 4)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_matmul_q8_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, input: &Buffer, weight: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, num_tokens: usize, rows: usize, cols: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nt: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let r: u32 = rows as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let c: u32 = cols as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Tile sizes must match the Metal shader constants."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        const TOKENS_PER_TG_Q8: usize = 4;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        const MMA_TOK_TILE: usize = 16;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        const MMA_ROW_TILE: usize = 16;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        const MMA32_TOK_TILE: usize = 32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        const MMA32_ROW_TILE: usize = 32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Hardware matrix-multiply paths (simdgroup_matrix)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Prefer the large 32×32 tile when the problem supports it — halves"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // dispatch count and reuses each weight load across 32 tokens."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        if num_tokens >= MMA32_TOK_TILE && rows % MMA32_ROW_TILE == 0 && cols % 32 == 0 {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // FP16-tile variant: 4 KB shared mem vs 8 KB doubles TG occupancy."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // It wins at moderate prefill lengths where the GPU is wave-starved,"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // but the f32→f16 conversion overhead slightly hurts the small-hidden"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // case (135M / 360M).  Switch at cols >= 2048 — a clean split that"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // keeps the FP32 path for small-hidden models and gives 1B/3B the win."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // All-FP16 MMA (hh4) has a scalar-widening store path that costs a"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // little at low M but wins at higher M via ~2x FP16 MMA throughput."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // Empirically the crossover is around M=256 on M5 Pro for 1B/3B."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            let use_h4 = cols >= 2048;")?;
    writeln!(code, "            let pipe = if use_h4 {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                if num_tokens >= 256 {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                    &self.matmul_q8_mma32_hh4_pipeline"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                }} else {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                    &self.matmul_q8_mma32_h4_pipeline"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "            }} else {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                &self.matmul_q8_mma32_pipeline")?;
    writeln!(code, "            }};")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(pipe);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(0, Some(weight), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(1, Some(input), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(2, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nt as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &r as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &c as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            let row_tgs = rows / MMA32_ROW_TILE;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let tok_tgs = (num_tokens + MMA32_TOK_TILE - 1) / MMA32_TOK_TILE;"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let tg_size = if use_h4 {{ MTLSize::new(128, 1, 1) }} else {{ MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1) }};"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let grid_size = MTLSize::new(row_tgs as u64, tok_tgs as u64, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        }} else if num_tokens >= MMA_TOK_TILE && rows % MMA_ROW_TILE == 0 && cols % 32 == 0 {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.matmul_q8_mma_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(0, Some(weight), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(1, Some(input), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(2, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nt as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &r as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &c as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            let row_tgs = rows / MMA_ROW_TILE;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let tok_tgs = (num_tokens + MMA_TOK_TILE - 1) / MMA_TOK_TILE;"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let tg_size = MTLSize::new(128, 1, 1);  // 4 simdgroups × 32 lanes"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let grid_size = MTLSize::new(row_tgs as u64, tok_tgs as u64, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        }} else if num_tokens >= TOKENS_PER_TG_Q8 {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.matmul_q8_gemm_batch_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(0, Some(weight), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(1, Some(input), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(2, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nt as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &r as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &c as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let row_tgs = (rows + 31) / 32;  // 32 rows per threadgroup for Q8"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let tok_tgs = (num_tokens + TOKENS_PER_TG_Q8 - 1) / TOKENS_PER_TG_Q8;"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let grid_size = MTLSize::new(row_tgs as u64, tok_tgs as u64, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        }} else {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.matmul_q8_batch_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(0, Some(weight), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(1, Some(input), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(2, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nt as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &r as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &c as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let row_tgs = (rows + 31) / 32;  // 32 rows per threadgroup for Q8"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let num_tg = (row_tgs * num_tokens) as u64;"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let grid_size = MTLSize::new(num_tg, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_matmul_q4_batch
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch batched Q4_0 matmul: [M, cols] x [rows, cols]^T -> [M, rows]."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_matmul_q4_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, input: &Buffer, weight: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, num_tokens: usize, rows: usize, cols: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nt: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let r: u32 = rows as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let c: u32 = cols as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.matmul_q4_batch_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(weight), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(input), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nt as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &r as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &c as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let row_tgs = (rows + 31) / 32;  // 32 rows per threadgroup for Q4"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let num_tg = (row_tgs * num_tokens) as u64;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(num_tg, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_add_bias_batch — Qwen2 QKV bias broadcast-add after fused qkv matmul.
    if config.qkv_bias {
        writeln!(
            code,
            "    /// Broadcast-add a per-row bias vector to every row of an [M, rows] buffer."
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "    fn dispatch_add_bias_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, out: &Buffer, bias: &Buffer, num_tokens: usize, rows: usize) {{"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "        let nt: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
        writeln!(code, "        let r: u32 = rows as u32;")?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.add_bias_batch_pipeline);"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(out), 0);")?;
        writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(bias), 0);")?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nt as *const u32 as *const _);"
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &r as *const u32 as *const _);"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "        let total = (num_tokens * rows) as u64;")?;
        writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new((total + 255) / 256, 1, 1);"
        )?;
        writeln!(
            code,
            "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
        )?;
        writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
        writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
        writeln!(code)?;
    }

    // dispatch_rope_batch
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch batched RoPE: apply RoPE to M vectors with different positions."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// `data_float_offset` is the offset in floats within each token's row in the batch buffer."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// `row_stride` is the number of floats per token row in the batch buffer."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_rope_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, buf: &Buffer, data_float_offset: usize, num_heads: usize, head_dim: usize, num_tokens: usize, row_stride: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nh: u32 = num_heads as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let hd: u32 = head_dim as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let theta: f32 = ROPE_THETA;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nt: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let pairs_per_token = num_heads * (head_dim / 2);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let total_pairs = num_tokens * pairs_per_token;"
    )?;
    // The rope_batch kernel expects contiguous [M, num_heads * head_dim] data.
    // Since our batch_qkv_buf is [M, qkv_rows] and Q/K are at offsets within each row,
    // we need to pass the buffer at the right byte offset for each token's data.
    // Actually, the rope_batch kernel accesses data[token * (num_heads * head_dim) + ...],
    // but our layout is data[token * row_stride + data_float_offset + ...].
    // We need the kernel to know the row_stride. Let me adjust the kernel approach:
    // Since Q and K are contiguous within each token's qkv_rows, and the batch buffer
    // is [M, qkv_rows], we can pass the buffer at offset (data_float_offset * 4) and
    // use a stride parameter. But the rope_batch kernel as written expects [M, num_heads*head_dim].
    //
    // Simplest approach: use the single-token rope kernel for each token in a loop.
    // This is still efficient because we're dispatching all within the same command encoder.
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Apply RoPE to each token individually (different positions, non-contiguous layout)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        for t in 0..num_tokens {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let byte_offset = (t * row_stride + data_float_offset) * mem::size_of::<f32>();"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let p: u32 = unsafe {{ *(self.batch_positions_buf.contents() as *const u32).add(t) }};"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.rope_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_buffer(0, Some(buf), byte_offset as u64);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(1, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nh as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &hd as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &p as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<f32>() as u64, &theta as *const f32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((pairs_per_token + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_silu_mul_fused_batch
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch batched fused SiLU-multiply for M tokens."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_silu_mul_fused_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, gate_up: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, n: usize, num_tokens: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let count: u32 = n as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nt: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.silu_mul_fused_batch_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(gate_up), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &count as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nt as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let total = num_tokens * n;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((total + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_add_inplace_batch_n (add n elements in-place)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch in-place add for total_n elements: a[i] += b[i]."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_add_inplace_batch_n(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, a: &Buffer, b: &Buffer, total_n: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let count: u32 = total_n as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.add_inplace_batch_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(a), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(b), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &count as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((total_n + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_add_inplace_batch_copy (copy src to dst using copy_buffer kernel)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Copy src to dst using compute copy kernel (for batch residual init)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_add_inplace_batch_copy(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, src: &Buffer, dst: &Buffer, count: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let n: u32 = count as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.copy_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(src), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(dst), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &n as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((count + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_copy_to_offset_bytes (copy src to dst at float offset)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Copy src buffer to dst at a float offset (for scatter into batch buffers)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_copy_to_offset_bytes(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, src: &Buffer, dst: &Buffer, dst_float_offset: usize, count: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let n: u32 = count as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.copy_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(src), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(dst), (dst_float_offset * mem::size_of::<f32>()) as u64);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &n as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((count + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_copy_from_offset_bytes (copy from src at byte offset to dst at float offset)
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Copy from src at byte offset to dst at float offset."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_copy_from_offset_bytes(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, src: &Buffer, src_byte_offset: usize, dst: &Buffer, dst_float_offset: usize, count: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let n: u32 = count as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.copy_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(src), src_byte_offset as u64);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(dst), (dst_float_offset * mem::size_of::<f32>()) as u64);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &n as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((count + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_copy_kv_batch
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch batched KV cache copy: copy K or V from strided batch QKV buffer to KV cache."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_copy_kv_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, src: &Buffer, dst: &Buffer, num_tokens: usize, kv_dim: usize, base_pos: usize, src_stride: usize, src_offset: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let m_val: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let kv: u32 = kv_dim as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let bp: u32 = base_pos as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let ss: u32 = src_stride as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let so: u32 = src_offset as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.copy_kv_batch_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(src), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(dst), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &m_val as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &kv as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &bp as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &ss as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(6, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &so as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let total = num_tokens * kv_dim;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((total + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_attention_batch
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch batched causal attention: one dispatch for all M tokens."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_attention_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, q_buf: &Buffer, k_cache: &Buffer, v_cache: &Buffer, output: &Buffer, num_tokens: usize, base_pos: usize, q_stride: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let m_val: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let bp: u32 = base_pos as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nh: u32 = NUM_HEADS as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nkv: u32 = NUM_KV_HEADS as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let hd: u32 = HEAD_DIM as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let qs: u32 = q_stride as u32;")?;
    // Attention kernel selection:
    //   * Legacy `attention_batch` materializes scores[4096] in threadgroup memory
    //     and uses scalar simdgroup reductions.  Fast at short seq_len, no MMA.
    //   * `attention_flash_batch` streams K/V with online softmax; no seq cap,
    //     scalar math, ~7-14 % slower than legacy at long contexts (no MMA).
    //   * `attention_mma_flash_batch` adds hardware simdgroup_matrix<half, 8, 8>
    //     MMA for both Q·K^T and P·V, processing Q_BLOCK=8 tokens per TG.
    //     Default path when HEAD_DIM ≤ 128 and num_tokens ≥ 8 (verified on
    //     Llama, Qwen2.5, Phi-3).  Set FORGE_MMA_ATTN=0 to force legacy.
    writeln!(code, "        let max_seq = base_pos + num_tokens;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let _ = max_seq;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let mma_opt_out = std::env::var(\"FORGE_MMA_ATTN\")"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            .map(|v| v == \"0\").unwrap_or(false);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let use_mma_flash = !mma_opt_out && HEAD_DIM <= 128 && num_tokens >= 8;"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        if use_mma_flash {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let pipe = &self.attention_mma_flash_batch_pipeline;"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(pipe);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(0, Some(q_buf), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(1, Some(k_cache), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(2, Some(v_cache), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            enc.set_buffer(3, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &m_val as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &bp as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(6, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nh as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(7, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nkv as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(8, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &hd as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.set_bytes(9, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &qs as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            // Grid: [ceil(M/8), NUM_HEADS, 1], 128 threads (4 simdgroups) per TG"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            let tg_size = MTLSize::new(128, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let q_blocks = ((num_tokens + 7) / 8) as u64;"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            let grid_size = MTLSize::new(q_blocks, NUM_HEADS as u64, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "            return;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let pipe = &self.attention_batch_pipeline;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(pipe);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(q_buf), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(k_cache), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(v_cache), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(3, Some(output), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &m_val as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &bp as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(6, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nh as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(7, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nkv as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(8, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &hd as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(9, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &qs as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // One threadgroup per (token, head) pair, 256 threads for cooperative reductions"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new((num_tokens * NUM_HEADS) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_rope_qk_batch — fused Q+K RoPE in a single dispatch
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch fused RoPE for both Q and K heads in one kernel launch."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Saves one dispatch + barrier per layer vs separate Q and K RoPE calls."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_rope_qk_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, buf: &Buffer, num_tokens: usize, base_pos: usize, qkv_stride: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let m_val: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let bp: u32 = base_pos as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nq: u32 = NUM_HEADS as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let nkv: u32 = NUM_KV_HEADS as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let hd: u32 = HEAD_DIM as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let qs: u32 = qkv_stride as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let theta: f32 = ROPE_THETA;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.rope_qk_batch_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(buf), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(1, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &m_val as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(2, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &bp as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nq as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &nkv as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &hd as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(6, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &qs as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(7, mem::size_of::<f32>() as u64, &theta as *const f32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let total_pairs = num_tokens * (NUM_HEADS + NUM_KV_HEADS) * (HEAD_DIM / 2);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((total_pairs + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // dispatch_copy_kv_both_batch — fused K+V cache copy in a single dispatch
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Dispatch fused K+V cache copy in one kernel launch."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    /// Saves one dispatch + barrier per layer vs separate K and V copy calls."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    fn dispatch_copy_kv_both_batch(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef, src: &Buffer, k_dst: &Buffer, v_dst: &Buffer, num_tokens: usize, kv_dim: usize, base_pos: usize, src_stride: usize, k_offset: usize, v_offset: usize) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let m_val: u32 = num_tokens as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let kv: u32 = kv_dim as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let bp: u32 = base_pos as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let ss: u32 = src_stride as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let ko: u32 = k_offset as u32;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let vo: u32 = v_offset as u32;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_compute_pipeline_state(&self.copy_kv_both_batch_pipeline);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(0, Some(src), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(1, Some(k_dst), 0);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        enc.set_buffer(2, Some(v_dst), 0);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(3, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &m_val as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(4, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &kv as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(5, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &bp as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(6, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &ss as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(7, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &ko as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.set_bytes(8, mem::size_of::<u32>() as u64, &vo as *const u32 as *const _);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let total = num_tokens * kv_dim * 2;  // K + V"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let tg_size = MTLSize::new(256, 1, 1);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let grid_size = MTLSize::new(((total + 255) / 256) as u64, 1, 1);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        enc.dispatch_thread_groups(grid_size, tg_size);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        unsafe {{ let _: () = metal::objc::msg_send![enc, memoryBarrierWithScope:1u64]; }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;

    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    Ok(())
}

fn emit_helper_functions(code: &mut String) -> Result<(), MetalCodegenError> {
    writeln!(
        code,
        "// ── Helper functions ──────────────────────────────────"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "/// Create a compute pipeline from a named function in the Metal library."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "fn make_pipeline(device: &Device, library: &Library, name: &str) -> ComputePipelineState {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let func = library.get_function(name, None).unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!(\"Metal function '{{name}}' not found\"));"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    device.new_compute_pipeline_state_with_function(&func)"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!(\"failed to create pipeline for '{{name}}'\"))"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    Ok(())
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// main.rs generation
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

fn generate_main_rs(model_name: &str, config: &ModelConfig) -> Result<String, MetalCodegenError> {
    let _sanitized = sanitize_name(model_name);
    let _vocab = config.vocab_size;

    let mut code = String::with_capacity(16 * 1024);
    writeln!(code, "//! Auto-generated by ForgeLLM Metal codegen.")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "//! CLI and HTTP server for Metal GPU inference on Apple Silicon."
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "mod model;")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "use std::io::Write;")?;
    writeln!(code, "use std::time::Instant;")?;
    writeln!(code, "use serde::Deserialize;")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- main function --
    writeln!(code, "fn main() {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().collect();"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    // Detect --serve mode (only requires weights + tokenizer)"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let serve_mode = args.iter().any(|a| a == \"--serve\");"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    if !serve_mode && args.len() < 4 {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "        eprintln!(\"Usage: {{}} <weights.bin> <tokenizer.json> <prompt> [--max-tokens N] [--quiet] [--profile]\", args[0]);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        eprintln!(\"       {{}} <weights.bin> <tokenizer.json> --serve [--port 8080]\", args[0]);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        std::process::exit(1);")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    if serve_mode && args.len() < 3 {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "        eprintln!(\"Usage: {{}} <weights.bin> <tokenizer.json> --serve [--port 8080]\", args[0]);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        std::process::exit(1);")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    let weights_path = &args[1];")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let tokenizer_path = &args[2];")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    // Parse optional flags")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let mut max_tokens: usize = 128;")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let mut port: u16 = 8080;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let quiet = args.iter().any(|a| a == \"--quiet\" || a == \"-q\");"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let profile = args.iter().any(|a| a == \"--profile\");"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    let mut i = 3;")?;
    writeln!(code, "    while i < args.len() {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        if args[i] == \"--max-tokens\" && i + 1 < args.len() {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            max_tokens = args[i + 1].parse().unwrap_or(128);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            i += 2;")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        }} else if args[i] == \"--port\" && i + 1 < args.len() {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            port = args[i + 1].parse().unwrap_or(8080);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            i += 2;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }} else if args[i] == \"--serve\" {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            i += 1;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }} else if args[i] == \"--profile\" {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            i += 1;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }} else {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            i += 1;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- load model (shared by both modes) --
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    // Memory-map weights for zero-copy loading on Apple Silicon"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let weights_file = std::fs::File::open(weights_path)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {{ eprintln!(\"Failed to open weights: {{e}}\"); std::process::exit(1); }});")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let weights_mmap = unsafe {{ memmap2::Mmap::map(&weights_file).unwrap() }};"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    // Load tokenizer")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let tokenizer = tokenizers::Tokenizer::from_file(tokenizer_path)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {{ eprintln!(\"Failed to load tokenizer: {{e}}\"); std::process::exit(1); }});")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    // Create Metal model")?;
    writeln!(code, "    eprintln!(\"Loading model onto Metal GPU...\");")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let mut model = model::MetalModel::new(&weights_mmap);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- branch: serve vs CLI --
    writeln!(code, "    if serve_mode {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "        serve(model, tokenizer, port);")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }} else {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let prompt = &args[3];")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        cli_mode(&mut model, &tokenizer, prompt, max_tokens, quiet, profile);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- cli_mode function --
    writeln!(code, "fn cli_mode(model: &mut model::MetalModel, tokenizer: &tokenizers::Tokenizer, prompt: &str, max_tokens: usize, quiet: bool, profile: bool) {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "    // Tokenize prompt")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let encoding = tokenizer.encode(prompt, true)")?;
    writeln!(code, "        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {{ eprintln!(\"Tokenization failed: {{e}}\"); std::process::exit(1); }});")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let prompt_tokens = encoding.get_ids();")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    // Process prompt tokens with batched prefill (mat-mat instead of mat-vec)."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    // Uses double-buffered batch dispatch for GPU-efficient matmul."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    // The last token uses synchronous forward() to get logits."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    let prompt_len = prompt_tokens.len();")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let prefill_start = Instant::now();")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let logits = if prompt_len > 1 {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        model.forward_prefill_batch(&prompt_tokens[..prompt_len - 1]);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        model.forward(prompt_tokens[prompt_len - 1])")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }} else {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "        model.forward(prompt_tokens[0])")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }};")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let prefill_elapsed = prefill_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    let prefill_tokens = prompt_tokens.len();")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    eprintln!(\"Prefill: {{}} tokens in {{:.3}}s ({{:.1}} tok/s)\","
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        prefill_tokens, prefill_elapsed, prefill_tokens as f64 / prefill_elapsed);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    // Generate tokens")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let mut next_token = argmax(&logits);")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let gen_start = Instant::now();")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let mut generated_count: usize = 0;")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    for _ in 0..max_tokens {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        if let Some(text) = tokenizer.decode(&[next_token], false).ok() {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            if !quiet {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                print!(\"{{}}\", text);")?;
    writeln!(code, "                std::io::stdout().flush().ok();")?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        generated_count += 1;")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Use profiling forward for first token when --profile is set"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let logits = if profile && generated_count == 1 {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            model.forward_profile(next_token)")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }} else {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            model.forward(next_token)")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }};")?;
    writeln!(code, "        next_token = argmax(&logits);")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "        // Stop on EOS (token 2 for most models)")?;
    writeln!(code, "        if next_token == 2 {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            break;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Yield between tokens to reduce sustained GPU thermal load."
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // On Apple Silicon, continuous GPU saturation causes thermal throttling"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // (500 tok/s -> 300 tok/s). A yield_now() lets the OS scheduler run"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // briefly, providing a micro-break that helps sustain peak throughput."
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        std::thread::yield_now();")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    if !quiet {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "        println!();")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let gen_elapsed = gen_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    eprintln!(\"Generate: {{}} tokens in {{:.2}}s ({{:.1}} tok/s)\","
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        generated_count, gen_elapsed, generated_count as f64 / gen_elapsed);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- argmax helper --
    writeln!(code, "/// Simple argmax over a slice of f32 logits.")?;
    writeln!(code, "fn argmax(logits: &[f32]) -> u32 {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "    logits.iter()")?;
    writeln!(code, "        .enumerate()")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        .max_by(|(_, a), (_, b)| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal))"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        .map(|(i, _)| i as u32)")?;
    writeln!(code, "        .unwrap_or(0)")?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- Request/Response types for OpenAI API --
    writeln!(
        code,
        "// -----------------------------------------------------------------------"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "// OpenAI-compatible API server")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "// -----------------------------------------------------------------------"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "#[derive(Deserialize)]")?;
    writeln!(code, "struct ChatRequest {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "    messages: Vec<ChatMessage>,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    #[serde(default)]")?;
    writeln!(code, "    stream: Option<bool>,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    #[serde(default)]")?;
    writeln!(code, "    max_tokens: Option<usize>,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    #[serde(default)]")?;
    writeln!(code, "    temperature: Option<f32>,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    #[serde(default)]")?;
    writeln!(code, "    model: Option<String>,")?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "#[derive(Deserialize)]")?;
    writeln!(code, "struct ChatMessage {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "    role: String,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    content: String,")?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- format_chat_messages --
    writeln!(
        code,
        "fn format_chat_messages(messages: &[ChatMessage]) -> String {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    let mut prompt = String::new();")?;
    writeln!(code, "    for msg in messages {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "        prompt.push_str(&format!(\"<|im_start|>{{}}\\n{{}}<|im_end|>\\n\", msg.role, msg.content));")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    prompt.push_str(\"<|im_start|>assistant\\n\");")?;
    writeln!(code, "    prompt")?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- prefill helper --
    writeln!(
        code,
        "fn prefill(model: &mut model::MetalModel, tokens: &[u32]) -> Vec<f32> {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    let len = tokens.len();")?;
    writeln!(code, "    if len > 1 {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        model.forward_prefill_batch(&tokens[..len - 1]);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    model.forward(tokens[len - 1])")?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- serve function --
    writeln!(
        code,
        "fn serve(mut model: model::MetalModel, tokenizer: tokenizers::Tokenizer, port: u16) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    let addr = format!(\"0.0.0.0:{{}}\", port);")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let server = tiny_http::Server::http(&addr)")?;
    writeln!(code, "        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {{ eprintln!(\"Failed to bind {{}}: {{e}}\", addr); std::process::exit(1); }});")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    eprintln!(\"ForgeLLM Metal server listening on http://0.0.0.0:{{}}\", port);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    eprintln!(\"Endpoints:\");")?;
    writeln!(code, "    eprintln!(\"  POST /v1/chat/completions\");")?;
    writeln!(code, "    eprintln!(\"  GET  /v1/models\");")?;
    writeln!(code, "    eprintln!(\"  GET  /health\");")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    for request in server.incoming_requests() {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let method = request.method().to_string();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let url = request.url().to_string();")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "        match (method.as_str(), url.as_str()) {{")?;

    // -- POST /v1/chat/completions --
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            (\"POST\", \"/v1/chat/completions\") => {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                handle_chat_completion(&mut model, &tokenizer, request);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;

    // -- GET /v1/models --
    writeln!(code, "            (\"GET\", \"/v1/models\") => {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                let body = serde_json::json!({{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                    \"object\": \"list\",")?;
    writeln!(code, "                    \"data\": [{{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                        \"id\": \"forgellm-metal\",")?;
    writeln!(code, "                        \"object\": \"model\",")?;
    writeln!(code, "                        \"owned_by\": \"forgellm\"")?;
    writeln!(code, "                    }}]")?;
    writeln!(code, "                }});")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                let resp = tiny_http::Response::from_string(body.to_string())"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                    .with_header(tiny_http::Header::from_bytes(\"Content-Type\", \"application/json\").unwrap());")?;
    writeln!(code, "                request.respond(resp).ok();")?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;

    // -- GET /health --
    writeln!(code, "            (\"GET\", \"/health\") => {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                let resp = tiny_http::Response::from_string(\"{{\\\"status\\\":\\\"ok\\\"}}\");")?;
    writeln!(code, "                request.respond(resp).ok();")?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;

    // -- 404 --
    writeln!(code, "            _ => {{")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                let resp = tiny_http::Response::from_string(\"Not Found\")"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                    .with_status_code(404);")?;
    writeln!(code, "                request.respond(resp).ok();")?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- handle_chat_completion --
    writeln!(code, "fn handle_chat_completion(")?;
    writeln!(code, "    model: &mut model::MetalModel,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    tokenizer: &tokenizers::Tokenizer,")?;
    writeln!(code, "    mut request: tiny_http::Request,")?;
    writeln!(code, ") {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "    // Read request body")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let mut body = String::new();")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    if request.as_reader().read_to_string(&mut body).is_err() {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let resp = tiny_http::Response::from_string(\"{{\\\"error\\\":\\\"Failed to read request body\\\"}}\")")?;
    writeln!(code, "            .with_status_code(400);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        request.respond(resp).ok();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        return;")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "    // Parse JSON")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let req: ChatRequest = match serde_json::from_str(&body) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        Ok(r) => r,")?;
    writeln!(code, "        Err(e) => {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            let resp = tiny_http::Response::from_string(format!(\"{{{{\\\"error\\\":\\\"Invalid JSON: {{}}\\\"}}}}\", e))")?;
    writeln!(code, "                .with_status_code(400);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            request.respond(resp).ok();")?;
    writeln!(code, "            return;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }};")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let prompt = format_chat_messages(&req.messages);"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let encoding = match tokenizer.encode(prompt.as_str(), true) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        Ok(e) => e,")?;
    writeln!(code, "        Err(e) => {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            let resp = tiny_http::Response::from_string(format!(\"{{{{\\\"error\\\":\\\"Tokenization failed: {{}}\\\"}}}}\", e))")?;
    writeln!(code, "                .with_status_code(500);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            request.respond(resp).ok();")?;
    writeln!(code, "            return;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }};")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let prompt_tokens = encoding.get_ids();")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let stream = req.stream.unwrap_or(false);")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let max_tokens = req.max_tokens.unwrap_or(256);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let _temperature = req.temperature.unwrap_or(1.0);"
    )?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- Reset KV cache for each request --
    writeln!(code, "    model.reset();")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    // -- Prefill with timing --
    writeln!(code, "    let prefill_start = Instant::now();")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let logits = prefill(model, prompt_tokens);")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "    let prefill_elapsed = prefill_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "    let prefill_count = prompt_tokens.len();")?;
    writeln!(code, "    let mut next_token = argmax(&logits);")?;
    writeln!(code)?;

    writeln!(code, "    if stream {{")?;

    // -- SSE streaming response --
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // SSE streaming: generate tokens and build SSE body"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let gen_start = Instant::now();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let mut generated_count: usize = 0;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let mut sse_body = String::new();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        for _ in 0..max_tokens {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            if next_token == 2 {{ break; }}")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            if let Ok(text) = tokenizer.decode(&[next_token], false) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                let escaped = serde_json::to_string(&text).unwrap_or_default();"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                // escaped includes surrounding quotes, strip them"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                let inner = &escaped[1..escaped.len()-1];"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                sse_body.push_str(&format!(")?;
    writeln!(code, "                    \"data: {{{{\\\"id\\\":\\\"chatcmpl-1\\\",\\\"object\\\":\\\"chat.completion.chunk\\\",\\\"choices\\\":[{{{{\\\"index\\\":0,\\\"delta\\\":{{{{\\\"content\\\":\\\"{{}}\\\"}}}},\\\"finish_reason\\\":null}}}}]}}}}\\n\\n\",")?;
    writeln!(code, "                    inner")?;
    writeln!(code, "                ));")?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "            generated_count += 1;")?;
    writeln!(code, "            let logits = model.forward(next_token);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            next_token = argmax(&logits);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let gen_elapsed = gen_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let gen_tok_s = if gen_elapsed > 0.0 {{ generated_count as f64 / gen_elapsed }} else {{ 0.0 }};")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let gen_time_ms = gen_elapsed * 1000.0;")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Final chunk with finish_reason, timing, and DONE sentinel"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        sse_body.push_str(&format!(")?;
    writeln!(code, "            \"data: {{{{\\\"id\\\":\\\"chatcmpl-1\\\",\\\"object\\\":\\\"chat.completion.chunk\\\",\\\"choices\\\":[{{{{\\\"index\\\":0,\\\"delta\\\":{{{{}}}},\\\"finish_reason\\\":\\\"stop\\\"}}}}],\\\"usage\\\":{{{{\\\"prefill_tokens\\\":{{}},\\\"prefill_time_ms\\\":{{:.1}},\\\"generation_tokens\\\":{{}},\\\"generation_time_ms\\\":{{:.1}},\\\"tokens_per_sec\\\":{{:.1}}}}}}}}}}\\n\\ndata: [DONE]\\n\\n\",")?;
    writeln!(code, "            prefill_count, prefill_elapsed * 1000.0, generated_count, gen_time_ms, gen_tok_s")?;
    writeln!(code, "        ));")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let resp = tiny_http::Response::from_string(sse_body)"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            .with_header(tiny_http::Header::from_bytes(\"Content-Type\", \"text/event-stream\").unwrap())")?;
    writeln!(code, "            .with_header(tiny_http::Header::from_bytes(\"Cache-Control\", \"no-cache\").unwrap());")?;
    writeln!(code, "        request.respond(resp).ok();")?;

    writeln!(code, "    }} else {{")?;

    // -- Non-streaming response --
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        // Non-streaming: generate all tokens, return JSON"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let gen_start = Instant::now();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let mut generated_count: usize = 0;")?;
    writeln!(code, "        let mut generated = String::new();")?;
    writeln!(code, "        for _ in 0..max_tokens {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            if next_token == 2 {{ break; }}")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "            if let Ok(text) = tokenizer.decode(&[next_token], false) {{"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                generated.push_str(&text);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "            generated_count += 1;")?;
    writeln!(code, "            let logits = model.forward(next_token);")?;
    writeln!(code, "            next_token = argmax(&logits);")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }}")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let gen_elapsed = gen_start.elapsed().as_secs_f64();"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "        let gen_tok_s = if gen_elapsed > 0.0 {{ generated_count as f64 / gen_elapsed }} else {{ 0.0 }};")?;
    writeln!(code)?;
    writeln!(code, "        let resp_json = serde_json::json!({{")?;
    writeln!(code, "            \"id\": \"chatcmpl-1\",")?;
    writeln!(code, "            \"object\": \"chat.completion\",")?;
    writeln!(code, "            \"choices\": [{{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                \"index\": 0,")?;
    writeln!(code, "                \"message\": {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                    \"role\": \"assistant\",")?;
    writeln!(code, "                    \"content\": generated")?;
    writeln!(code, "                }},")?;
    writeln!(code, "                \"finish_reason\": \"stop\"")?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}],")?;
    writeln!(code, "            \"usage\": {{")?;
    writeln!(code, "                \"prefill_tokens\": prefill_count,")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                \"prefill_time_ms\": (prefill_elapsed * 1000.0) as u64,"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                \"generation_tokens\": generated_count,"
    )?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "                \"generation_time_ms\": (gen_elapsed * 1000.0) as u64,"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "                \"tokens_per_sec\": gen_tok_s")?;
    writeln!(code, "            }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "        }});")?;
    writeln!(
        code,
        "        let resp = tiny_http::Response::from_string(resp_json.to_string())"
    )?;
    writeln!(code, "            .with_header(tiny_http::Header::from_bytes(\"Content-Type\", \"application/json\").unwrap());")?;
    writeln!(code, "        request.respond(resp).ok();")?;
    writeln!(code, "    }}")?;
    writeln!(code, "}}")?;

    Ok(code)
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Tests
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use forgellm_frontend::ir::{Architecture, DType, ModelConfig};

    fn minimal_config() -> ModelConfig {
        ModelConfig {
            architecture: Architecture::Llama,
            hidden_size: 64,
            intermediate_size: 128,
            num_layers: 2,
            num_attention_heads: 4,
            num_kv_heads: 4,
            head_dim: 16,
            vocab_size: 256,
            max_seq_len: 512,
            rms_norm_eps: 1e-5,
            rope_theta: 10000.0,
            dtype: DType::F32,
            sliding_window_size: None,
            qkv_bias: false,
        }
    }

    fn minimal_graph() -> Graph {
        Graph::new("test-metal").with_config(minimal_config())
    }

    #[test]
    fn generate_metal_project_creates_files() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let graph = minimal_graph();
        generate_metal_project(&graph, dir.path(), "test-model").unwrap();

        assert!(
            dir.path().join("Cargo.toml").exists(),
            "Cargo.toml should be created"
        );
        assert!(
            dir.path().join("src/model.rs").exists(),
            "src/model.rs should be created"
        );
        assert!(
            dir.path().join("src/main.rs").exists(),
            "src/main.rs should be created"
        );
        assert!(
            dir.path().join("shaders/kernels.metal").exists(),
            "shaders/kernels.metal should be created"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_cargo_toml_has_metal_dep() {
        let toml = generate_cargo_toml("my-model");
        assert!(toml.contains("metal"), "Cargo.toml should depend on metal");
        assert!(
            toml.contains("tokenizers"),
            "Cargo.toml should depend on tokenizers"
        );
        assert!(
            toml.contains("memmap2"),
            "Cargo.toml should depend on memmap2"
        );
        assert!(toml.contains("half"), "Cargo.toml should depend on half");
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_model_rs_contains_metal_code() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("pub struct MetalModel"),
            "model.rs should define MetalModel struct"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("matmul_pipeline: ComputePipelineState"),
            "MetalModel should have matmul_pipeline field"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("Device::system_default()"),
            "model.rs should use Metal device"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("new_library_with_source"),
            "model.rs should compile Metal shaders"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("fn new(weights: &[u8])"),
            "MetalModel should implement new()"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("fn forward(&mut self, token_id: u32)"),
            "MetalModel should implement forward()"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_shaders_contain_kernel_names() {
        let shaders = generate_metal_shaders(&minimal_config());

        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void matmul_vec"),
            "shaders should contain matmul_vec kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void rms_norm"),
            "shaders should contain rms_norm kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void rope"),
            "shaders should contain rope kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void softmax"),
            "shaders should contain softmax kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void silu_mul("),
            "shaders should contain silu_mul kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void silu_mul_fused"),
            "shaders should contain silu_mul_fused kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void elementwise_add"),
            "shaders should contain elementwise_add kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void attention"),
            "shaders should contain attention kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void add_inplace"),
            "shaders should contain add_inplace kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void copy_buffer"),
            "shaders should contain copy_buffer kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void copy_offset"),
            "shaders should contain copy_offset kernel"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_shaders_use_simdgroup_features() {
        let shaders = generate_metal_shaders(&minimal_config());

        assert!(
            shaders.contains("threadgroup_barrier"),
            "shaders should use threadgroup barriers"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("threadgroup float"),
            "shaders should use threadgroup shared memory"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("thread_index_in_threadgroup"),
            "shaders should use threadgroup indexing"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("simd_sum"),
            "shaders should use simd_sum for warp-level reduction"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("simd_max"),
            "attention kernel should use simd_max for cooperative softmax"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("thread_index_in_simdgroup"),
            "shaders should use simdgroup lane indexing"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("simdgroup_index_in_threadgroup"),
            "shaders should use simdgroup indexing within threadgroup"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("float4"),
            "matmul_vec should use float4 vectorized loads"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_main_rs_has_tokenizer_usage() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("tokenizers::Tokenizer"),
            "main.rs should use tokenizers crate"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("MetalModel::new"),
            "main.rs should call MetalModel::new"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("model.forward"),
            "main.rs should call model.forward"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("memmap2"),
            "main.rs should use memmap2 for zero-copy weight loading"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn missing_config_returns_error() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
        let graph = Graph::new("no-config");
        let result = generate_metal_project(&graph, dir.path(), "fail");
        assert!(
            matches!(result, Err(MetalCodegenError::MissingConfig)),
            "should fail with MissingConfig when graph has no config"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn sanitize_name_works() {
        assert_eq!(sanitize_name("My Model!"), "my-model");
        assert_eq!(sanitize_name("test_model"), "test-model");
        assert_eq!(sanitize_name("simple"), "simple");
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_forward_uses_single_command_buffer() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // The forward function should create exactly one command buffer.
        // Use the exact signature to avoid matching forward_prefill/forward_profile.
        let forward_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn forward(&mut self, token_id: u32) -> Vec<f32>")
            .unwrap();
        let forward_body = &model_rs[forward_start..];
        // End at the next pub/private method
        let forward_end = forward_body
            .find("\n    pub fn forward_profile")
            .or_else(|| forward_body.find("\n    pub fn forward_prefill"))
            .or_else(|| forward_body.find("\n    fn dispatch_"))
            .unwrap_or(forward_body.len());
        let forward_code = &forward_body[..forward_end];

        // Should have exactly one new_command_buffer call
        let cmd_buf_count = forward_code.matches("new_command_buffer()").count();
        assert_eq!(
            cmd_buf_count, 1,
            "forward() should create exactly 1 command buffer, found {cmd_buf_count}"
        );

        // Should have exactly one commit call
        let commit_count = forward_code.matches("cmd.commit()").count();
        assert_eq!(
            commit_count, 1,
            "forward() should commit exactly once, found {commit_count}"
        );

        // Should wait: once for cmd + possibly once for prev_cmd drain
        let wait_count = forward_code.matches("wait_until_completed()").count();
        assert!(
            wait_count >= 1 && wait_count <= 2,
            "forward() should wait 1-2 times (cmd + optional prev_cmd drain), found {wait_count}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_model_has_preallocated_working_buffers() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        for buf_name in &[
            "normed_buf",
            "qkv_buf",
            "attn_out_buf",
            "attn_proj_buf",
            "gate_up_buf",
            "ffn_hidden_buf",
            "ffn_out_buf",
            "add_tmp_buf",
        ] {
            assert!(
                model_rs.contains(&format!("{buf_name}: Buffer")),
                "MetalModel should have pre-allocated {buf_name} field"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_dispatch_helpers_take_compute_encoder_ref() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        for method in &[
            "fn dispatch_rms_norm(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_matmul(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_rope(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_rope_offset(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_attention(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_attention_offset(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_silu_mul(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_silu_mul_fused(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_add_inplace(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_copy(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_copy_offset(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_copy_from_offset(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
            "fn dispatch_copy_to_offset(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef",
        ] {
            assert!(
                model_rs.contains(method),
                "model.rs should contain dispatch helper: {method}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_helpers_do_not_create_command_buffers_or_encoders() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // Find dispatch helpers section and check none create their own encoders
        let helpers_start = model_rs.find("fn dispatch_rms_norm").unwrap();
        let helpers_code = &model_rs[helpers_start..];

        // None of the dispatch_ helpers should call new_command_buffer
        assert!(
            !helpers_code.contains("self.queue.new_command_buffer()"),
            "dispatch helpers should not create their own command buffers"
        );

        // None should create their own compute encoders
        assert!(
            !helpers_code.contains("new_compute_command_encoder()"),
            "dispatch helpers should not create their own compute encoders"
        );

        // None should call end_encoding
        assert!(
            !helpers_code.contains("end_encoding()"),
            "dispatch helpers should not call end_encoding"
        );

        // None should call commit or wait
        assert!(
            !helpers_code.contains(".commit()"),
            "dispatch helpers should not commit command buffers"
        );
        assert!(
            !helpers_code.contains("wait_until_completed"),
            "dispatch helpers should not wait on command buffers"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_forward_batches_compute_encoders() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // Find the forward function body (exact signature to avoid matching forward_prefill/forward_profile)
        let forward_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn forward(&mut self, token_id: u32) -> Vec<f32>")
            .unwrap();
        let forward_body = &model_rs[forward_start..];
        let forward_end = forward_body
            .find("\n    pub fn forward_profile")
            .or_else(|| forward_body.find("\n    pub fn forward_prefill"))
            .or_else(|| forward_body.find("\n    fn dispatch_"))
            .unwrap_or(forward_body.len());
        let forward_code = &forward_body[..forward_end];

        // Forward should not allocate new buffers
        assert!(
            !forward_code.contains("device.new_buffer"),
            "forward() should not allocate new buffers per call"
        );

        // Forward should use a SINGLE compute encoder for the entire pass (no blit transitions).
        // Copy operations use compute copy kernels instead of blit encoders.
        let compute_encoder_count = forward_code
            .matches("new_compute_command_encoder()")
            .count();
        let blit_encoder_count = forward_code.matches("new_blit_command_encoder()").count();

        // Single compute encoder for everything: embedding copy, all layers, final norm + logits
        assert_eq!(
            compute_encoder_count, 1,
            "forward() should use exactly 1 compute encoder for the entire pass, found {compute_encoder_count}"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            blit_encoder_count, 0,
            "forward() should have zero blit encoders (replaced by compute copy kernels), found {blit_encoder_count}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_forward_uses_add_inplace() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // Should use in-place add (no blit copy-back needed)
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("dispatch_add_inplace"),
            "forward() should use dispatch_add_inplace for residual connections"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("add_inplace_pipeline"),
            "MetalModel should have add_inplace_pipeline"
        );
    }

    fn minimal_q8_config() -> ModelConfig {
        ModelConfig {
            architecture: Architecture::Llama,
            hidden_size: 64,
            intermediate_size: 128,
            num_layers: 2,
            num_attention_heads: 4,
            num_kv_heads: 4,
            head_dim: 16,
            vocab_size: 256,
            max_seq_len: 512,
            rms_norm_eps: 1e-5,
            rope_theta: 10000.0,
            dtype: DType::Q8_0,
            sliding_window_size: None,
            qkv_bias: false,
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_shaders_contain_q8_kernel() {
        let shaders = generate_metal_shaders(&minimal_config());

        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void matmul_vec_q8"),
            "shaders should contain matmul_vec_q8 kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("device const uchar* matrix"),
            "matmul_vec_q8 should accept raw Q8_0 bytes"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("packed_short4"),
            "matmul_vec_q8 should use packed_short4 wide 64-bit loads for int8 data"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("as_type<char2>"),
            "matmul_vec_q8 should bitcast short lanes to char2"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("device const half*"),
            "matmul_vec_q8 should read f16 scale via half pointer"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_model_uses_fused_qkv_projections() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // Should have fused QKV weight in layer buffers
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("qkv_weight: Buffer"),
            "LayerBuffers should have fused qkv_weight field"
        );
        // Should NOT have separate Q/K/V weight fields (check with leading whitespace to avoid substring matches)
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("    q_weight: Buffer"),
            "LayerBuffers should not have separate q_weight field"
        );
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("    k_weight: Buffer"),
            "LayerBuffers should not have separate k_weight field"
        );
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("    v_weight: Buffer"),
            "LayerBuffers should not have separate v_weight field"
        );

        // Should have fused gate_up_weight
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("gate_up_weight: Buffer"),
            "LayerBuffers should have fused gate_up_weight field"
        );
        // Should NOT have separate gate/up weight fields
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("    gate_weight: Buffer"),
            "LayerBuffers should not have separate gate_weight field"
        );
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("    up_weight: Buffer"),
            "LayerBuffers should not have separate up_weight field"
        );

        // Should have fused working buffers
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("qkv_buf: Buffer"),
            "MetalModel should have fused qkv_buf"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("gate_up_buf: Buffer"),
            "MetalModel should have fused gate_up_buf"
        );

        // Forward pass should use fused dispatch
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("dispatch_silu_mul_fused"),
            "forward pass should use dispatch_silu_mul_fused"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("dispatch_rope_offset"),
            "forward pass should use dispatch_rope_offset for fused QKV"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("dispatch_attention_offset"),
            "forward pass should use dispatch_attention_offset for fused QKV"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q8_model_has_matmul_q8_pipeline() {
        let config = minimal_q8_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("matmul_q8_pipeline: ComputePipelineState"),
            "MetalModel should have matmul_q8_pipeline field"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("matmul_q8_pipeline,"),
            "MetalModel Self should include matmul_q8_pipeline"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q8_model_uses_dispatch_matmul_q8() {
        let config = minimal_q8_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("dispatch_matmul_q8"),
            "Q8_0 model should use dispatch_matmul_q8 for projections"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("fn dispatch_matmul_q8"),
            "model.rs should define dispatch_matmul_q8 method"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q8_model_loads_raw_bytes_not_dequantized() {
        let config = minimal_q8_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // Should NOT contain dequantization code
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("f16_to_f32"),
            "Q8_0 model should not dequantize weights to f32"
        );
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("f32_data"),
            "Q8_0 model should not create f32 weight data"
        );

        // Should load raw Q8_0 bytes directly
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("total_raw as u64"),
            "Q8_0 model should load raw bytes into Metal buffer"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q8_model_norms_stay_f32() {
        let config = minimal_q8_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // Norm weights should still use f32 buffers
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let attn_norm = next_f32_buffer"),
            "attn_norm should use f32 buffer even for Q8_0 models"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let ffn_norm = next_f32_buffer"),
            "ffn_norm should use f32 buffer even for Q8_0 models"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let norm_buf = next_f32_buffer"),
            "final norm should use f32 buffer even for Q8_0 models"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q8_model_uses_fused_weight_loading() {
        let config = minimal_q8_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // Should use fused Q8 buffer loading for QKV
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let qkv_weight = next_q8_fused_buffer"),
            "Q8_0 model should use next_q8_fused_buffer for fused QKV weights"
        );
        // Should use fused Q8 buffer loading for gate+up
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let gate_up_weight = next_q8_fused_buffer"),
            "Q8_0 model should use next_q8_fused_buffer for fused gate+up weights"
        );
        // Should still use regular q8 buffer for individual weights
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let o_weight = next_q8_buffer"),
            "Q8_0 model should use next_q8_buffer for O weight"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let down_weight = next_q8_buffer"),
            "Q8_0 model should use next_q8_buffer for down weight"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn f32_model_does_not_use_q8_dispatch() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // f32 model should NOT use Q8 dispatch in forward or forward_prefill
        let forward_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn forward(&mut self, token_id: u32) -> Vec<f32>")
            .unwrap();
        let forward_body = &model_rs[forward_start..];
        let forward_end = forward_body
            .find("\n    fn dispatch_")
            .unwrap_or(forward_body.len());
        let forward_code = &forward_body[..forward_end];

        assert!(
            !forward_code.contains("dispatch_matmul_q8"),
            "f32 model forward should not use dispatch_matmul_q8"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q8_dispatch_helper_takes_compute_encoder_ref() {
        let config = minimal_q8_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("fn dispatch_matmul_q8(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef"),
            "dispatch_matmul_q8 should take ComputeCommandEncoderRef"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_model_has_double_buffered_prefill() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // MetalModel should have prev_cmd field for double-buffered prefill
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("prev_cmd: Option<CommandBuffer>"),
            "MetalModel should have prev_cmd field for double-buffered prefill"
        );

        // Should have forward_prefill method
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("pub fn forward_prefill(&mut self, token_id: u32)"),
            "MetalModel should have forward_prefill method"
        );

        // forward() should drain prev_cmd at the start
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("if let Some(prev) = self.prev_cmd.take()"),
            "forward() should drain prev_cmd from previous prefill"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_main_rs_uses_forward_prefill_for_prompt() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("forward_prefill"),
            "main.rs should use forward_prefill for intermediate prompt tokens"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("double-buffered"),
            "main.rs should document double-buffered prefill"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_shaders_q8_uses_wide_vectorized_loads() {
        let shaders = generate_metal_shaders(&minimal_config());

        assert!(
            shaders.contains("packed_short4"),
            "matmul_vec_q8 should use packed_short4 wide 64-bit loads"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("d0[0]"),
            "matmul_vec_q8 should index the wide pointer for row 0"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("as_type<char2>"),
            "matmul_vec_q8 should bitcast short lanes to char2"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("dot("),
            "matmul_vec_q8 should use dot() intrinsic for fma accumulation"
        );
    }

    // ── Q4_0 tests ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    fn minimal_q4_config() -> ModelConfig {
        ModelConfig {
            architecture: Architecture::Llama,
            hidden_size: 64,
            intermediate_size: 128,
            num_layers: 2,
            num_attention_heads: 4,
            num_kv_heads: 4,
            head_dim: 16,
            vocab_size: 256,
            max_seq_len: 512,
            rms_norm_eps: 1e-5,
            rope_theta: 10000.0,
            dtype: DType::Q4_0,
            sliding_window_size: None,
            qkv_bias: false,
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_shaders_contain_q4_kernel() {
        let shaders = generate_metal_shaders(&minimal_config());

        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void matmul_vec_q4"),
            "shaders should contain matmul_vec_q4 kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("Q4_ROWS_PER_TG"),
            "shaders should define Q4_ROWS_PER_TG constant"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("Q4_ROWS_PER_SG"),
            "shaders should define Q4_ROWS_PER_SG constant"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_shaders_q4_uses_uchar4_nibble_unpacking() {
        let shaders = generate_metal_shaders(&minimal_config());

        // Q4_0 kernel should use uchar4 for packed byte loads
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("uchar4"),
            "matmul_vec_q4 should use uchar4 for packed byte loads"
        );
        // Should unpack nibbles with &0xF and >>4
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("&0xF"),
            "matmul_vec_q4 should extract low nibble with &0xF"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains(">>4"),
            "matmul_vec_q4 should extract high nibble with >>4"
        );
        // Should subtract 8 to convert unsigned to signed
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("-8)"),
            "matmul_vec_q4 should subtract 8 for unsigned-to-signed conversion"
        );
        // Should use 18-byte block size
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("blk * 18"),
            "matmul_vec_q4 should use 18-byte block stride"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q4_model_has_matmul_q4_pipeline() {
        let config = minimal_q4_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("matmul_q4_pipeline: ComputePipelineState"),
            "MetalModel should have matmul_q4_pipeline field"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("matmul_q4_pipeline,"),
            "MetalModel Self should include matmul_q4_pipeline"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q4_model_uses_dispatch_matmul_q4() {
        let config = minimal_q4_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("dispatch_matmul_q4"),
            "Q4_0 model should use dispatch_matmul_q4 for projections"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("fn dispatch_matmul_q4"),
            "model.rs should define dispatch_matmul_q4 method"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q4_model_loads_raw_bytes_not_dequantized() {
        let config = minimal_q4_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // Should NOT contain dequantization code
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("f16_to_f32"),
            "Q4_0 model should not dequantize weights to f32"
        );

        // Should load raw Q4_0 bytes directly
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("total_raw as u64"),
            "Q4_0 model should load raw bytes into Metal buffer"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q4_model_norms_stay_f32() {
        let config = minimal_q4_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let attn_norm = next_f32_buffer"),
            "attn_norm should use f32 buffer even for Q4_0 models"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let ffn_norm = next_f32_buffer"),
            "ffn_norm should use f32 buffer even for Q4_0 models"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let norm_buf = next_f32_buffer"),
            "final norm should use f32 buffer even for Q4_0 models"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q4_model_uses_fused_weight_loading() {
        let config = minimal_q4_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let qkv_weight = next_q4_fused_buffer"),
            "Q4_0 model should use next_q4_fused_buffer for fused QKV weights"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let gate_up_weight = next_q4_fused_buffer"),
            "Q4_0 model should use next_q4_fused_buffer for fused gate+up weights"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let o_weight = next_q4_buffer"),
            "Q4_0 model should use next_q4_buffer for O weight"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let down_weight = next_q4_buffer"),
            "Q4_0 model should use next_q4_buffer for down weight"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn attention_flash_batch_kernel_exists() {
        // The flash kernel is still wired into the library (pipeline, kernel
        // source).  Dispatch is currently routed to the legacy path pending a
        // fix for a numerical issue discovered after the prompt-chunking fix.
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();
        let shaders = generate_metal_shaders(&config);

        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void attention_flash_batch"),
            "shaders.metal must still contain the attention_flash_batch kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("FLASH_K_TILE"),
            "flash kernel must tile K/V with a FLASH_K_TILE constant"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("attention_flash_batch_pipeline"),
            "MetalModel must register the flash attention pipeline"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn kv_cache_stored_as_f16() {
        // v0.7.1: KV cache is f16 (2 bytes/element) instead of f32 to halve
        // attention memory bandwidth and KV RAM footprint.  All attention
        // kernels must read K/V as `device const half*`; copy kernels must
        // write half; the f32->f16 copy kernel must be wired for single-
        // token decode KV writes.
        let config = minimal_config();
        let shaders = generate_metal_shaders(&config);
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        for kernel in [
            "kernel void attention(",
            "kernel void attention_batch(",
            "kernel void attention_flash_batch(",
            "kernel void attention_mma_flash_batch(",
        ] {
            let start = shaders
                .find(kernel)
                .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("kernel {kernel} missing"));
            // Slice through the signature block — scan for "){" which closes
            // the parameter list at the top of every kernel's body.
            let sig_end = shaders[start..]
                .find("){")
                .unwrap_or_else(|| shaders[start..].find(") {").unwrap());
            let sig = &shaders[start..start + sig_end];
            assert!(
                sig.contains("device const half*")
                    && sig.contains("k_cache")
                    && sig.contains("v_cache"),
                "{kernel} must read k_cache/v_cache as `device const half*`"
            );
            assert!(
                !sig.contains("device const float* k_cache")
                    && !sig.contains("device const float*  k_cache"),
                "{kernel} still reads k_cache as float"
            );
        }

        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void copy_f32_to_f16_offset"),
            "f32->f16 copy kernel must be present for single-token decode KV writes"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("dispatch_copy_from_offset_f16"),
            "single-token decode must dispatch the f32->f16 KV copy"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn attention_mma_flash_batch_kernel_wired() {
        // MMA-accelerated flash attention (issue #212).  Default-on in v0.7.0
        // when HEAD_DIM ≤ 128 and num_tokens ≥ 8.  FORGE_MMA_ATTN=0 opts out.
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();
        let shaders = generate_metal_shaders(&config);

        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void attention_mma_flash_batch"),
            "shaders.metal must contain the MMA flash kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("FLASH_MMA_Q_BLOCK"),
            "MMA flash kernel must define Q_BLOCK tiling constant"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("simdgroup_multiply_accumulate"),
            "MMA flash kernel must use hardware MMA"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("attention_mma_flash_batch_pipeline"),
            "MetalModel must register the MMA flash pipeline"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("mma_opt_out"),
            "dispatch_attention_batch must read FORGE_MMA_ATTN as opt-out"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("!mma_opt_out && HEAD_DIM <= 128 && num_tokens >= 8"),
            "MMA flash must be default-on when HEAD_DIM ≤ 128 and num_tokens ≥ 8"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn forward_prefill_batch_chunks_by_max_batch_size() {
        // Regression: prior to v0.6.4 forward_prefill_batch truncated prompts
        // longer than MAX_BATCH_SIZE (512) tokens via `.min(MAX_BATCH_SIZE)`,
        // silently dropping the middle of long prompts.  Must now loop over
        // MAX_BATCH_SIZE-sized chunks and carry KV-cache state across them.
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("for chunk in tokens.chunks(MAX_BATCH_SIZE)"),
            "forward_prefill_batch must chunk long prompts"
        );
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("tokens.len().min(MAX_BATCH_SIZE)"),
            "the old truncation path must be gone"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn qwen2_qkv_bias_wired_through_metal_codegen() {
        // Issue #210: the pre-v0.6.2 Metal codegen had zero handling for
        // qkv_bias.  Verify that a Qwen2-style config emits the bias buffer,
        // loader, pipeline, and dispatch call in the expected places.
        let config = ModelConfig {
            architecture: Architecture::Qwen2,
            qkv_bias: true,
            ..minimal_config()
        };
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("qkv_bias: Buffer"),
            "Qwen2 LayerBuffers must declare qkv_bias field"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let qkv_bias = next_f32_buffer"),
            "Qwen2 layer init must load the bias from the weight blob"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("add_bias_batch_pipeline"),
            "Qwen2 model struct must include the add_bias_batch_pipeline"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("fn dispatch_add_bias_batch"),
            "Qwen2 codegen must emit dispatch_add_bias_batch helper"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("dispatch_add_bias_batch(&enc, &self.batch_qkv_buf"),
            "forward_prefill_batch must call dispatch_add_bias_batch on batch_qkv_buf"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("dispatch_add_bias_batch(&enc, &self.qkv_buf"),
            "forward must call dispatch_add_bias_batch on the single-token qkv_buf"
        );

        // The add_bias_batch MSL kernel must be in the shader source.
        let shaders = generate_metal_shaders(&config);
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void add_bias_batch"),
            "shaders.metal must contain the add_bias_batch kernel"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn llama_does_not_emit_qkv_bias_machinery() {
        // Negative test: non-Qwen2 models must NOT carry the bias dispatch,
        // buffer, or pipeline — keeps generated code lean for Llama/Phi/etc.
        let config = minimal_config();
        assert!(!config.qkv_bias);
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("qkv_bias: Buffer"),
            "Llama must not have qkv_bias field"
        );
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("add_bias_batch_pipeline"),
            "Llama must not pull in add_bias_batch_pipeline"
        );
        assert!(
            !model_rs.contains("dispatch_add_bias_batch"),
            "Llama must not call dispatch_add_bias_batch"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q4_dispatch_helper_takes_compute_encoder_ref() {
        let config = minimal_q4_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("fn dispatch_matmul_q4(&self, enc: &ComputeCommandEncoderRef"),
            "dispatch_matmul_q4 should take ComputeCommandEncoderRef"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn f32_model_does_not_use_q4_dispatch() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        let forward_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn forward(&mut self, token_id: u32) -> Vec<f32>")
            .unwrap();
        let forward_body = &model_rs[forward_start..];
        let forward_end = forward_body
            .find("\n    fn dispatch_")
            .unwrap_or(forward_body.len());
        let forward_code = &forward_body[..forward_end];

        assert!(
            !forward_code.contains("dispatch_matmul_q4"),
            "f32 model forward should not use dispatch_matmul_q4"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q4_model_lm_head_uses_q4_buffer() {
        let config = minimal_q4_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("let lm_head_buf = next_q4_buffer"),
            "Q4_0 model should use next_q4_buffer for lm_head"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn vec_tile_size_matches_model_dimensions() {
        // Small model: intermediate=128 > hidden=64, so vec_tile should be 128
        let small = minimal_config();
        let shaders_small = generate_metal_shaders(&small);
        assert!(
            shaders_small.contains("vec_tile[128]"),
            "vec_tile should be sized to max(hidden, intermediate) = 128"
        );

        // Llama-3.2-1B-like config: intermediate=8192 > hidden=2048
        let mut large = minimal_config();
        large.hidden_size = 2048;
        large.intermediate_size = 8192;
        let shaders_large = generate_metal_shaders(&large);
        assert!(
            shaders_large.contains("vec_tile[8192]"),
            "vec_tile should be 8192 for models with intermediate=8192"
        );
        assert!(
            !shaders_large.contains("vec_tile[4096]"),
            "vec_tile should NOT be hardcoded to 4096"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_cargo_toml_has_server_deps() {
        let toml = generate_cargo_toml("my-model");
        assert!(
            toml.contains("tiny_http"),
            "Cargo.toml should depend on tiny_http"
        );
        assert!(toml.contains("serde"), "Cargo.toml should depend on serde");
        assert!(
            toml.contains("serde_json"),
            "Cargo.toml should depend on serde_json"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_main_rs_has_serve_mode() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("--serve"),
            "main.rs should parse --serve flag"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("--port"),
            "main.rs should parse --port flag"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("fn serve("),
            "main.rs should define serve function"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("tiny_http::Server::http"),
            "main.rs should create tiny_http server"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_main_rs_has_chat_completions_endpoint() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("/v1/chat/completions"),
            "main.rs should handle /v1/chat/completions endpoint"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("/v1/models"),
            "main.rs should handle /v1/models endpoint"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("/health"),
            "main.rs should handle /health endpoint"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_main_rs_has_sse_streaming() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("text/event-stream"),
            "main.rs should set SSE content type for streaming"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("chat.completion.chunk"),
            "main.rs should emit SSE chunks"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("[DONE]"),
            "main.rs should emit [DONE] sentinel"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_main_rs_has_chat_message_formatting() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("fn format_chat_messages"),
            "main.rs should define format_chat_messages function"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("<|im_start|>"),
            "main.rs should use ChatML format"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("<|im_end|>"),
            "main.rs should use ChatML format"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_main_rs_has_request_types() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("struct ChatRequest"),
            "main.rs should define ChatRequest struct"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("struct ChatMessage"),
            "main.rs should define ChatMessage struct"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("Deserialize"),
            "main.rs should derive Deserialize for request types"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_model_has_reset_method() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("pub fn reset(&mut self)"),
            "model.rs should have a reset() method for multi-request serving"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("self.pos = 0"),
            "reset() should reset position to 0"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_main_rs_cli_mode_still_works() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        // CLI mode should still be functional
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("fn cli_mode("),
            "main.rs should define cli_mode function"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("model.forward"),
            "main.rs should call model.forward"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("model.forward_prefill"),
            "main.rs should call model.forward_prefill"
        );
    }

    // ── Batched prefill tests ──────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn generated_shaders_contain_batch_kernels() {
        let shaders = generate_metal_shaders(&minimal_config());

        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void matmul_vec_batch"),
            "shaders should contain matmul_vec_batch kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void matmul_vec_q8_batch"),
            "shaders should contain matmul_vec_q8_batch kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void matmul_q8_gemm_batch"),
            "shaders should contain matmul_q8_gemm_batch kernel (weight-reuse GEMM)"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void matmul_vec_q4_batch"),
            "shaders should contain matmul_vec_q4_batch kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void rms_norm_batch"),
            "shaders should contain rms_norm_batch kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void silu_mul_fused_batch"),
            "shaders should contain silu_mul_fused_batch kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void add_inplace_batch"),
            "shaders should contain add_inplace_batch kernel"
        );
        assert!(
            shaders.contains("kernel void copy_embedding_batch"),
            "shaders should contain copy_embedding_batch kernel"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_model_has_batch_pipelines() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        for pipeline in &[
            "matmul_batch_pipeline",
            "matmul_q8_batch_pipeline",
            "matmul_q8_gemm_batch_pipeline",
            "matmul_q4_batch_pipeline",
            "rms_norm_batch_pipeline",
            "rope_batch_pipeline",
            "silu_mul_fused_batch_pipeline",
            "add_inplace_batch_pipeline",
            "copy_embedding_batch_pipeline",
            "attention_batch_pipeline",
            "copy_kv_batch_pipeline",
        ] {
            assert!(
                model_rs.contains(&format!("{pipeline}: ComputePipelineState")),
                "MetalModel should have {pipeline} field"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_model_has_batch_buffers() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        for buf in &[
            "batch_hidden_buf",
            "batch_residual_buf",
            "batch_qkv_buf",
            "batch_attn_out_buf",
            "batch_attn_proj_buf",
            "batch_gate_up_buf",
            "batch_ffn_hidden_buf",
            "batch_ffn_out_buf",
            "batch_tokens_buf",
            "batch_positions_buf",
        ] {
            assert!(
                model_rs.contains(&format!("{buf}: Buffer")),
                "MetalModel should have {buf} field"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_model_has_forward_prefill_batch() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("pub fn forward_prefill_batch(&mut self, tokens: &[u32])"),
            "MetalModel should have forward_prefill_batch method"
        );

        // forward_prefill should delegate to forward_prefill_batch
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("self.forward_prefill_batch(&[token_id])"),
            "forward_prefill should delegate to forward_prefill_batch"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_model_has_max_batch_size_constant() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("pub const MAX_BATCH_SIZE: usize = 512"),
            "model.rs should define MAX_BATCH_SIZE constant"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn forward_prefill_batch_uses_batch_dispatch() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        let batch_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn forward_prefill_batch(&mut self, tokens: &[u32])")
            .unwrap();
        let batch_body = &model_rs[batch_start..];
        let batch_end = batch_body
            .find("\n    pub fn reset")
            .unwrap_or(batch_body.len());
        let batch_code = &batch_body[..batch_end];

        // Should use batched dispatch methods
        assert!(
            batch_code.contains("dispatch_rms_norm_batch"),
            "forward_prefill_batch should use dispatch_rms_norm_batch"
        );
        assert!(
            batch_code.contains("dispatch_copy_embedding_batch"),
            "forward_prefill_batch should use dispatch_copy_embedding_batch"
        );
        assert!(
            batch_code.contains("dispatch_silu_mul_fused_batch"),
            "forward_prefill_batch should use dispatch_silu_mul_fused_batch"
        );
        // Should use batched causal attention dispatch
        assert!(
            batch_code.contains("dispatch_attention_batch"),
            "forward_prefill_batch should use dispatch_attention_batch"
        );
        // Should use fused KV cache copy (both K and V in one dispatch)
        assert!(
            batch_code.contains("dispatch_copy_kv_both_batch"),
            "forward_prefill_batch should use dispatch_copy_kv_both_batch"
        );
        // Should use fused RoPE Q+K dispatch
        assert!(
            batch_code.contains("dispatch_rope_qk_batch"),
            "forward_prefill_batch should use dispatch_rope_qk_batch"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q8_forward_prefill_batch_uses_q8_batch_dispatch() {
        let config = minimal_q8_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        let batch_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn forward_prefill_batch(&mut self, tokens: &[u32])")
            .unwrap();
        let batch_body = &model_rs[batch_start..];
        let batch_end = batch_body
            .find("\n    pub fn reset")
            .unwrap_or(batch_body.len());
        let batch_code = &batch_body[..batch_end];

        assert!(
            batch_code.contains("dispatch_matmul_q8_batch"),
            "Q8 forward_prefill_batch should use dispatch_matmul_q8_batch"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn q4_forward_prefill_batch_uses_q4_batch_dispatch() {
        let config = minimal_q4_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        let batch_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn forward_prefill_batch(&mut self, tokens: &[u32])")
            .unwrap();
        let batch_body = &model_rs[batch_start..];
        let batch_end = batch_body
            .find("\n    pub fn reset")
            .unwrap_or(batch_body.len());
        let batch_code = &batch_body[..batch_end];

        assert!(
            batch_code.contains("dispatch_matmul_q4_batch"),
            "Q4 forward_prefill_batch should use dispatch_matmul_q4_batch"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_main_rs_uses_batched_prefill() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("forward_prefill_batch"),
            "main.rs should use forward_prefill_batch for prompt tokens"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn f32_forward_prefill_batch_uses_f32_batch_dispatch() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        let batch_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn forward_prefill_batch(&mut self, tokens: &[u32])")
            .unwrap();
        let batch_body = &model_rs[batch_start..];
        let batch_end = batch_body
            .find("\n    pub fn reset")
            .unwrap_or(batch_body.len());
        let batch_code = &batch_body[..batch_end];

        assert!(
            batch_code.contains("dispatch_matmul_batch"),
            "f32 forward_prefill_batch should use dispatch_matmul_batch"
        );
        // Should NOT use Q8 or Q4 batch dispatch
        assert!(
            !batch_code.contains("dispatch_matmul_q8_batch"),
            "f32 forward_prefill_batch should not use dispatch_matmul_q8_batch"
        );
        assert!(
            !batch_code.contains("dispatch_matmul_q4_batch"),
            "f32 forward_prefill_batch should not use dispatch_matmul_q4_batch"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn forward_uses_cpu_embedding_lookup() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // Find just the forward() body (not forward_profile)
        let forward_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn forward(&mut self, token_id: u32) -> Vec<f32>")
            .unwrap();
        let forward_body = &model_rs[forward_start..];
        let forward_end = forward_body
            .find("\n    pub fn forward_profile")
            .or_else(|| forward_body.find("\n    pub fn forward_prefill"))
            .unwrap_or(forward_body.len());
        let forward_code = &forward_body[..forward_end];

        // forward() should use CPU memcpy for embedding lookup (unified memory)
        assert!(
            forward_code.contains("embed_buf.contents()"),
            "forward() should access embed_buf via CPU unified memory for embedding lookup"
        );
        assert!(
            forward_code.contains("copy_nonoverlapping"),
            "forward() should use ptr::copy_nonoverlapping for CPU embedding copy"
        );
        // forward() should NOT use GPU dispatch for embedding
        assert!(
            !forward_code.contains("dispatch_copy_offset(&enc, &self.embed_buf"),
            "forward() should not use GPU dispatch_copy_offset for embedding (use CPU memcpy instead)"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn forward_profile_method_exists() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("pub fn forward_profile(&mut self, token_id: u32) -> Vec<f32>"),
            "MetalModel should have forward_profile() method"
        );
        // Profile method should print timing information
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("[profile]"),
            "forward_profile() should print timing with [profile] prefix"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("d_embed"),
            "forward_profile() should measure embedding time"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("d_layers"),
            "forward_profile() should measure layer time"
        );
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("d_logits"),
            "forward_profile() should measure logits time"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_cli_has_profile_flag() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("--profile"),
            "CLI should support --profile flag"
        );
        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("forward_profile"),
            "CLI should call forward_profile when --profile is set"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_cli_has_thermal_yield() {
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        assert!(
            main_rs.contains("yield_now()"),
            "CLI generation loop should include thread::yield_now() for thermal management"
        );
    }

    // ── Real-world validation tests ──────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn generated_forward_handles_single_token_prompt() {
        // With a single token (the first prompt token), forward() should work
        // at pos=0 where seq_len=1. The attention kernel must handle the case
        // where there is only one KV entry (no prefill context).
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        // The forward function should accept any u32 token_id (no minimum pos guard)
        let forward_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn forward(&mut self, token_id: u32) -> Vec<f32>")
            .expect("forward() must exist");
        let forward_body = &model_rs[forward_start..forward_start + 400];

        // Should NOT require pos > 0 or seq_len > 1
        assert!(
            !forward_body.contains("assert!(self.pos > 0"),
            "forward() must accept pos=0 (first token with no prefill)"
        );

        // The attention kernel should handle seq_len=1 via the pos field
        assert!(
            model_rs.contains("self.pos"),
            "forward() should use self.pos to track sequence position"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_reset_clears_kv_cache_position() {
        // After reset(), the model should be in a clean state. The pos field
        // must be 0 so new generation starts from scratch.
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        let reset_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn reset(&mut self)")
            .expect("reset() must exist");
        let reset_body = &model_rs[reset_start..reset_start + 200];

        // Reset must zero the position counter
        assert!(
            reset_body.contains("self.pos = 0"),
            "reset() must set self.pos = 0"
        );

        // Verify reset clears prev_cmd (double-buffering state)
        assert!(
            reset_body.contains("self.prev_cmd = None"),
            "reset() should clear prev_cmd for clean command buffer state"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_serve_handles_empty_messages_gracefully() {
        // The serve endpoint should not crash when receiving an empty messages array.
        // The format_chat_messages function should handle this gracefully.
        let config = minimal_config();
        let main_rs = generate_main_rs("test-model", &config).unwrap();

        // The format_chat_messages function should exist and handle empty input
        let format_fn_start = main_rs
            .find("fn format_chat_messages")
            .expect("format_chat_messages must exist");
        let format_fn_body =
            &main_rs[format_fn_start..format_fn_start + 500.min(main_rs.len() - format_fn_start)];

        // It should iterate over messages (an empty slice produces an empty loop)
        assert!(
            format_fn_body.contains("for msg in messages"),
            "format_chat_messages should iterate over the messages slice"
        );
        // It should always append the assistant prompt suffix
        assert!(
            format_fn_body.contains("<|im_start|>assistant"),
            "format_chat_messages should always append assistant prompt header"
        );

        // The serve function should call model.reset() before each request
        let serve_fn_start = main_rs
            .find("fn serve(")
            .expect("serve function must exist");
        let serve_fn_body = &main_rs[serve_fn_start..];
        assert!(
            serve_fn_body.contains("model.reset()"),
            "serve function should reset model between requests"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn generated_model_forward_increments_pos() {
        // Each forward() call must increment self.pos so the next token
        // uses the correct RoPE position and KV cache offset.
        let config = minimal_config();
        let model_rs = generate_model_rs(&config).unwrap();

        let forward_start = model_rs
            .find("pub fn forward(&mut self, token_id: u32) -> Vec<f32>")
            .unwrap();
        let forward_body = &model_rs[forward_start..];
        let forward_end = forward_body
            .find("\n    pub fn forward_profile")
            .or_else(|| forward_body.find("\n    pub fn forward_prefill"))
            .or_else(|| forward_body.find("\n    fn dispatch_"))
            .unwrap_or(forward_body.len());
        let forward_code = &forward_body[..forward_end];

        assert!(
            forward_code.contains("self.pos += 1") || forward_code.contains("self.pos +=1"),
            "forward() must increment self.pos after processing a token"
        );
    }
}