fdu_core/

watch.rs

//! Th OS-native watch layer: turning an unreliable event stream into verified observations.
//!
//! This module's whole job is that conversion. Filesystem events are **hints, not
//! truth**, and the ways they lie are documented per platform:
//!
//! - Most events carry no metadata at all, so a producer must stat before it can say
//!   what an entry now looks like.
//! - Only inotify pairs the two sides of a rename (via a kernel cookie). `FSEvents` emits
//!   one path with no mechanism to associate old and new; Windows delivers both sides
//!   with no cookie; poll-based watching cannot see renames at all. This layer never
//!   needs the pairing: each named side is verified as its own path, like a create or a
//!   remove of that name (see `RenameReporting` for what each backend promises).
//! - When a directory is created, backends that watch per directory register the new
//!   watch *after* the fact — anything created inside that window produces no event.
//! - Kernel queues overflow. inotify's `Q_OVERFLOW` and `FSEvents`' `MustScanSubDirs`
//!   mean "your view is now incomplete" and surface here as `Flag::Rescan`. A Windows
//!   buffer overrun does not: notify 8.2.0 logs `ERROR_NOTIFY_ENUM_DIR` and drops that
//!   directory's watch without signaling it. Dropping the rescan signal is precisely how an event-driven index
//!   silently diverges from the filesystem — which is what the `watchfiles` layer
//!   metabrowser runs today does, mapping notify's rich event model down to
//!   `(change, path)` and letting the rescan flag fall through a match arm.
//!
//! So this layer never forwards an event. It coalesces, then **verifies by stat**, and
//! emits only [`Op::Upsert`] with a fresh fingerprint, [`Op::Remove`], or —
//! when it genuinely cannot describe the change — [`Op::InvalidateSubtree`], which the
//! scan layer resolves back into precise committed changes.
//!
//! Building on notify rather than on raw platform APIs is deliberate: its six backends
//! and its overflow signaling are proven, and the information loss that motivates this
//! module all happens in layers *above* it.

use std::collections::BTreeMap;
use std::panic::{AssertUnwindSafe, catch_unwind};
use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU8, Ordering};
use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, RecvTimeoutError, SyncSender, TrySendError, sync_channel};
use std::thread::JoinHandle;
use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

use notify::{EventKind, RecommendedWatcher, RecursiveMode, Watcher as NotifyWatcher};

#[cfg(test)]
mod scripted_events;

use crate::engine_contract::{
    Commit, Error, InvalidateReason, Observation, ObservationOp, Op, Result,
};
use crate::scan;
use crate::{ApplyOutcome, IndexHandle, ScanConfig};

/// Optimistic re-verification retries before the applying driver guarantees progress
/// through conservative root invalidation and reconciliation.
const MAX_OPTIMISTIC_APPLY_ATTEMPTS: usize = 3;

const WORKER_RUNNING: u8 = 0;
const WORKER_STOPPED: u8 = 1;
const WORKER_PANICKED: u8 = 2;
const MAX_EVENT_CAPACITY: usize = 64 * 1024;
const MAX_BATCH_PATH_CAPACITY: usize = 64 * 1024;
const MAX_BUFFERED_INTENT_PATHS: usize = 1024 * 1024;

/// Tuning for event coalescing.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
pub struct WatchConfig {
    /// How long the event stream must be quiet before a batch is emitted.
    pub settle: Duration,
    /// Longest a batch may be held open while events keep arriving. Without a ceiling, a
    /// continuously busy tree would never produce a delta at all.
    pub max_hold: Duration,
    /// Whether a newly created directory triggers a re-list of its contents.
    ///
    /// On by default, and it should stay on for inotify and kqueue: those backends
    /// install a directory's watch only after the create event arrives, so files created
    /// in between are never reported by anything.
    pub relist_new_dirs: bool,
    /// Maximum raw backend events queued before overload collapses to one root
    /// invalidation. Backend callback threads never block on this queue.
    pub event_capacity: usize,
    /// Maximum distinct paths retained in one coalesced intent.
    pub batch_path_capacity: usize,
    /// Maximum coalesced intents awaiting a consumer.
    pub intent_capacity: usize,
}

impl Default for WatchConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            // The 50 ms step / 1.6 s ceiling pairing is watchfiles' batching loop, which
            // is the part of that stack worth keeping.
            settle: Duration::from_millis(50),
            max_hold: Duration::from_millis(1600),
            relist_new_dirs: true,
            event_capacity: 4096,
            batch_path_capacity: 4096,
            intent_capacity: 16,
        }
    }
}

impl WatchConfig {
    fn validate(self) -> Result<()> {
        let buffered_paths = self.batch_path_capacity.checked_mul(self.intent_capacity);
        if self.settle.is_zero()
            || self.max_hold.is_zero()
            || self.max_hold < self.settle
            || self.event_capacity == 0
            || self.batch_path_capacity == 0
            || self.intent_capacity == 0
            || self.event_capacity > MAX_EVENT_CAPACITY
            || self.batch_path_capacity > MAX_BATCH_PATH_CAPACITY
            || buffered_paths.is_none_or(|paths| paths > MAX_BUFFERED_INTENT_PATHS)
        {
            return Err(Error::UnsupportedScanConfig(
                "watch durations and capacities exceed the supported nonzero bounds, or max_hold is less than settle",
            ));
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// What a coalesced path still needs before it can become an observation.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
enum Pending {
    /// Stat it and decide. Covers creates, writes, removes, and every rename shape:
    /// letting the stat decide is what makes the same code correct on all backends.
    Verify {
        /// Preserve whether a create event occurred while this path was coalesced. Only
        /// a newly created directory has the watch-registration race that needs a relist.
        relist_if_dir: bool,
        /// Preserve whether a rename named this path while it was coalesced.
        ///
        /// A rename is a removal at one name and an arrival at another, so each side is
        /// verified exactly like a remove or a create of its own path. Two things differ
        /// from a create: a directory that arrives by rename brings contents that no
        /// backend reports, so it is always relisted; and a rename is how a name changes
        /// only in case or Unicode normalization, which a lookup on an insensitive
        /// filesystem cannot tell apart, so the name is checked against its parent's
        /// listing before it is trusted (see [`verify_intent`]).
        renamed: bool,
    },
    /// The producer already knows it cannot describe this precisely.
    Escalate(InvalidateReason),
}

/// What a backend's rename events promise about the rename's other side.
///
/// Scoping a rename to the paths it names is sound only when every side of it that lies
/// inside the watched tree is named by some event. That is a property of the backend,
/// established from notify 8.2's sources rather than assumed:
///
/// - `FSEvents` reports each side as its own `ItemRenamed` record naming that side's
///   path (notify: one `Modify(Name(Any))` per record), and delivers every record under
///   the watched root; loss is signalled by `MustScanSubDirs`, which arrives here as
///   `Flag::Rescan`.
/// - inotify reports `IN_MOVED_FROM` and `IN_MOVED_TO` for each side inside a watched
///   directory (notify: `From`, `To`, and a cookie-paired `Both`); queue loss is
///   `IN_Q_OVERFLOW`, again `Flag::Rescan`.
/// - `ReadDirectoryChangesW` reports the old and new names inside the tree (notify:
///   `From` and `To`, never paired), and a move across the tree's boundary as a plain
///   removal or addition. notify 8.2.0 does not signal its buffer overflow.
/// - kqueue reports only the renamed vnode's old path; the new name surfaces at most as
///   a write on its new parent directory, which this layer cannot turn into the entry.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
enum RenameReporting {
    /// Every in-root side of a rename arrives as an event naming it.
    EachSide,
    /// A rename may name only one side; the other can be anywhere in the tree.
    OldSideOnly,
}

impl RenameReporting {
    /// The promise of the backend this build's [`RecommendedWatcher`] uses.
    ///
    /// Asked at run time rather than decided by `cfg`, because a dependent crate can turn
    /// on notify's `macos_kqueue` build feature and change the macOS backend under us.
    fn of_recommended_backend() -> Self {
        match <RecommendedWatcher as NotifyWatcher>::kind() {
            notify::WatcherKind::Fsevent
            | notify::WatcherKind::Inotify
            | notify::WatcherKind::ReadDirectoryChangesWatcher => Self::EachSide,
            _ => Self::OldSideOnly,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Default)]
struct CoalescedIntent {
    pending: BTreeMap<PathBuf, Pending>,
}

enum RawMessage {
    Event(notify::Result<notify::Event>),
    Flush(SyncSender<()>),
    Stop,
}

/// A live watcher over one tree.
///
/// The watcher is movable to one consuming thread. It is intentionally not shareable:
/// its private standard-library receiver enforces one ordered consumer for coalesced
/// intents. Use a separate [`IndexHandle`] to serve concurrent readers and writers.
/// Dropping the watcher stops the OS watch and shuts the worker thread down.
pub struct Watcher {
    root: PathBuf,
    config: WatchConfig,
    /// `Option` only so [`Drop`] can release it before joining the worker.
    inner: Option<RecommendedWatcher>,
    intents: Receiver<CoalescedIntent>,
    control: Option<SyncSender<RawMessage>>,
    cancelled: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    worker_status: Arc<AtomicU8>,
    worker: Option<JoinHandle<()>>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
pub(crate) struct ScriptedSender {
    root: PathBuf,
    raw: SyncSender<RawMessage>,
    overflowed: Arc<AtomicBool>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl ScriptedSender {
    pub(crate) fn send(&self, source: &str) -> Result<()> {
        let events =
            scripted_events::parse_script(source, &self.root).map_err(Error::WatchScript)?;
        for event in events {
            enqueue_raw(&self.raw, &self.overflowed, event);
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Effects of one watch observation and any reconciliation it requested.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct WatchApplyReport {
    /// Effect of the verified watch intent itself.
    pub apply: ApplyOutcome,
    /// Effect of closing any invalidation loop opened by the intent.
    pub reconciliation: scan::ReconcileReport,
}

impl Watcher {
    /// Start watching `root` recursively.
    pub fn new(root: &Path, config: WatchConfig) -> Result<Self> {
        config.validate()?;
        let root = root.canonicalize().map_err(|e| Error::io(root, e))?;

        let (raw_tx, raw_rx) = sync_channel::<RawMessage>(config.event_capacity);
        let (intent_tx, intent_rx) = sync_channel::<CoalescedIntent>(config.intent_capacity);
        let control_tx = raw_tx.clone();
        let overflowed = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let callback_overflowed = Arc::clone(&overflowed);

        let mut inner = notify::recommended_watcher(move |result| {
            enqueue_raw(&raw_tx, &callback_overflowed, result);
        })
        .map_err(|error| notify_error(&root, error))?;
        inner.watch(&root, RecursiveMode::Recursive).map_err(|error| notify_error(&root, error))?;

        let worker_root = root.clone();
        let cancelled = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let worker_cancelled = Arc::clone(&cancelled);
        let worker_overflowed = Arc::clone(&overflowed);
        let worker_status = Arc::new(AtomicU8::new(WORKER_RUNNING));
        let tracked_status = Arc::clone(&worker_status);
        let renames = RenameReporting::of_recommended_backend();
        let worker = std::thread::Builder::new()
            .name("fdu-watch".into())
            .spawn(move || {
                let _counter_guard = crate::counters::thread_flush_guard();
                run_tracked_worker(&tracked_status, || {
                    run_worker(
                        &worker_root,
                        config,
                        renames,
                        &raw_rx,
                        &intent_tx,
                        &worker_overflowed,
                        &worker_cancelled,
                    );
                });
            })
            .map_err(|e| Error::io(&root, e))?;

        Ok(Self {
            root,
            config,
            inner: Some(inner),
            intents: intent_rx,
            control: Some(control_tx),
            cancelled,
            worker_status,
            worker: Some(worker),
        })
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn scripted(
        root: &Path,
        config: WatchConfig,
        events: &Path,
    ) -> Result<(Self, ScriptedSender)> {
        config.validate()?;
        let root = root.canonicalize().map_err(|error| Error::io(root, error))?;
        let scripted = scripted_events::read_script(events, &root).map_err(Error::WatchScript)?;
        let (raw_tx, raw_rx) = sync_channel::<RawMessage>(config.event_capacity);
        let (intent_tx, intent_rx) = sync_channel::<CoalescedIntent>(config.intent_capacity);
        let control_tx = raw_tx.clone();
        let overflowed = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        for event in scripted {
            enqueue_raw(&raw_tx, &overflowed, event);
        }

        let worker_root = root.clone();
        let cancelled = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let worker_cancelled = Arc::clone(&cancelled);
        let worker_overflowed = Arc::clone(&overflowed);
        let worker_status = Arc::new(AtomicU8::new(WORKER_RUNNING));
        let tracked_status = Arc::clone(&worker_status);
        // A script replaces the event source only, so it runs under this platform's
        // production rename policy.
        let renames = RenameReporting::of_recommended_backend();
        let worker = std::thread::Builder::new()
            .name("fdu-scripted-watch".into())
            .spawn(move || {
                let _counter_guard = crate::counters::thread_flush_guard();
                run_tracked_worker(&tracked_status, || {
                    run_worker(
                        &worker_root,
                        config,
                        renames,
                        &raw_rx,
                        &intent_tx,
                        &worker_overflowed,
                        &worker_cancelled,
                    );
                });
            })
            .map_err(|error| Error::io(&root, error))?;

        let sender = ScriptedSender {
            root: root.clone(),
            raw: control_tx.clone(),
            overflowed: Arc::clone(&overflowed),
        };
        Ok((
            Self {
                root,
                config,
                inner: None,
                intents: intent_rx,
                control: Some(control_tx),
                cancelled,
                worker_status,
                worker: Some(worker),
            },
            sender,
        ))
    }

    /// Block for and verify the next coalesced intent, up to `timeout`.
    ///
    /// Filesystem calls happen synchronously on this consuming thread and may have
    /// ordinary filesystem latency. A timeout, a stopped worker, and a panicked worker
    /// are distinct outcomes. The returned observation contains relative paths but no
    /// root identity; use [`Self::apply_next`] for the supported root-checked applying
    /// driver rather than applying it to an arbitrary index.
    pub fn next_observation(&self, timeout: Duration) -> Result<Option<Observation>> {
        let Some(intent) = self.next_intent(timeout)? else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        Ok(Some(verify_intent(&self.root, self.config, &intent, &ScanConfig::default())))
    }

    fn next_intent(&self, timeout: Duration) -> Result<Option<CoalescedIntent>> {
        match self.intents.recv_timeout(timeout) {
            Ok(intent) => Ok(Some(intent)),
            Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => Ok(None),
            Err(RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => match self.worker_status.load(Ordering::Acquire)
            {
                WORKER_PANICKED => Err(Error::WatchWorkerPanicked),
                _ => Err(Error::WatchStopped),
            },
        }
    }

    /// Advance capture through every raw hint accepted before this call.
    ///
    /// A full intent queue may retain their loss as one internal sticky overflow marker;
    /// the next barrier advances that marker after the consumer drains queue capacity.
    pub(crate) fn flush_capture(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let Some(control) = self.control.as_ref() else {
            return Err(Error::WatchStopped);
        };
        let (acknowledge, acknowledged) = sync_channel(0);
        control.send(RawMessage::Flush(acknowledge)).map_err(|_| Error::WatchStopped)?;
        acknowledged.recv().map_err(|_| Error::WatchStopped)
    }

    /// Maximum intents that can represent the raw hints preceding a flush barrier.
    ///
    /// The intent queue supplies the ordinary bound. One additional root invalidation
    /// may be held as `sticky_overflow` when that queue filled, so the handoff derives
    /// its drain work from the configured capacity rather than imposing another
    /// unrelated limit.
    pub(crate) const fn capture_backlog_bound(&self) -> usize {
        self.config.intent_capacity.saturating_add(1)
    }

    /// Apply one verified watch observation and close any invalidation loop it opens.
    ///
    /// Restricted `max_depth` and `one_filesystem` scopes are rejected until the watch
    /// adapter can filter raw backend events against those boundaries.
    pub fn apply_next(
        &self,
        index: &IndexHandle,
        scan_config: &ScanConfig,
        timeout: Duration,
        sink: &mut dyn FnMut(&Commit),
    ) -> Result<Option<WatchApplyReport>> {
        scan_config.validate_for_watch_scope(index.scope()?)?;
        let indexed_root = index.root_path()?;
        if indexed_root != self.root {
            return Err(Error::WatchRootMismatch {
                watched: self.root.clone(),
                indexed: indexed_root,
            });
        }
        let Some(intent) = self.next_intent(timeout)? else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        apply_intent(index, &self.root, self.config, &intent, scan_config, sink).map(Some)
    }

    /// Apply one intent through the opened-root lifecycle and exact resource boundary.
    pub(crate) fn apply_next_controlled(
        &self,
        index: &IndexHandle,
        scan_config: &ScanConfig,
        timeout: Duration,
        control: &dyn scan::ReconcileControl,
        sink: &mut dyn FnMut(&Commit),
    ) -> Result<Option<WatchApplyReport>> {
        scan_config.validate_for_watch_scope(index.scope()?)?;
        let indexed_root = index.root_path()?;
        if indexed_root != self.root {
            return Err(Error::WatchRootMismatch {
                watched: self.root.clone(),
                indexed: indexed_root,
            });
        }
        let Some(intent) = self.next_intent(timeout)? else {
            return Ok(None);
        };
        apply_intent_controlled(index, &self.root, self.config, &intent, scan_config, control, sink)
            .map(Some)
    }
}

fn apply_intent(
    index: &IndexHandle,
    root: &Path,
    watch_config: WatchConfig,
    intent: &CoalescedIntent,
    scan_config: &ScanConfig,
    sink: &mut dyn FnMut(&Commit),
) -> Result<WatchApplyReport> {
    let mut verifier =
        |_: &Path, _: &Observation| Ok(verify_intent(root, watch_config, intent, scan_config));
    let apply = apply_reverified_with(index, &Observation::default(), scan_config, &mut verifier)?;
    if let Some(commit) = apply.commit.as_ref() {
        sink(commit);
    }
    let reconciliation = scan::reconcile_pending_handle(index, scan_config, sink)?;
    retain_unreadable(index, root, &reconciliation, sink)?;
    Ok(WatchApplyReport { apply, reconciliation })
}

/// Retain why a reconciliation could not read part of the tree.
///
/// The shared reconcile settles an unreadable subtree rather than walking it again on
/// every later event, so this report is the only time its error is seen. Committing the
/// causes keeps the partial freshness it left explainable, as the opened root does, and
/// names each path relative to the root so a later clean walk of it can drop the issue.
fn retain_unreadable(
    index: &IndexHandle,
    root: &Path,
    reconciliation: &scan::ReconcileReport,
    sink: &mut dyn FnMut(&Commit),
) -> Result<()> {
    if reconciliation.scan.errors.is_empty() {
        return Ok(());
    }
    let retained = reconciliation.scan.errors.len().min(crate::MAX_RETAINED_ISSUES);
    let issues = reconciliation.scan.errors[..retained]
        .iter()
        .map(|error| crate::Issue::from_error_under(root, error))
        .collect();
    let omitted = u64::try_from(reconciliation.scan.errors.len() - retained).unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
    let outcome =
        index.transition_observation(crate::index::ObservationTransition::Unreadable {
            issues,
            omitted,
        })?;
    if let Some(commit) = outcome.commit.as_ref() {
        sink(commit);
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn apply_intent_controlled(
    index: &IndexHandle,
    root: &Path,
    watch_config: WatchConfig,
    intent: &CoalescedIntent,
    scan_config: &ScanConfig,
    control: &dyn scan::ReconcileControl,
    sink: &mut dyn FnMut(&Commit),
) -> Result<WatchApplyReport> {
    let mut verifier =
        |_: &Path, _: &Observation| Ok(verify_intent(root, watch_config, intent, scan_config));
    let apply = apply_reverified_with_control(
        index,
        &Observation::default(),
        scan_config,
        control,
        &mut verifier,
    )?;
    if let Some(commit) = apply.commit.as_ref() {
        sink(commit);
    }
    let reconciliation =
        scan::reconcile_pending_handle_controlled(index, scan_config, control, sink)?;
    Ok(WatchApplyReport { apply, reconciliation })
}

/// Test the unrooted observation driver without making it a public apply capability.
///
/// Production callers use [`Watcher::apply_next`], which proves that the watcher and
/// index have the same root before consuming an intent. An [`Observation`] intentionally
/// remains a generic producer batch and does not claim a filesystem root identity.
#[cfg(test)]
fn apply_observation(
    index: &IndexHandle,
    observation: &Observation,
    scan_config: &ScanConfig,
    sink: &mut dyn FnMut(&Commit),
) -> Result<WatchApplyReport> {
    scan_config.validate_for_watch_scope(index.scope()?)?;
    let apply = apply_reverified(index, observation, scan_config)?;
    if let Some(commit) = apply.commit.as_ref() {
        sink(commit);
    }
    let reconciliation = scan::reconcile_pending_handle(index, scan_config, sink)?;
    Ok(WatchApplyReport { apply, reconciliation })
}

/// Re-stat a queued watch sample against a clock-stable index boundary before applying
/// it. Filesystem verification always runs outside the index lock. The filesystem itself
/// cannot be locked by this process: a sample is valid at its `stat` linearization point,
/// and any mutation after that point remains a later backend event. Queue loss or
/// ambiguity becomes an invalidation and reconciliation, rather than a claim that the
/// disk stayed frozen between `stat` and the in-memory commit. Sustained competing index
/// writes conservatively invalidate the root without blocking readers on filesystem I/O.
#[cfg(test)]
fn apply_reverified(
    index: &IndexHandle,
    observation: &Observation,
    scan_config: &ScanConfig,
) -> Result<ApplyOutcome> {
    let mut verifier = |root: &Path, observation: &Observation| {
        reverify_observation(root, observation, scan_config)
    };
    apply_reverified_with(index, observation, scan_config, &mut verifier)
}

fn apply_reverified_with(
    index: &IndexHandle,
    observation: &Observation,
    scan_config: &ScanConfig,
    verifier: &mut impl FnMut(&Path, &Observation) -> Result<Observation>,
) -> Result<ApplyOutcome> {
    let (root, scope, _) = index.watch_boundary()?;
    scan_config.validate_for_watch_scope(scope)?;
    for _ in 0..MAX_OPTIMISTIC_APPLY_ATTEMPTS {
        let clock = index.clock()?;
        let candidate = verifier(&root, observation)?;
        let candidate = escalate_unknown_ancestry(index, candidate)?;
        if let Some(outcome) = index.apply_if_clock(clock, &candidate)? {
            return Ok(outcome);
        }
    }

    index.invalidate_root(InvalidateReason::WatchContention)
}

fn apply_reverified_with_control(
    index: &IndexHandle,
    observation: &Observation,
    scan_config: &ScanConfig,
    control: &dyn scan::ReconcileControl,
    verifier: &mut impl FnMut(&Path, &Observation) -> Result<Observation>,
) -> Result<ApplyOutcome> {
    let (root, scope, _) = index.watch_boundary()?;
    scan_config.validate_for_watch_scope(scope)?;
    for _ in 0..MAX_OPTIMISTIC_APPLY_ATTEMPTS {
        control.check_active()?;
        let clock = index.clock()?;
        let candidate = verifier(&root, observation)?;
        let candidate = escalate_unknown_ancestry(index, candidate)?;
        control.before_conditional_commit()?;
        if let Some(outcome) =
            index.apply_opened_if_clock(clock, &candidate, control.max_files())?
        {
            return Ok(outcome);
        }
    }

    control.before_conditional_commit()?;
    let outcome = index.apply_opened(
        &Observation::new(vec![Op::InvalidateSubtree {
            path: PathBuf::new(),
            reason: InvalidateReason::WatchContention,
        }]),
        control.max_files(),
    )?;
    Ok(outcome)
}

/// Replace unverifiable child facts with bounded reconciliation hints.
fn escalate_unknown_ancestry(index: &IndexHandle, candidate: Observation) -> Result<Observation> {
    let unknown = index.unknown_ancestry(&candidate)?;
    if unknown.is_empty() {
        return Ok(candidate);
    }

    let mut roots: Vec<PathBuf> = unknown.into_iter().map(|(_, root)| root).collect();
    roots.sort_by(|left, right| {
        left.components().count().cmp(&right.components().count()).then_with(|| left.cmp(right))
    });
    roots.dedup();
    let mut covering: Vec<PathBuf> = Vec::with_capacity(roots.len());
    for root in roots {
        if !covering.iter().any(|ancestor| root.starts_with(ancestor)) {
            covering.push(root);
        }
    }

    let mut ops: Vec<ObservationOp> = candidate
        .ops
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|observed| !covering.iter().any(|root| observed.op.path().starts_with(root)))
        .collect();
    ops.extend(covering.into_iter().map(|path| {
        ObservationOp::unconditional(Op::InvalidateSubtree {
            path,
            reason: InvalidateReason::UnknownAncestry,
        })
    }));
    Ok(Observation::from_ops(ops))
}

#[cfg(test)]
fn reverify_observation(
    root: &Path,
    observation: &Observation,
    scan_config: &ScanConfig,
) -> Result<Observation> {
    let mut ops = Vec::with_capacity(observation.len().saturating_mul(2));
    for observed in &observation.ops {
        let relative = scan::normalize_subtree(observed.op.path())?;
        match &observed.op {
            Op::InvalidateSubtree { reason, .. } => {
                ops.push(Op::InvalidateSubtree { path: relative, reason: *reason });
            }
            Op::Upsert { .. } | Op::Remove { .. } => {
                let absolute = root.join(&relative);
                match std::fs::symlink_metadata(&absolute) {
                    Ok(metadata) => {
                        let (kind, attrs) = scan::observe(&absolute, &metadata)
                            .map_err(|source| Error::io(&absolute, source))?;
                        match crate::admission::decide_path(
                            &relative,
                            kind,
                            scan_config.hidden(),
                            scan_config.exclude_special,
                        ) {
                            crate::admission::Disposition::Retain => {
                                ops.push(Op::Upsert { path: relative.clone(), kind, attrs });
                                if let Some(control) =
                                    scan::read_control_op(scan_config, root, &relative, kind)?
                                {
                                    ops.push(control);
                                }
                            }
                            crate::admission::Disposition::ControlOnly => {
                                ops.push(Op::Remove { path: relative.clone() });
                                if let Some(control) =
                                    scan::read_control_op(scan_config, root, &relative, kind)?
                                {
                                    ops.push(control);
                                }
                            }
                            crate::admission::Disposition::Reject => {
                                ops.push(Op::Remove { path: relative });
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    Err(error) => ops.push(op_for_stat_error(relative, &error)),
                }
            }
            Op::ControlUpsert { source, .. } => {
                ops.push(Op::ControlUpsert { path: relative, source: source.clone() });
            }
            Op::ControlRemove { .. } => ops.push(Op::ControlRemove { path: relative }),
        }
    }
    Ok(Observation::new(ops))
}

impl Drop for Watcher {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.cancelled.store(true, Ordering::Release);
        if let Some(control) = self.control.take() {
            let _ = control.try_send(RawMessage::Stop);
        }
        // Stop the backend and release its callback sender before joining. Every worker
        // send is nonblocking, so a full consumer queue cannot deadlock teardown.
        self.inner.take();
        if let Some(worker) = self.worker.take() {
            let _ = worker.join();
        }
    }
}

fn notify_error(path: &Path, err: notify::Error) -> Error {
    Error::io(path, std::io::Error::other(err))
}

fn enqueue_raw(
    sender: &SyncSender<RawMessage>,
    overflowed: &AtomicBool,
    event: notify::Result<notify::Event>,
) {
    match sender.try_send(RawMessage::Event(event)) {
        Ok(()) | Err(TrySendError::Disconnected(_)) => {}
        Err(TrySendError::Full(_)) => overflowed.store(true, Ordering::Release),
    }
}

fn run_tracked_worker(status: &AtomicU8, worker: impl FnOnce()) {
    let outcome = catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(worker));
    status.store(if outcome.is_ok() { WORKER_STOPPED } else { WORKER_PANICKED }, Ordering::Release);
}

fn run_worker(
    root: &Path,
    config: WatchConfig,
    renames: RenameReporting,
    raw: &Receiver<RawMessage>,
    out: &SyncSender<CoalescedIntent>,
    overflowed: &AtomicBool,
    cancelled: &AtomicBool,
) {
    let mut pending: BTreeMap<PathBuf, Pending> = BTreeMap::new();
    let mut batch_started: Option<Instant> = None;
    let mut sticky_overflow = false;

    loop {
        if cancelled.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
            return;
        }
        if overflowed.swap(false, Ordering::AcqRel) {
            collapse_to_overflow(&mut pending);
            batch_started.get_or_insert_with(Instant::now);
        }
        if sticky_overflow {
            match try_deliver_overflow(out) {
                Ok(true) => sticky_overflow = false,
                Ok(false) => {}
                Err(()) => return,
            }
        }

        match raw.recv_timeout(config.settle) {
            Ok(RawMessage::Event(Ok(event))) => {
                record(root, &event, &mut pending, config.batch_path_capacity, renames);
                batch_started.get_or_insert_with(Instant::now);
            }
            Ok(RawMessage::Event(Err(err))) => {
                // notify reports a watch failure. It cannot say what was missed, so the
                // only honest response is to escalate the whole tree.
                let _ = err;
                collapse_to_overflow(&mut pending);
                batch_started.get_or_insert_with(Instant::now);
            }
            Ok(RawMessage::Flush(acknowledge)) => {
                if overflowed.swap(false, Ordering::AcqRel) {
                    collapse_to_overflow(&mut pending);
                }
                if !pending.is_empty()
                    && try_deliver_pending(&mut pending, out, &mut sticky_overflow).is_err()
                {
                    return;
                }
                // The consumer may have drained the queue while this worker waited
                // for the barrier. Publish sticky loss before acknowledging; doing it
                // at the next loop iteration races the consumer's final empty poll.
                if sticky_overflow {
                    match try_deliver_overflow(out) {
                        Ok(true) => sticky_overflow = false,
                        Ok(false) => {}
                        Err(()) => return,
                    }
                }
                batch_started = None;
                let _ = acknowledge.send(());
            }
            Ok(RawMessage::Stop) => return,
            Err(RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {
                // Quiet for a full step: the batch has settled.
                if !pending.is_empty()
                    && try_deliver_pending(&mut pending, out, &mut sticky_overflow).is_err()
                {
                    return;
                }
                batch_started = None;
                continue;
            }
            Err(RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => {
                if !cancelled.load(Ordering::Acquire) && !pending.is_empty() {
                    let _ = try_deliver_pending(&mut pending, out, &mut sticky_overflow);
                }
                return;
            }
        }

        // A tree under continuous churn never goes quiet, so cap how long a batch waits.
        if max_hold_elapsed(batch_started, config.max_hold) {
            if try_deliver_pending(&mut pending, out, &mut sticky_overflow).is_err() {
                return;
            }
            batch_started = None;
        }
    }
}

fn max_hold_elapsed(started: Option<Instant>, max_hold: Duration) -> bool {
    started.is_some_and(|start| start.elapsed() >= max_hold)
}

/// Fold one event into the pending set.
fn record(
    root: &Path,
    event: &notify::Event,
    pending: &mut BTreeMap<PathBuf, Pending>,
    capacity: usize,
    reporting: RenameReporting,
) {
    if event.need_rescan() {
        // The kernel dropped events. Escalate the narrowest subtree the event names, or
        // the whole root when it names zero/multiple paths or crosses the watch boundary.
        let target = if event.paths.len() == 1 {
            relative_to(root, &event.paths[0]).unwrap_or_default()
        } else {
            PathBuf::new()
        };
        queue_pending(
            pending,
            target,
            Pending::Escalate(InvalidateReason::WatchOverflow),
            capacity,
        );
        return;
    }

    // Every rename shape is handled one named path at a time. Events are hints, not
    // facts: a rename says only that the name it carries may have gained or lost an
    // entry, which is exactly what a create or a remove of that name says. So each named
    // path inside the root is verified like one, and nothing is inferred about where its
    // counterpart went. That needs no pairing and no guess at a parent:
    //
    // - an old name that is gone verifies as a removal of it and its subtree;
    // - a new name verifies as an upsert, and a directory there is relisted because its
    //   contents arrived without events (see `verify_intent`);
    // - a counterpart inside the root is named by its own event on every backend that
    //   promises `RenameReporting::EachSide`, and is verified the same way;
    // - a counterpart outside the root changes nothing inside it.
    //
    // Scoping to the named path adds no trust in the backend beyond what create and
    // remove verification already needs: that every name whose entry changed is named
    // by some event, or else covered by a loss signal, which escalates above.
    let renamed = matches!(event.kind, EventKind::Modify(notify::event::ModifyKind::Name(_)));
    if renamed
        && (reporting == RenameReporting::OldSideOnly
            || !event.paths.iter().any(|path| relative_to(root, path).is_some()))
    {
        // Two renames this layer cannot bound. A backend that may never name the new
        // side (kqueue) leaves the moved entry anywhere in the tree. A rename naming no
        // path this root can place is a hint about somewhere the engine cannot locate.
        // Both reconcile the whole root, which cannot leave an old name behind or miss a
        // moved-in subtree.
        queue_pending(
            pending,
            PathBuf::new(),
            Pending::Escalate(InvalidateReason::UnpairedRename),
            capacity,
        );
    }

    for path in &event.paths {
        let Some(rel) = relative_to(root, path) else {
            continue; // Outside the root: nothing inside it changed at this name.
        };
        if matches!(event.kind, EventKind::Access(_)) {
            continue; // Reads change nothing this engine records.
        }
        if renamed && rel.as_os_str().is_empty() {
            // The root itself moved (inotify reports its own move as `From`). What now
            // sits at the root path, if anything, is unrelated to the index, so the
            // bound is the whole root.
            queue_pending(
                pending,
                PathBuf::new(),
                Pending::Escalate(InvalidateReason::UnpairedRename),
                capacity,
            );
            continue;
        }
        let relist_if_dir = matches!(event.kind, EventKind::Create(_));
        queue_pending(pending, rel, Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir, renamed }, capacity);
    }
}

fn queue_pending(
    pending: &mut BTreeMap<PathBuf, Pending>,
    path: PathBuf,
    state: Pending,
    capacity: usize,
) {
    if matches!(pending.get(Path::new("")), Some(Pending::Escalate(_))) {
        return;
    }
    if path.as_os_str().is_empty() && matches!(state, Pending::Escalate(_)) {
        pending.clear();
        pending.insert(path, state);
        return;
    }
    if let Some(existing) = pending.get_mut(&path) {
        match (existing, state) {
            (Pending::Escalate(_), _) => {}
            (
                Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir, renamed },
                Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: relist, renamed: rename },
            ) => {
                *relist_if_dir |= relist;
                *renamed |= rename;
            }
            (slot @ Pending::Verify { .. }, Pending::Escalate(reason)) => {
                *slot = Pending::Escalate(reason);
            }
        }
        return;
    }
    if pending.len() >= capacity {
        collapse_to_overflow(pending);
    } else {
        pending.insert(path, state);
    }
}

fn collapse_to_overflow(pending: &mut BTreeMap<PathBuf, Pending>) {
    pending.clear();
    pending.insert(PathBuf::new(), Pending::Escalate(InvalidateReason::WatchOverflow));
}

fn try_deliver_pending(
    pending: &mut BTreeMap<PathBuf, Pending>,
    out: &SyncSender<CoalescedIntent>,
    sticky_overflow: &mut bool,
) -> std::result::Result<(), ()> {
    if pending.is_empty() {
        return Ok(());
    }
    let intent = CoalescedIntent { pending: std::mem::take(pending) };
    match out.try_send(intent) {
        Ok(()) => Ok(()),
        Err(TrySendError::Full(_)) => {
            *sticky_overflow = true;
            Ok(())
        }
        Err(TrySendError::Disconnected(_)) => Err(()),
    }
}

fn try_deliver_overflow(out: &SyncSender<CoalescedIntent>) -> std::result::Result<bool, ()> {
    let mut pending = BTreeMap::new();
    collapse_to_overflow(&mut pending);
    match out.try_send(CoalescedIntent { pending }) {
        Ok(()) => Ok(true),
        Err(TrySendError::Full(_)) => Ok(false),
        Err(TrySendError::Disconnected(_)) => Err(()),
    }
}

/// Verify one bounded intent: stat once per path, never once per backend event.
fn verify_intent(
    root: &Path,
    config: WatchConfig,
    intent: &CoalescedIntent,
    scan_config: &ScanConfig,
) -> Observation {
    let mut ops = Vec::with_capacity(intent.pending.len());
    let mut listings = ParentListings::default();
    // Renamed names whose exact spelling their parent does not list. Nothing exists at
    // any path below such a name either, and its parent's reconciliation covers the
    // subtree, so their pending descendants are not verified through it. The pending map
    // is ordered by component, so a name is always settled before its descendants.
    let mut unlisted: Vec<PathBuf> = Vec::new();

    for (rel, state) in &intent.pending {
        match state {
            Pending::Escalate(reason) => {
                ops.push(Op::InvalidateSubtree { path: rel.clone(), reason: *reason });
            }
            Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir, renamed } => {
                if unlisted.iter().any(|name| rel.starts_with(name)) {
                    continue;
                }
                let absolute = root.join(rel);
                let mut stat = std::fs::symlink_metadata(&absolute);
                if *renamed && !rel.as_os_str().is_empty() && stat.is_ok() {
                    // A lookup on a case- or normalization-insensitive filesystem (APFS
                    // and HFS+ by default, NTFS, casefolded ext4) resolves `Readme` to a
                    // stored `README`. The old side of a rename that changed only case
                    // therefore stats as present, and upserting it would keep both
                    // spellings. The parent's listing holds the stored names, so an exact
                    // match proves membership.
                    let unlisted_reason = match listings.lists(root, rel) {
                        Some(true) => None,
                        Some(false) => {
                            // The listing was read after the first stat, so a miss is
                            // either a stale spelling or a name renamed away since. A
                            // second stat tells them apart: a name that is now gone is an
                            // ordinary removal, verified below like any other.
                            stat = std::fs::symlink_metadata(&absolute);
                            stat.is_ok().then_some(InvalidateReason::UnpairedRename)
                        }
                        // An unlistable parent cannot prove membership either way; its
                        // reconciliation retries and reports why.
                        None => Some(InvalidateReason::VerificationFailed),
                    };
                    if let Some(reason) = unlisted_reason {
                        // This name is not an entry, and which stored name the index holds
                        // for it is unknown, so its parent reconciles.
                        let parent = parent_of(rel);
                        if !ops.iter().any(
                            |op| matches!(op, Op::InvalidateSubtree { path, .. } if *path == parent),
                        ) {
                            ops.push(Op::InvalidateSubtree { path: parent, reason });
                        }
                        unlisted.push(rel.clone());
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                match stat {
                    Ok(meta) => {
                        let Ok((kind, attrs)) = scan::observe(&absolute, &meta) else {
                            ops.push(Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                                path: rel.parent().map_or_else(PathBuf::new, Path::to_path_buf),
                                reason: InvalidateReason::VerificationFailed,
                            });
                            continue;
                        };
                        let disposition = crate::admission::decide_path(
                            rel,
                            kind,
                            scan_config.hidden(),
                            scan_config.exclude_special,
                        );
                        match disposition {
                            crate::admission::Disposition::Retain => {
                                ops.push(Op::Upsert { path: rel.clone(), kind, attrs });
                                match scan::read_control_op(scan_config, root, rel, kind) {
                                    Ok(Some(control)) => ops.push(control),
                                    Ok(None) => {}
                                    Err(_) => ops.push(Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                                        path: rel
                                            .parent()
                                            .map_or_else(PathBuf::new, Path::to_path_buf),
                                        reason: InvalidateReason::VerificationFailed,
                                    }),
                                }
                            }
                            crate::admission::Disposition::ControlOnly => {
                                match scan::read_control_op(scan_config, root, rel, kind) {
                                    Ok(Some(control)) => {
                                        ops.push(Op::Remove { path: rel.clone() });
                                        ops.push(control);
                                    }
                                    Ok(None) => ops.push(Op::Remove { path: rel.clone() }),
                                    Err(_) => ops.push(Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                                        path: rel
                                            .parent()
                                            .map_or_else(PathBuf::new, Path::to_path_buf),
                                        reason: InvalidateReason::VerificationFailed,
                                    }),
                                }
                            }
                            crate::admission::Disposition::Reject => {
                                ops.push(Op::Remove { path: rel.clone() });
                            }
                        }
                        let retained_dir =
                            disposition == crate::admission::Disposition::Retain && kind.is_dir();
                        if retained_dir && *renamed {
                            // A directory that arrived by rename brought its contents
                            // with it, and no backend reports a moved tree's contents.
                            // This is not the registration race below, so it does not
                            // depend on `relist_new_dirs`: nothing else will ever report
                            // these entries. The bound is this directory's subtree.
                            ops.push(Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                                path: rel.clone(),
                                reason: InvalidateReason::UnpairedRename,
                            });
                        } else if retained_dir && *relist_if_dir && config.relist_new_dirs {
                            // The watch for this directory was installed after it was
                            // created, so anything already inside produced no event.
                            ops.push(Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                                path: rel.clone(),
                                reason: InvalidateReason::WatchSetupRace,
                            });
                        }
                    }
                    Err(error) => {
                        ops.push(op_for_stat_error(rel.clone(), &error));
                        // The exact name's removal drops its rules in the index. A case
                        // variant's says nothing by itself: another spelling may still
                        // resolve, or it was never the control, so the canonical path is
                        // looked up and answers, a miss removing the rules.
                        if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound
                            && crate::control::path_control_spelling(rel)
                                == Some(crate::control::ControlSpelling::Variant)
                        {
                            let control = crate::control::sibling_control_path(rel);
                            match scan::read_directory_control_or_removal(
                                scan_config,
                                root,
                                &control,
                            ) {
                                Ok(Some(observed)) => ops.push(observed),
                                Ok(None) => {}
                                Err(_) => ops.push(Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                                    path: parent_of(rel),
                                    reason: InvalidateReason::VerificationFailed,
                                }),
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                if scan_config.population != crate::query::IgnoredEntries::Include
                    && crate::control::path_control_spelling(rel).is_some()
                {
                    ops.push(Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                        path: rel.parent().map_or_else(PathBuf::new, Path::to_path_buf),
                        reason: InvalidateReason::ControlPopulationChanged,
                    });
                }
            }
        }
    }
    Observation::new(ops)
}

/// The relative parent of a non-root path; the root for a top-level name.
fn parent_of(rel: &Path) -> PathBuf {
    rel.parent().map_or_else(PathBuf::new, Path::to_path_buf)
}

/// Stored names of the parent directories one intent's renamed paths live in.
///
/// Only a renamed name that stats as present is looked up, and a parent is listed once
/// per verified intent unless a lookup misses, so the cost is bounded by the directories
/// renames touched in the batch rather than by the tree.
#[derive(Default)]
struct ParentListings(BTreeMap<PathBuf, Option<std::collections::HashSet<std::ffi::OsString>>>);

impl ParentListings {
    /// Whether the parent of `rel` lists its final component byte for byte, or `None`
    /// when the parent cannot be listed completely.
    ///
    /// A miss against a listing read earlier in this intent is re-read before it is
    /// answered: on a busy directory the name may have been created since, and a stale
    /// listing must not turn a new entry into a parent reconcile.
    fn lists(&mut self, root: &Path, rel: &Path) -> Option<bool> {
        let name = rel.file_name()?;
        let parent = parent_of(rel);
        if let Some(Some(names)) = self.0.get(&parent) {
            if names.contains(name) {
                return Some(true);
            }
        }
        let names: Option<std::collections::HashSet<_>> = std::fs::read_dir(root.join(&parent))
            .and_then(|entries| entries.map(|entry| entry.map(|entry| entry.file_name())).collect())
            .ok();
        let listed = names.as_ref().map(|names| names.contains(name));
        self.0.insert(parent, names);
        listed
    }
}

fn op_for_stat_error(path: PathBuf, error: &std::io::Error) -> Op {
    match error.kind() {
        std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound if path.as_os_str().is_empty() => {
            Op::InvalidateSubtree { path, reason: InvalidateReason::VerificationFailed }
        }
        std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Op::Remove { path },
        std::io::ErrorKind::NotADirectory => Op::InvalidateSubtree {
            path: path.parent().map_or_else(PathBuf::new, Path::to_path_buf),
            reason: InvalidateReason::VerificationFailed,
        },
        _ => Op::InvalidateSubtree { path, reason: InvalidateReason::VerificationFailed },
    }
}

/// Express an absolute path relative to the watch root.
///
/// Returns `None` for anything outside the root, which should not happen but is not
/// worth trusting a backend about.
fn relative_to(root: &Path, path: &Path) -> Option<PathBuf> {
    path.strip_prefix(root).ok().map(Path::to_path_buf)
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use notify::event::{CreateKind, Flag, MetadataKind, ModifyKind, RenameMode};
    use std::fs;

    fn queued_test_watcher(root: PathBuf) -> (SyncSender<CoalescedIntent>, Watcher) {
        let (sender, intents) = sync_channel(1);
        let watcher = Watcher {
            root,
            config: WatchConfig::default(),
            inner: None,
            intents,
            control: None,
            cancelled: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
            worker_status: Arc::new(AtomicU8::new(WORKER_RUNNING)),
            worker: None,
        };
        (sender, watcher)
    }

    #[test]
    fn watcher_can_move_to_its_single_consumer_thread() {
        fn assert_send<T: Send>() {}

        assert_send::<Watcher>();
    }

    /// Collect deltas until `want` is satisfied or the deadline passes.
    ///
    /// Event latency varies by orders of magnitude across backends (inotify is
    /// immediate, `FSEvents` batches), so the test waits on a condition rather than
    /// sleeping for a fixed guess.
    /// Serializes the tests that bind a real filesystem watcher.
    ///
    /// Real-backend delivery latency depends on how much else is happening on the
    /// volume. Roughly two hundred tempdirs churn concurrently across this binary, and
    /// `FSEvents` is volume-wide, so a stream bound while that is going on can take far
    /// longer to deliver its first event than one bound on a quiet machine.
    ///
    /// Measured at `origin/main`, before any change here, so this is pre-existing
    /// backend behavior rather than something a caller introduced:
    ///
    /// | libtest threads | Result |
    /// | --- | --- |
    /// | 1 | 406 passed in 8.39 s |
    /// | 4 | 3 failed in 22.76 s |
    /// | 10 | 3 failed in 21.87 s |
    ///
    /// Two things follow, and both are applied. Contention between the real-backend
    /// tests themselves is removed by this lock, while the rest of the suite keeps
    /// running in parallel — the engine is not implicated, since every other watch test
    /// drives the same worker through scripted observations and none of them is
    /// affected. Residual variance from the surrounding churn is absorbed by
    /// [`REAL_BACKEND_DELIVERY`] rather than by retrying.
    static REAL_WATCHER: std::sync::Mutex<()> = std::sync::Mutex::new(());

    /// How long a real backend may take to deliver its first event before the test fails.
    ///
    /// The events do arrive; earlier analysis here claimed they did not, inferred from a
    /// suite that finished in about the old deadline, and that inference was wrong. With
    /// a deadline long enough not to cut delivery off, the full parallel binary passes
    /// five runs out of five and finishes in about 18.6 s — *faster* than the runs that
    /// failed, because a dead timeout was the longest thing in those.
    ///
    /// Sixty seconds is chosen to be far outside the observed distribution rather than
    /// tuned to its edge, since a deadline that merely covers today's variance becomes
    /// tomorrow's flake on a busier machine. The cost is asymmetric and cheap: this
    /// duration is only ever spent when delivery genuinely fails, and a passing run
    /// never approaches it.
    const REAL_BACKEND_DELIVERY: Duration = Duration::from_secs(60);

    /// Hold exclusive access to the real watch backend for the rest of the test.
    ///
    /// Poisoning is deliberately ignored. The lock guards an OS resource rather than
    /// shared data, so a panic in one test leaves nothing for the next to observe, and
    /// propagating the poison would turn one real failure into three.
    fn real_watcher_guard() -> std::sync::MutexGuard<'static, ()> {
        REAL_WATCHER.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner)
    }

    /// What a wait for events produced.
    enum Waited {
        /// The awaited ops arrived, with everything seen before them.
        Delivered(Vec<Op>),
        /// Nothing whatsoever arrived before the deadline.
        Silent,
    }

    /// Collect ops until `want` is satisfied, separating three outcomes that are not the
    /// same failure.
    ///
    /// `Delivered` — the events arrived and matched. The caller's assertions then run at
    /// full strength.
    ///
    /// Panic — events arrived but never matched. That is a real disagreement about
    /// content and must fail. This previously returned the partial list instead, so every
    /// caller asserted on it and announced a violated product contract when nothing had
    /// arrived at all, sending the next reader after a defect that was not there.
    ///
    /// `Silent` — *nothing whatsoever* arrived before the deadline. What that means
    /// depends on whether the watch was already known to deliver, so the caller decides:
    /// [`establish_watch`] may read it as the host's silence, and [`wait_established`]
    /// reads it as fdu's.
    ///
    /// The distinction is observable rather than assumed: a working backend delivers the
    /// test's own writes within milliseconds, so an empty list after a full minute means
    /// the stream is dead, not slow. On this project's macOS development host a degraded
    /// `fseventsd` produces exactly that, while both CI platforms never have.
    fn wait_for(
        watcher: &Watcher,
        deadline: Duration,
        mut want: impl FnMut(&[Op]) -> bool,
    ) -> Waited {
        let start = Instant::now();
        let mut seen: Vec<Op> = Vec::new();
        while start.elapsed() < deadline {
            match watcher.next_observation(Duration::from_millis(200)) {
                Ok(Some(observation)) => {
                    seen.extend(observation.ops.into_iter().map(|observed| observed.op));
                    if want(&seen) {
                        return Waited::Delivered(seen);
                    }
                }
                Ok(None) => {}
                Err(error) => panic!("watcher stopped while waiting: {error}"),
            }
        }
        if seen.is_empty() {
            return Waited::Silent;
        }
        panic!(
            "the backend delivered {} op(s) in {deadline:?} but never the one awaited, so \
             this is a disagreement about content rather than a delivery failure: {seen:?}",
            seen.len()
        );
    }

    /// Wait on a watch that [`establish_watch`] has already proven live.
    ///
    /// Silence here is evidence about fdu rather than about the host: the backend delivered
    /// the warm-up, so a later write it never reports is a lost event. No opt-out applies,
    /// which is why the message offers none.
    fn wait_established(
        watcher: &Watcher,
        deadline: Duration,
        want: impl FnMut(&[Op]) -> bool,
    ) -> Vec<Op> {
        match wait_for(watcher, deadline, want) {
            Waited::Delivered(ops) => ops,
            Waited::Silent => panic!(
                "the watch was established and then delivered nothing in {deadline:?}, so \
                 this is a lost event rather than a host precondition; \
                 FDU_TEST_ALLOW_NO_NATIVE_WATCH does not apply here"
            ),
        }
    }

    /// Write into the root until the watch is provably live, then return.
    ///
    /// A watcher bound to a directory is not yet watching it. `Watcher::new` returns once
    /// registration is *requested*, and anything written before it takes effect produces
    /// no event — the engine detects exactly this and answers
    /// `InvalidateSubtree { path: "", reason: WatchSetupRace }`, meaning "I missed a
    /// window, relist the root".
    ///
    /// That is the correct answer, and it is why these tests were failing intermittently.
    /// A test that writes its subject immediately after `Watcher::new` is racing
    /// registration: when it loses, the engine reports the race rather than the file, and
    /// an assertion waiting for that file's own upsert rejects a valid reply. The failure
    /// looked like flakiness, then like a dead backend, and was neither — it was a real
    /// race the test set up for itself, and which the engine reported faithfully.
    ///
    /// Writing a warm-up file and waiting for *any* event settles it: whichever arrives,
    /// the stream is delivering and registration is complete, so a write afterwards
    /// cannot fall into the setup window. Everything the test then asserts is about fdu.
    ///
    /// Returns `false` only for a host explicitly declared unable to deliver native watch
    /// events, with `FDU_TEST_ALLOW_NO_NATIVE_WATCH=1`. Without that declaration, silence
    /// during the warm-up is an actionable precondition failure rather than a passing test.
    fn establish_watch(watcher: &Watcher, dir: &Path) -> bool {
        let warmup = dir.join(".fdu-watch-warmup");
        fs::write(&warmup, b"warmup").expect("warmup write");
        let waited = wait_for(watcher, REAL_BACKEND_DELIVERY, |ops| !ops.is_empty());
        let _ = fs::remove_file(&warmup);
        match waited {
            Waited::Delivered(_) => true,
            Waited::Silent => {
                if std::env::var_os("FDU_TEST_ALLOW_NO_NATIVE_WATCH").as_deref()
                    == Some(std::ffi::OsStr::new("1"))
                {
                    eprintln!(
                        "skipped by FDU_TEST_ALLOW_NO_NATIVE_WATCH=1: the host event service \
                         delivered no events to this stream"
                    );
                    return false;
                }
                panic!(
                    "native watch precondition failed: the host delivered no events in \
                     {REAL_BACKEND_DELIVERY:?}; run on a host with event delivery, or \
                     explicitly opt out with FDU_TEST_ALLOW_NO_NATIVE_WATCH=1"
                );
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn created_files_arrive_as_verified_upserts() {
        let _serialized = real_watcher_guard();
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let watcher = Watcher::new(dir.path(), WatchConfig::default()).expect("watcher");
        if !establish_watch(&watcher, dir.path()) {
            return;
        }

        fs::write(dir.path().join("hello.txt"), b"hello world").expect("write");

        let ops = wait_established(&watcher, REAL_BACKEND_DELIVERY, |ops| {
            ops.iter().any(|op| op.path() == Path::new("hello.txt"))
        });

        let found = ops
            .iter()
            .find(|op| op.path() == Path::new("hello.txt"))
            .expect("an op for the new file");
        match found {
            Op::Upsert { attrs, kind, .. } => {
                assert!(!kind.is_dir());
                // The point of verify-then-emit: the delta carries real stat data, which
                // no backend put in the event.
                assert_eq!(attrs.size, 11);
                assert!(attrs.mtime_ns > 0);
            }
            other => panic!("expected an upsert, got {other:?}"),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn deleted_files_arrive_as_removes() {
        let _serialized = real_watcher_guard();
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let path = dir.path().join("doomed.txt");
        fs::write(&path, b"x").expect("write");

        let watcher = Watcher::new(dir.path(), WatchConfig::default()).expect("watcher");
        if !establish_watch(&watcher, dir.path()) {
            return;
        }
        fs::remove_file(&path).expect("remove");

        let ops = wait_established(&watcher, REAL_BACKEND_DELIVERY, |ops| {
            ops.iter()
                .any(|op| matches!(op, Op::Remove { path } if path == Path::new("doomed.txt")))
        });

        assert!(
            ops.iter()
                .any(|op| matches!(op, Op::Remove { path } if path == Path::new("doomed.txt"))),
            "expected a remove, saw {ops:?}"
        );
    }

    // The watch-setup race — a directory created and populated before its watch is
    // installed, which must escalate to a relist — is asserted by
    // `opened::tests::scripted_directory_creation_closes_the_registration_gap`. That test
    // drives the same `WatchSetupRace` invalidation and the same subsequent discovery of
    // the child through a scripted observation, so the semantics are pinned on every
    // platform without depending on when a backend happens to register.
    //
    // A real-backend version of it lived here and was removed rather than repaired. It
    // could not make the claim it appeared to: the macOS backend watches recursively from
    // the root, so there is no per-directory registration window for it to lose, and the
    // test spent its full twenty-second deadline waiting for an escalation that platform
    // has no reason to emit. Serializing the real-watcher tests fixed the other two and
    // left this one failing, which is what showed the difference is in the scenario and
    // not in the contention.
    //
    // What stays here is the minimal real-backend smoke the architecture asks for:
    // create and remove actually arrive, and a missing root actually fails.

    #[test]
    fn watching_a_missing_path_is_an_error() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let missing = dir.path().join("not-there");
        assert!(Watcher::new(&missing, WatchConfig::default()).is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn paths_outside_the_root_are_ignored() {
        let root = Path::new("/a/b");
        assert_eq!(relative_to(root, Path::new("/a/b/c/d")), Some(PathBuf::from("c/d")));
        assert_eq!(relative_to(root, Path::new("/elsewhere")), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn verification_errors_distinguish_absence_from_an_invalid_ancestor() {
        let path = PathBuf::from("parent/known.txt");
        let missing = op_for_stat_error(
            path.clone(),
            &std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound, "gone"),
        );
        assert!(matches!(missing, Op::Remove { path: removed } if removed == path));

        let not_a_directory = op_for_stat_error(
            path.clone(),
            &std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::NotADirectory, "ancestor is a file"),
        );
        assert!(matches!(
            not_a_directory,
            Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                path: invalidated,
                reason: InvalidateReason::VerificationFailed,
            } if invalidated == Path::new("parent")
        ));

        let denied = op_for_stat_error(
            path.clone(),
            &std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied, "denied"),
        );
        assert!(matches!(
            denied,
            Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                path: invalidated,
                reason: InvalidateReason::VerificationFailed,
            } if invalidated == path
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn unknown_watch_ancestry_reconciles_from_the_nearest_known_directory() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let (index, _) =
            crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &crate::ScanConfig::default()).expect("scan");
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        let nested = dir.path().join("new/deep");
        fs::create_dir_all(&nested).expect("nested directories");
        fs::write(nested.join("file.txt"), b"verified").expect("nested file");

        let report = apply_observation(
            &handle,
            &Observation::new(vec![Op::Upsert {
                path: PathBuf::from("new/deep/file.txt"),
                kind: crate::EntryKind::File,
                attrs: crate::Attrs::default(),
            }]),
            &crate::ScanConfig::default(),
            &mut |_| {},
        )
        .expect("unknown ancestry schedules reconciliation");

        assert_eq!(report.apply.invalidated, 1);
        assert!(report.reconciliation.is_complete());
        assert_eq!(
            handle.kind(Path::new("new")).expect("new directory"),
            Some(crate::EntryKind::Dir)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            handle.kind(Path::new("new/deep/file.txt")).expect("nested file"),
            Some(crate::EntryKind::File)
        );
        assert_ne!(
            handle.attrs(Path::new("new")).expect("verified parent attrs"),
            Some(crate::Attrs::default())
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn create_intent_survives_coalescing_but_metadata_only_does_not_relist() {
        let root = Path::new("/watch-root");
        let path = root.join("directory");
        let mut pending = BTreeMap::new();

        record(
            root,
            &notify::Event::new(EventKind::Create(CreateKind::Folder)).add_path(path.clone()),
            &mut pending,
            16,
            RenameReporting::EachSide,
        );
        record(
            root,
            &notify::Event::new(EventKind::Modify(ModifyKind::Metadata(MetadataKind::Any)))
                .add_path(path),
            &mut pending,
            16,
            RenameReporting::EachSide,
        );
        assert_eq!(
            pending.get(Path::new("directory")),
            Some(&Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: true, renamed: false })
        );

        let mut metadata_only = BTreeMap::new();
        record(
            root,
            &notify::Event::new(EventKind::Modify(ModifyKind::Metadata(MetadataKind::Any)))
                .add_path(root.join("existing")),
            &mut metadata_only,
            16,
            RenameReporting::EachSide,
        );
        assert_eq!(
            metadata_only.get(Path::new("existing")),
            Some(&Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: false, renamed: false })
        );
    }

    /// Record `events` into a fresh pending set under one backend rename policy.
    fn recorded(
        root: &Path,
        renames: RenameReporting,
        events: &[notify::Event],
    ) -> BTreeMap<PathBuf, Pending> {
        let mut pending = BTreeMap::new();
        for event in events {
            record(root, event, &mut pending, 16, renames);
        }
        pending
    }

    fn rename_event(mode: RenameMode, paths: &[PathBuf]) -> notify::Event {
        let mut event = notify::Event::new(EventKind::Modify(ModifyKind::Name(mode)));
        event.paths = paths.to_vec();
        event
    }

    /// One `FSEvents` `ItemRenamed` record, as notify 8.2 translates it.
    fn fsevents_rename(path: PathBuf) -> notify::Event {
        rename_event(RenameMode::Any, &[path])
    }

    const RENAMED: Pending = Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: false, renamed: true };

    /// Every rename shape a reporting backend delivers verifies its own in-root paths and
    /// nothing else: `FSEvents` one side per event, inotify `From`/`To` plus the paired
    /// `Both`, and Windows `From`/`To`. A side outside the root contributes nothing.
    #[test]
    fn each_rename_shape_verifies_its_named_paths_without_escalating() {
        let root = Path::new("/watch-root");
        let (old, new) = (root.join("dir/old"), root.join("other/new"));
        for (backend, events) in [
            ("FSEvents", vec![fsevents_rename(old.clone()), fsevents_rename(new.clone())]),
            (
                "inotify",
                vec![
                    rename_event(RenameMode::From, std::slice::from_ref(&old)),
                    rename_event(RenameMode::To, std::slice::from_ref(&new)),
                    rename_event(RenameMode::Both, &[old.clone(), new.clone()]),
                ],
            ),
            (
                "Windows",
                vec![
                    rename_event(RenameMode::From, std::slice::from_ref(&old)),
                    rename_event(RenameMode::To, std::slice::from_ref(&new)),
                ],
            ),
        ] {
            let pending = recorded(root, RenameReporting::EachSide, &events);
            assert_eq!(
                pending,
                BTreeMap::from([
                    (PathBuf::from("dir/old"), RENAMED),
                    (PathBuf::from("other/new"), RENAMED),
                ]),
                "{backend}"
            );
        }

        let outside = Path::new("/elsewhere/file");
        for (direction, event) in [
            ("move in", rename_event(RenameMode::Both, &[outside.to_path_buf(), new.clone()])),
            ("move out", rename_event(RenameMode::Both, &[old.clone(), outside.to_path_buf()])),
        ] {
            let pending = recorded(root, RenameReporting::EachSide, &[event]);
            assert_eq!(pending.len(), 1, "{direction}: {pending:?}");
            assert!(!pending.contains_key(Path::new("")), "{direction}: {pending:?}");
        }
    }

    /// `FSEvents` keeps `ItemRenamed` on a path's later records, and notify splits one
    /// record into an event per flag. The rename fact merges into the path's pending
    /// verification with whatever else arrived, and still costs no root reconcile.
    #[test]
    fn a_sticky_rename_flag_merges_with_the_same_paths_other_events() {
        let root = Path::new("/watch-root");
        let path = root.join("state.json");
        let pending = recorded(
            root,
            RenameReporting::EachSide,
            &[
                notify::Event::new(EventKind::Create(CreateKind::File)).add_path(path.clone()),
                fsevents_rename(path.clone()),
                notify::Event::new(EventKind::Modify(ModifyKind::Data(
                    notify::event::DataChange::Content,
                )))
                .add_path(path),
            ],
        );

        assert_eq!(
            pending,
            BTreeMap::from([(
                PathBuf::from("state.json"),
                Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: true, renamed: true }
            )])
        );
    }

    /// The cases a rename's own path cannot bound keep the whole-root reconcile: a backend
    /// that may never name the new side, a rename of the root itself, and a rename that
    /// names nowhere this root can place. Loss signals escalate exactly as before.
    #[test]
    fn unboundable_renames_and_ambiguous_rescans_escalate_the_root() {
        let root = Path::new("/watch-root");
        let escalated = Some(&Pending::Escalate(InvalidateReason::UnpairedRename));

        let kqueue =
            recorded(root, RenameReporting::OldSideOnly, &[fsevents_rename(root.join("old"))]);
        assert_eq!(kqueue.get(Path::new("")), escalated);

        let root_moved = recorded(
            root,
            RenameReporting::EachSide,
            &[rename_event(RenameMode::From, &[root.to_path_buf()])],
        );
        assert_eq!(root_moved.get(Path::new("")), escalated);
        assert_eq!(root_moved.len(), 1, "the root is escalated, never verified: {root_moved:?}");

        for paths in [vec![], vec![PathBuf::from("/elsewhere/file")]] {
            let unplaced =
                recorded(root, RenameReporting::EachSide, &[rename_event(RenameMode::Any, &paths)]);
            assert_eq!(unplaced.get(Path::new("")), escalated, "{paths:?}");
        }

        let rescan = recorded(
            root,
            RenameReporting::EachSide,
            &[notify::Event::new(EventKind::Any)
                .add_path(root.join("a"))
                .add_path(root.join("b"))
                .set_flag(Flag::Rescan)],
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rescan.get(Path::new("")),
            Some(&Pending::Escalate(InvalidateReason::WatchOverflow))
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn pending_path_overload_collapses_to_one_root_invalidation() {
        let root = Path::new("/watch-root");
        let mut pending = BTreeMap::new();
        for name in ["one", "two", "three"] {
            record(
                root,
                &notify::Event::new(EventKind::Any).add_path(root.join(name)),
                &mut pending,
                2,
                RenameReporting::EachSide,
            );
        }

        assert_eq!(pending.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(
            pending.get(Path::new("")),
            Some(&Pending::Escalate(InvalidateReason::WatchOverflow))
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn continuous_churn_has_a_deterministic_max_hold_ceiling() {
        let past = Instant::now()
            .checked_sub(Duration::from_secs(2))
            .expect("representable earlier instant");
        assert!(max_hold_elapsed(Some(past), Duration::from_secs(1)));
        assert!(!max_hold_elapsed(None, Duration::from_secs(1)));
    }

    #[test]
    fn backend_enqueue_is_nonblocking_and_marks_overflow() {
        let (sender, receiver) = sync_channel(1);
        let overflowed = AtomicBool::new(false);
        enqueue_raw(&sender, &overflowed, Ok(notify::Event::new(EventKind::Any)));
        enqueue_raw(&sender, &overflowed, Ok(notify::Event::new(EventKind::Any)));

        assert!(overflowed.load(Ordering::Acquire));
        assert!(matches!(receiver.try_recv(), Ok(RawMessage::Event(Ok(_)))));
    }

    #[test]
    fn full_intent_queue_retains_a_sticky_root_invalidation() {
        let (sender, receiver) = sync_channel(1);
        sender.try_send(CoalescedIntent::default()).expect("fill output");
        let mut pending = BTreeMap::from([(
            PathBuf::from("lost.txt"),
            Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: false, renamed: false },
        )]);
        let mut sticky_overflow = false;

        try_deliver_pending(&mut pending, &sender, &mut sticky_overflow).expect("connected");
        assert!(pending.is_empty());
        assert!(sticky_overflow);

        receiver.try_recv().expect("make output capacity");
        assert!(try_deliver_overflow(&sender).expect("connected"));
        let intent = receiver.try_recv().expect("sticky overflow intent");
        let observation = verify_intent(
            Path::new("/unused"),
            WatchConfig::default(),
            &intent,
            &ScanConfig::default(),
        );
        assert!(matches!(
            &observation.ops[0].op,
            Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                path,
                reason: InvalidateReason::WatchOverflow,
            } if path.as_os_str().is_empty()
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn cancellation_wakes_and_joins_with_a_full_intent_queue() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let root = dir.path().canonicalize().expect("canonical root");
        let config = WatchConfig {
            settle: Duration::from_secs(30),
            max_hold: Duration::from_secs(30),
            event_capacity: 1,
            batch_path_capacity: 1,
            intent_capacity: 1,
            ..WatchConfig::default()
        };
        let (control, raw) = sync_channel(1);
        let (output, intents) = sync_channel(1);
        output.try_send(CoalescedIntent::default()).expect("fill intent queue");
        let cancelled = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let worker_cancelled = Arc::clone(&cancelled);
        let status = Arc::new(AtomicU8::new(WORKER_RUNNING));
        let tracked_status = Arc::clone(&status);
        let overflowed = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let worker_overflowed = Arc::clone(&overflowed);
        let worker_root = root.clone();
        let worker = std::thread::spawn(move || {
            run_tracked_worker(&tracked_status, || {
                run_worker(
                    &worker_root,
                    config,
                    RenameReporting::EachSide,
                    &raw,
                    &output,
                    &worker_overflowed,
                    &worker_cancelled,
                );
            });
        });
        let watcher = Watcher {
            root,
            config,
            inner: None,
            intents,
            control: Some(control),
            cancelled,
            worker_status: status,
            worker: Some(worker),
        };
        let (done_tx, done_rx) = sync_channel(1);

        std::thread::spawn(move || {
            drop(watcher);
            done_tx.send(()).expect("report drop");
        });

        done_rx
            .recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
            .expect("watcher drop must wake and join promptly");
    }

    #[test]
    fn coalescing_defers_filesystem_verification_to_the_consumer() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let relative = PathBuf::from("appeared.txt");
        let intent = CoalescedIntent {
            pending: BTreeMap::from([(
                relative.clone(),
                Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: false, renamed: false },
            )]),
        };

        fs::write(dir.path().join(&relative), b"current").expect("create after coalescing");
        let observation =
            verify_intent(dir.path(), WatchConfig::default(), &intent, &ScanConfig::default());

        assert!(matches!(
            &observation.ops[0].op,
            Op::Upsert { path, attrs, .. } if path == &relative && attrs.size == 7
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn control_verification_emits_exact_source_with_the_entry_fact() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let relative = PathBuf::from(".gitignore");
        fs::write(dir.path().join(&relative), b"*.log\n").expect("write control");
        let intent = CoalescedIntent {
            pending: BTreeMap::from([(
                relative.clone(),
                Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: false, renamed: false },
            )]),
        };

        let config = ScanConfig { read_controls: true, ..ScanConfig::default() };
        let observation = verify_intent(dir.path(), WatchConfig::default(), &intent, &config);

        assert!(matches!(
            &observation.ops[0].op,
            Op::Upsert { path, kind: crate::EntryKind::File, .. } if path == &relative
        ));
        assert!(matches!(
            &observation.ops[1].op,
            Op::ControlUpsert { path, source } if path == &relative && source == b"*.log\n"
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn only_population_control_event_reconciles_previously_absent_file() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tree");
        fs::write(dir.path().join(".gitignore"), b"# no ignored files\n").expect("control");
        fs::write(dir.path().join("debug.log"), b"debug").expect("file");
        let scan =
            ScanConfig { population: crate::query::IgnoredEntries::Only, ..ScanConfig::default() };
        let (index, cold) = crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &scan).expect("cold");
        assert!(cold.is_complete());
        assert!(index.lookup(Path::new("debug.log")).is_none());
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        fs::write(dir.path().join(".gitignore"), b"*.log\n").expect("rule edit");
        let intent = CoalescedIntent {
            pending: BTreeMap::from([(
                PathBuf::from(".gitignore"),
                Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: false, renamed: false },
            )]),
        };
        let report =
            apply_intent(&handle, dir.path(), WatchConfig::default(), &intent, &scan, &mut |_| {})
                .expect("watch apply");
        assert!(report.reconciliation.is_complete());
        assert!(handle.kind(Path::new("debug.log")).expect("lookup").is_some());
    }

    /// A watch maintains exactly the control state its scan policy claims.
    ///
    /// A controls-off scan retains no control table and stamps that into its scope, and a
    /// watch with the same policy accepts the scope as its own. Verification that read
    /// control files regardless would grow a partial rule set -- only the sources some
    /// event happened to touch -- on an index whose scope says it has none, and the next
    /// save would persist it under that scope (fdu-ajsu).
    #[test]
    fn verification_observes_no_control_state_under_a_controls_off_policy() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        fs::write(dir.path().join(".gitignore"), b"*.log\n").expect("write control");
        fs::write(dir.path().join("debug.log"), b"x").expect("write file");
        let config = ScanConfig { read_controls: false, ..ScanConfig::default() };
        let (mut index, _) = crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &config).expect("scan");
        assert!(index.control_table().is_empty());
        assert!(matches!(index.controls(), Err(crate::Error::ControlStateNotObserved)));
        let control = PathBuf::from(".gitignore");
        let intent = CoalescedIntent {
            pending: BTreeMap::from([(
                control.clone(),
                Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: false, renamed: false },
            )]),
        };

        let observation = verify_intent(dir.path(), WatchConfig::default(), &intent, &config);
        let reverified = reverify_observation(
            dir.path(),
            &Observation::new(vec![Op::Remove { path: control }]),
            &config,
        )
        .expect("reverify");

        for verified in [&observation, &reverified] {
            assert!(
                !verified.ops.iter().any(|observed| matches!(
                    observed.op,
                    Op::ControlUpsert { .. } | Op::ControlRemove { .. }
                )),
                "a controls-off policy observed control state: {:?}",
                verified.ops
            );
        }
        index.apply(&observation).expect("apply the verified observation");
        assert!(index.control_table().is_empty());
        assert_eq!(index.scope(), config.scope());
    }

    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn applying_verification_uses_the_index_admission_scope() {
        use std::os::unix::net::UnixListener;

        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        fs::write(dir.path().join(".gitignore"), b"*.log\n").expect("write control");
        fs::write(dir.path().join(".secret"), b"hidden").expect("write hidden");
        let _listener = UnixListener::bind(dir.path().join("service.sock")).expect("bind socket");
        let intent = CoalescedIntent {
            pending: [".gitignore", ".secret", "service.sock"]
                .into_iter()
                .map(|path| {
                    (PathBuf::from(path), Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: false, renamed: false })
                })
                .collect(),
        };
        let config = ScanConfig {
            hidden: Some(Arc::new(crate::HiddenPolicy::prune_hidden::<[&str; 0], &str>([]))),
            exclude_special: true,
            read_controls: true,
            ..ScanConfig::default()
        };

        let observation = verify_intent(dir.path(), WatchConfig::default(), &intent, &config);

        assert!(observation.ops.iter().any(|observed| matches!(
            &observed.op,
            Op::ControlUpsert { path, source }
                if path == Path::new(".gitignore") && source == b"*.log\n"
        )));
        for path in [".gitignore", ".secret", "service.sock"] {
            assert!(observation.ops.iter().any(|observed| matches!(
                &observed.op,
                Op::Remove { path: removed } if removed == Path::new(path)
            )));
            assert!(!observation.ops.iter().any(|observed| matches!(
                &observed.op,
                Op::Upsert { path: retained, .. } if retained == Path::new(path)
            )));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn timeout_stop_and_worker_panic_are_distinct() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let (live_sender, live) =
            queued_test_watcher(dir.path().canonicalize().expect("canonical root"));
        assert!(live.next_observation(Duration::ZERO).expect("timeout").is_none());
        drop(live_sender);

        let (stopped_sender, stopped) =
            queued_test_watcher(dir.path().canonicalize().expect("canonical root"));
        stopped.worker_status.store(WORKER_STOPPED, Ordering::Release);
        drop(stopped_sender);
        assert!(matches!(stopped.next_observation(Duration::ZERO), Err(Error::WatchStopped)));

        let (panicked_sender, panicked) =
            queued_test_watcher(dir.path().canonicalize().expect("canonical root"));
        panicked.worker_status.store(WORKER_PANICKED, Ordering::Release);
        drop(panicked_sender);
        assert!(matches!(
            panicked.next_observation(Duration::ZERO),
            Err(Error::WatchWorkerPanicked)
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn tracked_worker_records_a_panic() {
        let status = AtomicU8::new(WORKER_RUNNING);
        run_tracked_worker(&status, || panic!("injected worker panic"));
        assert_eq!(status.load(Ordering::Acquire), WORKER_PANICKED);
    }

    #[test]
    fn observation_driver_closes_the_invalidation_loop() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let (index, _) =
            crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &crate::ScanConfig::default()).expect("scan");
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        fs::write(dir.path().join("raced.txt"), b"raced").expect("write");
        let observation = Observation::new(vec![Op::InvalidateSubtree {
            path: PathBuf::new(),
            reason: InvalidateReason::WatchSetupRace,
        }]);

        apply_observation(&handle, &observation, &crate::ScanConfig::default(), &mut |_| {})
            .expect("apply and reconcile");

        assert!(handle.kind(Path::new("raced.txt")).expect("query").is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn applying_driver_reverifies_a_queued_sample_after_reconciliation() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let path = dir.path().join("sample.txt");
        fs::write(&path, b"old").expect("write old sample");
        let (index, _) =
            crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &crate::ScanConfig::default()).expect("scan");
        let old_attrs = *index.attrs(Path::new("sample.txt")).expect("sample attributes");
        let delayed = Observation::new(vec![Op::Upsert {
            path: PathBuf::from("sample.txt"),
            kind: crate::EntryKind::File,
            attrs: old_attrs,
        }]);
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);

        fs::write(&path, b"new contents").expect("write current sample");
        crate::scan::reconcile_handle(&handle, &crate::ScanConfig::default(), &mut |_| {})
            .expect("reconcile newer sample");
        let current_size = fs::metadata(&path).expect("sample metadata").len();

        apply_observation(&handle, &delayed, &crate::ScanConfig::default(), &mut |_| {})
            .expect("apply delayed watch sample");

        assert_eq!(
            handle.attrs(Path::new("sample.txt")).expect("query").expect("sample remains").size,
            current_size
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn blocked_verifier_holds_no_index_lock_and_commits_only_at_current_clock() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let (index, _) =
            crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &crate::ScanConfig::default()).expect("scan");
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        let queued = Observation::new(vec![Op::Upsert {
            path: PathBuf::from("queued.txt"),
            kind: crate::EntryKind::File,
            attrs: crate::Attrs { size: 5, allocated: 5, ..crate::Attrs::default() },
        }]);
        let applying = handle.clone();
        let (entered_tx, entered_rx) = sync_channel(1);
        let (release_tx, release_rx) = sync_channel(1);
        let (done_tx, done_rx) = sync_channel(1);
        let apply_thread = std::thread::spawn(move || {
            let mut first = true;
            let mut verifier = |_: &Path, observation: &Observation| {
                if first {
                    first = false;
                    entered_tx.send(()).expect("signal blocked verifier");
                    release_rx.recv().expect("release blocked verifier");
                }
                Ok(observation.clone())
            };
            let result = apply_reverified_with(
                &applying,
                &queued,
                &crate::ScanConfig::default(),
                &mut verifier,
            );
            done_tx.send(result).expect("report apply result");
        });

        entered_rx
            .recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
            .expect("verifier must reach the injected block");
        let progressing = handle.clone();
        let (progress_tx, progress_rx) = sync_channel(1);
        let progress_thread = std::thread::spawn(move || {
            let total = progressing.total().expect("reader progresses");
            let write = progressing.apply(&Observation::new(vec![Op::Upsert {
                path: PathBuf::from("competitor.txt"),
                kind: crate::EntryKind::File,
                attrs: crate::Attrs { size: 3, allocated: 3, ..crate::Attrs::default() },
            }]));
            progress_tx.send((total, write)).expect("report progress");
        });
        let (_, competing_write) = progress_rx
            .recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
            .expect("reader and writer must progress while verification is blocked");
        competing_write.expect("competing write");
        release_tx.send(()).expect("release verifier");

        let outcome = done_rx
            .recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
            .expect("applying driver completes")
            .expect("applying driver succeeds");
        apply_thread.join().expect("apply thread");
        progress_thread.join().expect("progress thread");
        assert_eq!(outcome.inserted, 1);
        assert!(handle.kind(Path::new("competitor.txt")).expect("query").is_some());
        assert!(handle.kind(Path::new("queued.txt")).expect("query").is_some());
        assert_eq!(handle.clock().expect("clock"), crate::Clock(2));
    }

    #[test]
    fn exhausted_watch_contention_stays_unfresh_until_reconciliation() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let (index, _) =
            crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &crate::ScanConfig::default()).expect("scan");
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        let queued = Observation::new(vec![Op::Upsert {
            path: PathBuf::from("never-committed.txt"),
            kind: crate::EntryKind::File,
            attrs: crate::Attrs { size: 1, allocated: 1, ..crate::Attrs::default() },
        }]);
        let mut attempts = 0_usize;
        let mut verifier = |_: &Path, observation: &Observation| {
            attempts += 1;
            handle
                .apply(&Observation::new(vec![Op::Upsert {
                    path: PathBuf::from(format!("competitor-{attempts}.txt")),
                    kind: crate::EntryKind::File,
                    attrs: crate::Attrs {
                        size: attempts as u64,
                        allocated: attempts as u64,
                        ..crate::Attrs::default()
                    },
                }]))
                .expect("force a clock conflict");
            Ok(observation.clone())
        };

        let outcome =
            apply_reverified_with(&handle, &queued, &crate::ScanConfig::default(), &mut verifier)
                .expect("contention escalates");

        assert_eq!(attempts, MAX_OPTIMISTIC_APPLY_ATTEMPTS);
        assert_eq!(outcome.invalidated, 1);
        assert_eq!(handle.freshness().expect("freshness"), crate::Freshness::Stale);
        assert!(handle.kind(Path::new("never-committed.txt")).expect("query").is_none());
        let pending = handle.take_pending_invalidations().expect("pending invalidation");
        assert_eq!(pending, vec![(PathBuf::new(), InvalidateReason::WatchContention)]);
        handle.restore_pending_invalidations(pending).expect("restore invalidation");

        crate::scan::reconcile_pending_handle(&handle, &crate::ScanConfig::default(), &mut |_| {})
            .expect("reconcile contention");
        assert_eq!(handle.freshness().expect("freshness"), crate::Freshness::Fresh);
    }

    #[test]
    fn verifier_error_mutates_no_shared_state() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let (index, _) =
            crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &crate::ScanConfig::default()).expect("scan");
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        let before_clock = handle.clock().expect("clock");
        let before_total = handle.total().expect("total");
        let mut verifier = |_: &Path, _: &Observation| {
            Err(Error::io(
                PathBuf::from("blocked"),
                std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied, "injected"),
            ))
        };

        let error = apply_reverified_with(
            &handle,
            &Observation::default(),
            &crate::ScanConfig::default(),
            &mut verifier,
        )
        .expect_err("verification error");

        assert!(matches!(error, Error::Io { .. }));
        assert_eq!(handle.clock().expect("clock"), before_clock);
        assert_eq!(handle.total().expect("total"), before_total);
        assert_eq!(handle.freshness().expect("freshness"), crate::Freshness::Fresh);
        assert!(handle.take_pending_invalidations().expect("pending").is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn stable_watch_arbitration_verifies_exactly_once() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let (index, _) =
            crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &crate::ScanConfig::default()).expect("scan");
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        let mut calls = 0_u8;
        let mut verifier = |_: &Path, observation: &Observation| {
            calls += 1;
            Ok(observation.clone())
        };

        apply_reverified_with(
            &handle,
            &Observation::new(vec![Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                path: PathBuf::new(),
                reason: InvalidateReason::Requested,
            }]),
            &crate::ScanConfig::default(),
            &mut verifier,
        )
        .expect("stable apply");

        assert_eq!(calls, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn disappearing_watch_root_escalates_instead_of_removing_the_index_root() {
        let error = std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound, "root disappeared");

        assert!(matches!(
            op_for_stat_error(PathBuf::new(), &error),
            Op::InvalidateSubtree {
                path,
                reason: InvalidateReason::VerificationFailed,
            } if path.as_os_str().is_empty()
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn observation_driver_rejects_scope_mismatch_before_apply() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let shallow = crate::ScanConfig { max_depth: Some(1), ..crate::ScanConfig::default() };
        let (index, _) = crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &shallow).expect("scan");
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        let observation = Observation::new(vec![Op::Upsert {
            path: PathBuf::from("deep/nested.txt"),
            kind: crate::EntryKind::File,
            attrs: crate::Attrs { size: 5, allocated: 5, ..crate::Attrs::default() },
        }]);

        let error =
            apply_observation(&handle, &observation, &crate::ScanConfig::default(), &mut |_| {})
                .expect_err("mismatched scope must fail");

        assert!(matches!(error, Error::ScanScopeMismatch { .. }));
        assert!(handle.kind(Path::new("deep/nested.txt")).expect("query").is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn observation_driver_rejects_restricted_scopes_until_events_are_filtered() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let shallow = crate::ScanConfig { max_depth: Some(1), ..crate::ScanConfig::default() };
        let (index, _) = crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &shallow).expect("scan");
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        let observation = Observation::new(vec![Op::Upsert {
            path: PathBuf::from("deep/nested.txt"),
            kind: crate::EntryKind::File,
            attrs: crate::Attrs { size: 5, allocated: 5, ..crate::Attrs::default() },
        }]);

        let error = apply_observation(&handle, &observation, &shallow, &mut |_| {})
            .expect_err("unfiltered bounded watch scope must fail");

        assert!(matches!(error, Error::UnsupportedScanConfig(_)));
        assert!(handle.kind(Path::new("deep/nested.txt")).expect("query").is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_next_rejects_restricted_scope_without_consuming_an_observation() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let shallow = crate::ScanConfig { max_depth: Some(1), ..crate::ScanConfig::default() };
        let (index, _) = crate::scan::scan_into_index(dir.path(), &shallow).expect("scan");
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        let (sender, watcher) =
            queued_test_watcher(dir.path().canonicalize().expect("canonical root"));
        sender.try_send(CoalescedIntent::default()).expect("queue intent");

        let error = watcher
            .apply_next(&handle, &shallow, Duration::ZERO, &mut |_| {})
            .expect_err("restricted scope must fail before receive");

        assert!(matches!(error, Error::UnsupportedScanConfig(_)));
        assert!(watcher.next_observation(Duration::ZERO).expect("receive").is_some());
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_next_rejects_a_watcher_for_another_root_without_consuming() {
        let indexed = tempfile::tempdir().expect("indexed root");
        let watched_root_dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("watched root");
        let (index, _) =
            crate::scan::scan_into_index(indexed.path(), &crate::ScanConfig::default())
                .expect("scan indexed root");
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        let (sender, watcher) = queued_test_watcher(
            watched_root_dir.path().canonicalize().expect("canonical watched root"),
        );
        sender.try_send(CoalescedIntent::default()).expect("queue intent");

        let error = watcher
            .apply_next(&handle, &crate::ScanConfig::default(), Duration::ZERO, &mut |_| {})
            .expect_err("mismatched root must fail");

        assert!(matches!(error, Error::WatchRootMismatch { .. }));
        assert!(watcher.next_observation(Duration::ZERO).expect("receive").is_some());
    }

    /// A gap over an unreadable directory is walked once by the per-event driver, which
    /// then goes quiet and keeps the cause.
    ///
    /// `fdu --watch` and the Python watch session drain the invalidation queue after every
    /// event through [`Watcher::apply_next`]. While an incomplete reconciliation was queued
    /// again, each unrelated event re-walked the same unreadable subtree -- for a root
    /// escalation, a full-tree walk per event, for the life of the session.
    #[cfg(unix)]
    #[test]
    fn apply_next_walks_an_unreadable_gap_once_and_retains_its_cause() {
        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;

        fn walks_of(commits: &[Commit], path: &Path) -> usize {
            commits
                .iter()
                .flat_map(|commit| commit.state.iter())
                .filter(|transition| {
                    matches!(
                        transition,
                        crate::StateTransition::Freshness { path: marked, current, .. }
                            if marked == path && *current == crate::Freshness::Reconciling
                    )
                })
                .count()
        }

        if !crate::test_support::require_permission_bits() {
            return;
        }
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let root = dir.path().canonicalize().expect("canonical root");
        let blocked = root.join("blocked");
        fs::create_dir(&blocked).expect("blocked");
        fs::write(blocked.join("secret"), b"s").expect("fixture");
        let (index, _) =
            crate::scan::scan_into_index(&root, &crate::ScanConfig::default()).expect("scan");
        let handle = crate::IndexHandle::new(index);
        let (sender, watcher) = queued_test_watcher(root.clone());
        let config = crate::ScanConfig::default();
        let mut commits = Vec::new();

        fs::set_permissions(&blocked, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o000)).expect("deny reads");
        let mut gap = CoalescedIntent::default();
        gap.pending
            .insert(PathBuf::from("blocked"), Pending::Escalate(InvalidateReason::WatchOverflow));
        sender.try_send(gap).expect("queue the gap");
        let first = watcher
            .apply_next(&handle, &config, Duration::ZERO, &mut |commit| {
                commits.push(commit.clone());
            })
            .expect("apply the gap")
            .expect("an intent was queued");
        for name in ["live.txt", "marker.txt"] {
            fs::write(root.join(name), name).expect("unrelated mutation");
            let mut event = CoalescedIntent::default();
            event.pending.insert(
                PathBuf::from(name),
                Pending::Verify { relist_if_dir: false, renamed: false },
            );
            sender.try_send(event).expect("queue the event");
            watcher
                .apply_next(&handle, &config, Duration::ZERO, &mut |commit| {
                    commits.push(commit.clone());
                })
                .expect("apply the event")
                .expect("an intent was queued");
        }

        let pending = handle.take_pending_invalidations().expect("pending");
        let freshness = handle.freshness_at(Path::new("blocked")).expect("freshness");
        let issues = handle.issues().expect("issues");
        fs::set_permissions(&blocked, fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o700)).expect("restore reads");
        assert!(!first.reconciliation.is_complete(), "the gap must be unreadable");

        assert_eq!(
            walks_of(&commits, Path::new("blocked")),
            1,
            "an unreadable subtree must not be re-walked per unrelated event"
        );
        assert!(pending.is_empty(), "the queue must settle: {pending:?}");
        assert_eq!(freshness, crate::Freshness::Partial);
        assert!(handle.kind(Path::new("marker.txt")).expect("lookup").is_some());
        assert!(
            issues.iter().any(|issue| issue.kind == crate::IssueKind::Permission
                && issue.path.as_deref() == Some(Path::new("blocked"))),
            "{issues:?}"
        );
    }

    /// A watched tree whose rename events are applied as the production driver would.
    struct RenameFixture {
        _dir: tempfile::TempDir,
        root: PathBuf,
        handle: IndexHandle,
    }

    impl RenameFixture {
        /// Build `files` (with their parent directories), then index the tree cold.
        fn new(files: &[&str]) -> Self {
            let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
            let root = dir.path().canonicalize().expect("canonical root");
            for file in files {
                let path = root.join(file);
                fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().expect("parent")).expect("parents");
                fs::write(&path, file.as_bytes()).expect("fixture file");
            }
            let (index, _) =
                crate::scan::scan_into_index(&root, &ScanConfig::default()).expect("cold scan");
            Self { _dir: dir, root, handle: IndexHandle::new(index) }
        }

        fn path(&self, rel: &str) -> PathBuf {
            self.root.join(rel)
        }

        /// Apply `events` as one coalesced intent from a backend that reports each side,
        /// returning every invalidation the intent and its reconciliation committed.
        fn apply(&self, events: &[notify::Event]) -> Vec<(PathBuf, InvalidateReason)> {
            let intent = CoalescedIntent {
                pending: recorded(&self.root, RenameReporting::EachSide, events),
            };
            let mut commits = Vec::new();
            let report = apply_intent(
                &self.handle,
                &self.root,
                WatchConfig::default(),
                &intent,
                &ScanConfig::default(),
                &mut |commit| commits.push(commit.clone()),
            )
            .expect("apply the intent");
            assert!(report.reconciliation.is_complete(), "reconciliation must settle");
            commits
                .iter()
                .flat_map(|commit| commit.changes.iter())
                .filter_map(|change| match change {
                    crate::EffectiveChange::Invalidated { path, reason } => {
                        Some((path.clone(), *reason))
                    }
                    _ => None,
                })
                .collect()
        }

        /// The watched index holds exactly what a cold scan of the tree finds now.
        fn assert_converged(&self) {
            let (cold, _) =
                crate::scan::scan_into_index(&self.root, &ScanConfig::default()).expect("cold");
            let watched = self.handle.read_with(entries).expect("read the watched index");
            assert_eq!(watched, entries(&cold), "watched index diverged from a cold scan");
            assert_eq!(self.handle.freshness().expect("freshness"), crate::Freshness::Fresh);
        }
    }

    /// Every entry with its kind and, for a non-directory, its size. Directory metadata
    /// is left out: a directory's own stat changes with its listing, and no backend
    /// reports that change for the directory itself.
    fn entries(index: &crate::Index) -> BTreeMap<PathBuf, (crate::EntryKind, Option<u64>)> {
        fn walk(
            index: &crate::Index,
            dir: &Path,
            out: &mut BTreeMap<PathBuf, (crate::EntryKind, Option<u64>)>,
        ) {
            let Some(children) = index.children(dir) else {
                return;
            };
            let children: Vec<_> =
                children.map(|(name, id)| (dir.join(name), id)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
            for (path, id) in children {
                let kind = index.kind_of(id).expect("live child");
                let size = (!kind.is_dir()).then(|| index.attrs_of(id).expect("attrs").size);
                out.insert(path.clone(), (kind, size));
                walk(index, &path, out);
            }
        }
        let mut out = BTreeMap::new();
        walk(index, Path::new(""), &mut out);
        out
    }

    /// Every entry's ignored classification, and every retained control source by its
    /// canonical path.
    type Classified = (BTreeMap<PathBuf, Option<bool>>, Vec<(PathBuf, Vec<u8>)>);

    fn classified(index: &crate::Index) -> Classified {
        let ignored = entries(index)
            .into_keys()
            .map(|path| {
                let ignored = index.is_ignored(&path).expect("observed");
                (path, ignored)
            })
            .collect();
        let sources = index
            .controls()
            .expect("observed")
            .sources()
            .map(|(path, source)| (path, source.to_vec()))
            .collect();
        (ignored, sources)
    }

    impl RenameFixture {
        /// The watched index classifies every entry as a cold scan of the tree does now, from
        /// the same control sources.
        fn assert_classified_as_cold(&self, label: &str) -> Classified {
            let (cold, _) =
                crate::scan::scan_into_index(&self.root, &ScanConfig::default()).expect("cold");
            let watched = self.handle.read_with(classified).expect("read the watched index");
            assert_eq!(watched, classified(&cold), "{label}: the watch diverged from a cold scan");
            watched
        }
    }

    /// A watch follows a control file spelled `.GITIGNORE` through its creation, an edit,
    /// and its removal, classifying as a cold scan does after each: its rules govern
    /// exactly where a lookup of `.gitignore` resolves to it (fdu-0w1b). Its removal is
    /// the case that cannot be verified by a stat, so the watch looks the directory's
    /// control up instead. A case-only rename in either direction converges too, under
    /// the host's own name resolution (folded lookups change only the control lookup, and
    /// a rename's old spelling must stat as the host resolves it).
    #[test]
    fn a_watch_follows_a_case_variant_control_file() {
        use crate::test_support::CaseLookups;

        let probe = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        for (lookups, governs) in CaseLookups::on_this_host(probe.path()) {
            let tree = RenameFixture::new(&["up/x.tmp", "up/notes.txt"]);
            let _lookups = lookups.install(&tree.root);
            let variant = tree.path("up/.GITIGNORE");
            let x_ignored = |classified: &Classified| classified.0[Path::new("up/x.tmp")];

            fs::write(&variant, b"*.tmp\n").expect("create the variant");
            tree.apply(&[created(variant.clone())]);
            let appeared = tree.assert_classified_as_cold(&format!("{lookups:?}: created"));
            assert_eq!(x_ignored(&appeared), Some(governs), "{lookups:?}");

            fs::write(&variant, b"*.txt\n").expect("edit the variant");
            tree.apply(&[modified(variant.clone())]);
            let edited = tree.assert_classified_as_cold(&format!("{lookups:?}: edited"));
            assert_eq!(x_ignored(&edited), Some(false), "{lookups:?}");
            assert_eq!(edited.0[Path::new("up/notes.txt")], Some(governs), "{lookups:?}");

            fs::remove_file(&variant).expect("remove the variant");
            tree.apply(&[notify::Event::new(EventKind::Remove(notify::event::RemoveKind::File))
                .add_path(variant.clone())]);
            let removed = tree.assert_classified_as_cold(&format!("{lookups:?}: removed"));
            assert_eq!(removed.1, Vec::new(), "{lookups:?}: no rules remain");

            if lookups == CaseLookups::Host {
                let exact = tree.path("up/.gitignore");
                fs::write(&exact, b"*.tmp\n").expect("create the exact name");
                tree.apply(&[created(exact.clone())]);
                for (from, to) in [(&exact, &variant), (&variant, &exact)] {
                    fs::rename(from, to).expect("case-only rename");
                    tree.apply(&[fsevents_rename(from.clone()), fsevents_rename(to.clone())]);
                    tree.assert_converged();
                    tree.assert_classified_as_cold(&format!("{lookups:?}: renamed to {to:?}"));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn created(path: PathBuf) -> notify::Event {
        notify::Event::new(EventKind::Create(CreateKind::Any)).add_path(path)
    }

    fn modified(path: PathBuf) -> notify::Event {
        notify::Event::new(EventKind::Modify(ModifyKind::Data(notify::event::DataChange::Content)))
            .add_path(path)
    }

    /// The atomic-save pattern behind fdu-822y: write a temporary name, rename it over the
    /// real one. `FSEvents` names both paths with sticky create and modify flags.
    #[test]
    fn a_file_renamed_within_its_directory_needs_no_invalidation() {
        let tree = RenameFixture::new(&["state/config.json", "state/other.txt"]);
        fs::write(tree.path("state/config.json.tmp"), b"new configuration").expect("temp");
        fs::rename(tree.path("state/config.json.tmp"), tree.path("state/config.json"))
            .expect("rename over");

        let invalidations = tree.apply(&[
            created(tree.path("state/config.json.tmp")),
            modified(tree.path("state/config.json.tmp")),
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("state/config.json.tmp")),
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("state/config.json")),
        ]);

        assert_eq!(invalidations, vec![], "a file rename is settled by its own paths");
        tree.assert_converged();
    }

    /// A move between directories arrives as two one-sided events, which may land in
    /// different batches. Each side settles on its own, in either order.
    #[test]
    fn a_file_moved_across_directories_settles_one_side_per_event() {
        let tree = RenameFixture::new(&["from/moved.txt", "to/resident.txt"]);
        fs::rename(tree.path("from/moved.txt"), tree.path("to/moved.txt")).expect("move");

        assert_eq!(tree.apply(&[fsevents_rename(tree.path("to/moved.txt"))]), vec![]);
        assert_eq!(tree.apply(&[fsevents_rename(tree.path("from/moved.txt"))]), vec![]);
        tree.assert_converged();
    }

    /// A renamed directory's contents produce no events, so the new name is relisted; the
    /// old name's subtree is removed. The reconcile is bounded by the moved directory.
    #[test]
    fn a_renamed_directory_relists_only_its_own_subtree() {
        let tree = RenameFixture::new(&[
            "project/old/one.txt",
            "project/old/nested/two.txt",
            "project/untouched/three.txt",
        ]);
        fs::rename(tree.path("project/old"), tree.path("project/new")).expect("rename directory");

        let invalidations = tree.apply(&[
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("project/old")),
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("project/new")),
        ]);

        assert_eq!(
            invalidations,
            vec![(PathBuf::from("project/new"), InvalidateReason::UnpairedRename)]
        );
        tree.assert_converged();
    }

    /// Moves across the watch boundary name one side only, and that side is enough: an
    /// arriving tree is relisted, a departing one is removed with its subtree.
    #[test]
    fn moves_across_the_root_boundary_settle_from_the_inside_side() {
        let tree = RenameFixture::new(&["resident.txt", "leaving/a.txt", "leaving/deep/b.txt"]);
        let outside = tempfile::tempdir().expect("outside the root");
        fs::create_dir_all(outside.path().join("arriving/deep")).expect("outside tree");
        fs::write(outside.path().join("arriving/deep/c.txt"), b"arrived").expect("outside file");

        fs::rename(outside.path().join("arriving"), tree.path("arrived")).expect("move in");
        let invalidations = tree.apply(&[fsevents_rename(tree.path("arrived"))]);
        assert_eq!(
            invalidations,
            vec![(PathBuf::from("arrived"), InvalidateReason::UnpairedRename)]
        );
        tree.assert_converged();

        fs::rename(tree.path("leaving"), outside.path().join("left")).expect("move out");
        assert_eq!(tree.apply(&[fsevents_rename(tree.path("leaving"))]), vec![]);
        tree.assert_converged();
    }

    /// A name reused after its entry was renamed away is verified as whatever now sits
    /// there. A reused directory name is relisted, which drops the departed children.
    #[test]
    fn a_name_reused_after_a_rename_verifies_as_its_new_entry() {
        let tree = RenameFixture::new(&["log.txt", "cache/entry.bin"]);
        fs::rename(tree.path("log.txt"), tree.path("log.1.txt")).expect("rotate");
        fs::write(tree.path("log.txt"), b"fresh log, longer than the old one").expect("reuse");
        fs::rename(tree.path("cache"), tree.path("cache.old")).expect("retire directory");
        fs::create_dir(tree.path("cache")).expect("reuse directory name");

        let invalidations = tree.apply(&[
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("log.txt")),
            created(tree.path("log.txt")),
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("log.1.txt")),
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("cache")),
            created(tree.path("cache")),
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("cache.old")),
        ]);

        assert!(
            invalidations.iter().all(|(path, _)| !path.as_os_str().is_empty()),
            "no root reconcile: {invalidations:?}"
        );
        tree.assert_converged();
        assert_eq!(tree.handle.kind(Path::new("cache/entry.bin")).expect("lookup"), None);
    }

    /// `FSEvents` keeps `ItemRenamed` on a file's later records. A plain in-place write
    /// then arrives flagged as a rename, and it must cost what a write costs.
    #[test]
    fn a_sticky_rename_flag_on_a_later_write_is_just_a_write() {
        let tree = RenameFixture::new(&["sessions/today.jsonl"]);
        fs::write(tree.path("sessions/today.jsonl"), b"appended record after the rename")
            .expect("write in place");

        let invalidations = tree.apply(&[
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("sessions/today.jsonl")),
            modified(tree.path("sessions/today.jsonl")),
        ]);

        assert_eq!(invalidations, vec![]);
        tree.assert_converged();
    }

    /// A rename that changes only case leaves the old spelling resolvable on an insensitive
    /// filesystem, so a stat alone would keep both names. The parent listing is the
    /// arbiter, and a stale spelling costs a reconcile of its parent, not of the root.
    #[test]
    fn a_case_only_rename_keeps_one_spelling() {
        let tree = RenameFixture::new(&["docs/Readme.md", "docs/Guide/intro.md"]);
        let insensitive = crate::test_support::resolves_case_insensitively(&tree.root);
        fs::rename(tree.path("docs/Readme.md"), tree.path("docs/README.md")).expect("recase");
        fs::rename(tree.path("docs/Guide"), tree.path("docs/guide")).expect("recase directory");

        let invalidations = tree.apply(&[
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("docs/Readme.md")),
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("docs/README.md")),
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("docs/Guide")),
            fsevents_rename(tree.path("docs/guide")),
            // A hint queued under the old spelling before the rename.
            modified(tree.path("docs/Guide/intro.md")),
        ]);

        tree.assert_converged();
        assert!(
            invalidations.iter().all(|(path, _)| !path.as_os_str().is_empty()),
            "no root reconcile: {invalidations:?}"
        );
        if insensitive {
            assert!(
                invalidations.contains(&(PathBuf::from("docs"), InvalidateReason::UnpairedRename)),
                "the stale spelling reconciles its parent: {invalidations:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    /// A listing read earlier in the batch is not the arbiter of a name created since: a
    /// miss re-reads the parent, so churn cannot pass for a stale spelling.
    #[test]
    fn a_listing_miss_rereads_the_parent_before_answering() {
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let root = dir.path();
        fs::write(root.join("first"), b"1").expect("first");
        let mut listings = ParentListings::default();

        assert_eq!(listings.lists(root, Path::new("first")), Some(true));
        fs::write(root.join("created-after-the-listing"), b"2").expect("later entry");
        assert_eq!(listings.lists(root, Path::new("created-after-the-listing")), Some(true));
        assert_eq!(listings.lists(root, Path::new("never-created")), Some(false));
        assert_eq!(listings.lists(root, Path::new("missing-directory/child")), None);
    }

    /// The real backend on this platform: renames inside the root converge on the tree
    /// without ever reconciling the whole root.
    #[test]
    fn native_renames_converge_without_reconciling_the_root() {
        let _serialized = real_watcher_guard();
        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("tempdir");
        let root = dir.path().canonicalize().expect("canonical root");
        for file in ["from/moved.txt", "tree/sub/leaf.txt", "to/resident.txt"] {
            fs::create_dir_all(root.join(file).parent().expect("parent")).expect("parents");
            fs::write(root.join(file), file.as_bytes()).expect("fixture file");
        }
        let watcher = Watcher::new(&root, WatchConfig::default()).expect("watcher");
        if !establish_watch(&watcher, &root) {
            return;
        }
        let config = ScanConfig::default();
        let (index, _) = crate::scan::scan_into_index(&root, &config).expect("scan");
        let handle = IndexHandle::new(index);

        fs::rename(root.join("from/moved.txt"), root.join("to/moved.txt")).expect("move file");
        fs::rename(root.join("tree"), root.join("renamed-tree")).expect("rename directory");

        let converged = || {
            handle.kind(Path::new("to/moved.txt")).expect("lookup").is_some()
                && handle.kind(Path::new("from/moved.txt")).expect("lookup").is_none()
                && handle.kind(Path::new("renamed-tree/sub/leaf.txt")).expect("lookup").is_some()
                && handle.kind(Path::new("tree")).expect("lookup").is_none()
        };
        let mut commits = Vec::new();
        let start = Instant::now();
        while !converged() && start.elapsed() < REAL_BACKEND_DELIVERY {
            watcher
                .apply_next(&handle, &config, Duration::from_millis(200), &mut |commit| {
                    commits.push(commit.clone());
                })
                .expect("apply");
        }

        assert!(converged(), "the renames never converged: {commits:?}");
        let root_reconciles = commits
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|commit| commit.changes.iter())
            .filter(|change| {
                matches!(change, crate::EffectiveChange::Invalidated { path, .. }
                    if path.as_os_str().is_empty())
            })
            .count();
        assert_eq!(root_reconciles, 0, "a rename reconciled the whole root: {commits:?}");
        let (cold, _) = crate::scan::scan_into_index(&root, &config).expect("cold");
        assert_eq!(handle.read_with(entries).expect("read"), entries(&cold));
    }

    #[test]
    fn zero_settle_is_rejected_before_starting_a_busy_worker() {
        let config = WatchConfig { settle: Duration::ZERO, ..WatchConfig::default() };

        assert!(matches!(config.validate(), Err(Error::UnsupportedScanConfig(_))));

        let config = WatchConfig { intent_capacity: 0, ..WatchConfig::default() };
        assert!(matches!(config.validate(), Err(Error::UnsupportedScanConfig(_))));

        let config = WatchConfig {
            batch_path_capacity: MAX_BATCH_PATH_CAPACITY,
            intent_capacity: MAX_BUFFERED_INTENT_PATHS / MAX_BATCH_PATH_CAPACITY + 1,
            ..WatchConfig::default()
        };
        assert!(matches!(config.validate(), Err(Error::UnsupportedScanConfig(_))));
    }
}