gpui_core/

window.rs

#[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
use crate::Inspector;
use crate::{
    Action, AnyDrag, AnyElement, AnyImageCache, AnyTooltip, AnyView, App, AppContext, Arena, Asset,
    AsyncWindowContext, AtlasTile, AvailableSpace, Background, BlendMode, BorderStyle, Bounds,
    BoxShadow, Capslock, Context, Corners, CursorStyle, Decorations, DevicePixels,
    DispatchActionListener, DispatchNodeId, DispatchTree, DisplayId, Edges, Effect, Entity,
    EntityId, EventEmitter, FileDropEvent, FontId, Global, GlobalElementId, GlyphId, GpuSpecs,
    Hsla, InputHandler, InputPreference, IsZero, KeyBinding, KeyContext, KeyDownEvent, KeyEvent,
    Keystroke, KeystrokeEvent, LayoutId, LineLayoutIndex, Modifiers, ModifiersChangedEvent,
    MonochromeSprite, MouseButton, MouseEvent, MouseMoveEvent, MouseUpEvent, Path, Pixels,
    PlatformAtlas, PlatformDisplay, PlatformInput, PlatformInputHandler, PlatformWindow, Point,
    PolychromeSprite, ProgressBarState, PromptButton, PromptLevel, Quad, Render, RenderGlyphParams,
    RenderImage, RenderImageParams, RenderSvgParams, Replay, ResizeAnchor, ResizeEdge,
    SMOOTH_SVG_SCALE_FACTOR, SUBPIXEL_VARIANTS_X, SUBPIXEL_VARIANTS_Y, ScaledPixels, Scene, Shadow,
    SharedString, Size, StrikethroughStyle, Style, SubscriberSet, Subscription, SystemWindowTab,
    SystemWindowTabController, TabStopMap, TaffyLayoutEngine, Task, TextStyle, TextStyleRefinement,
    ThermalState, TransformationMatrix, Underline, UnderlineStyle, WindowAppearance,
    WindowBackgroundAppearance, WindowBounds, WindowControls, WindowDecorations, WindowOptions,
    WindowParams, WindowState, WindowTextSystem, WindowVisibility, point, prelude::*, px, rems,
    size, transparent_black,
};
use anyhow::{Context as _, Result, anyhow};
use collections::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
use core_video::pixel_buffer::CVPixelBuffer;
use derive_more::{Deref, DerefMut};
use futures::channel::oneshot;
#[cfg(feature = "input-latency-histogram")]
use hdrhistogram::Histogram;
use itertools::FoldWhile::{Continue, Done};
use itertools::Itertools;
use parking_lot::{RwLock, RwLockUpgradableReadGuard};
use raw_window_handle::{HandleError, HasDisplayHandle, HasWindowHandle};
use refineable::Refineable;
use slotmap::SlotMap;
use smallvec::SmallVec;
use std::{
    any::{Any, TypeId},
    borrow::Cow,
    cell::{Cell, RefCell},
    cmp,
    fmt::{Debug, Display},
    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
    marker::PhantomData,
    mem,
    ops::{DerefMut, Range},
    rc::Rc,
    sync::{
        Arc, Weak,
        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering::SeqCst},
    },
    time::{Duration, Instant},
};
use util::post_inc;
use util::{ResultExt, measure};
use uuid::Uuid;

pub(crate) mod a11y;
mod prompts;

use crate::util::{
    atomic_incr_if_not_zero, ceil_to_device_pixel, floor_to_device_pixel, round_half_toward_zero,
    round_half_toward_zero_f64, round_stroke_to_device_pixel, round_to_device_pixel,
};
use a11y::{A11y, ROOT_NODE_ID};
pub use prompts::*;

#[doc(hidden)]
pub const DEFAULT_WINDOW_SIZE: Size<Pixels> = size(px(1536.), px(864.));

/// Represents the two different phases when dispatching events.
#[derive(Default, Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum DispatchPhase {
    /// After the capture phase comes the bubble phase, in which mouse event listeners are
    /// invoked front to back and keyboard event listeners are invoked from the focused element
    /// to the root of the element tree. This is the phase you'll most commonly want to use when
    /// registering event listeners.
    #[default]
    Bubble,
    /// During the initial capture phase, mouse event listeners are invoked back to front, and keyboard
    /// listeners are invoked from the root of the tree downward toward the focused element. This phase
    /// is used for special purposes such as clearing the "pressed" state for click events. If
    /// you stop event propagation during this phase, you need to know what you're doing. Handlers
    /// outside of the immediate region may rely on detecting non-local events during this phase.
    Capture,
}

impl DispatchPhase {
    /// Returns true if this represents the "bubble" phase.
    #[inline]
    pub fn bubble(self) -> bool {
        self == DispatchPhase::Bubble
    }

    /// Returns true if this represents the "capture" phase.
    #[inline]
    pub fn capture(self) -> bool {
        self == DispatchPhase::Capture
    }
}

struct WindowInvalidatorInner {
    pub dirty: bool,
    pub draw_phase: DrawPhase,
    pub dirty_views: FxHashSet<EntityId>,
    pub update_count: usize,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
pub(crate) struct WindowInvalidator {
    inner: Rc<RefCell<WindowInvalidatorInner>>,
}

impl WindowInvalidator {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        WindowInvalidator {
            inner: Rc::new(RefCell::new(WindowInvalidatorInner {
                dirty: true,
                draw_phase: DrawPhase::None,
                dirty_views: FxHashSet::default(),
                update_count: 0,
            })),
        }
    }

    pub fn invalidate_view(&self, entity: EntityId, cx: &mut App) -> bool {
        let mut inner = self.inner.borrow_mut();
        inner.update_count += 1;
        inner.dirty_views.insert(entity);
        if inner.draw_phase == DrawPhase::None {
            inner.dirty = true;
            cx.push_effect(Effect::Notify { emitter: entity });
            true
        } else {
            false
        }
    }

    pub fn is_dirty(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.borrow().dirty
    }

    pub fn set_dirty(&self, dirty: bool) {
        let mut inner = self.inner.borrow_mut();
        inner.dirty = dirty;
        if dirty {
            inner.update_count += 1;
        }
    }

    pub fn set_phase(&self, phase: DrawPhase) {
        self.inner.borrow_mut().draw_phase = phase
    }

    pub fn update_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.inner.borrow().update_count
    }

    pub fn take_views(&self) -> FxHashSet<EntityId> {
        mem::take(&mut self.inner.borrow_mut().dirty_views)
    }

    pub fn replace_views(&self, views: FxHashSet<EntityId>) {
        self.inner.borrow_mut().dirty_views = views;
    }

    pub fn not_drawing(&self) -> bool {
        self.inner.borrow().draw_phase == DrawPhase::None
    }

    #[track_caller]
    pub fn debug_assert_paint(&self) {
        debug_assert!(
            matches!(self.inner.borrow().draw_phase, DrawPhase::Paint),
            "this method can only be called during paint"
        );
    }

    #[track_caller]
    pub fn debug_assert_prepaint(&self) {
        debug_assert!(
            matches!(self.inner.borrow().draw_phase, DrawPhase::Prepaint),
            "this method can only be called during request_layout, or prepaint"
        );
    }

    #[track_caller]
    pub fn debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint(&self) {
        debug_assert!(
            matches!(
                self.inner.borrow().draw_phase,
                DrawPhase::Paint | DrawPhase::Prepaint
            ),
            "this method can only be called during request_layout, prepaint, or paint"
        );
    }
}

type AnyObserver = Box<dyn FnMut(&mut Window, &mut App) -> bool + 'static>;

pub(crate) type AnyWindowFocusListener =
    Box<dyn FnMut(&WindowFocusEvent, &mut Window, &mut App) -> bool + 'static>;

pub(crate) struct WindowFocusEvent {
    pub(crate) previous_focus_path: SmallVec<[FocusId; 8]>,
    pub(crate) current_focus_path: SmallVec<[FocusId; 8]>,
}

impl WindowFocusEvent {
    pub fn is_focus_in(&self, focus_id: FocusId) -> bool {
        !self.previous_focus_path.contains(&focus_id) && self.current_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
    }

    pub fn is_focus_out(&self, focus_id: FocusId) -> bool {
        self.previous_focus_path.contains(&focus_id) && !self.current_focus_path.contains(&focus_id)
    }
}

/// This is provided when subscribing for `Context::on_focus_out` events.
pub struct FocusOutEvent {
    /// A weak focus handle representing what was blurred.
    pub blurred: WeakFocusHandle,
}

slotmap::new_key_type! {
    /// A globally unique identifier for a focusable element.
    pub struct FocusId;
}

/// Global element arena initial size, set by [`Application::with_resource_profile`]
/// before any windows are opened. Defaults to 1 MiB.
pub(crate) static ELEMENT_ARENA_SIZE: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize =
    std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(1024 * 1024);

thread_local! {
    pub(crate) static ELEMENT_ARENA: RefCell<Arena> = RefCell::new(
        Arena::new(ELEMENT_ARENA_SIZE.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed))
    );
}

/// Balances an arena draw scope even when a draw unwinds with a panic.
struct ElementArenaScope;

impl ElementArenaScope {
    fn enter() -> Self {
        ELEMENT_ARENA.with_borrow_mut(Arena::begin_scope);
        Self
    }
}

impl Drop for ElementArenaScope {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        ELEMENT_ARENA.with_borrow_mut(Arena::end_scope);
    }
}

/// Whether a window draw is currently in progress on this thread.
///
/// This holds exactly while an [`ElementArenaScope`] is active. The
/// `on_request_frame` callback uses it to defer draw requests that arrive
/// re-entrantly while a draw is already on the stack (e.g. via nested message
/// pumping in the Windows window procedure), instead of running a nested draw
/// or panicking on the already-borrowed `App`. If the arena cannot be borrowed
/// the draw must be in progress, so this conservatively returns `true`.
fn draw_in_progress() -> bool {
    ELEMENT_ARENA.with(|arena| {
        arena
            .try_borrow()
            .map(|arena| arena.has_active_scope())
            .unwrap_or(true)
    })
}

/// Returned when the element arena has been used and so must be cleared before the next draw.
#[must_use]
pub struct ArenaClearNeeded;

impl ArenaClearNeeded {
    /// Clear the element arena.
    pub fn clear(self) {
        ELEMENT_ARENA.with_borrow_mut(|element_arena| {
            element_arena.clear();
        });
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
pub(crate) struct FocusMap {
    pub(crate) handles: SlotMap<FocusId, FocusRef>,
    pub(crate) dropped_handles: Vec<FocusId>,
}
pub(crate) struct FocusRef {
    pub(crate) ref_count: AtomicUsize,
    pub(crate) tab_index: isize,
    pub(crate) tab_stop: bool,
}

impl FocusId {
    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is currently focused.
    pub fn is_focused(&self, window: &Window) -> bool {
        window.focus == Some(*self)
    }

    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle contains the focused
    /// element or is itself focused.
    pub fn contains_focused(&self, window: &Window, cx: &App) -> bool {
        window
            .focused(cx)
            .is_some_and(|focused| self.contains(focused.id, window))
    }

    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is contained within the
    /// focused element or is itself focused.
    pub fn within_focused(&self, window: &Window, cx: &App) -> bool {
        let focused = window.focused(cx);
        focused.is_some_and(|focused| focused.id.contains(*self, window))
    }

    /// Obtains whether this handle contains the given handle in the most recently rendered frame.
    pub(crate) fn contains(&self, other: Self, window: &Window) -> bool {
        window
            .rendered_frame
            .dispatch_tree
            .focus_contains(*self, other)
    }
}

/// A handle which can be used to track and manipulate the focused element in a window.
pub struct FocusHandle {
    pub(crate) id: FocusId,
    handles: Arc<RwLock<FocusMap>>,
    /// The index of this element in the tab order.
    pub tab_index: isize,
    /// Whether this element can be focused by tab navigation.
    pub tab_stop: bool,
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for FocusHandle {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.write_fmt(format_args!("FocusHandle({:?})", self.id))
    }
}

impl FocusHandle {
    pub(crate) fn new(handles: &Arc<RwLock<FocusMap>>) -> Self {
        let id = handles.write().handles.insert(FocusRef {
            ref_count: AtomicUsize::new(1),
            tab_index: 0,
            tab_stop: false,
        });

        Self {
            id,
            tab_index: 0,
            tab_stop: false,
            handles: handles.clone(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn for_id(id: FocusId, handles: &Arc<RwLock<FocusMap>>) -> Option<Self> {
        let lock = handles.read();
        let focus = lock.handles.get(id)?;
        if atomic_incr_if_not_zero(&focus.ref_count) == 0 {
            return None;
        }
        Some(Self {
            id,
            tab_index: focus.tab_index,
            tab_stop: focus.tab_stop,
            handles: handles.clone(),
        })
    }

    /// Sets the tab index of the element associated with this handle.
    pub fn tab_index(mut self, index: isize) -> Self {
        self.tab_index = index;
        if let Some(focus) = self.handles.write().handles.get_mut(self.id) {
            focus.tab_index = index;
        }
        self
    }

    /// Sets whether the element associated with this handle is a tab stop.
    ///
    /// When `false`, the element will not be included in the tab order.
    pub fn tab_stop(mut self, tab_stop: bool) -> Self {
        self.tab_stop = tab_stop;
        if let Some(focus) = self.handles.write().handles.get_mut(self.id) {
            focus.tab_stop = tab_stop;
        }
        self
    }

    /// Converts this focus handle into a weak variant, which does not prevent it from being released.
    pub fn downgrade(&self) -> WeakFocusHandle {
        WeakFocusHandle {
            id: self.id,
            handles: Arc::downgrade(&self.handles),
        }
    }

    /// Moves the focus to the element associated with this handle.
    pub fn focus(&self, window: &mut Window) {
        window.focus(self)
    }

    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is currently focused.
    pub fn is_focused(&self, window: &Window) -> bool {
        self.id.is_focused(window)
    }

    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle contains the focused
    /// element or is itself focused.
    pub fn contains_focused(&self, window: &Window, cx: &App) -> bool {
        self.id.contains_focused(window, cx)
    }

    /// Obtains whether the element associated with this handle is contained within the
    /// focused element or is itself focused.
    pub fn within_focused(&self, window: &Window, cx: &mut App) -> bool {
        self.id.within_focused(window, cx)
    }

    /// Obtains whether this handle contains the given handle in the most recently rendered frame.
    pub fn contains(&self, other: &Self, window: &Window) -> bool {
        self.id.contains(other.id, window)
    }

    /// Dispatch an action on the element that rendered this focus handle
    pub fn dispatch_action(&self, action: &dyn Action, window: &mut Window, cx: &mut App) {
        if let Some(node_id) = window
            .rendered_frame
            .dispatch_tree
            .focusable_node_id(self.id)
        {
            window.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, action, cx)
        }
    }
}

impl Clone for FocusHandle {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        Self::for_id(self.id, &self.handles).unwrap()
    }
}

impl PartialEq for FocusHandle {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.id == other.id
    }
}

impl Eq for FocusHandle {}

impl Drop for FocusHandle {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let handles = self.handles.upgradable_read();
        let focus = handles.handles.get(self.id).expect("focus handle missing");
        let previous_count = focus.ref_count.fetch_sub(1, SeqCst);
        assert_ne!(previous_count, 0, "over-released focus handle");
        if previous_count == 1 {
            RwLockUpgradableReadGuard::upgrade(handles)
                .dropped_handles
                .push(self.id);
        }
    }
}

/// A weak reference to a focus handle.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct WeakFocusHandle {
    pub(crate) id: FocusId,
    pub(crate) handles: Weak<RwLock<FocusMap>>,
}

impl WeakFocusHandle {
    /// Attempts to upgrade the [WeakFocusHandle] to a [FocusHandle].
    pub fn upgrade(&self) -> Option<FocusHandle> {
        let handles = self.handles.upgrade()?;
        FocusHandle::for_id(self.id, &handles)
    }
}

impl PartialEq for WeakFocusHandle {
    fn eq(&self, other: &WeakFocusHandle) -> bool {
        self.id == other.id
    }
}

impl Eq for WeakFocusHandle {}

impl PartialEq<FocusHandle> for WeakFocusHandle {
    fn eq(&self, other: &FocusHandle) -> bool {
        self.id == other.id
    }
}

impl PartialEq<WeakFocusHandle> for FocusHandle {
    fn eq(&self, other: &WeakFocusHandle) -> bool {
        self.id == other.id
    }
}

/// Focusable allows users of your view to easily
/// focus it (using window.focus_view(cx, view))
pub trait Focusable: 'static {
    /// Returns the focus handle associated with this view.
    fn focus_handle(&self, cx: &App) -> FocusHandle;
}

impl<V: Focusable> Focusable for Entity<V> {
    fn focus_handle(&self, cx: &App) -> FocusHandle {
        self.read(cx).focus_handle(cx)
    }
}

/// ManagedView is a view (like a Modal, Popover, Menu, etc.)
/// where the lifecycle of the view is handled by another view.
pub trait ManagedView: Focusable + EventEmitter<DismissEvent> + Render {}

impl<M: Focusable + EventEmitter<DismissEvent> + Render> ManagedView for M {}

/// Emitted by implementers of [`ManagedView`] to indicate the view should be dismissed, such as when a view is presented as a modal.
pub struct DismissEvent;

type FrameCallback = Box<dyn FnOnce(&mut Window, &mut App)>;

pub(crate) type AnyMouseListener =
    Box<dyn FnMut(&dyn Any, DispatchPhase, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static>;

#[derive(Clone)]
pub(crate) struct CursorStyleRequest {
    pub(crate) hitbox_id: Option<HitboxId>,
    pub(crate) style: CursorStyle,
}

#[derive(Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub(crate) struct HitTest {
    pub(crate) ids: SmallVec<[HitboxId; 8]>,
    pub(crate) hover_hitbox_count: usize,
}

/// A type of window control area that corresponds to the platform window.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum WindowControlArea {
    /// An area that allows dragging of the platform window.
    Drag,
    /// An area that allows closing of the platform window.
    Close,
    /// An area that allows maximizing of the platform window.
    Max,
    /// An area that allows minimizing of the platform window.
    Min,
}

/// An identifier for a [Hitbox] which also includes [HitboxBehavior].
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
pub struct HitboxId(u64);

impl HitboxId {
    /// Checks if the hitbox with this ID is currently hovered. Except when handling
    /// `ScrollEvent`, this is typically what you want when determining whether to handle mouse
    /// events or paint hover styles.
    ///
    /// See [`Hitbox::is_hovered`] for details.
    pub fn is_hovered(self, window: &Window) -> bool {
        // If this hitbox has captured the pointer, it's always considered hovered
        if window.captured_hitbox == Some(self) {
            return true;
        }
        if window.last_input_was_keyboard() {
            return false;
        }
        self.hit_test(window)
    }

    /// Checks if the hitbox with this ID is currently hovered, regardless of the last
    /// input modality used.
    ///
    /// See [`HitboxId::is_hovered`] for more details.
    pub(crate) fn is_hovered_ignoring_last_input(self, window: &Window) -> bool {
        // If this hitbox has captured the pointer, it's always considered hovered
        if window.captured_hitbox == Some(self) {
            return true;
        }
        self.hit_test(window)
    }

    fn hit_test(self, window: &Window) -> bool {
        let hit_test = &window.mouse_hit_test;
        for id in hit_test.ids.iter().take(hit_test.hover_hitbox_count) {
            if self == *id {
                return true;
            }
        }
        false
    }

    /// Checks if the hitbox with this ID contains the mouse and should handle scroll events.
    /// Typically this should only be used when handling `ScrollEvent`, and otherwise
    /// `is_hovered` should be used. See the documentation of `Hitbox::is_hovered` for details about
    /// this distinction.
    pub fn should_handle_scroll(self, window: &Window) -> bool {
        window.mouse_hit_test.ids.contains(&self)
    }

    fn next(mut self) -> HitboxId {
        HitboxId(self.0.wrapping_add(1))
    }
}

/// A rectangular region that potentially blocks hitboxes inserted prior.
/// See [Window::insert_hitbox] for more details.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Deref)]
pub struct Hitbox {
    /// A unique identifier for the hitbox.
    pub id: HitboxId,
    /// The bounds of the hitbox.
    #[deref]
    pub bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
    /// The content mask when the hitbox was inserted.
    pub content_mask: ContentMask<Pixels>,
    /// Flags that specify hitbox behavior.
    pub behavior: HitboxBehavior,
}

impl Hitbox {
    /// Checks if the hitbox is currently hovered. Except when handling `ScrollEvent`, this is
    /// typically what you want when determining whether to handle mouse events or paint hover
    /// styles.
    ///
    /// This can return `false` even when the hitbox contains the mouse, if a hitbox in front of
    /// this sets `HitboxBehavior::BlockMouse` (`InteractiveElement::occlude`) or
    /// `HitboxBehavior::BlockMouseExceptScroll` (`InteractiveElement::block_mouse_except_scroll`).
    ///
    /// Handling of `ScrollEvent` should typically use `should_handle_scroll` instead.
    /// Concretely, this is due to use-cases like overlays that cause the elements under to be
    /// non-interactive while still allowing scrolling. More abstractly, this is because
    /// `is_hovered` is about element interactions directly under the mouse - mouse moves, clicks,
    /// hover styling, etc. In contrast, scrolling is about finding the current outer scrollable
    /// container.
    pub fn is_hovered(&self, window: &Window) -> bool {
        self.id.is_hovered(window)
    }

    /// Checks whether this hitbox would be hovered at `position`, regardless of the current input
    /// modality or mouse position.
    ///
    /// Unlike [`Hitbox::is_hovered`], this is a position-based hit test against the rendered
    /// frame. It does not consider pointer capture or the current input modality, but it still
    /// respects content masks and hitbox occlusion. During a drag that captured this hitbox,
    /// `is_hovered` reports the hitbox as hovered even outside its bounds, while `is_hovered_at`
    /// only tests the supplied `position`.
    pub fn is_hovered_at(&self, position: Point<Pixels>, window: &Window) -> bool {
        let hit_test = window.rendered_frame.hit_test(position);
        hit_test
            .ids
            .iter()
            .take(hit_test.hover_hitbox_count)
            .any(|id| self.id == *id)
    }

    /// Checks if the hitbox contains the mouse and should handle scroll events. Typically this
    /// should only be used when handling `ScrollEvent`, and otherwise `is_hovered` should be
    /// used. See the documentation of `Hitbox::is_hovered` for details about this distinction.
    ///
    /// This can return `false` even when the hitbox contains the mouse, if a hitbox in front of
    /// this sets `HitboxBehavior::BlockMouse` (`InteractiveElement::occlude`).
    pub fn should_handle_scroll(&self, window: &Window) -> bool {
        self.id.should_handle_scroll(window)
    }
}

/// How the hitbox affects mouse behavior.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum HitboxBehavior {
    /// Normal hitbox mouse behavior, doesn't affect mouse handling for other hitboxes.
    #[default]
    Normal,

    /// All hitboxes behind this hitbox will be ignored and so will have `hitbox.is_hovered() ==
    /// false` and `hitbox.should_handle_scroll() == false`. Typically for elements this causes
    /// skipping of all mouse events, hover styles, and tooltips. This flag is set by
    /// [`InteractiveElement::occlude`].
    ///
    /// For mouse handlers that check those hitboxes, this behaves the same as registering a
    /// bubble-phase handler for every mouse event type:
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// window.on_mouse_event(move |_: &EveryMouseEventTypeHere, phase, window, cx| {
    ///     if phase == DispatchPhase::Capture && hitbox.is_hovered(window) {
    ///         cx.stop_propagation();
    ///     }
    /// })
    /// ```
    ///
    /// This has effects beyond event handling - any use of hitbox checking, such as hover
    /// styles and tooltops. These other behaviors are the main point of this mechanism. An
    /// alternative might be to not affect mouse event handling - but this would allow
    /// inconsistent UI where clicks and moves interact with elements that are not considered to
    /// be hovered.
    BlockMouse,

    /// All hitboxes behind this hitbox will have `hitbox.is_hovered() == false`, even when
    /// `hitbox.should_handle_scroll() == true`. Typically for elements this causes all mouse
    /// interaction except scroll events to be ignored - see the documentation of
    /// [`Hitbox::is_hovered`] for details. This flag is set by
    /// [`InteractiveElement::block_mouse_except_scroll`].
    ///
    /// For mouse handlers that check those hitboxes, this behaves the same as registering a
    /// bubble-phase handler for every mouse event type **except** `ScrollEvent`:
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// window.on_mouse_event(move |_: &EveryMouseEventTypeExceptScroll, phase, window, cx| {
    ///     if phase == DispatchPhase::Bubble && hitbox.should_handle_scroll(window) {
    ///         cx.stop_propagation();
    ///     }
    /// })
    /// ```
    ///
    /// See the documentation of [`Hitbox::is_hovered`] for details of why `ScrollEvent` is
    /// handled differently than other mouse events. If also blocking these scroll events is
    /// desired, then a `cx.stop_propagation()` handler like the one above can be used.
    ///
    /// This has effects beyond event handling - this affects any use of `is_hovered`, such as
    /// hover styles and tooltops. These other behaviors are the main point of this mechanism.
    /// An alternative might be to not affect mouse event handling - but this would allow
    /// inconsistent UI where clicks and moves interact with elements that are not considered to
    /// be hovered.
    BlockMouseExceptScroll,
}

/// An identifier for a tooltip.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct TooltipId(usize);

impl TooltipId {
    /// Checks if the tooltip is currently hovered.
    pub fn is_hovered(&self, window: &Window) -> bool {
        window
            .tooltip_bounds
            .as_ref()
            .is_some_and(|tooltip_bounds| {
                tooltip_bounds.id == *self
                    && tooltip_bounds.bounds.contains(&window.mouse_position())
            })
    }
}

pub(crate) struct TooltipBounds {
    id: TooltipId,
    bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
pub(crate) struct TooltipRequest {
    id: TooltipId,
    tooltip: AnyTooltip,
}

pub(crate) struct DeferredDraw {
    current_view: EntityId,
    priority: usize,
    parent_node: DispatchNodeId,
    element_id_stack: SmallVec<[ElementId; 32]>,
    text_style_stack: SmallVec<[TextStyleRefinement; 4]>,
    element: Option<AnyElement>,
    absolute_offset: Point<Pixels>,
    prepaint_range: Range<PrepaintStateIndex>,
    paint_range: Range<PaintIndex>,
}

pub(crate) struct Frame {
    pub(crate) focus: Option<FocusId>,
    pub(crate) window_active: bool,
    pub(crate) element_states: FxHashMap<(GlobalElementId, TypeId), ElementStateBox>,
    accessed_element_states: Vec<(GlobalElementId, TypeId)>,
    pub(crate) mouse_listeners: Vec<Option<AnyMouseListener>>,
    pub(crate) dispatch_tree: DispatchTree,
    pub(crate) scene: Scene,
    pub(crate) hitboxes: Vec<Hitbox>,
    pub(crate) window_control_hitboxes: Vec<(WindowControlArea, Hitbox)>,
    pub(crate) deferred_draws: Vec<DeferredDraw>,
    pub(crate) input_handlers: Vec<Option<PlatformInputHandler>>,
    pub(crate) tooltip_requests: Vec<Option<TooltipRequest>>,
    pub(crate) cursor_styles: Vec<CursorStyleRequest>,
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
    pub(crate) debug_bounds: FxHashMap<String, Bounds<Pixels>>,
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
    debug_bounds_records: Vec<(String, Bounds<Pixels>)>,
    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    pub(crate) next_inspector_instance_ids: FxHashMap<Rc<crate::InspectorElementPath>, usize>,
    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    pub(crate) inspector_hitboxes: FxHashMap<HitboxId, crate::InspectorElementId>,
    pub(crate) tab_stops: TabStopMap,
}

#[derive(Clone, Default)]
pub(crate) struct PrepaintStateIndex {
    hitboxes_index: usize,
    tooltips_index: usize,
    deferred_draws_index: usize,
    dispatch_tree_index: usize,
    accessed_element_states_index: usize,
    line_layout_index: LineLayoutIndex,
}

#[derive(Clone, Default)]
pub(crate) struct PaintIndex {
    scene_index: usize,
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
    debug_bounds_index: usize,
    mouse_listeners_index: usize,
    input_handlers_index: usize,
    cursor_styles_index: usize,
    accessed_element_states_index: usize,
    tab_handle_index: usize,
    line_layout_index: LineLayoutIndex,
}

impl Frame {
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
    pub(crate) fn record_debug_bounds(&mut self, selector: String, bounds: Bounds<Pixels>) {
        self.debug_bounds.insert(selector.clone(), bounds);
        self.debug_bounds_records.push((selector, bounds));
    }

    pub(crate) fn new(dispatch_tree: DispatchTree) -> Self {
        Frame {
            focus: None,
            window_active: false,
            element_states: FxHashMap::default(),
            accessed_element_states: Vec::new(),
            mouse_listeners: Vec::new(),
            dispatch_tree,
            scene: Scene::default(),
            hitboxes: Vec::new(),
            window_control_hitboxes: Vec::new(),
            deferred_draws: Vec::new(),
            input_handlers: Vec::new(),
            tooltip_requests: Vec::new(),
            cursor_styles: Vec::new(),

            #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
            debug_bounds: FxHashMap::default(),
            #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
            debug_bounds_records: Vec::new(),

            #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
            next_inspector_instance_ids: FxHashMap::default(),

            #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
            inspector_hitboxes: FxHashMap::default(),
            tab_stops: TabStopMap::default(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn clear(&mut self) {
        self.element_states.clear();
        self.accessed_element_states.clear();
        self.mouse_listeners.clear();
        self.dispatch_tree.clear();
        self.scene.clear();
        self.input_handlers.clear();
        self.tooltip_requests.clear();
        self.cursor_styles.clear();
        self.hitboxes.clear();
        self.window_control_hitboxes.clear();
        self.deferred_draws.clear();
        self.tab_stops.clear();
        self.focus = None;

        #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
        {
            self.debug_bounds.clear();
            self.debug_bounds_records.clear();
        }

        #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
        {
            self.next_inspector_instance_ids.clear();
            self.inspector_hitboxes.clear();
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn cursor_style(&self, window: &Window) -> Option<CursorStyle> {
        self.cursor_styles
            .iter()
            .rev()
            .fold_while(None, |style, request| match request.hitbox_id {
                None => Done(Some(request.style)),
                Some(hitbox_id) => Continue(style.or_else(|| {
                    hitbox_id
                        .is_hovered_ignoring_last_input(window)
                        .then_some(request.style)
                })),
            })
            .into_inner()
    }

    pub(crate) fn hit_test(&self, position: Point<Pixels>) -> HitTest {
        let mut set_hover_hitbox_count = false;
        let mut hit_test = HitTest::default();
        for hitbox in self.hitboxes.iter().rev() {
            let bounds = hitbox.bounds.intersect(&hitbox.content_mask.bounds);
            if bounds.contains(&position) {
                hit_test.ids.push(hitbox.id);
                if !set_hover_hitbox_count
                    && hitbox.behavior == HitboxBehavior::BlockMouseExceptScroll
                {
                    hit_test.hover_hitbox_count = hit_test.ids.len();
                    set_hover_hitbox_count = true;
                }
                if hitbox.behavior == HitboxBehavior::BlockMouse {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        if !set_hover_hitbox_count {
            hit_test.hover_hitbox_count = hit_test.ids.len();
        }
        hit_test
    }

    pub(crate) fn focus_path(&self) -> SmallVec<[FocusId; 8]> {
        self.focus
            .map(|focus_id| self.dispatch_tree.focus_path(focus_id))
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    pub(crate) fn finish(&mut self, prev_frame: &mut Self) {
        for element_state_key in &self.accessed_element_states {
            if let Some((element_state_key, element_state)) =
                prev_frame.element_states.remove_entry(element_state_key)
            {
                self.element_states.insert(element_state_key, element_state);
            }
        }

        self.scene.finish();
    }
}

/// Tracks input event timestamps to determine if input is arriving at a high rate.
/// Used to sustain VRR (Variable Refresh Rate) presentation during active input.
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub(crate) struct InputRateTracker {
    timestamps: Vec<Instant>,
    window: Duration,
    inputs_per_second: u32,
    sustain_until: Instant,
    sustain_duration: Duration,
}

impl Default for InputRateTracker {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            timestamps: Vec::new(),
            window: Duration::from_millis(100),
            inputs_per_second: 60,
            sustain_until: Instant::now(),
            sustain_duration: Duration::from_secs(1),
        }
    }
}

impl InputRateTracker {
    pub fn record_input(&mut self) {
        let now = Instant::now();
        self.timestamps.push(now);
        self.timestamps
            .retain(|&t| now.duration_since(t) <= self.window);
        let min_events = self.inputs_per_second as u128 * self.window.as_millis() / 1000;
        if self.timestamps.len() as u128 >= min_events {
            self.sustain_until = now + self.sustain_duration;
        }
    }

    pub fn is_high_rate(&self) -> bool {
        Instant::now() < self.sustain_until
    }
}

const THIRTY_FPS_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_micros(33333);
const SIXTY_FPS_INTERVAL: Duration = Duration::from_micros(16667);
const FRAME_INTERVAL_TOLERANCE: Duration = Duration::from_millis(1);

/// Keeps throttled frames on a stable cadence despite callback delivery jitter.
#[derive(Default)]
struct FramePacer {
    last_frame: Option<Instant>,
}

impl FramePacer {
    fn should_defer(&mut self, now: Instant, minimum_interval: Option<Duration>) -> bool {
        if let Some(interval) = minimum_interval
            && let Some(last_frame) = self.last_frame
        {
            let deadline = last_frame + interval;
            if now + FRAME_INTERVAL_TOLERANCE < deadline {
                return true;
            }
            // Correct small dispatch delays without shifting subsequent deadlines,
            // but bound the correction to a quarter interval. Larger delays restart
            // the cadence so recovery cannot produce closely spaced catch-up frames.
            self.last_frame = Some(if now.saturating_duration_since(deadline) <= interval / 4 {
                deadline
            } else {
                now
            });
        } else {
            self.last_frame = Some(now);
        }
        false
    }
}

fn minimum_frame_interval(
    should_throttle: bool,
    inactive_without_high_rate_input: bool,
    inactive_frame_interval: Option<Duration>,
    thermal_state: ThermalState,
    power_mode: crate::PowerMode,
) -> Option<Duration> {
    if !should_throttle {
        return None;
    }

    // The longest applicable interval wins, so a short inactive-window
    // interval cannot outrun the low-power or thermal cap. `PowerMode::Unknown`
    // does not enable the low-power cap.
    [
        inactive_frame_interval.filter(|_| inactive_without_high_rate_input),
        (power_mode == crate::PowerMode::LowPower).then_some(THIRTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
        matches!(
            thermal_state,
            ThermalState::Critical | ThermalState::Serious
        )
        .then_some(SIXTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
    ]
    .into_iter()
    .flatten()
    .max()
}

/// A point-in-time snapshot of the input latency histograms for a window.
#[cfg(feature = "input-latency-histogram")]
pub struct InputLatencySnapshot {
    /// Histogram of input-to-frame latency samples, in nanoseconds.
    pub latency_histogram: Histogram<u64>,
    /// Histogram of input events coalesced per rendered frame.
    pub events_per_frame_histogram: Histogram<u64>,
    /// Count of input events that arrived mid-draw and were excluded from latency recording.
    pub mid_draw_events_dropped: u64,
}

#[cfg(feature = "input-latency-histogram")]
struct InputLatencyTracker {
    first_input_at: Option<Instant>,
    pending_input_count: u64,
    latency_histogram: Histogram<u64>,
    events_per_frame_histogram: Histogram<u64>,
    mid_draw_events_dropped: u64,
}

#[cfg(feature = "input-latency-histogram")]
impl InputLatencyTracker {
    fn new() -> Result<Self> {
        Ok(Self {
            first_input_at: None,
            pending_input_count: 0,
            latency_histogram: Histogram::new(3)
                .map_err(|error| anyhow!("failed to create input latency histogram: {error}"))?,
            events_per_frame_histogram: Histogram::new(3)
                .map_err(|error| anyhow!("failed to create events per frame histogram: {error}"))?,
            mid_draw_events_dropped: 0,
        })
    }

    fn record_input(&mut self, dispatch_time: Instant) {
        self.first_input_at.get_or_insert(dispatch_time);
        self.pending_input_count += 1;
    }

    fn record_mid_draw_input(&mut self) {
        self.mid_draw_events_dropped += 1;
    }

    fn record_frame_presented(&mut self) {
        if let Some(first_input_at) = self.first_input_at.take() {
            self.latency_histogram
                .record(first_input_at.elapsed().as_nanos() as u64)
                .ok();
        }

        if self.pending_input_count > 0 {
            self.events_per_frame_histogram
                .record(self.pending_input_count)
                .ok();
            self.pending_input_count = 0;
        }
    }

    fn snapshot(&self) -> InputLatencySnapshot {
        InputLatencySnapshot {
            latency_histogram: self.latency_histogram.clone(),
            events_per_frame_histogram: self.events_per_frame_histogram.clone(),
            mid_draw_events_dropped: self.mid_draw_events_dropped,
        }
    }
}

/// Holds the state for a specific window.
pub struct Window {
    pub(crate) handle: AnyWindowHandle,
    pub(crate) invalidator: WindowInvalidator,
    pub(crate) removed: bool,
    pub(crate) platform_window: Box<dyn PlatformWindow>,
    pub(crate) a11y: A11y,
    display_id: Option<DisplayId>,
    sprite_atlas: Arc<dyn PlatformAtlas>,
    text_system: Arc<WindowTextSystem>,
    rem_size: Pixels,
    /// The stack of override values for the window's rem size.
    ///
    /// This is used by `with_rem_size` to allow rendering an element tree with
    /// a given rem size.
    rem_size_override_stack: SmallVec<[Pixels; 8]>,
    pub(crate) viewport_size: Size<Pixels>,
    layout_engine: Option<TaffyLayoutEngine>,
    pub(crate) root: Option<AnyView>,
    pub(crate) element_id_stack: SmallVec<[ElementId; 32]>,
    pub(crate) text_style_stack: SmallVec<[TextStyleRefinement; 4]>,
    pub(crate) rendered_entity_stack: SmallVec<[EntityId; 16]>,
    pub(crate) element_offset_stack: SmallVec<[Point<Pixels>; 16]>,
    pub(crate) element_opacity: f32,
    pub(crate) content_mask_stack: SmallVec<[ContentMask<Pixels>; 16]>,
    pub(crate) requested_autoscroll: Option<Bounds<Pixels>>,
    pub(crate) image_cache_stack: SmallVec<[AnyImageCache; 4]>,
    pub(crate) rendered_frame: Frame,
    pub(crate) next_frame: Frame,
    next_hitbox_id: HitboxId,
    pub(crate) next_tooltip_id: TooltipId,
    pub(crate) tooltip_bounds: Option<TooltipBounds>,
    pub(crate) next_frame_callbacks: Rc<RefCell<Vec<FrameCallback>>>,
    pub(crate) dirty_views: FxHashSet<EntityId>,
    focus_listeners: SubscriberSet<(), AnyWindowFocusListener>,
    pub(crate) focus_lost_listeners: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
    focus_lost_path: SmallVec<[FocusId; 8]>,
    default_prevented: bool,
    mouse_position: Point<Pixels>,
    mouse_hit_test: HitTest,
    modifiers: Modifiers,
    capslock: Capslock,
    scale_factor: f32,
    pub(crate) bounds_observers: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
    appearance: WindowAppearance,
    pub(crate) appearance_observers: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
    active: Rc<Cell<bool>>,
    visibility: WindowVisibility,
    pub(crate) visibility_observers:
        SubscriberSet<(), Box<dyn FnMut(WindowVisibility, &mut Window, &mut App) -> bool>>,
    hovered: Rc<Cell<bool>>,
    pub(crate) needs_present: Rc<Cell<bool>>,
    pub(crate) input_rate_tracker: Rc<RefCell<InputRateTracker>>,
    #[cfg(feature = "input-latency-histogram")]
    input_latency_tracker: InputLatencyTracker,
    pub(crate) last_input_was_keyboard: Cell<bool>,
    pub(crate) refreshing: bool,
    pub(crate) activation_observers: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
    pub(crate) focus: Option<FocusId>,
    focus_enabled: bool,
    pending_input: Option<PendingInput>,
    pending_modifier: ModifierState,
    pub(crate) pending_input_observers: SubscriberSet<(), AnyObserver>,
    prompt: Option<RenderablePromptHandle>,
    pub(crate) client_inset: Option<Pixels>,
    /// The hitbox that has captured the pointer, if any.
    /// While captured, mouse events route to this hitbox regardless of hit testing.
    captured_hitbox: Option<HitboxId>,
    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    inspector: Option<Entity<Inspector>>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
struct ModifierState {
    modifiers: Modifiers,
    saw_other_input: bool,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub(crate) enum DrawPhase {
    None,
    Prepaint,
    Paint,
    Focus,
}

pub(crate) const PENDING_INPUT_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(1);

/// Pending input for a potential multi-stroke key binding.
pub struct PendingInputStatus<'a> {
    keystrokes: &'a [Keystroke],
    timeout: Option<PendingInputTimeoutStatus>,
}

impl<'a> PendingInputStatus<'a> {
    /// Returns the keystrokes entered so far.
    pub fn keystrokes(&self) -> &'a [Keystroke] {
        self.keystrokes
    }

    /// Returns the timeout state for flushing this input, if it needs a timeout.
    pub fn timeout(&self) -> Option<PendingInputTimeoutStatus> {
        self.timeout
    }
}

/// The timeout state for pending input.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub struct PendingInputTimeoutStatus {
    duration: Duration,
    remaining: Duration,
    started_at: Option<Instant>,
    paused: bool,
}

impl PendingInputTimeoutStatus {
    /// Returns the full timeout duration.
    pub fn duration(&self) -> Duration {
        self.duration
    }

    /// Returns the duration remaining before pending input is flushed.
    pub fn remaining(&self, cx: &App) -> Duration {
        self.started_at
            .map(|started_at| {
                self.remaining
                    .saturating_sub(cx.background_executor().now() - started_at)
            })
            .unwrap_or(self.remaining)
    }

    /// Returns whether the timeout is paused.
    pub fn is_paused(&self) -> bool {
        self.paused
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
struct PendingInputTimeout {
    duration: Duration,
    remaining: Duration,
    state: PendingInputTimeoutState,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
enum PendingInputTimeoutState {
    Running { started_at: Instant, task: Task<()> },
    Paused { pause: PendingInputTimeoutPause },
}

struct PendingInputTimeoutPause {
    owner_id: EntityId,
    _release_subscription: Subscription,
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for PendingInputTimeoutPause {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("PendingInputTimeoutPause")
            .field("owner_id", &self.owner_id)
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

impl PendingInputTimeout {
    fn is_paused(&self) -> bool {
        matches!(&self.state, PendingInputTimeoutState::Paused { .. })
    }

    fn pause(&mut self, pause: PendingInputTimeoutPause, now: Instant) -> bool {
        match mem::replace(&mut self.state, PendingInputTimeoutState::Paused { pause }) {
            PendingInputTimeoutState::Running { started_at, task } => {
                self.remaining = self.remaining.saturating_sub(now - started_at);
                drop(task);
                true
            }
            previous_state @ PendingInputTimeoutState::Paused { .. } => {
                self.state = previous_state;
                false
            }
        }
    }

    fn pause_owner_id(&self) -> Option<EntityId> {
        match &self.state {
            PendingInputTimeoutState::Running { .. } => None,
            PendingInputTimeoutState::Paused { pause } => Some(pause.owner_id),
        }
    }

    fn resume(&mut self, owner_id: EntityId, started_at: Instant, task: Task<()>) -> bool {
        match mem::replace(
            &mut self.state,
            PendingInputTimeoutState::Running { started_at, task },
        ) {
            PendingInputTimeoutState::Paused { pause } if pause.owner_id == owner_id => true,
            previous_state => {
                self.state = previous_state;
                false
            }
        }
    }

    fn reset_duration(&mut self, duration: Duration) {
        self.duration = duration;
        self.remaining = duration;
    }

    fn status(&self) -> PendingInputTimeoutStatus {
        let (started_at, paused) = match &self.state {
            PendingInputTimeoutState::Running { started_at, .. } => (Some(*started_at), false),
            PendingInputTimeoutState::Paused { .. } => (None, true),
        };
        PendingInputTimeoutStatus {
            duration: self.duration,
            remaining: self.remaining,
            started_at,
            paused,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Default, Debug)]
struct PendingInput {
    keystrokes: SmallVec<[Keystroke; 1]>,
    focus: Option<FocusId>,
    timeout: Option<PendingInputTimeout>,
}

pub(crate) struct ElementStateBox {
    pub(crate) inner: Box<dyn Any>,
    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
    pub(crate) type_name: &'static str,
}

fn default_bounds(display_id: Option<DisplayId>, cx: &mut App) -> Bounds<Pixels> {
    const DEFAULT_WINDOW_OFFSET: Point<Pixels> = point(px(0.), px(35.));

    // TODO, BUG: if you open a window with the currently active window
    // on the stack, this will erroneously select the 'unwrap_or_else'
    // code path
    cx.active_window()
        .and_then(|w| w.update(cx, |_, window, _| window.bounds()).ok())
        .map(|mut bounds| {
            bounds.origin += DEFAULT_WINDOW_OFFSET;
            bounds
        })
        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
            let display = display_id
                .map(|id| cx.find_display(id))
                .unwrap_or_else(|| cx.primary_display());

            display
                .map(|display| display.default_bounds())
                .unwrap_or_else(|| Bounds::new(point(px(0.), px(0.)), DEFAULT_WINDOW_SIZE))
        })
}

fn border_only_quad_strips(
    outer_bounds: Bounds<ScaledPixels>,
    widths: Edges<ScaledPixels>,
    radii: Corners<ScaledPixels>,
) -> Option<[Bounds<ScaledPixels>; 4]> {
    let antialias_slack = point(ScaledPixels(1.0), ScaledPixels(1.0));
    let top_left_inset = point(
        widths.left,
        widths.top.max(radii.top_left).max(radii.top_right),
    ) + antialias_slack;
    let bottom_right_inset = point(
        widths.right,
        widths.bottom.max(radii.bottom_left).max(radii.bottom_right),
    ) + antialias_slack;
    let inner_bounds = Bounds::from_corners(
        outer_bounds.origin + top_left_inset,
        outer_bounds.bottom_right() - bottom_right_inset,
    );
    if inner_bounds.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }

    Some([
        Bounds::from_corners(
            outer_bounds.origin,
            point(outer_bounds.right(), inner_bounds.top()),
        ),
        Bounds::from_corners(
            point(outer_bounds.left(), inner_bounds.bottom()),
            outer_bounds.bottom_right(),
        ),
        Bounds::from_corners(
            point(outer_bounds.left(), inner_bounds.top()),
            inner_bounds.bottom_left(),
        ),
        Bounds::from_corners(
            inner_bounds.top_right(),
            point(outer_bounds.right(), inner_bounds.bottom()),
        ),
    ])
}

impl Window {
    pub(crate) fn new(
        handle: AnyWindowHandle,
        options: WindowOptions,
        cx: &mut App,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let WindowOptions {
            window_bounds,
            titlebar,
            focus,
            show,
            kind,
            is_movable,
            app_owns_titlebar_drag,
            inactive_frame_interval,
            is_resizable,
            is_minimizable,
            display_id,
            window_background,
            app_id,
            window_min_size,
            window_decorations,
            #[cfg_attr(not(target_os = "macos"), allow(unused_variables))]
            tabbing_identifier,
            mouse_passthrough,
            icon,
        } = options;

        let bounds = window_bounds
            .map(|bounds| bounds.get_bounds())
            .unwrap_or_else(|| default_bounds(display_id, cx));
        let mut platform_window = cx.platform.open_window(
            handle,
            WindowParams {
                bounds,
                titlebar,
                kind,
                is_movable,
                app_owns_titlebar_drag,
                is_resizable,
                is_minimizable,
                focus,
                app_id: app_id.clone(),
                show,
                display_id,
                window_min_size,
                #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
                tabbing_identifier,
                mouse_passthrough,
                icon,
            },
        )?;

        let tab_bar_visible = platform_window.tab_bar_visible();
        SystemWindowTabController::init_visible(cx, tab_bar_visible);
        if let Some(tabs) = platform_window.tabbed_windows() {
            SystemWindowTabController::add_tab(cx, handle.window_id(), tabs);
        }

        let display_id = platform_window.display().map(|display| display.id());
        let sprite_atlas = platform_window.sprite_atlas();
        let mouse_position = platform_window.mouse_position();
        let modifiers = platform_window.modifiers();
        let capslock = platform_window.capslock();
        let content_size = platform_window.content_size();
        let scale_factor = platform_window.scale_factor();
        let appearance = platform_window.appearance();
        let text_system = Arc::new(WindowTextSystem::new(cx.text_system().clone()));
        let invalidator = WindowInvalidator::new();
        let active = Rc::new(Cell::new(platform_window.is_active()));
        let visibility = platform_window.visibility();
        let hovered = Rc::new(Cell::new(platform_window.is_hovered()));
        let needs_present = Rc::new(Cell::new(false));
        let next_frame_callbacks: Rc<RefCell<Vec<FrameCallback>>> = Default::default();
        let input_rate_tracker = Rc::new(RefCell::new(InputRateTracker::default()));

        platform_window
            .request_decorations(window_decorations.unwrap_or(WindowDecorations::Server));
        platform_window.set_background_appearance(window_background);

        if let Some(ref window_open_state) = window_bounds {
            match window_open_state {
                WindowBounds::Fullscreen(_) => platform_window.toggle_fullscreen(),
                WindowBounds::Maximized(_) => platform_window.zoom(),
                WindowBounds::Windowed(_) => {}
            }
        }

        let accessibility_force_disabled =
            cx.accessibility_force_disabled || !cfg!(feature = "accessibility");
        let a11y_active_flag = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));

        #[cfg(not(target_family = "wasm"))]
        if !accessibility_force_disabled {
            let initial_tree = accesskit::TreeUpdate {
                nodes: vec![(ROOT_NODE_ID, accesskit::Node::new(accesskit::Role::Window))],
                tree: Some(accesskit::TreeInfo::new(ROOT_NODE_ID)),
                tree_id: accesskit::TreeId::ROOT,
                focus: ROOT_NODE_ID,
            };
            let (activation_sender, activation_receiver) = async_channel::unbounded::<()>();
            let (deactivation_sender, deactivation_receiver) = async_channel::unbounded::<()>();
            let (action_sender, action_receiver) =
                async_channel::unbounded::<accesskit::ActionRequest>();

            platform_window.a11y_init(crate::A11yCallbacks {
                activation: {
                    let active_flag = a11y_active_flag.clone();
                    Box::new(move || {
                        log::info!("Accessibility activated");
                        active_flag.store(true, SeqCst);
                        activation_sender.send_blocking(()).log_err();
                        Some(initial_tree.clone())
                    })
                },
                action: Box::new(move |request| {
                    action_sender.send_blocking(request).log_err();
                }),
                deactivation: {
                    let active_flag = a11y_active_flag.clone();
                    Box::new(move || {
                        log::info!("Accessibility deactivated");
                        active_flag.store(false, SeqCst);
                        deactivation_sender.send_blocking(()).log_err();
                    })
                },
            });

            let mut async_cx = cx.to_async();
            cx.foreground_executor()
                .spawn(async move {
                    while activation_receiver.recv().await.is_ok() {
                        handle
                            .update(&mut async_cx, |_, window, _| window.refresh())
                            .log_err();
                    }
                })
                .detach();

            let mut async_cx = cx.to_async();
            cx.foreground_executor()
                .spawn(async move {
                    while deactivation_receiver.recv().await.is_ok() {
                        handle
                            .update(&mut async_cx, |_, window, _| window.refresh())
                            .log_err();
                    }
                })
                .detach();

            let mut async_cx = cx.to_async();
            cx.foreground_executor()
                .spawn(async move {
                    while let Ok(request) = action_receiver.recv().await {
                        handle
                            .update(&mut async_cx, |_, window, cx| {
                                window.handle_a11y_action(request, cx);
                            })
                            .log_err();
                    }
                })
                .detach();
        }

        platform_window.on_close(Box::new({
            let window_id = handle.window_id();
            let cx = cx.to_async();
            move || {
                // Native destruction can re-enter while the app is borrowed.
                // Schedule both operations without borrowing the app here.
                cx.spawn(async move |cx| {
                    cx.update(|cx| {
                        // App-driven closure may already have removed the window.
                        if cx.windows.contains_key(window_id) {
                            handle
                                .update(cx, |_, window, _| window.remove_window())
                                .log_err();
                        }
                        SystemWindowTabController::remove_tab(cx, window_id);
                    })
                    .log_err();
                })
                .detach();
            }
        }));
        platform_window.on_request_frame(Box::new({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            let invalidator = invalidator.clone();
            let active = active.clone();
            let needs_present = needs_present.clone();
            let next_frame_callbacks = next_frame_callbacks.clone();
            let input_rate_tracker = input_rate_tracker.clone();
            let mut deferred_force_render = false;
            let mut frame_pacer = FramePacer::default();
            move |request_frame_options| {
                // This must be checked before anything else: if this request
                // arrived re-entrantly while a draw is on this thread's stack
                // (e.g. via a nested message pump in the Windows window
                // procedure), drawing would nest draws, and even touching the
                // App would panic on its already-mutable borrow. Skip instead;
                // the platform leaves the window invalidated (or re-invalidates
                // it), so a fresh request arrives once the in-progress draw
                // unwinds. Remember force_render so the deferred frame still
                // bypasses the view cache.
                //
                // Returning here skips a demand-driven `schedule_frame` retry.
                // Calling into App would panic on its already-mutable borrow,
                // and this branch is unreachable on Wayland in practice: only
                // Windows pumps platform events (and thus requests frames)
                // mid-draw.
                if draw_in_progress() {
                    log::debug!("deferring re-entrant window draw request");
                    deferred_force_render |= request_frame_options.force_render;
                    return;
                }
                // Take the deferred flag first: `||` short-circuits, and leaving
                // the flag set when this request already forces a render would
                // force a second, redundant render on the next frame.
                let force_render =
                    mem::take(&mut deferred_force_render) || request_frame_options.force_render;

                let power_state = handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, _, cx| (cx.thermal_state(), cx.power_mode()))
                    .log_err();

                // Keep presenting briefly after high-rate input to prevent display
                // underclocking, but subject to the same power limits as redraws.
                let high_rate_input = input_rate_tracker.borrow().is_high_rate();
                let has_next_frame_callbacks = !next_frame_callbacks.borrow().is_empty();
                let has_frame_demand = invalidator.is_dirty()
                    || force_render
                    || has_next_frame_callbacks
                    || request_frame_options.require_presentation
                    || needs_present.get()
                    || high_rate_input;

                // Throttle frame rate based on conditions:
                // - Thermal pressure (Serious/Critical): cap to ~60fps
                // - Low power mode: cap to ~30fps
                // - Inactive window (not focused): use its configured frame interval,
                //   unless high-rate input is arriving under the pointer.
                // Explicit mandatory platform presentations still bypass the limits.
                let should_throttle = !request_frame_options.require_presentation;
                let inactive_without_high_rate_input =
                    should_throttle && !active.get() && !high_rate_input;
                let (thermal_state, power_mode) =
                    power_state.unwrap_or((ThermalState::Nominal, crate::PowerMode::Unknown));
                let min_frame_interval = minimum_frame_interval(
                    should_throttle,
                    inactive_without_high_rate_input,
                    inactive_frame_interval,
                    thermal_state,
                    power_mode,
                );

                let now = Instant::now();
                // Idle display-link ticks must neither consume a frame slot nor
                // wake a demand-driven frame source.
                if has_frame_demand && frame_pacer.should_defer(now, min_frame_interval) {
                    // Don't lose a pending forced render to throttling.
                    deferred_force_render |= force_render;
                    // Deferred by throttling: ask demand-driven platforms to retry.
                    // `schedule_frame` is this fork's demand-driven wakeup.
                    handle
                        .update(&mut cx, |_, window, _| {
                            window.platform_window.schedule_frame();
                        })
                        .log_err();
                    return;
                }

                let pending_next_frame_callbacks = next_frame_callbacks.take();
                if !pending_next_frame_callbacks.is_empty() {
                    handle
                        .update(&mut cx, |_, window, cx| {
                            for callback in pending_next_frame_callbacks {
                                callback(window, cx);
                            }
                        })
                        .log_err();
                }

                // Keep presenting if input was recently arriving at a high rate (>= 60fps),
                // including while an unfocused window receives pointer input.
                let needs_present = request_frame_options.require_presentation
                    || needs_present.get()
                    || high_rate_input;

                if invalidator.is_dirty() || force_render {
                    measure("frame duration", || {
                        handle
                            .update(&mut cx, |_, window, cx| {
                                if force_render {
                                    window.refresh();
                                }
                                let arena_clear_needed = window.draw(cx);
                                window.present();
                                // drop the arena elements after present to reduce latency
                                arena_clear_needed.clear();
                            })
                            .log_err();
                    })
                } else if needs_present {
                    handle
                        .update(&mut cx, |_, window, _| window.present())
                        .log_err();
                }

                handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, window, _| {
                        if window.invalidator.is_dirty()
                            || !window.next_frame_callbacks.borrow().is_empty()
                        {
                            window.platform_window.schedule_frame();
                        }
                    })
                    .log_err();
            }
        }));
        platform_window.on_resize(Box::new({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            let foreground_executor = cx.foreground_executor().clone();
            move |_, _| {
                // Frame changes issued inside a window update (e.g.
                // `Window::resize_anchored`) re-enter this callback
                // synchronously while the app is still borrowed. When that
                // happens, retry once the current update completes instead
                // of dropping the resize notification.
                if handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, window, cx| window.bounds_changed(cx))
                    .is_err()
                {
                    let mut cx = cx.clone();
                    foreground_executor
                        .spawn(async move {
                            handle
                                .update(&mut cx, |_, window, cx| window.bounds_changed(cx))
                                .log_err();
                        })
                        .detach();
                }
            }
        }));
        platform_window.on_moved(Box::new({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            let foreground_executor = cx.foreground_executor().clone();
            move || {
                // See the `on_resize` registration above: moved notifications
                // can also fire synchronously while the app is borrowed.
                if handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, window, cx| window.bounds_changed(cx))
                    .is_err()
                {
                    let mut cx = cx.clone();
                    foreground_executor
                        .spawn(async move {
                            handle
                                .update(&mut cx, |_, window, cx| window.bounds_changed(cx))
                                .log_err();
                        })
                        .detach();
                }
            }
        }));
        platform_window.on_appearance_changed(Box::new({
            let cx = cx.to_async();
            let foreground_executor = cx.foreground_executor().clone();
            move || {
                let mut cx = cx.clone();
                // Defer the update because changing the AppKit appearance may
                // synchronously invoke this callback while App is already borrowed.
                foreground_executor
                    .spawn(async move {
                        handle
                            .update(&mut cx, |_, window, cx| window.appearance_changed(cx))
                            .log_err();
                    })
                    .detach();
            }
        }));
        platform_window.on_active_status_change(Box::new({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            move |active| {
                handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, window, cx| {
                        if !active {
                            // macOS: per-window to immediately unhide cursor if hidden.
                            // Linux/Windows: platform-level handles it.
                            window.platform_window.set_cursor_style(CursorStyle::Arrow);
                            cx.platform.set_cursor_style(CursorStyle::Arrow);
                        }

                        window.active.set(active);
                        window.modifiers = window.platform_window.modifiers();
                        window.capslock = window.platform_window.capslock();
                        window
                            .activation_observers
                            .clone()
                            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(window, cx));

                        window.bounds_changed(cx);
                        window.refresh();

                        SystemWindowTabController::update_last_active(cx, window.handle.id);
                    })
                    .log_err();
            }
        }));
        platform_window.on_visibility_change(Box::new({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            move |visibility| {
                handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, window, cx| {
                        if window.visibility == visibility {
                            return;
                        }
                        window.visibility = visibility;
                        window
                            .visibility_observers
                            .clone()
                            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(visibility, window, cx));
                    })
                    .log_err();
            }
        }));
        platform_window.on_hover_status_change(Box::new({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            move |active| {
                handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, window, _| {
                        window.hovered.set(active);
                        window.refresh();
                    })
                    .log_err();
            }
        }));
        platform_window.on_input({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            Box::new(move |event| {
                handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, window, cx| window.dispatch_event(event, cx))
                    .log_err()
                    .unwrap_or(DispatchEventResult::default())
            })
        });
        platform_window.on_hit_test_window_control({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            Box::new(move || {
                handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, window, _cx| {
                        for (area, hitbox) in &window.rendered_frame.window_control_hitboxes {
                            if window.mouse_hit_test.ids.contains(&hitbox.id) {
                                return Some(*area);
                            }
                        }
                        None
                    })
                    .log_err()
                    .unwrap_or(None)
            })
        });
        platform_window.on_move_tab_to_new_window({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            Box::new(move || {
                handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, _window, cx| {
                        SystemWindowTabController::move_tab_to_new_window(cx, handle.window_id());
                    })
                    .log_err();
            })
        });
        platform_window.on_merge_all_windows({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            Box::new(move || {
                handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, _window, cx| {
                        SystemWindowTabController::merge_all_windows(cx, handle.window_id());
                    })
                    .log_err();
            })
        });
        platform_window.on_select_next_tab({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            Box::new(move || {
                handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, _window, cx| {
                        SystemWindowTabController::select_next_tab(cx, handle.window_id());
                    })
                    .log_err();
            })
        });
        platform_window.on_select_previous_tab({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            Box::new(move || {
                handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, _window, cx| {
                        SystemWindowTabController::select_previous_tab(cx, handle.window_id())
                    })
                    .log_err();
            })
        });
        platform_window.on_toggle_tab_bar({
            let mut cx = cx.to_async();
            Box::new(move || {
                handle
                    .update(&mut cx, |_, window, cx| {
                        let tab_bar_visible = window.platform_window.tab_bar_visible();
                        SystemWindowTabController::set_visible(cx, tab_bar_visible);
                    })
                    .log_err();
            })
        });

        if let Some(app_id) = app_id {
            platform_window.set_app_id(&app_id);
        }

        // Map only after all callbacks above are registered, and only when
        // the window is meant to be visible: backends that gate visibility on
        // mapping (X11) honor `WindowOptions::show` this way, matching macOS
        // where `show`/`focus` are consumed at window creation.
        if show {
            platform_window.map_window()?;
        }

        Ok(Window {
            handle,
            invalidator,
            removed: false,
            platform_window,
            a11y: A11y::new(a11y_active_flag, accessibility_force_disabled),
            display_id,
            sprite_atlas,
            text_system,
            rem_size: px(16.),
            rem_size_override_stack: SmallVec::new(),
            viewport_size: content_size,
            layout_engine: Some(TaffyLayoutEngine::new()),
            root: None,
            element_id_stack: SmallVec::default(),
            text_style_stack: SmallVec::new(),
            rendered_entity_stack: SmallVec::new(),
            element_offset_stack: SmallVec::new(),
            content_mask_stack: SmallVec::new(),
            element_opacity: 1.0,
            requested_autoscroll: None,
            rendered_frame: Frame::new(DispatchTree::new(cx.keymap.clone(), cx.actions.clone())),
            next_frame: Frame::new(DispatchTree::new(cx.keymap.clone(), cx.actions.clone())),
            next_frame_callbacks,
            next_hitbox_id: HitboxId(0),
            next_tooltip_id: TooltipId::default(),
            tooltip_bounds: None,
            dirty_views: FxHashSet::default(),
            focus_listeners: SubscriberSet::new(),
            focus_lost_listeners: SubscriberSet::new(),
            focus_lost_path: SmallVec::new(),
            default_prevented: true,
            mouse_position,
            mouse_hit_test: HitTest::default(),
            modifiers,
            capslock,
            scale_factor,
            bounds_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
            appearance,
            appearance_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
            active,
            visibility,
            visibility_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
            hovered,
            needs_present,
            input_rate_tracker,
            #[cfg(feature = "input-latency-histogram")]
            input_latency_tracker: InputLatencyTracker::new()?,
            last_input_was_keyboard: Cell::new(false),
            refreshing: false,
            activation_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
            focus: None,
            focus_enabled: true,
            pending_input: None,
            pending_modifier: ModifierState::default(),
            pending_input_observers: SubscriberSet::new(),
            prompt: None,
            client_inset: None,
            image_cache_stack: SmallVec::new(),
            captured_hitbox: None,
            #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
            inspector: None,
        })
    }

    pub(crate) fn new_focus_listener(
        &self,
        value: AnyWindowFocusListener,
    ) -> (Subscription, impl FnOnce() + use<>) {
        self.focus_listeners.insert((), value)
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[allow(missing_docs)]
pub struct DispatchEventResult {
    pub propagate: bool,
    pub default_prevented: bool,
}

/// Indicates which region of the window is visible. Content falling outside of this mask will not be
/// rendered. Currently, only rectangular content masks are supported, but we give the mask its own type
/// to leave room to support more complex shapes in the future.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
#[repr(C)]
pub struct ContentMask<P: Clone + Debug + Default + PartialEq> {
    /// The bounds
    pub bounds: Bounds<P>,
}

impl ContentMask<Pixels> {
    /// Scale the content mask's pixel units by the given scaling factor.
    pub fn scale(&self, factor: f32) -> ContentMask<ScaledPixels> {
        ContentMask {
            bounds: self.bounds.scale(factor),
        }
    }

    /// Intersect the content mask with the given content mask.
    pub fn intersect(&self, other: &Self) -> Self {
        let bounds = self.bounds.intersect(&other.bounds);
        ContentMask { bounds }
    }
}

impl Window {
    fn mark_view_dirty(&mut self, view_id: EntityId) {
        // Mark ancestor views as dirty. If already in the `dirty_views` set, then all its ancestors
        // should already be dirty.
        for view_id in self
            .rendered_frame
            .dispatch_tree
            .view_path(view_id)
            .into_iter()
            .rev()
        {
            if !self.dirty_views.insert(view_id) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    /// Whether the platform is presenting this window's frames (see
    /// [`WindowVisibility`]).
    pub fn visibility(&self) -> WindowVisibility {
        self.visibility
    }

    /// Whether frames drawn for this window will be shown.
    ///
    /// This is not the window's shown/hidden state: a shown window that is
    /// fully behind another window, minimized, or on a sleeping display is not
    /// visible here. [`PlatformWindow::is_visible`] reports that shown/hidden
    /// state instead.
    pub fn is_visible(&self) -> bool {
        self.visibility.is_visible()
    }

    /// Registers a callback to be invoked when the window's visibility changes.
    pub fn observe_window_visibility(
        &self,
        mut callback: impl FnMut(WindowVisibility, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) -> Subscription {
        let (subscription, activate) = self.visibility_observers.insert(
            (),
            Box::new(move |visibility, window, cx| {
                callback(visibility, window, cx);
                true
            }),
        );
        activate();
        subscription
    }

    /// Registers a callback to be invoked when the window appearance changes.
    pub fn observe_window_appearance(
        &self,
        mut callback: impl FnMut(&mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) -> Subscription {
        let (subscription, activate) = self.appearance_observers.insert(
            (),
            Box::new(move |window, cx| {
                callback(window, cx);
                true
            }),
        );
        activate();
        subscription
    }

    /// Replaces the root entity of the window with a new one.
    pub fn replace_root<E>(
        &mut self,
        cx: &mut App,
        build_view: impl FnOnce(&mut Window, &mut Context<E>) -> E,
    ) -> Entity<E>
    where
        E: 'static + Render,
    {
        let view = cx.new(|cx| build_view(self, cx));
        self.root = Some(view.clone().into());
        self.refresh();
        view
    }

    /// Returns the root entity of the window, if it has one.
    pub fn root<E>(&self) -> Option<Option<Entity<E>>>
    where
        E: 'static + Render,
    {
        self.root
            .as_ref()
            .map(|view| view.clone().downcast::<E>().ok())
    }

    /// Obtain a handle to the window that belongs to this context.
    pub fn window_handle(&self) -> AnyWindowHandle {
        self.handle
    }

    /// Mark the window as dirty, scheduling it to be redrawn on the next frame.
    pub fn refresh(&mut self) {
        if self.invalidator.not_drawing() {
            self.refreshing = true;
            self.invalidator.set_dirty(true);
        }
    }

    /// Close this window.
    pub fn remove_window(&mut self) {
        self.removed = true;
    }

    /// Obtain the currently focused [`FocusHandle`]. If no elements are focused, returns `None`.
    pub fn focused(&self, cx: &App) -> Option<FocusHandle> {
        self.focus
            .and_then(|id| FocusHandle::for_id(id, &cx.focus_handles))
    }

    /// While focus-lost listeners are being dispatched, returns the closest ancestor of the
    /// previously focused element that can still receive focus, making it a suitable target
    /// for focus restoration. Returns `None` at all other times, or when no such ancestor exists.
    pub fn focus_lost_restore_target(&self, cx: &App) -> Option<FocusHandle> {
        let (_leaf, ancestors) = self.focus_lost_path.split_last()?;
        ancestors.iter().rev().find_map(|id| {
            self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.focusable_node_id(*id)?;
            FocusHandle::for_id(*id, &cx.focus_handles)
        })
    }

    /// Move focus to the element associated with the given [`FocusHandle`].
    pub fn focus(&mut self, handle: &FocusHandle) {
        if !self.focus_enabled || self.focus == Some(handle.id) {
            return;
        }

        self.focus = Some(handle.id);
        self.pending_input.take();
        self.refresh();
    }

    /// Remove focus from all elements within this context's window.
    pub fn blur(&mut self, cx: &mut App) {
        self.clear_pending_keystrokes(cx);

        if !self.focus_enabled {
            return;
        }

        self.focus = None;
        self.refresh();
    }

    /// Blur the window and don't allow anything in it to be focused again.
    pub fn disable_focus(&mut self, cx: &mut App) {
        self.blur(cx);
        self.focus_enabled = false;
    }

    /// Move focus to next tab stop.
    pub fn focus_next(&mut self) {
        if !self.focus_enabled {
            return;
        }

        if let Some(handle) = self.rendered_frame.tab_stops.next(self.focus.as_ref()) {
            self.focus(&handle)
        }
    }

    /// Move focus to previous tab stop.
    pub fn focus_prev(&mut self) {
        if !self.focus_enabled {
            return;
        }

        if let Some(handle) = self.rendered_frame.tab_stops.prev(self.focus.as_ref()) {
            self.focus(&handle)
        }
    }

    /// Accessor for the text system.
    pub fn text_system(&self) -> &Arc<WindowTextSystem> {
        &self.text_system
    }

    /// The current text style. Which is composed of all the style refinements provided to `with_text_style`.
    pub fn text_style(&self) -> TextStyle {
        let mut style = TextStyle::default();
        for refinement in &self.text_style_stack {
            style.refine(refinement);
        }
        style
    }

    /// Check if the platform window is maximized
    /// On some platforms (namely Windows) this is different than the bounds being the size of the display
    pub fn is_maximized(&self) -> bool {
        self.platform_window.is_maximized()
    }

    /// request a certain window decoration (Wayland)
    pub fn request_decorations(&self, decorations: WindowDecorations) {
        self.platform_window.request_decorations(decorations);
    }

    /// Sets how much space a Wayland layer-shell surface reserves from its anchored edge.
    pub fn set_exclusive_zone(&self, zone: Pixels) {
        self.platform_window.set_exclusive_zone(zone);
    }

    /// Selects the anchored edge used by a Wayland layer-shell surface's exclusive zone.
    /// Invalid or unsupported edges are ignored by the platform implementation.
    #[cfg(all(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "freebsd"), feature = "wayland"))]
    pub fn set_exclusive_edge(&self, edge: crate::layer_shell::Anchor) {
        self.platform_window.set_exclusive_edge(edge);
    }

    /// Start a window resize operation (Wayland)
    pub fn start_window_resize(&self, edge: ResizeEdge) {
        self.platform_window.start_window_resize(edge);
    }

    /// Return the `WindowBounds` to indicate that how a window should be opened
    /// after it has been closed
    pub fn window_bounds(&self) -> WindowBounds {
        self.platform_window.window_bounds()
    }

    /// Return the `WindowBounds` excluding insets (Wayland and X11)
    pub fn inner_window_bounds(&self) -> WindowBounds {
        self.platform_window.inner_window_bounds()
    }

    /// Encode the window's native restorable state into an opaque blob.
    /// Returns `None` on platforms without native state restoration or if encoding fails.
    pub fn native_window_state(&self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
        self.platform_window.native_window_state()
    }

    /// Restore the window's native state from a blob previously produced
    /// by [`Window::native_window_state`]. A no-op on platforms without native state restoration.
    pub fn restore_native_window_state(&self, state: &[u8]) {
        self.platform_window.restore_native_window_state(state);
    }

    /// Dispatch the given action on the currently focused element.
    pub fn dispatch_action(&mut self, action: Box<dyn Action>, cx: &mut App) {
        let focus_id = self.focused(cx).map(|handle| handle.id);

        let window = self.handle;
        cx.defer(move |cx| {
            window
                .update(cx, |_, window, cx| {
                    let node_id = window.focus_node_id_in_rendered_frame(focus_id);
                    window.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, action.as_ref(), cx);
                })
                .log_err();
        })
    }

    pub(crate) fn dispatch_keystroke_observers(
        &mut self,
        keystroke: &Keystroke,
        input_preference: InputPreference,
        action: Option<&dyn Action>,
        context_stack: Vec<KeyContext>,
        cx: &mut App,
    ) {
        cx.keystroke_observers.clone().retain(&(), move |callback| {
            (callback)(
                &KeystrokeEvent {
                    keystroke: keystroke.clone(),
                    input_preference,
                    action: action.map(|action| action.boxed_clone()),
                    context_stack: context_stack.clone(),
                },
                self,
                cx,
            )
        });
    }

    pub(crate) fn dispatch_keystroke_interceptors(
        &mut self,
        keystroke: &Keystroke,
        input_preference: InputPreference,
        context_stack: Vec<KeyContext>,
        cx: &mut App,
    ) {
        cx.keystroke_interceptors
            .clone()
            .retain(&(), move |callback| {
                (callback)(
                    &KeystrokeEvent {
                        keystroke: keystroke.clone(),
                        input_preference,
                        action: None,
                        context_stack: context_stack.clone(),
                    },
                    self,
                    cx,
                )
            });
    }

    /// Schedules the given function to be run at the end of the current effect cycle, allowing entities
    /// that are currently on the stack to be returned to the app.
    pub fn defer(&self, cx: &mut App, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Window, &mut App) + 'static) {
        let handle = self.handle;
        cx.defer(move |cx| {
            handle.update(cx, |_, window, cx| f(window, cx)).ok();
        });
    }

    /// Subscribe to events emitted by a entity.
    /// The entity to which you're subscribing must implement the [`EventEmitter`] trait.
    /// The callback will be invoked a handle to the emitting entity, the event, and a window context for the current window.
    pub fn observe<T: 'static>(
        &mut self,
        observed: &Entity<T>,
        cx: &mut App,
        mut on_notify: impl FnMut(Entity<T>, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) -> Subscription {
        let entity_id = observed.entity_id();
        let observed = observed.downgrade();
        let window_handle = self.handle;
        cx.new_observer(
            entity_id,
            Box::new(move |cx| {
                window_handle
                    .update(cx, |_, window, cx| {
                        if let Some(handle) = observed.upgrade() {
                            on_notify(handle, window, cx);
                            true
                        } else {
                            false
                        }
                    })
                    .unwrap_or(false)
            }),
        )
    }

    /// Subscribe to events emitted by a entity.
    /// The entity to which you're subscribing must implement the [`EventEmitter`] trait.
    /// The callback will be invoked a handle to the emitting entity, the event, and a window context for the current window.
    pub fn subscribe<Emitter, Evt>(
        &mut self,
        entity: &Entity<Emitter>,
        cx: &mut App,
        mut on_event: impl FnMut(Entity<Emitter>, &Evt, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) -> Subscription
    where
        Emitter: EventEmitter<Evt>,
        Evt: 'static,
    {
        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
        let handle = entity.downgrade();
        let window_handle = self.handle;
        cx.new_subscription(
            entity_id,
            (
                TypeId::of::<Evt>(),
                Box::new(move |event, cx| {
                    window_handle
                        .update(cx, |_, window, cx| {
                            if let Some(entity) = handle.upgrade() {
                                let event = event.downcast_ref().expect("invalid event type");
                                on_event(entity, event, window, cx);
                                true
                            } else {
                                false
                            }
                        })
                        .unwrap_or(false)
                }),
            ),
        )
    }

    /// Register a callback to be invoked when the given `Entity` is released.
    pub fn observe_release<T>(
        &self,
        entity: &Entity<T>,
        cx: &mut App,
        mut on_release: impl FnOnce(&mut T, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) -> Subscription
    where
        T: 'static,
    {
        let entity_id = entity.entity_id();
        let window_handle = self.handle;
        let (subscription, activate) = cx.release_listeners.insert(
            entity_id,
            Box::new(move |entity, cx| {
                let entity = entity.downcast_mut().expect("invalid entity type");
                let _ = window_handle.update(cx, |_, window, cx| on_release(entity, window, cx));
            }),
        );
        activate();
        subscription
    }

    /// Creates an [`AsyncWindowContext`], which has a static lifetime and can be held across
    /// await points in async code.
    pub fn to_async(&self, cx: &App) -> AsyncWindowContext {
        AsyncWindowContext::new_context(cx.to_async(), self.handle)
    }

    /// Schedule the given closure to be run directly after the current frame is rendered.
    pub fn on_next_frame(&self, callback: impl FnOnce(&mut Window, &mut App) + 'static) {
        RefCell::borrow_mut(&self.next_frame_callbacks).push(Box::new(callback));
        self.platform_window.schedule_frame();
    }

    /// Schedule a frame to be drawn on the next animation frame.
    ///
    /// This is useful for elements that need to animate continuously, such as a video player or an animated GIF.
    /// It will cause the window to redraw on the next frame, even if no other changes have occurred.
    ///
    /// If called from within a view, it will notify that view on the next frame. Otherwise, it will refresh the entire window.
    pub fn request_animation_frame(&self) {
        let entity = self.current_view();
        self.on_next_frame(move |_, cx| cx.notify(entity));
    }

    /// Spawn the future returned by the given closure on the application thread pool.
    /// The closure is provided a handle to the current window and an `AsyncWindowContext` for
    /// use within your future.
    #[track_caller]
    pub fn spawn<AsyncFn, R>(&self, cx: &App, f: AsyncFn) -> Task<R>
    where
        R: 'static,
        AsyncFn: AsyncFnOnce(&mut AsyncWindowContext) -> R + 'static,
    {
        let handle = self.handle;
        cx.spawn(async move |app| {
            let mut async_window_cx = AsyncWindowContext::new_context(app.clone(), handle);
            f(&mut async_window_cx).await
        })
    }

    fn bounds_changed(&mut self, cx: &mut App) {
        self.scale_factor = self.platform_window.scale_factor();
        self.viewport_size = self.platform_window.content_size();
        self.display_id = self.platform_window.display().map(|display| display.id());
        self.mouse_position = self.platform_window.mouse_position();
        self.platform_window.a11y_update_window_bounds();

        self.refresh();

        self.bounds_observers
            .clone()
            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(self, cx));
    }

    /// Returns the bounds of the current window in the global coordinate space, which could span across multiple displays.
    pub fn bounds(&self) -> Bounds<Pixels> {
        self.platform_window.bounds()
    }

    /// Set the content size of the window.
    pub fn resize(&mut self, size: Size<Pixels>) {
        self.platform_window.resize(size);
    }

    /// Set the content size of the window without animating, keeping
    /// `anchor` fixed on screen (e.g. `ResizeAnchor::TopLeft` grows the
    /// window down and to the right, leaving the top-left corner in place).
    ///
    /// On platforms without an anchored implementation this falls back to
    /// [`Self::resize`].
    pub fn resize_anchored(&mut self, size: Size<Pixels>, anchor: ResizeAnchor) {
        self.platform_window.resize_anchored(size, anchor);
    }

    /// Returns whether or not the window is currently fullscreen
    pub fn is_fullscreen(&self) -> bool {
        self.platform_window.is_fullscreen()
    }

    /// Returns whether the window is currently in simple (borderless) fullscreen,
    /// where it covers the entire screen including the menu bar and notch area.
    /// Always `false` on platforms other than macOS.
    pub fn is_simple_fullscreen(&self) -> bool {
        self.platform_window.is_simple_fullscreen()
    }

    pub(crate) fn appearance_changed(&mut self, cx: &mut App) {
        self.appearance = self.platform_window.appearance();

        self.appearance_observers
            .clone()
            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(self, cx));
    }

    /// Returns the appearance of the current window.
    pub fn appearance(&self) -> WindowAppearance {
        self.appearance
    }

    /// Returns the size of the drawable area within the window.
    pub fn viewport_size(&self) -> Size<Pixels> {
        self.viewport_size
    }

    /// Returns whether this window is focused by the operating system (receiving key events).
    pub fn is_window_active(&self) -> bool {
        self.active.get()
    }

    /// Returns whether this window is considered to be the window
    /// that currently owns the mouse cursor.
    /// On mac, this is equivalent to `is_window_active`.
    pub fn is_window_hovered(&self) -> bool {
        if cfg!(any(
            target_os = "windows",
            target_os = "linux",
            target_os = "freebsd"
        )) {
            self.hovered.get()
        } else {
            self.is_window_active()
        }
    }

    /// Returns whether the last input was from the keyboard.
    /// This is useful for determining cursor visibility behavior.
    pub fn last_input_was_keyboard(&self) -> bool {
        self.last_input_was_keyboard.get()
    }

    /// Toggle zoom on the window.
    pub fn zoom_window(&self) {
        self.platform_window.zoom();
    }

    /// Opens the native title bar context menu, useful when implementing client side decorations (Wayland and X11)
    pub fn show_window_menu(&self, position: Point<Pixels>) {
        self.platform_window.show_window_menu(position)
    }

    /// Tells the compositor to take control of window movement (Wayland and X11)
    ///
    /// Events may not be received during a move operation.
    pub fn start_window_move(&self) {
        self.platform_window.start_window_move()
    }

    /// When using client side decorations, set this to the width of the invisible decorations (Wayland and X11)
    pub fn set_client_inset(&mut self, inset: Pixels) {
        self.client_inset = Some(inset);
        self.platform_window.set_client_inset(inset);
    }

    /// Sets the client-drawn corner radii so platform effects can match the window's shape.
    pub fn set_client_corner_radii(&mut self, radii: Corners<Pixels>) {
        self.platform_window.set_client_corner_radii(radii);
    }

    /// Returns the client_inset value by [`Self::set_client_inset`].
    pub fn client_inset(&self) -> Option<Pixels> {
        self.client_inset
    }

    /// Returns whether the title bar window controls need to be rendered by the application (Wayland and X11)
    pub fn window_decorations(&self) -> Decorations {
        self.platform_window.window_decorations()
    }

    /// Returns which window controls are currently visible (Wayland)
    pub fn window_controls(&self) -> WindowControls {
        self.platform_window.window_controls()
    }

    /// Updates the window's title at the platform level.
    pub fn set_window_title(&mut self, title: &str) {
        self.platform_window.set_title(title);
    }

    /// Sets the application identifier.
    pub fn set_app_id(&mut self, app_id: &str) {
        self.platform_window.set_app_id(app_id);
    }

    /// Sets the window background appearance.
    pub fn set_background_appearance(&self, background_appearance: WindowBackgroundAppearance) {
        self.platform_window
            .set_background_appearance(background_appearance);
    }

    /// Mark the window as dirty at the platform level.
    pub fn set_window_edited(&mut self, edited: bool) {
        self.platform_window.set_edited(edited);
    }

    /// Determine the display on which the window is visible.
    pub fn display(&self, cx: &App) -> Option<Rc<dyn PlatformDisplay>> {
        cx.platform
            .displays()
            .into_iter()
            .find(|display| Some(display.id()) == self.display_id)
    }

    /// Show the platform character palette.
    pub fn show_character_palette(&self) {
        self.platform_window.show_character_palette();
    }

    /// The scale factor of the display associated with the window. For example, it could
    /// return 2.0 for a "retina" display, indicating that each logical pixel should actually
    /// be rendered as two pixels on screen.
    pub fn scale_factor(&self) -> f32 {
        self.scale_factor
    }

    /// The size of an em for the base font of the application. Adjusting this value allows the
    /// UI to scale, just like zooming a web page.
    pub fn rem_size(&self) -> Pixels {
        self.rem_size_override_stack
            .last()
            .copied()
            .unwrap_or(self.rem_size)
    }

    /// Sets the size of an em for the base font of the application. Adjusting this value allows the
    /// UI to scale, just like zooming a web page.
    pub fn set_rem_size(&mut self, rem_size: impl Into<Pixels>) {
        self.rem_size = rem_size.into();
    }

    /// Acquire a globally unique identifier for the given ElementId.
    /// Only valid for the duration of the provided closure.
    pub fn with_global_id<R>(
        &mut self,
        element_id: ElementId,
        f: impl FnOnce(&GlobalElementId, &mut Self) -> R,
    ) -> R {
        self.element_id_stack.push(element_id);
        let global_id = GlobalElementId(self.element_id_stack.clone());
        let result = f(&global_id, self);
        self.element_id_stack.pop();
        result
    }

    /// Executes the provided function with the specified rem size.
    ///
    /// This method must only be called as part of element drawing.
    pub fn with_rem_size<F, R>(&mut self, rem_size: Option<impl Into<Pixels>>, f: F) -> R
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint();

        if let Some(rem_size) = rem_size {
            self.rem_size_override_stack.push(rem_size.into());
            let result = f(self);
            self.rem_size_override_stack.pop();
            result
        } else {
            f(self)
        }
    }

    /// The line height associated with the current text style.
    pub fn line_height(&self) -> Pixels {
        self.text_style().line_height_in_pixels(self.rem_size())
    }

    /// Rounds a logical value to the nearest device pixel.
    #[inline]
    pub fn pixel_snap(&self, value: Pixels) -> Pixels {
        px(round_to_device_pixel(value.0, self.scale_factor()) / self.scale_factor())
    }

    /// f64 variant of [`Self::pixel_snap`].
    #[inline]
    pub fn pixel_snap_f64(&self, value: f64) -> f64 {
        let scale_factor = f64::from(self.scale_factor());
        round_half_toward_zero_f64(value * scale_factor) / scale_factor
    }

    /// Snaps a bounds' origin and size to the nearest device pixel.
    #[inline]
    pub fn pixel_snap_bounds(&self, bounds: Bounds<Pixels>) -> Bounds<Pixels> {
        bounds.map(|c| self.pixel_snap(c))
    }

    /// Snaps a point's coordinates to the nearest device pixel.
    #[inline]
    pub fn pixel_snap_point(&self, position: Point<Pixels>) -> Point<Pixels> {
        position.map(|c| self.pixel_snap(c))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn snap_bounds(&self, bounds: Bounds<Pixels>) -> Bounds<ScaledPixels> {
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let left = round_to_device_pixel(bounds.left().0, scale_factor);
        let top = round_to_device_pixel(bounds.top().0, scale_factor);
        let right = round_to_device_pixel(bounds.right().0, scale_factor).max(left);
        let bottom = round_to_device_pixel(bounds.bottom().0, scale_factor).max(top);
        Bounds::from_corners(
            point(ScaledPixels(left), ScaledPixels(top)),
            point(ScaledPixels(right), ScaledPixels(bottom)),
        )
    }

    #[inline]
    fn snap_stroke(&self, value: Pixels) -> ScaledPixels {
        ScaledPixels(round_stroke_to_device_pixel(value.0, self.scale_factor()))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn snap_border_widths(&self, edges: Edges<Pixels>) -> Edges<ScaledPixels> {
        edges.map(|e| self.snap_stroke(*e))
    }

    #[inline]
    fn cover_bounds(&self, bounds: Bounds<Pixels>) -> Bounds<ScaledPixels> {
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let left = floor_to_device_pixel(bounds.left().0, scale_factor);
        let top = floor_to_device_pixel(bounds.top().0, scale_factor);
        let right = ceil_to_device_pixel(bounds.right().0, scale_factor).max(left);
        let bottom = ceil_to_device_pixel(bounds.bottom().0, scale_factor).max(top);
        Bounds::from_corners(
            point(ScaledPixels(left), ScaledPixels(top)),
            point(ScaledPixels(right), ScaledPixels(bottom)),
        )
    }

    #[inline]
    fn snapped_content_mask(&self) -> ContentMask<ScaledPixels> {
        ContentMask {
            bounds: self.cover_bounds(self.content_mask().bounds),
        }
    }

    /// Call to prevent the default action of an event. Currently only used to prevent
    /// parent elements from becoming focused on mouse down.
    pub fn prevent_default(&mut self) {
        self.default_prevented = true;
    }

    /// Obtain whether default has been prevented for the event currently being dispatched.
    pub fn default_prevented(&self) -> bool {
        self.default_prevented
    }

    /// Determine whether the given action is available along the dispatch path to the currently focused element.
    pub fn is_action_available(&self, action: &dyn Action, cx: &mut App) -> bool {
        let node_id =
            self.focus_node_id_in_rendered_frame(self.focused(cx).map(|handle| handle.id));
        self.rendered_frame
            .dispatch_tree
            .is_action_available(action, node_id)
    }

    /// The position of the mouse relative to the window.
    pub fn mouse_position(&self) -> Point<Pixels> {
        self.mouse_position
    }

    /// Captures the pointer for the given hitbox. While captured, all mouse move and mouse up
    /// events will be routed to listeners that check this hitbox's `is_hovered` status,
    /// regardless of actual hit testing. This enables drag operations that continue
    /// even when the pointer moves outside the element's bounds.
    ///
    /// The capture is automatically released on mouse up.
    pub fn capture_pointer(&mut self, hitbox_id: HitboxId) {
        self.captured_hitbox = Some(hitbox_id);
    }

    /// Releases any active pointer capture.
    pub fn release_pointer(&mut self) {
        self.captured_hitbox = None;
    }

    /// Returns the hitbox that has captured the pointer, if any.
    pub fn captured_hitbox(&self) -> Option<HitboxId> {
        self.captured_hitbox
    }

    /// The current state of the keyboard's modifiers
    pub fn modifiers(&self) -> Modifiers {
        self.modifiers
    }

    /// The current state of the keyboard's capslock
    pub fn capslock(&self) -> Capslock {
        self.capslock
    }

    /// Produces a new frame and assigns it to `rendered_frame`. To actually show
    /// the contents of the new `Scene`, use `present`.
    #[profiling::function]
    pub fn draw(&mut self, cx: &mut App) -> ArenaClearNeeded {
        let arena_scope = ElementArenaScope::enter();
        self.invalidate_entities();
        cx.entities.clear_accessed();
        debug_assert!(self.rendered_entity_stack.is_empty());
        self.invalidator.set_dirty(false);
        self.requested_autoscroll = None;

        // Restore the previously-used input handler.
        if let Some(input_handler) = self.platform_window.take_input_handler() {
            if let Some(slot) = self
                .rendered_frame
                .input_handlers
                .iter_mut()
                .rev()
                .find(|handler| handler.is_none())
            {
                *slot = Some(input_handler);
            } else {
                self.rendered_frame.input_handlers.push(Some(input_handler));
            }
        }
        self.draw_roots(cx);
        self.dirty_views.clear();
        self.next_frame.window_active = self.active.get();

        // Register requested input handler with the platform window.
        if let Some(input_handler) = self
            .next_frame
            .input_handlers
            .iter_mut()
            .rev()
            .find_map(|handler| handler.take())
        {
            self.platform_window.set_input_handler(input_handler);
        }

        self.layout_engine.as_mut().unwrap().clear();
        self.text_system().finish_frame();
        self.next_frame.finish(&mut self.rendered_frame);

        self.invalidator.set_phase(DrawPhase::Focus);
        let previous_focus_path = self.rendered_frame.focus_path();
        let previous_window_active = self.rendered_frame.window_active;
        mem::swap(&mut self.rendered_frame, &mut self.next_frame);
        self.next_frame.clear();
        let current_focus_path = self.rendered_frame.focus_path();
        let current_window_active = self.rendered_frame.window_active;

        if previous_focus_path != current_focus_path
            || previous_window_active != current_window_active
        {
            if !previous_focus_path.is_empty() && current_focus_path.is_empty() {
                self.focus_lost_path = previous_focus_path.clone();
                self.focus_lost_listeners
                    .clone()
                    .retain(&(), |listener| listener(self, cx));
                self.focus_lost_path = SmallVec::new();
            }

            let event = WindowFocusEvent {
                previous_focus_path: if previous_window_active {
                    previous_focus_path
                } else {
                    Default::default()
                },
                current_focus_path: if current_window_active {
                    current_focus_path
                } else {
                    Default::default()
                },
            };
            self.focus_listeners
                .clone()
                .retain(&(), |listener| listener(&event, self, cx));
        }

        debug_assert!(self.rendered_entity_stack.is_empty());
        self.record_entities_accessed(cx);
        self.reset_cursor_style(cx);
        self.refreshing = false;
        self.invalidator.set_phase(DrawPhase::None);
        self.needs_present.set(true);

        drop(arena_scope);
        ArenaClearNeeded
    }

    /// Returns a structural summary of the current rendered frame for tests.
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
    pub fn visual_render_artifact(&self) -> crate::VisualRenderArtifact {
        crate::VisualRenderArtifact::from_scene(&self.rendered_frame.scene)
    }

    /// Presents the current rendered frame for real renderer smoke tests.
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
    pub fn present_for_visual_test(&mut self) {
        self.present();
    }

    /// Renders the current frame's scene to an image when the platform supports it.
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
    pub fn render_to_image(&self) -> anyhow::Result<image::RgbaImage> {
        self.platform_window
            .render_to_image(&self.rendered_frame.scene)
    }

    /// Returns the quads in the most recently rendered frame's scene, so tests can assert on
    /// painted output without rasterizing the frame. Quad bounds are in scaled pixels and are
    /// not clipped; each quad carries the content mask it will be clipped to when drawn. Quads
    /// whose bounds don't intersect their content mask are culled at paint time and won't appear.
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
    pub fn painted_quads(&self) -> Vec<Quad> {
        self.rendered_frame.scene.quads.clone()
    }

    fn record_entities_accessed(&mut self, cx: &mut App) {
        let mut entities_ref = cx.entities.accessed_entities.borrow_mut();
        let mut entities = mem::take(entities_ref.deref_mut());
        drop(entities_ref);
        let handle = self.handle;
        cx.record_entities_accessed(
            handle,
            // Try moving window invalidator into the Window
            self.invalidator.clone(),
            &entities,
        );
        let mut entities_ref = cx.entities.accessed_entities.borrow_mut();
        mem::swap(&mut entities, entities_ref.deref_mut());
    }

    fn invalidate_entities(&mut self) {
        let mut views = self.invalidator.take_views();
        for entity in views.drain() {
            self.mark_view_dirty(entity);
        }
        self.invalidator.replace_views(views);
    }

    #[profiling::function]
    fn present(&mut self) {
        self.platform_window.draw(&self.rendered_frame.scene);
        #[cfg(feature = "input-latency-histogram")]
        self.input_latency_tracker.record_frame_presented();
        self.needs_present.set(false);
        profiling::finish_frame!();
    }

    /// Returns a snapshot of the current input latency histograms.
    #[cfg(feature = "input-latency-histogram")]
    pub fn input_latency_snapshot(&self) -> InputLatencySnapshot {
        self.input_latency_tracker.snapshot()
    }

    fn draw_roots(&mut self, cx: &mut App) {
        self.invalidator.set_phase(DrawPhase::Prepaint);
        self.tooltip_bounds.take();

        self.a11y.sync_active_flag();
        if self.a11y.is_active() {
            self.a11y.begin_frame();
        }

        let _inspector_width: Pixels = rems(30.0).to_pixels(self.rem_size());
        let root_size = {
            #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
            {
                if self.inspector.is_some() {
                    let mut size = self.viewport_size;
                    size.width = (size.width - _inspector_width).max(px(0.0));
                    size
                } else {
                    self.viewport_size
                }
            }
            #[cfg(not(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions)))]
            {
                self.viewport_size
            }
        };

        // Window roots fill the viewport unless an explicit dimension is set.
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let mut root_element = self.root.as_ref().unwrap().clone().into_any();
        let root_layout_id = root_element.request_layout(self, cx);
        self.layout_engine
            .as_mut()
            .unwrap()
            .stretch_auto_size_to_fill(root_layout_id, root_size, scale_factor);
        root_element.prepaint_as_root(Point::default(), root_size.into(), self, cx);

        #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
        let inspector_element = self.prepaint_inspector(_inspector_width, cx);

        self.prepaint_deferred_draws(cx);

        let mut prompt_element = None;
        let mut active_drag_element = None;
        let mut tooltip_element = None;
        if let Some(prompt) = self.prompt.take() {
            let mut element = prompt.view.any_view().into_any();
            let prompt_layout_id = element.request_layout(self, cx);
            self.layout_engine
                .as_mut()
                .unwrap()
                .stretch_auto_size_to_fill(prompt_layout_id, root_size, scale_factor);
            element.prepaint_as_root(Point::default(), root_size.into(), self, cx);
            prompt_element = Some(element);
            self.prompt = Some(prompt);
        } else if let Some(active_drag) = cx.active_drag.take() {
            let mut element = active_drag.view.clone().into_any();
            let offset = self.mouse_position() - active_drag.cursor_offset;
            element.prepaint_as_root(offset, AvailableSpace::min_size(), self, cx);
            active_drag_element = Some(element);
            cx.active_drag = Some(active_drag);
        } else {
            tooltip_element = self.prepaint_tooltip(cx);
        }

        self.mouse_hit_test = self.next_frame.hit_test(self.mouse_position);

        // Now actually paint the elements.
        self.invalidator.set_phase(DrawPhase::Paint);
        root_element.paint(self, cx);

        #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
        self.paint_inspector(inspector_element, cx);

        let mut sorted_deferred_draws =
            (0..self.next_frame.deferred_draws.len()).collect::<SmallVec<[_; 8]>>();
        sorted_deferred_draws.sort_by_key(|ix| self.next_frame.deferred_draws[*ix].priority);
        self.paint_deferred_draws(&sorted_deferred_draws, cx);

        if let Some(mut prompt_element) = prompt_element {
            prompt_element.paint(self, cx);
        } else if let Some(mut drag_element) = active_drag_element {
            drag_element.paint(self, cx);
        } else if let Some(mut tooltip_element) = tooltip_element {
            tooltip_element.paint(self, cx);
        }

        #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
        self.paint_inspector_hitbox(cx);

        let a11y_active_start_of_frame = self.a11y.is_active();
        self.a11y.sync_active_flag();
        let a11y_active_end_of_frame = self.a11y.is_active();

        if a11y_active_start_of_frame {
            let tree_update = self.a11y.end_frame();
            if a11y_active_end_of_frame {
                log::debug!(
                    "Sending a11y tree update: {} nodes",
                    tree_update.nodes.len()
                );
                self.platform_window.a11y_tree_update(tree_update);
            }
        }
    }

    fn prepaint_tooltip(&mut self, cx: &mut App) -> Option<AnyElement> {
        // Use indexing instead of iteration to avoid borrowing self for the duration of the loop.
        for tooltip_request_index in (0..self.next_frame.tooltip_requests.len()).rev() {
            let Some(Some(tooltip_request)) = self
                .next_frame
                .tooltip_requests
                .get(tooltip_request_index)
                .cloned()
            else {
                log::error!("Unexpectedly absent TooltipRequest");
                continue;
            };
            let mut element = tooltip_request.tooltip.view.clone().into_any();
            let mouse_position = tooltip_request.tooltip.mouse_position;
            let tooltip_size = element.layout_as_root(AvailableSpace::min_size(), self, cx);

            let mut tooltip_bounds =
                Bounds::new(mouse_position + point(px(1.), px(1.)), tooltip_size);
            let window_bounds = Bounds {
                origin: Point::default(),
                size: self.viewport_size(),
            };

            if tooltip_bounds.right() > window_bounds.right() {
                let new_x = mouse_position.x - tooltip_bounds.size.width - px(1.);
                if new_x >= Pixels::ZERO {
                    tooltip_bounds.origin.x = new_x;
                } else {
                    tooltip_bounds.origin.x = cmp::max(
                        Pixels::ZERO,
                        tooltip_bounds.origin.x - tooltip_bounds.right() - window_bounds.right(),
                    );
                }
            }

            if tooltip_bounds.bottom() > window_bounds.bottom() {
                let new_y = mouse_position.y - tooltip_bounds.size.height - px(1.);
                if new_y >= Pixels::ZERO {
                    tooltip_bounds.origin.y = new_y;
                } else {
                    tooltip_bounds.origin.y = cmp::max(
                        Pixels::ZERO,
                        tooltip_bounds.origin.y - tooltip_bounds.bottom() - window_bounds.bottom(),
                    );
                }
            }

            // It's possible for an element to have an active tooltip while not being painted (e.g.
            // via the `visible_on_hover` method). Since mouse listeners are not active in this
            // case, instead update the tooltip's visibility here.
            let is_visible =
                (tooltip_request.tooltip.check_visible_and_update)(tooltip_bounds, self, cx);
            if !is_visible {
                continue;
            }

            self.with_absolute_element_offset(tooltip_bounds.origin, |window| {
                element.prepaint(window, cx)
            });

            self.tooltip_bounds = Some(TooltipBounds {
                id: tooltip_request.id,
                bounds: tooltip_bounds,
            });
            return Some(element);
        }
        None
    }

    fn prepaint_deferred_draws(&mut self, cx: &mut App) {
        assert_eq!(self.element_id_stack.len(), 0);

        // Keep deferred draws in place because cached prepaint ranges index this vector.
        // Each round may append nested draws, which are processed in the next round.
        let mut round_start = 0;
        let mut depth = 0;
        loop {
            let round_end = self.next_frame.deferred_draws.len();
            if round_start == round_end {
                break;
            }

            assert!(depth < 10, "Exceeded maximum (10) deferred depth");
            depth += 1;

            let mut traversal_order = (round_start..round_end).collect::<SmallVec<[usize; 8]>>();
            traversal_order.sort_by_key(|ix| self.next_frame.deferred_draws[*ix].priority);

            for deferred_draw_ix in traversal_order {
                let (element, parent_node, current_view, absolute_offset, prepaint_range) = {
                    let deferred_draw = &mut self.next_frame.deferred_draws[deferred_draw_ix];
                    self.element_id_stack
                        .clone_from(&deferred_draw.element_id_stack);
                    self.text_style_stack
                        .clone_from(&deferred_draw.text_style_stack);
                    (
                        deferred_draw.element.take(),
                        deferred_draw.parent_node,
                        deferred_draw.current_view,
                        deferred_draw.absolute_offset,
                        deferred_draw.prepaint_range.clone(),
                    )
                };
                self.next_frame.dispatch_tree.set_active_node(parent_node);

                let prepaint_start = self.prepaint_index();
                if let Some(mut element) = element {
                    self.with_rendered_view(current_view, |window| {
                        window.with_absolute_element_offset(absolute_offset, |window| {
                            element.prepaint(window, cx)
                        });
                    });
                    self.next_frame.deferred_draws[deferred_draw_ix].element = Some(element);
                } else {
                    self.reuse_prepaint(prepaint_range);
                }
                let prepaint_end = self.prepaint_index();
                self.next_frame.deferred_draws[deferred_draw_ix].prepaint_range =
                    prepaint_start..prepaint_end;
            }

            self.element_id_stack.clear();
            self.text_style_stack.clear();
            round_start = round_end;
        }
    }

    fn paint_deferred_draws(&mut self, deferred_draw_indices: &[usize], cx: &mut App) {
        assert_eq!(self.element_id_stack.len(), 0);

        let mut deferred_draws = mem::take(&mut self.next_frame.deferred_draws);
        for deferred_draw_ix in deferred_draw_indices {
            let mut deferred_draw = &mut deferred_draws[*deferred_draw_ix];
            self.element_id_stack
                .clone_from(&deferred_draw.element_id_stack);
            self.next_frame
                .dispatch_tree
                .set_active_node(deferred_draw.parent_node);

            let paint_start = self.paint_index();
            if let Some(element) = deferred_draw.element.as_mut() {
                self.with_rendered_view(deferred_draw.current_view, |window| {
                    element.paint(window, cx);
                })
            } else {
                self.reuse_paint(deferred_draw.paint_range.clone());
            }
            let paint_end = self.paint_index();
            deferred_draw.paint_range = paint_start..paint_end;
        }
        self.next_frame.deferred_draws = deferred_draws;
        self.element_id_stack.clear();
    }

    pub(crate) fn prepaint_index(&self) -> PrepaintStateIndex {
        PrepaintStateIndex {
            hitboxes_index: self.next_frame.hitboxes.len(),
            tooltips_index: self.next_frame.tooltip_requests.len(),
            deferred_draws_index: self.next_frame.deferred_draws.len(),
            dispatch_tree_index: self.next_frame.dispatch_tree.len(),
            accessed_element_states_index: self.next_frame.accessed_element_states.len(),
            line_layout_index: self.text_system.layout_index(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn reuse_prepaint(&mut self, range: Range<PrepaintStateIndex>) {
        self.next_frame.hitboxes.extend(
            self.rendered_frame.hitboxes[range.start.hitboxes_index..range.end.hitboxes_index]
                .iter()
                .cloned(),
        );
        self.next_frame.tooltip_requests.extend(
            self.rendered_frame.tooltip_requests
                [range.start.tooltips_index..range.end.tooltips_index]
                .iter_mut()
                .map(|request| request.take()),
        );
        self.next_frame.accessed_element_states.extend(
            self.rendered_frame.accessed_element_states[range.start.accessed_element_states_index
                ..range.end.accessed_element_states_index]
                .iter()
                .map(|(id, type_id)| (GlobalElementId(id.0.clone()), *type_id)),
        );
        self.text_system
            .reuse_layouts(range.start.line_layout_index..range.end.line_layout_index);

        let reused_subtree = self.next_frame.dispatch_tree.reuse_subtree(
            range.start.dispatch_tree_index..range.end.dispatch_tree_index,
            &mut self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree,
            self.focus,
        );

        if reused_subtree.contains_focus() {
            self.next_frame.focus = self.focus;
        }

        self.next_frame.deferred_draws.extend(
            self.rendered_frame.deferred_draws
                [range.start.deferred_draws_index..range.end.deferred_draws_index]
                .iter()
                .map(|deferred_draw| DeferredDraw {
                    current_view: deferred_draw.current_view,
                    parent_node: reused_subtree.refresh_node_id(deferred_draw.parent_node),
                    element_id_stack: deferred_draw.element_id_stack.clone(),
                    text_style_stack: deferred_draw.text_style_stack.clone(),
                    priority: deferred_draw.priority,
                    element: None,
                    absolute_offset: deferred_draw.absolute_offset,
                    prepaint_range: deferred_draw.prepaint_range.clone(),
                    paint_range: deferred_draw.paint_range.clone(),
                }),
        );
    }

    pub(crate) fn paint_index(&self) -> PaintIndex {
        PaintIndex {
            scene_index: self.next_frame.scene.len(),
            #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
            debug_bounds_index: self.next_frame.debug_bounds_records.len(),
            mouse_listeners_index: self.next_frame.mouse_listeners.len(),
            input_handlers_index: self.next_frame.input_handlers.len(),
            cursor_styles_index: self.next_frame.cursor_styles.len(),
            accessed_element_states_index: self.next_frame.accessed_element_states.len(),
            tab_handle_index: self.next_frame.tab_stops.paint_index(),
            line_layout_index: self.text_system.layout_index(),
        }
    }

    pub(crate) fn reuse_paint(&mut self, range: Range<PaintIndex>) {
        // Cached elements still exist in the frame even when their paint methods don't run.
        #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
        for (selector, bounds) in &self.rendered_frame.debug_bounds_records
            [range.start.debug_bounds_index..range.end.debug_bounds_index]
        {
            self.next_frame
                .record_debug_bounds(selector.clone(), *bounds);
        }
        self.next_frame.cursor_styles.extend(
            self.rendered_frame.cursor_styles
                [range.start.cursor_styles_index..range.end.cursor_styles_index]
                .iter()
                .cloned(),
        );
        self.next_frame.input_handlers.extend(
            self.rendered_frame.input_handlers
                [range.start.input_handlers_index..range.end.input_handlers_index]
                .iter_mut()
                .map(|handler| handler.take()),
        );
        self.next_frame.mouse_listeners.extend(
            self.rendered_frame.mouse_listeners
                [range.start.mouse_listeners_index..range.end.mouse_listeners_index]
                .iter_mut()
                .map(|listener| listener.take()),
        );
        self.next_frame.accessed_element_states.extend(
            self.rendered_frame.accessed_element_states[range.start.accessed_element_states_index
                ..range.end.accessed_element_states_index]
                .iter()
                .map(|(id, type_id)| (GlobalElementId(id.0.clone()), *type_id)),
        );
        self.next_frame.tab_stops.replay(
            &self.rendered_frame.tab_stops.insertion_history
                [range.start.tab_handle_index..range.end.tab_handle_index],
        );

        self.text_system
            .reuse_layouts(range.start.line_layout_index..range.end.line_layout_index);
        self.next_frame.scene.replay(
            range.start.scene_index..range.end.scene_index,
            &self.rendered_frame.scene,
        );
    }

    /// Push a text style onto the stack, and call a function with that style active.
    /// Use [`Window::text_style`] to get the current, combined text style. This method
    /// should only be called as part of element drawing.
    pub fn with_text_style<F, R>(&mut self, style: Option<TextStyleRefinement>, f: F) -> R
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint();
        if let Some(style) = style {
            self.text_style_stack.push(style);
            let result = f(self);
            self.text_style_stack.pop();
            result
        } else {
            f(self)
        }
    }

    /// Updates the cursor style at the platform level. This method should only be called
    /// during the prepaint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn set_cursor_style(&mut self, style: CursorStyle, hitbox: &Hitbox) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();
        self.next_frame.cursor_styles.push(CursorStyleRequest {
            hitbox_id: Some(hitbox.id),
            style,
        });
    }

    /// Updates the cursor style for the entire window at the platform level. A cursor
    /// style using this method will have precedence over any cursor style set using
    /// `set_cursor_style`. This method should only be called during the prepaint
    /// phase of element drawing.
    pub fn set_window_cursor_style(&mut self, style: CursorStyle) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();
        self.next_frame.cursor_styles.push(CursorStyleRequest {
            hitbox_id: None,
            style,
        })
    }

    /// Sets a tooltip to be rendered for the upcoming frame. This method should only be called
    /// during the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn set_tooltip(&mut self, tooltip: AnyTooltip) -> TooltipId {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();
        let id = TooltipId(post_inc(&mut self.next_tooltip_id.0));
        self.next_frame
            .tooltip_requests
            .push(Some(TooltipRequest { id, tooltip }));
        id
    }

    /// Invoke the given function with the given content mask after intersecting it
    /// with the current mask. This method should only be called during element drawing.
    pub fn with_content_mask<R>(
        &mut self,
        mask: Option<ContentMask<Pixels>>,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    ) -> R {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint();
        if let Some(mask) = mask {
            let mask = mask.intersect(&self.content_mask());
            self.content_mask_stack.push(mask);
            let result = f(self);
            self.content_mask_stack.pop();
            result
        } else {
            f(self)
        }
    }

    /// Updates the global element offset relative to the current offset. This is used to implement
    /// scrolling. This method should only be called during the prepaint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn with_element_offset<R>(
        &mut self,
        offset: Point<Pixels>,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    ) -> R {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();

        if offset.is_zero() {
            return f(self);
        };

        let abs_offset = self.element_offset() + offset;
        self.with_absolute_element_offset(abs_offset, f)
    }

    /// Updates the global element offset based on the given offset. This is used to implement
    /// drag handles and other manual painting of elements. This method should only be called during
    /// the prepaint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn with_absolute_element_offset<R>(
        &mut self,
        offset: Point<Pixels>,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    ) -> R {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();
        self.element_offset_stack.push(offset);
        let result = f(self);
        self.element_offset_stack.pop();
        result
    }

    pub(crate) fn with_element_opacity<R>(
        &mut self,
        opacity: Option<f32>,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    ) -> R {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint();

        let Some(opacity) = opacity else {
            return f(self);
        };

        let previous_opacity = self.element_opacity;
        self.element_opacity = previous_opacity * opacity;
        let result = f(self);
        self.element_opacity = previous_opacity;
        result
    }

    /// Perform prepaint on child elements in a "retryable" manner, so that any side effects
    /// of prepaints can be discarded before prepainting again. This is used to support autoscroll
    /// where we need to prepaint children to detect the autoscroll bounds, then adjust the
    /// element offset and prepaint again. See [`crate::List`] for an example. This method should only be
    /// called during the prepaint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn transact<T, U>(&mut self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<T, U>) -> Result<T, U> {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();
        let index = self.prepaint_index();
        let result = f(self);
        if result.is_err() {
            self.next_frame.hitboxes.truncate(index.hitboxes_index);
            self.next_frame
                .tooltip_requests
                .truncate(index.tooltips_index);
            self.next_frame
                .deferred_draws
                .truncate(index.deferred_draws_index);
            self.next_frame
                .dispatch_tree
                .truncate(index.dispatch_tree_index);
            self.next_frame
                .accessed_element_states
                .truncate(index.accessed_element_states_index);
            self.text_system.truncate_layouts(index.line_layout_index);
        }
        result
    }

    /// When you call this method during [`Element::prepaint`], containing elements will attempt to
    /// scroll to cause the specified bounds to become visible. When they decide to autoscroll, they will call
    /// [`Element::prepaint`] again with a new set of bounds. See [`crate::List`] for an example of an element
    /// that supports this method being called on the elements it contains. This method should only be
    /// called during the prepaint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn request_autoscroll(&mut self, bounds: Bounds<Pixels>) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();
        self.requested_autoscroll = Some(bounds);
    }

    /// This method can be called from a containing element such as [`crate::List`] to support the autoscroll behavior
    /// described in [`Self::request_autoscroll`].
    pub fn take_autoscroll(&mut self) -> Option<Bounds<Pixels>> {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();
        self.requested_autoscroll.take()
    }

    /// Asynchronously load an asset, if the asset hasn't finished loading this will return None.
    /// Your view will be re-drawn once the asset has finished loading.
    ///
    /// Note that the multiple calls to this method will only result in one `Asset::load` call at a
    /// time.
    pub fn use_asset<A: Asset>(&mut self, source: &A::Source, cx: &mut App) -> Option<A::Output> {
        cx.asset_entry::<A>(source).use_by(self.current_view())
    }

    /// Asynchronously load an asset, if the asset hasn't finished loading or doesn't exist this will return None.
    /// Your view will not be re-drawn once the asset has finished loading.
    ///
    /// Note that the multiple calls to this method will only result in one `Asset::load` call at a
    /// time.
    pub fn get_asset<A: Asset>(&mut self, source: &A::Source, cx: &mut App) -> Option<A::Output> {
        cx.fetch_asset::<A>(source)
    }
    /// Obtain the current element offset. This method should only be called during the
    /// prepaint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn element_offset(&self) -> Point<Pixels> {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();
        self.element_offset_stack
            .last()
            .copied()
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    /// Obtain the current element opacity. This method should only be called during the
    /// prepaint phase of element drawing.
    #[inline]
    pub(crate) fn element_opacity(&self) -> f32 {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint();
        self.element_opacity
    }

    /// Obtain the current content mask. This method should only be called during element drawing.
    pub fn content_mask(&self) -> ContentMask<Pixels> {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint();
        self.content_mask_stack
            .last()
            .cloned()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| ContentMask {
                bounds: Bounds {
                    origin: Point::default(),
                    size: self.viewport_size,
                },
            })
    }

    /// Provide elements in the called function with a new namespace in which their identifiers must be unique.
    /// This can be used within a custom element to distinguish multiple sets of child elements.
    pub fn with_element_namespace<R>(
        &mut self,
        element_id: impl Into<ElementId>,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    ) -> R {
        self.element_id_stack.push(element_id.into());
        let result = f(self);
        self.element_id_stack.pop();
        result
    }

    /// Use a piece of state that exists as long this element is being rendered in consecutive frames.
    pub fn use_keyed_state<S: 'static>(
        &mut self,
        key: impl Into<ElementId>,
        cx: &mut App,
        init: impl FnOnce(&mut Self, &mut Context<S>) -> S,
    ) -> Entity<S> {
        let current_view = self.current_view();
        self.with_global_id(key.into(), |global_id, window| {
            window.with_element_state(global_id, |state: Option<Entity<S>>, window| {
                if let Some(state) = state {
                    (state.clone(), state)
                } else {
                    let new_state = cx.new(|cx| init(window, cx));
                    cx.observe(&new_state, move |_, cx| {
                        cx.notify(current_view);
                    })
                    .detach();
                    (new_state.clone(), new_state)
                }
            })
        })
    }

    /// Immediately push an element ID onto the stack. Useful for simplifying IDs in lists
    pub fn with_id<R>(&mut self, id: impl Into<ElementId>, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R) -> R {
        self.with_global_id(id.into(), |_, window| f(window))
    }

    /// Use a piece of state that exists as long this element is being rendered in consecutive frames, without needing to specify a key
    ///
    /// NOTE: This method uses the location of the caller to generate an ID for this state.
    ///       If this is not sufficient to identify your state (e.g. you're rendering a list item),
    ///       you can provide a custom ElementID using the `use_keyed_state` method.
    #[track_caller]
    pub fn use_state<S: 'static>(
        &mut self,
        cx: &mut App,
        init: impl FnOnce(&mut Self, &mut Context<S>) -> S,
    ) -> Entity<S> {
        self.use_keyed_state(
            ElementId::CodeLocation(*core::panic::Location::caller()),
            cx,
            init,
        )
    }

    /// Updates or initializes state for an element with the given id that lives across multiple
    /// frames. If an element with this ID existed in the rendered frame, its state will be passed
    /// to the given closure. The state returned by the closure will be stored so it can be referenced
    /// when drawing the next frame. This method should only be called as part of element drawing.
    pub fn with_element_state<S, R>(
        &mut self,
        global_id: &GlobalElementId,
        f: impl FnOnce(Option<S>, &mut Self) -> (R, S),
    ) -> R
    where
        S: 'static,
    {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint();

        let key = (GlobalElementId(global_id.0.clone()), TypeId::of::<S>());
        self.next_frame
            .accessed_element_states
            .push((GlobalElementId(key.0.clone()), TypeId::of::<S>()));

        if let Some(any) = self
            .next_frame
            .element_states
            .remove(&key)
            .or_else(|| self.rendered_frame.element_states.remove(&key))
        {
            let ElementStateBox {
                inner,
                #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
                type_name,
            } = any;
            // Using the extra inner option to avoid needing to reallocate a new box.
            let mut state_box = inner
                .downcast::<Option<S>>()
                .map_err(|_| {
                    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
                    {
                        anyhow::anyhow!(
                            "invalid element state type for id, requested {:?}, actual: {:?}",
                            std::any::type_name::<S>(),
                            type_name
                        )
                    }

                    #[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
                    {
                        anyhow::anyhow!(
                            "invalid element state type for id, requested {:?}",
                            std::any::type_name::<S>(),
                        )
                    }
                })
                .unwrap();

            let state = state_box.take().expect(
                "reentrant call to with_element_state for the same state type and element id",
            );
            let (result, state) = f(Some(state), self);
            state_box.replace(state);
            self.next_frame.element_states.insert(
                key,
                ElementStateBox {
                    inner: state_box,
                    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
                    type_name,
                },
            );
            result
        } else {
            let (result, state) = f(None, self);
            self.next_frame.element_states.insert(
                key,
                ElementStateBox {
                    inner: Box::new(Some(state)),
                    #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
                    type_name: std::any::type_name::<S>(),
                },
            );
            result
        }
    }

    /// A variant of `with_element_state` that allows the element's id to be optional. This is a convenience
    /// method for elements where the element id may or may not be assigned. Prefer using `with_element_state`
    /// when the element is guaranteed to have an id.
    ///
    /// The first option means 'no ID provided'
    /// The second option means 'not yet initialized'
    pub fn with_optional_element_state<S, R>(
        &mut self,
        global_id: Option<&GlobalElementId>,
        f: impl FnOnce(Option<Option<S>>, &mut Self) -> (R, Option<S>),
    ) -> R
    where
        S: 'static,
    {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint();

        if let Some(global_id) = global_id {
            self.with_element_state(global_id, |state, cx| {
                let (result, state) = f(Some(state), cx);
                let state =
                    state.expect("you must return some state when you pass some element id");
                (result, state)
            })
        } else {
            let (result, state) = f(None, self);
            debug_assert!(
                state.is_none(),
                "you must not return an element state when passing None for the global id"
            );
            result
        }
    }

    /// Executes the given closure within the context of a tab group.
    #[inline]
    pub fn with_tab_group<R>(&mut self, index: Option<isize>, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R) -> R {
        if let Some(index) = index {
            self.next_frame.tab_stops.begin_group(index);
            let result = f(self);
            self.next_frame.tab_stops.end_group();
            result
        } else {
            f(self)
        }
    }

    /// Defers the drawing of the given element, scheduling it to be painted on top of the currently-drawn tree
    /// at a later time. The `priority` parameter determines the drawing order relative to other deferred elements,
    /// with higher values being drawn on top.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the prepaint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn defer_draw(
        &mut self,
        element: AnyElement,
        absolute_offset: Point<Pixels>,
        priority: usize,
    ) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();
        let parent_node = self.next_frame.dispatch_tree.active_node_id().unwrap();
        self.next_frame.deferred_draws.push(DeferredDraw {
            current_view: self.current_view(),
            parent_node,
            element_id_stack: self.element_id_stack.clone(),
            text_style_stack: self.text_style_stack.clone(),
            priority,
            element: Some(element),
            absolute_offset,
            prepaint_range: PrepaintStateIndex::default()..PrepaintStateIndex::default(),
            paint_range: PaintIndex::default()..PaintIndex::default(),
        });
    }

    /// Creates a new painting layer for the specified bounds. A "layer" is a batch
    /// of geometry that are non-overlapping and have the same draw order. This is typically used
    /// for performance reasons.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn paint_layer<R>(&mut self, bounds: Bounds<Pixels>, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R) -> R {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        let content_mask = self.content_mask();
        let clipped_bounds = bounds.intersect(&content_mask.bounds);
        if !clipped_bounds.is_empty() {
            self.next_frame
                .scene
                .push_layer(self.cover_bounds(clipped_bounds));
        }

        let result = f(self);

        if !clipped_bounds.is_empty() {
            self.next_frame.scene.pop_layer();
        }

        result
    }

    /// Paint one or more drop shadows into the scene for the next frame at the current z-index.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn paint_shadows(
        &mut self,
        bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
        corner_radii: Corners<Pixels>,
        shadows: &[BoxShadow],
    ) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let content_mask = self.snapped_content_mask();
        let opacity = self.element_opacity();
        for shadow in shadows {
            let shadow_bounds = if shadow.inset {
                bounds.contract(shadow.spread_radius)
            } else {
                (bounds + shadow.offset).dilate(shadow.spread_radius)
            };
            self.next_frame.scene.insert_primitive(Shadow {
                order: 0,
                blur_radius: shadow.blur_radius.scale(scale_factor),
                bounds: if shadow.inset {
                    self.snap_bounds(shadow_bounds)
                } else {
                    self.cover_bounds(shadow_bounds)
                },
                content_mask: if shadow.inset {
                    ContentMask {
                        bounds: self.snap_bounds(bounds),
                    }
                } else {
                    content_mask
                },
                corner_radii: corner_radii.scale(scale_factor),
                color: shadow.color.opacity(opacity),
                inset: if shadow.inset { 1 } else { 0 },
                _pad_end: 0,
            });
        }
    }

    /// Paint one or more quads into the scene for the next frame at the current stacking context.
    /// Quads are colored rectangular regions with an optional background, border, and corner radius.
    /// see [`fill`], [`outline`], and [`quad`] to construct this type.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    ///
    /// Note that the `quad.corner_radii` are allowed to exceed the bounds, creating sharp corners
    /// where the circular arcs meet. This will not display well when combined with dashed borders.
    /// Use `Corners::clamp_radii_for_quad_size` if the radii should fit within the bounds.
    pub fn paint_quad(&mut self, quad: PaintQuad) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        let opacity = self.element_opacity();
        let snapped_bounds = self.snap_bounds(quad.bounds);
        let snapped_border_widths = self.snap_border_widths(quad.border_widths);
        let quad = Quad {
            order: 0,
            bounds: snapped_bounds,
            content_mask: self.snapped_content_mask(),
            background: quad.background.opacity(opacity),
            border_color: quad.border_color.opacity(opacity),
            corner_radii: quad.corner_radii.scale(self.scale_factor()),
            border_widths: snapped_border_widths,
            border_style: quad.border_style,
            continuous_corners: if quad.continuous_corners { 1 } else { 0 },
            _pad_before_transform: 0,
            transform: quad.transform,
            blend_mode: quad.blend_mode as u32,
            _pad_end: 0,
        };

        if !quad.background.is_transparent() {
            self.next_frame.scene.insert_primitive(quad);
            return;
        }

        let Some(strips) =
            border_only_quad_strips(quad.bounds, quad.border_widths, quad.corner_radii)
        else {
            self.next_frame.scene.insert_primitive(quad);
            return;
        };

        for strip in strips {
            let mask_bounds = quad.content_mask.bounds.intersect(&strip);
            if !mask_bounds.is_empty() {
                self.next_frame.scene.insert_primitive(Quad {
                    content_mask: ContentMask {
                        bounds: mask_bounds,
                    },
                    ..quad
                });
            }
        }
    }

    /// Paint the given `Path` into the scene for the next frame at the current z-index.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn paint_path(&mut self, mut path: Path<Pixels>, color: impl Into<Background>) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let content_mask = self.content_mask();
        let opacity = self.element_opacity();
        path.content_mask = content_mask;
        let color: Background = color.into();
        path.color = color.opacity(opacity);
        self.next_frame
            .scene
            .insert_primitive(path.scale(scale_factor));
    }

    /// Paint an underline into the scene for the next frame at the current z-index.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn paint_underline(
        &mut self,
        origin: Point<Pixels>,
        width: Pixels,
        style: &UnderlineStyle,
    ) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let thickness = self.snap_stroke(style.thickness);
        let height = if style.wavy {
            ScaledPixels(thickness.0 * 3.)
        } else {
            thickness
        };
        let bounds = Bounds {
            origin: origin.map(|c| ScaledPixels(round_to_device_pixel(c.0, scale_factor))),
            size: size(self.snap_stroke(width), height),
        };
        let element_opacity = self.element_opacity();

        self.next_frame.scene.insert_primitive(Underline {
            order: 0,
            pad: 0,
            bounds,
            content_mask: self.snapped_content_mask(),
            color: style.color.unwrap_or_default().opacity(element_opacity),
            thickness,
            wavy: style.wavy.into(),
        });
    }

    /// Paint a strikethrough into the scene for the next frame at the current z-index.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn paint_strikethrough(
        &mut self,
        origin: Point<Pixels>,
        width: Pixels,
        style: &StrikethroughStyle,
    ) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let height = style.thickness;
        let bounds = Bounds {
            origin: origin.map(|c| ScaledPixels(round_to_device_pixel(c.0, scale_factor))),
            size: size(self.snap_stroke(width), self.snap_stroke(height)),
        };
        let opacity = self.element_opacity();

        self.next_frame.scene.insert_primitive(Underline {
            order: 0,
            pad: 0,
            bounds,
            content_mask: self.snapped_content_mask(),
            thickness: self.snap_stroke(style.thickness),
            color: style.color.unwrap_or_default().opacity(opacity),
            wavy: false.into(),
        });
    }

    /// Paints a monochrome (non-emoji) glyph into the scene for the next frame at the current z-index.
    ///
    /// The y component of the origin is the baseline of the glyph.
    /// You should generally prefer to use the [`ShapedLine::paint`](crate::ShapedLine::paint) or
    /// [`WrappedLine::paint`](crate::WrappedLine::paint) methods in the [`TextSystem`](crate::TextSystem).
    /// This method is only useful if you need to paint a single glyph that has already been shaped.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn paint_glyph(
        &mut self,
        origin: Point<Pixels>,
        font_id: FontId,
        glyph_id: GlyphId,
        font_size: Pixels,
        color: Hsla,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        let element_opacity = self.element_opacity();
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let glyph_origin = origin.scale(scale_factor);

        let quantized_origin = Point::new(
            round_half_toward_zero(glyph_origin.x.0 * SUBPIXEL_VARIANTS_X as f32)
                / SUBPIXEL_VARIANTS_X as f32,
            round_half_toward_zero(glyph_origin.y.0 * SUBPIXEL_VARIANTS_Y as f32)
                / SUBPIXEL_VARIANTS_Y as f32,
        );
        let subpixel_variant = Point::new(
            (quantized_origin.x.fract() * SUBPIXEL_VARIANTS_X as f32) as u8,
            (quantized_origin.y.fract() * SUBPIXEL_VARIANTS_Y as f32) as u8,
        );
        let integer_origin = quantized_origin.map(|c| ScaledPixels(c.trunc()));
        let dilation = self.text_system().glyph_dilation_for_color(color);
        let params = RenderGlyphParams {
            font_id,
            glyph_id,
            font_size,
            subpixel_variant,
            scale_factor,
            is_emoji: false,
            dilation,
        };

        let raster_bounds = self.text_system().raster_bounds(&params)?;
        if !raster_bounds.is_zero() {
            let tile = self
                .sprite_atlas
                .get_or_insert_with(&params.clone().into(), &mut || {
                    let (size, bytes) = self.text_system().rasterize_glyph(&params)?;
                    Ok(Some((size, Cow::Owned(bytes))))
                })?
                .expect("Callback above only errors or returns Some");
            let bounds = Bounds {
                origin: integer_origin + raster_bounds.origin.map(Into::into),
                size: tile.bounds.size.map(Into::into),
            };
            let content_mask = self.snapped_content_mask();
            self.next_frame.scene.insert_primitive(MonochromeSprite {
                order: 0,
                pad: 0,
                bounds,
                content_mask,
                color: color.opacity(element_opacity),
                tile,
                transformation: TransformationMatrix::unit(),
            });
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Paints an emoji glyph into the scene for the next frame at the current z-index.
    ///
    /// The y component of the origin is the baseline of the glyph.
    /// You should generally prefer to use the [`ShapedLine::paint`](crate::ShapedLine::paint) or
    /// [`WrappedLine::paint`](crate::WrappedLine::paint) methods in the [`TextSystem`](crate::TextSystem).
    /// This method is only useful if you need to paint a single emoji that has already been shaped.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn paint_emoji(
        &mut self,
        origin: Point<Pixels>,
        font_id: FontId,
        glyph_id: GlyphId,
        font_size: Pixels,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let glyph_origin = origin.scale(scale_factor);
        let integer_origin = glyph_origin.map(|c| ScaledPixels(round_half_toward_zero(c.0)));
        let params = RenderGlyphParams {
            font_id,
            glyph_id,
            font_size,
            subpixel_variant: Default::default(),
            scale_factor,
            is_emoji: true,
            dilation: 0, // No dilation for emoji
        };

        let raster_bounds = self.text_system().raster_bounds(&params)?;
        if !raster_bounds.is_zero() {
            let tile = self
                .sprite_atlas
                .get_or_insert_with(&params.clone().into(), &mut || {
                    let (size, bytes) = self.text_system().rasterize_glyph(&params)?;
                    Ok(Some((size, Cow::Owned(bytes))))
                })?
                .expect("Callback above only errors or returns Some");

            let bounds = Bounds {
                origin: integer_origin + raster_bounds.origin.map(Into::into),
                size: tile.bounds.size.map(Into::into),
            };
            let content_mask = self.snapped_content_mask();
            let opacity = self.element_opacity();

            self.next_frame.scene.insert_primitive(PolychromeSprite {
                order: 0,
                pad: 0,
                grayscale: false.into(),
                bounds,
                corner_radii: Default::default(),
                content_mask,
                tile,
                opacity,
            });
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Paint a monochrome SVG into the scene for the next frame at the current stacking context.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn paint_svg(
        &mut self,
        bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
        path: SharedString,
        transformation: TransformationMatrix,
        color: Hsla,
        cx: &App,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.paint_svg_from(bounds, path, None, transformation, color, cx)
    }

    /// Paint a monochrome SVG from an asset path or raw bytes.
    pub(crate) fn paint_svg_from(
        &mut self,
        bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
        path: SharedString,
        data: Option<&[u8]>,
        transformation: TransformationMatrix,
        color: Hsla,
        cx: &App,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        let element_opacity = self.element_opacity();
        let bounds = self.snap_bounds(bounds);
        let params = RenderSvgParams {
            path,
            size: bounds.size.map(|pixels| {
                DevicePixels::from((pixels.0 * SMOOTH_SVG_SCALE_FACTOR).ceil() as i32)
            }),
        };

        let Some(tile) =
            self.sprite_atlas
                .get_or_insert_with(&params.clone().into(), &mut || {
                    let Some((size, bytes)) = cx.svg_renderer.render(&params, data)? else {
                        return Ok(None);
                    };
                    Ok(Some((size, Cow::Owned(bytes))))
                })?
        else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        let content_mask = self.snapped_content_mask();
        let svg_bounds = Bounds {
            origin: bounds.center()
                - Point::new(
                    ScaledPixels(tile.bounds.size.width.0 as f32 / SMOOTH_SVG_SCALE_FACTOR / 2.),
                    ScaledPixels(tile.bounds.size.height.0 as f32 / SMOOTH_SVG_SCALE_FACTOR / 2.),
                ),
            size: tile
                .bounds
                .size
                .map(|value| ScaledPixels(value.0 as f32 / SMOOTH_SVG_SCALE_FACTOR)),
        };
        let final_bounds = svg_bounds
            .map_origin(|origin| ScaledPixels(round_half_toward_zero(origin.0)))
            .map_size(|size| size.ceil());

        self.next_frame.scene.insert_primitive(MonochromeSprite {
            order: 0,
            pad: 0,
            bounds: final_bounds,
            content_mask,
            color: color.opacity(element_opacity),
            tile,
            transformation,
        });

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Paint an image into the scene for the next frame at the current z-index.
    /// If `frame_index` is not valid, no image will be painted.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn paint_image(
        &mut self,
        bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
        image_bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
        corner_radii: Corners<Pixels>,
        data: Arc<RenderImage>,
        frame_index: usize,
        grayscale: bool,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        let visible_bounds = bounds.intersect(&image_bounds);
        if visible_bounds.size.width <= Pixels::ZERO || visible_bounds.size.height <= Pixels::ZERO {
            return Ok(());
        }
        if image_bounds.size.width <= Pixels::ZERO || image_bounds.size.height <= Pixels::ZERO {
            return Ok(());
        }

        let params = RenderImageParams {
            image_id: data.id,
            frame_index,
        };
        let Some(bytes) = data.as_bytes(frame_index) else {
            return Ok(());
        };
        let image_size = data.size(frame_index);

        let tile = self
            .sprite_atlas
            .get_or_insert_with(&params.into(), &mut || {
                Ok(Some((image_size, Cow::Borrowed(bytes))))
            })?
            .expect("Callback above only returns Some");

        let visible_bounds_snapped = self.snap_bounds(visible_bounds);
        let sub_tile = if visible_bounds == image_bounds {
            tile
        } else {
            let x_offset_ratio =
                (visible_bounds.origin.x - image_bounds.origin.x) / image_bounds.size.width;
            let y_offset_ratio =
                (visible_bounds.origin.y - image_bounds.origin.y) / image_bounds.size.height;
            let width_ratio = visible_bounds.size.width / image_bounds.size.width;
            let height_ratio = visible_bounds.size.height / image_bounds.size.height;

            let tile_origin_x = tile.bounds.origin.x.0;
            let tile_origin_y = tile.bounds.origin.y.0;
            let tile_width = tile.bounds.size.width.0;
            let tile_height = tile.bounds.size.height.0;

            let sub_origin_x = tile_origin_x + (x_offset_ratio * tile_width as f32).round() as i32;
            let sub_origin_y = tile_origin_y + (y_offset_ratio * tile_height as f32).round() as i32;
            let sub_width = (width_ratio * tile_width as f32).round() as i32;
            let sub_height = (height_ratio * tile_height as f32).round() as i32;

            let max_x = tile_origin_x + tile_width;
            let max_y = tile_origin_y + tile_height;
            let clamped_origin_x = sub_origin_x.clamp(tile_origin_x, max_x);
            let clamped_origin_y = sub_origin_y.clamp(tile_origin_y, max_y);
            let clamped_width = sub_width.min(max_x - clamped_origin_x).max(0);
            let clamped_height = sub_height.min(max_y - clamped_origin_y).max(0);

            AtlasTile {
                bounds: Bounds {
                    origin: point(
                        DevicePixels(clamped_origin_x),
                        DevicePixels(clamped_origin_y),
                    ),
                    size: size(DevicePixels(clamped_width), DevicePixels(clamped_height)),
                },
                ..tile
            }
        };

        let content_mask = self.snapped_content_mask();
        let corner_radii = corner_radii
            .clamp_radii_for_quad_size(visible_bounds.size)
            .scale(self.scale_factor());
        let opacity = self.element_opacity();

        self.next_frame.scene.insert_primitive(PolychromeSprite {
            order: 0,
            pad: 0,
            grayscale: grayscale.into(),
            bounds: visible_bounds_snapped,
            content_mask,
            corner_radii,
            tile: sub_tile,
            opacity,
        });
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Paint a surface into the scene for the next frame at the current z-index.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
    pub fn paint_surface(&mut self, bounds: Bounds<Pixels>, image_buffer: CVPixelBuffer) {
        use crate::PaintSurface;

        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        let bounds = self.snap_bounds(bounds);
        let content_mask = self.snapped_content_mask();
        self.next_frame.scene.insert_primitive(PaintSurface {
            order: 0,
            bounds,
            content_mask,
            image_buffer,
        });
    }

    /// Removes an image from the sprite atlas.
    pub fn drop_image(&mut self, data: Arc<RenderImage>) -> Result<()> {
        for frame_index in 0..data.frame_count() {
            let params = RenderImageParams {
                image_id: data.id,
                frame_index,
            };

            self.sprite_atlas.remove(&params.clone().into());
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Add a node to the layout tree for the current frame. Takes the `Style` of the element for which
    /// layout is being requested, along with the layout ids of any children. This method is called during
    /// calls to the [`Element::request_layout`] trait method and enables any element to participate in layout.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the request_layout or prepaint phase of element drawing.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn request_layout(
        &mut self,
        style: Style,
        children: impl IntoIterator<Item = LayoutId>,
        cx: &mut App,
    ) -> LayoutId {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();

        cx.layout_id_buffer.clear();
        cx.layout_id_buffer.extend(children);
        let rem_size = self.rem_size();
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();

        self.layout_engine.as_mut().unwrap().request_layout(
            style,
            rem_size,
            scale_factor,
            &cx.layout_id_buffer,
        )
    }

    /// Add a node to the layout tree for the current frame. Instead of taking a `Style` and children,
    /// this variant takes a function that is invoked during layout so you can use arbitrary logic to
    /// determine the element's size. One place this is used internally is when measuring text.
    ///
    /// The given closure is invoked at layout time with the known dimensions and available space and
    /// returns a `Size`.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the request_layout or prepaint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn request_measured_layout<
        F: FnMut(Size<Option<Pixels>>, Size<AvailableSpace>, &mut Window, &mut App) -> Size<Pixels>
            + 'static,
    >(
        &mut self,
        style: Style,
        measure: F,
    ) -> LayoutId {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();

        let rem_size = self.rem_size();
        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        self.layout_engine
            .as_mut()
            .unwrap()
            .request_measured_layout(style, rem_size, scale_factor, measure)
    }

    /// Compute the layout for the given id within the given available space.
    /// This method is called for its side effect, typically by the framework prior to painting.
    /// After calling it, you can request the bounds of the given layout node id or any descendant.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the prepaint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn compute_layout(
        &mut self,
        layout_id: LayoutId,
        available_space: Size<AvailableSpace>,
        cx: &mut App,
    ) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();

        let mut layout_engine = self.layout_engine.take().unwrap();
        layout_engine.compute_layout(layout_id, available_space, self, cx);
        self.layout_engine = Some(layout_engine);
    }

    /// Obtain the bounds computed for the given LayoutId relative to the window. This method will usually be invoked by
    /// GPUI itself automatically in order to pass your element its `Bounds` automatically.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of element drawing.
    pub fn layout_bounds(&mut self, layout_id: LayoutId) -> Bounds<Pixels> {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();

        let scale_factor = self.scale_factor();
        let mut bounds = self
            .layout_engine
            .as_mut()
            .unwrap()
            .layout_bounds(layout_id, scale_factor)
            .map(Into::into);
        bounds.origin += self.pixel_snap_point(self.element_offset());
        bounds
    }

    /// This method should be called during `prepaint`. You can use
    /// the returned [Hitbox] during `paint` or in an event handler
    /// to determine whether the inserted hitbox was the topmost.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the prepaint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn insert_hitbox(&mut self, bounds: Bounds<Pixels>, behavior: HitboxBehavior) -> Hitbox {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();

        let content_mask = self.content_mask();
        let mut id = self.next_hitbox_id;
        self.next_hitbox_id = self.next_hitbox_id.next();
        let hitbox = Hitbox {
            id,
            bounds,
            content_mask,
            behavior,
        };
        self.next_frame.hitboxes.push(hitbox.clone());
        hitbox
    }

    /// Set a hitbox which will act as a control area of the platform window.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn insert_window_control_hitbox(&mut self, area: WindowControlArea, hitbox: Hitbox) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();
        self.next_frame.window_control_hitboxes.push((area, hitbox));
    }

    /// Sets the key context for the current element. This context will be used to translate
    /// keybindings into actions.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn set_key_context(&mut self, context: KeyContext) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();
        self.next_frame.dispatch_tree.set_key_context(context);
    }

    /// Sets the focus handle for the current element. This handle will be used to manage focus state
    /// and keyboard event dispatch for the element.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the prepaint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn set_focus_handle(&mut self, focus_handle: &FocusHandle, _: &App) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();
        if focus_handle.is_focused(self) {
            self.next_frame.focus = Some(focus_handle.id);
        }
        self.next_frame.dispatch_tree.set_focus_id(focus_handle.id);
    }

    /// Sets the view id for the current element, which will be used to manage view caching.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of element prepaint. We plan on removing this
    /// method eventually when we solve some issues that require us to construct editor elements
    /// directly instead of always using editors via views.
    pub fn set_view_id(&mut self, view_id: EntityId) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_prepaint();
        self.next_frame.dispatch_tree.set_view_id(view_id);
    }

    /// Get the entity ID for the currently rendering view
    pub fn current_view(&self) -> EntityId {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint();
        self.rendered_entity_stack.last().copied().unwrap()
    }

    pub(crate) fn with_rendered_view<R>(
        &mut self,
        id: EntityId,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    ) -> R {
        self.rendered_entity_stack.push(id);
        let result = f(self);
        self.rendered_entity_stack.pop();
        result
    }

    /// Executes the provided function with the specified image cache.
    pub fn with_image_cache<F, R>(&mut self, image_cache: Option<AnyImageCache>, f: F) -> R
    where
        F: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
    {
        if let Some(image_cache) = image_cache {
            self.image_cache_stack.push(image_cache);
            let result = f(self);
            self.image_cache_stack.pop();
            result
        } else {
            f(self)
        }
    }

    /// Sets an input handler, such as [`ElementInputHandler`][element_input_handler], which interfaces with the
    /// platform to receive textual input with proper integration with concerns such
    /// as IME interactions. This handler will be active for the upcoming frame until the following frame is
    /// rendered.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    ///
    /// [element_input_handler]: crate::ElementInputHandler
    pub fn handle_input(
        &mut self,
        focus_handle: &FocusHandle,
        input_handler: impl InputHandler,
        cx: &App,
    ) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        if focus_handle.is_focused(self) {
            let cx = self.to_async(cx);
            self.next_frame
                .input_handlers
                .push(Some(PlatformInputHandler::new(cx, Box::new(input_handler))));
        }
    }

    /// Register a mouse event listener on the window for the next frame. The type of event
    /// is determined by the first parameter of the given listener. When the next frame is rendered
    /// the listener will be cleared.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn on_mouse_event<Event: MouseEvent>(
        &mut self,
        mut handler: impl FnMut(&Event, DispatchPhase, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        self.next_frame.mouse_listeners.push(Some(Box::new(
            move |event: &dyn Any, phase: DispatchPhase, window: &mut Window, cx: &mut App| {
                if let Some(event) = event.downcast_ref() {
                    handler(event, phase, window, cx)
                }
            },
        )));
    }

    /// Register a key event listener on the window for the next frame. The type of event
    /// is determined by the first parameter of the given listener. When the next frame is rendered
    /// the listener will be cleared.
    ///
    /// This is a fairly low-level method, so prefer using event handlers on elements unless you have
    /// a specific need to register a global listener.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn on_key_event<Event: KeyEvent>(
        &mut self,
        listener: impl Fn(&Event, DispatchPhase, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        self.next_frame.dispatch_tree.on_key_event(Rc::new(
            move |event: &dyn Any, phase, window: &mut Window, cx: &mut App| {
                if let Some(event) = event.downcast_ref::<Event>() {
                    listener(event, phase, window, cx)
                }
            },
        ));
    }

    /// Register a modifiers changed event listener on the window for the next frame.
    ///
    /// This is a fairly low-level method, so prefer using event handlers on elements unless you have
    /// a specific need to register a global listener.
    ///
    /// This method should only be called as part of the paint phase of element drawing.
    pub fn on_modifiers_changed(
        &mut self,
        listener: impl Fn(&ModifiersChangedEvent, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint();

        self.next_frame.dispatch_tree.on_modifiers_changed(Rc::new(
            move |event: &ModifiersChangedEvent, window: &mut Window, cx: &mut App| {
                listener(event, window, cx)
            },
        ));
    }

    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle or one of its descendants receives focus.
    /// This does not fire if the given focus handle - or one of its descendants - was previously focused.
    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
    pub fn on_focus_in(
        &mut self,
        handle: &FocusHandle,
        cx: &mut App,
        mut listener: impl FnMut(&mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) -> Subscription {
        let focus_id = handle.id;
        let (subscription, activate) =
            self.new_focus_listener(Box::new(move |event, window, cx| {
                if event.is_focus_in(focus_id) {
                    listener(window, cx);
                }
                true
            }));
        cx.defer(move |_| activate());
        subscription
    }

    /// Register a listener to be called when the given focus handle or one of its descendants loses focus.
    /// Returns a subscription and persists until the subscription is dropped.
    pub fn on_focus_out(
        &mut self,
        handle: &FocusHandle,
        cx: &mut App,
        mut listener: impl FnMut(FocusOutEvent, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) -> Subscription {
        let focus_id = handle.id;
        let (subscription, activate) =
            self.new_focus_listener(Box::new(move |event, window, cx| {
                if let Some(blurred_id) = event.previous_focus_path.last().copied()
                    && event.is_focus_out(focus_id)
                {
                    let event = FocusOutEvent {
                        blurred: WeakFocusHandle {
                            id: blurred_id,
                            handles: Arc::downgrade(&cx.focus_handles),
                        },
                    };
                    listener(event, window, cx)
                }
                true
            }));
        cx.defer(move |_| activate());
        subscription
    }

    fn reset_cursor_style(&self, cx: &mut App) {
        // Set the cursor only if we're the active window.
        if self.is_window_hovered() {
            let style = self
                .rendered_frame
                .cursor_style(self)
                .unwrap_or(CursorStyle::Arrow);
            // macOS: per-window call routes to the correct window (including panels/overlays)
            // without relying on NSApp.mainWindow guessing.
            // Linux/Windows: platform-level call handles cursor via their own focused-window logic.
            // TODO: implement PlatformWindow::set_cursor_style on Linux/Windows and remove the
            // platform-level call.
            self.platform_window.set_cursor_style(style);
            cx.platform.set_cursor_style(style);
        }
    }

    /// Dispatch a given keystroke as though the user had typed it.
    /// You can create a keystroke with Keystroke::parse("").
    pub fn dispatch_keystroke(&mut self, keystroke: Keystroke, cx: &mut App) -> bool {
        let keystroke = keystroke.with_simulated_ime();
        let result = self.dispatch_event(
            PlatformInput::KeyDown(KeyDownEvent {
                keystroke: keystroke.clone(),
                is_held: false,
                prefer_character_input: false,
            }),
            cx,
        );
        if !result.propagate {
            return true;
        }

        if let Some(input) = keystroke.key_char
            && let Some(mut input_handler) = self.platform_window.take_input_handler()
        {
            input_handler.dispatch_input(&input, self, cx);
            self.platform_window.set_input_handler(input_handler);
            return true;
        }

        false
    }

    /// Return a key binding string for an action, to display in the UI. Uses the highest precedence
    /// binding for the action (last binding added to the keymap).
    pub fn keystroke_text_for(&self, action: &dyn Action) -> String {
        self.highest_precedence_binding_for_action(action)
            .map(|binding| {
                binding
                    .keystrokes()
                    .iter()
                    .map(ToString::to_string)
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .join(" ")
            })
            .unwrap_or_else(|| action.name().to_string())
    }

    /// Dispatch a mouse or keyboard event on the window.
    #[profiling::function]
    pub fn dispatch_event(&mut self, event: PlatformInput, cx: &mut App) -> DispatchEventResult {
        #[cfg(feature = "input-latency-histogram")]
        let dispatch_time = Instant::now();
        let update_count_before = self.invalidator.update_count();

        // Handlers may set this to false by calling `stop_propagation`.
        cx.propagate_event = true;
        // Handlers may set this to true by calling `prevent_default`.
        self.default_prevented = false;

        let event = match event {
            // Track the mouse position with our own state, since accessing the platform
            // API for the mouse position can only occur on the main thread.
            PlatformInput::MouseMove(mouse_move) => {
                self.mouse_position = mouse_move.position;
                self.modifiers = mouse_move.modifiers;
                PlatformInput::MouseMove(mouse_move)
            }
            PlatformInput::MouseDown(mouse_down) => {
                self.mouse_position = mouse_down.position;
                self.modifiers = mouse_down.modifiers;
                PlatformInput::MouseDown(mouse_down)
            }
            PlatformInput::MouseUp(mouse_up) => {
                self.mouse_position = mouse_up.position;
                self.modifiers = mouse_up.modifiers;
                PlatformInput::MouseUp(mouse_up)
            }
            PlatformInput::MouseExited(mouse_exited) => {
                self.modifiers = mouse_exited.modifiers;
                PlatformInput::MouseExited(mouse_exited)
            }
            PlatformInput::ModifiersChanged(modifiers_changed) => {
                self.modifiers = modifiers_changed.modifiers;
                self.capslock = modifiers_changed.capslock;
                PlatformInput::ModifiersChanged(modifiers_changed)
            }
            PlatformInput::ScrollWheel(scroll_wheel) => {
                self.mouse_position = scroll_wheel.position;
                self.modifiers = scroll_wheel.modifiers;
                PlatformInput::ScrollWheel(scroll_wheel)
            }
            PlatformInput::Pinch(pinch) => {
                self.mouse_position = pinch.position;
                self.modifiers = pinch.modifiers;
                PlatformInput::Pinch(pinch)
            }
            // Translate dragging and dropping of external files from the operating system
            // to internal drag and drop events.
            PlatformInput::FileDrop(file_drop) => match file_drop {
                FileDropEvent::Entered { position, paths } => {
                    self.mouse_position = position;
                    if cx.active_drag.is_none() {
                        cx.active_drag = Some(AnyDrag {
                            value: Arc::new(paths.clone()),
                            view: cx.new(|_| paths).into(),
                            cursor_offset: position,
                            cursor_style: None,
                        });
                    }
                    PlatformInput::MouseMove(MouseMoveEvent {
                        position,
                        pressed_button: Some(MouseButton::Left),
                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
                    })
                }
                FileDropEvent::Pending { position } => {
                    self.mouse_position = position;
                    PlatformInput::MouseMove(MouseMoveEvent {
                        position,
                        pressed_button: Some(MouseButton::Left),
                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
                    })
                }
                FileDropEvent::Submit { position } => {
                    cx.activate(true);
                    self.mouse_position = position;
                    PlatformInput::MouseUp(MouseUpEvent {
                        button: MouseButton::Left,
                        position,
                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
                        click_count: 1,
                    })
                }
                FileDropEvent::Exited => {
                    cx.active_drag.take();
                    PlatformInput::FileDrop(FileDropEvent::Exited)
                }
            },
            PlatformInput::KeyDown(_) | PlatformInput::KeyUp(_) => event,
        };

        if let Some(any_mouse_event) = event.mouse_event() {
            self.dispatch_mouse_event(any_mouse_event, cx);
        } else if let Some(any_key_event) = event.keyboard_event() {
            self.dispatch_key_event(any_key_event, cx);
        }

        if self.invalidator.update_count() > update_count_before {
            self.input_rate_tracker.borrow_mut().record_input();
            #[cfg(feature = "input-latency-histogram")]
            if self.invalidator.not_drawing() {
                self.input_latency_tracker.record_input(dispatch_time);
            } else {
                self.input_latency_tracker.record_mid_draw_input();
            }
        }

        DispatchEventResult {
            propagate: cx.propagate_event,
            default_prevented: self.default_prevented,
        }
    }

    fn dispatch_mouse_event(&mut self, event: &dyn Any, cx: &mut App) {
        self.last_input_was_keyboard.set(false);

        let hit_test = self.rendered_frame.hit_test(self.mouse_position());
        if hit_test != self.mouse_hit_test {
            self.mouse_hit_test = hit_test;
            self.reset_cursor_style(cx);
        }

        #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
        if self.is_inspector_picking(cx) {
            self.handle_inspector_mouse_event(event, cx);
            // When inspector is picking, all other mouse handling is skipped.
            return;
        }

        let mut mouse_listeners = mem::take(&mut self.rendered_frame.mouse_listeners);

        // Capture phase, events bubble from back to front. Handlers for this phase are used for
        // special purposes, such as detecting events outside of a given Bounds.
        for listener in &mut mouse_listeners {
            let listener = listener.as_mut().unwrap();
            listener(event, DispatchPhase::Capture, self, cx);
            if !cx.propagate_event {
                break;
            }
        }

        // Bubble phase, where most normal handlers do their work.
        if cx.propagate_event {
            for listener in mouse_listeners.iter_mut().rev() {
                let listener = listener.as_mut().unwrap();
                listener(event, DispatchPhase::Bubble, self, cx);
                if !cx.propagate_event {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        self.rendered_frame.mouse_listeners = mouse_listeners;

        if cx.has_active_drag() {
            if event.is::<MouseMoveEvent>() {
                // If this was a mouse move event, redraw the window so that the
                // active drag can follow the mouse cursor.
                self.refresh();
            } else if event.is::<MouseUpEvent>() {
                // If this was a mouse up event, cancel the active drag and redraw
                // the window.
                cx.active_drag = None;
                self.refresh();
            }
        }

        if event.is::<MouseUpEvent>() && self.captured_hitbox.is_some() {
            self.captured_hitbox = None;
        }
    }

    fn dispatch_key_event(&mut self, event: &dyn Any, cx: &mut App) {
        self.last_input_was_keyboard.set(true);

        if self.invalidator.is_dirty() {
            self.draw(cx).clear();
        }

        let node_id = self.focus_node_id_in_rendered_frame(self.focus);
        let dispatch_path = self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.dispatch_path(node_id);

        let mut keystroke: Option<Keystroke> = None;

        if let Some(event) = event.downcast_ref::<ModifiersChangedEvent>() {
            if event.modifiers.number_of_modifiers() == 0
                && self.pending_modifier.modifiers.number_of_modifiers() == 1
                && !self.pending_modifier.saw_other_input
            {
                let key = match self.pending_modifier.modifiers {
                    modifiers if modifiers.shift => Some("shift"),
                    modifiers if modifiers.control => Some("control"),
                    modifiers if modifiers.alt => Some("alt"),
                    modifiers if modifiers.platform => Some("platform"),
                    modifiers if modifiers.function => Some("function"),
                    _ => None,
                };
                if let Some(key) = key {
                    keystroke = Some(Keystroke {
                        key: key.to_string(),
                        key_char: None,
                        modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
                    });
                }
            }

            if self.pending_modifier.modifiers.number_of_modifiers() == 0
                && event.modifiers.number_of_modifiers() == 1
            {
                self.pending_modifier.saw_other_input = false
            } else if event.modifiers.number_of_modifiers() > 1 {
                self.pending_modifier.saw_other_input = true
            }
            self.pending_modifier.modifiers = event.modifiers
        } else if let Some(key_down_event) = event.downcast_ref::<KeyDownEvent>() {
            self.pending_modifier.saw_other_input = true;
            keystroke = Some(key_down_event.keystroke.clone());
        }

        let Some(keystroke) = keystroke else {
            self.finish_dispatch_key_event(
                event,
                None,
                InputPreference::KeyBindings,
                dispatch_path,
                self.context_stack(),
                cx,
            );
            return;
        };

        let input_preference = self.input_preference(event, cx);

        cx.propagate_event = true;
        self.dispatch_keystroke_interceptors(
            &keystroke,
            input_preference,
            self.context_stack(),
            cx,
        );
        if !cx.propagate_event {
            self.finish_dispatch_key_event(
                event,
                Some(&keystroke),
                input_preference,
                dispatch_path,
                self.context_stack(),
                cx,
            );
            return;
        }

        let mut currently_pending = self.pending_input.take().unwrap_or_default();
        if currently_pending.focus.is_some() && currently_pending.focus != self.focus {
            currently_pending = PendingInput::default();
        }

        let match_result = self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.dispatch_key(
            currently_pending.keystrokes,
            keystroke.clone(),
            &dispatch_path,
        );

        if !match_result.to_replay.is_empty() {
            self.replay_pending_input(match_result.to_replay, cx);
            cx.propagate_event = true;
        }

        if !match_result.pending.is_empty() {
            let previous_timeout = currently_pending.timeout.take();
            currently_pending.keystrokes = match_result.pending;
            currently_pending.focus = self.focus;

            // This tree always flushes pending input. It does not record whether the
            // prefix is already a binding, so a non-binding prefix still times out
            // instead of waiting until a shorter binding makes the sequence ambiguous.
            currently_pending.timeout = match previous_timeout {
                Some(mut timeout) if timeout.is_paused() => {
                    timeout.reset_duration(PENDING_INPUT_TIMEOUT);
                    Some(timeout)
                }
                previous_timeout => {
                    drop(previous_timeout);
                    Some(self.new_pending_input_timeout(PENDING_INPUT_TIMEOUT, cx))
                }
            };
            self.pending_input = Some(currently_pending);
            self.pending_input_changed(cx);
            cx.propagate_event = false;
            return;
        }

        // Interceptors or replayed actions may have changed whether the input handler accepts text.
        let input_preference = self.input_preference(event, cx);
        if input_preference == InputPreference::KeyBindings {
            for binding in match_result.bindings {
                self.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, binding.action.as_ref(), cx);
                if !cx.propagate_event {
                    self.dispatch_keystroke_observers(
                        &keystroke,
                        input_preference,
                        Some(binding.action.as_ref()),
                        match_result.context_stack,
                        cx,
                    );
                    self.pending_input_changed(cx);
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        self.finish_dispatch_key_event(
            event,
            Some(&keystroke),
            input_preference,
            dispatch_path,
            match_result.context_stack,
            cx,
        );
        self.pending_input_changed(cx);
    }

    // If modifiers are not excessive (e.g. AltGr), and the input handler is accepting text input,
    // we prefer the text input over bindings.
    fn input_preference(&mut self, event: &dyn Any, cx: &mut App) -> InputPreference {
        let prefer_character_input = event
            .downcast_ref::<KeyDownEvent>()
            .is_some_and(|key_down_event| key_down_event.prefer_character_input);
        if !prefer_character_input {
            return InputPreference::KeyBindings;
        }
        let Some(mut input_handler) = self.platform_window.take_input_handler() else {
            return InputPreference::KeyBindings;
        };
        let accepts_text_input = input_handler.accepts_text_input(self, cx);
        self.platform_window.set_input_handler(input_handler);
        if accepts_text_input {
            InputPreference::CharacterInput
        } else {
            InputPreference::KeyBindings
        }
    }

    fn new_pending_input_timeout(&self, duration: Duration, cx: &App) -> PendingInputTimeout {
        let (started_at, task) = self.start_pending_input_timeout(duration, cx);
        PendingInputTimeout {
            duration,
            remaining: duration,
            state: PendingInputTimeoutState::Running { started_at, task },
        }
    }

    fn start_pending_input_timeout(&self, remaining: Duration, cx: &App) -> (Instant, Task<()>) {
        let started_at = cx.background_executor().now();
        let task = self.spawn(cx, async move |cx| {
            cx.background_executor.timer(remaining).await;
            cx.update(move |window, cx| {
                let Some(currently_pending) = window
                    .pending_input
                    .take()
                    .filter(|pending| pending.focus == window.focus)
                else {
                    return;
                };

                let node_id = window.focus_node_id_in_rendered_frame(window.focus);
                let dispatch_path = window.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.dispatch_path(node_id);

                let to_replay = window
                    .rendered_frame
                    .dispatch_tree
                    .flush_dispatch(currently_pending.keystrokes, &dispatch_path);

                window.pending_input_changed(cx);
                window.replay_pending_input(to_replay, cx)
            })
            .log_err();
        });
        (started_at, task)
    }

    fn finish_dispatch_key_event(
        &mut self,
        event: &dyn Any,
        recognized_keystroke: Option<&Keystroke>,
        input_preference: InputPreference,
        dispatch_path: SmallVec<[DispatchNodeId; 32]>,
        context_stack: Vec<KeyContext>,
        cx: &mut App,
    ) {
        self.dispatch_key_down_up_event(event, &dispatch_path, cx);
        if !cx.propagate_event {
            return;
        }

        self.dispatch_modifiers_changed_event(event, &dispatch_path, cx);
        if !cx.propagate_event {
            return;
        }

        if let Some(keystroke) = recognized_keystroke {
            self.dispatch_keystroke_observers(keystroke, input_preference, None, context_stack, cx);
        }
    }

    fn pending_input_changed(&mut self, cx: &mut App) {
        self.pending_input_observers
            .clone()
            .retain(&(), |callback| callback(self, cx));
    }

    fn dispatch_key_down_up_event(
        &mut self,
        event: &dyn Any,
        dispatch_path: &SmallVec<[DispatchNodeId; 32]>,
        cx: &mut App,
    ) {
        // Capture phase
        for node_id in dispatch_path {
            let node = self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);

            for key_listener in node.key_listeners.clone() {
                key_listener(event, DispatchPhase::Capture, self, cx);
                if !cx.propagate_event {
                    return;
                }
            }
        }

        // Bubble phase
        for node_id in dispatch_path.iter().rev() {
            // Handle low level key events
            let node = self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
            for key_listener in node.key_listeners.clone() {
                key_listener(event, DispatchPhase::Bubble, self, cx);
                if !cx.propagate_event {
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn dispatch_modifiers_changed_event(
        &mut self,
        event: &dyn Any,
        dispatch_path: &SmallVec<[DispatchNodeId; 32]>,
        cx: &mut App,
    ) {
        let Some(event) = event.downcast_ref::<ModifiersChangedEvent>() else {
            return;
        };
        for node_id in dispatch_path.iter().rev() {
            let node = self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
            for listener in node.modifiers_changed_listeners.clone() {
                listener(event, self, cx);
                if !cx.propagate_event {
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// Determine whether a potential multi-stroke key binding is in progress on this window.
    pub fn has_pending_keystrokes(&self) -> bool {
        self.pending_input().is_some()
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(crate) fn pending_input_is_none(&self) -> bool {
        self.pending_input.is_none()
    }

    fn defer_pending_input_changed(&self, cx: &mut App) {
        // Avoid re-entrant entity updates by deferring observer notifications to the end of the
        // current effect cycle, and only for this window.
        self.defer(cx, |window, cx| {
            window.pending_input_changed(cx);
        });
    }

    pub(crate) fn clear_pending_keystrokes(&mut self, cx: &mut App) {
        if self.pending_input.take().is_some() {
            self.defer_pending_input_changed(cx);
        }
    }

    /// Returns pending input that can still complete a multi-stroke key binding. Input left over
    /// from a previous focus can never complete one.
    pub fn pending_input(&self) -> Option<PendingInputStatus<'_>> {
        self.pending_input
            .as_ref()
            .filter(|pending_input| pending_input.focus == self.focus)
            .map(|pending_input| PendingInputStatus {
                keystrokes: pending_input.keystrokes.as_slice(),
                timeout: pending_input
                    .timeout
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(PendingInputTimeout::status),
            })
    }

    /// Pauses or resumes the current pending input timeout on behalf of `owner`.
    ///
    /// A paused timeout resumes automatically if `owner` is released. Returns whether the timeout
    /// state changed. A timeout paused by one owner cannot be resumed by another.
    pub fn set_pending_input_timeout_paused<T: 'static>(
        &mut self,
        owner: &Entity<T>,
        paused: bool,
        cx: &mut App,
    ) -> bool {
        let owner_id = owner.entity_id();
        if !paused {
            return self.resume_pending_input_timeout(owner_id, cx);
        }

        let timeout = self
            .pending_input
            .as_ref()
            .filter(|pending_input| pending_input.focus == self.focus)
            .and_then(|pending_input| pending_input.timeout.as_ref());
        let Some(timeout) = timeout else {
            return false;
        };
        if timeout.is_paused() {
            return false;
        }

        let release_subscription = self.observe_release(owner, cx, move |_, window, cx| {
            window.resume_pending_input_timeout(owner_id, cx);
        });
        let now = cx.background_executor().now();
        let changed = self
            .pending_input
            .as_mut()
            .filter(|pending_input| pending_input.focus == self.focus)
            .and_then(|pending_input| pending_input.timeout.as_mut())
            .is_some_and(|timeout| {
                timeout.pause(
                    PendingInputTimeoutPause {
                        owner_id,
                        _release_subscription: release_subscription,
                    },
                    now,
                )
            });

        if changed {
            self.defer_pending_input_changed(cx);
        }
        changed
    }

    fn resume_pending_input_timeout(&mut self, owner_id: EntityId, cx: &mut App) -> bool {
        let Some(remaining) = self
            .pending_input
            .as_ref()
            .filter(|pending_input| pending_input.focus == self.focus)
            .and_then(|pending_input| pending_input.timeout.as_ref())
            .filter(|timeout| timeout.pause_owner_id() == Some(owner_id))
            .map(|timeout| timeout.remaining)
        else {
            return false;
        };

        let (started_at, task) = self.start_pending_input_timeout(remaining, cx);
        let changed = self
            .pending_input
            .as_mut()
            .filter(|pending_input| pending_input.focus == self.focus)
            .and_then(|pending_input| pending_input.timeout.as_mut())
            .is_some_and(|timeout| timeout.resume(owner_id, started_at, task));

        if changed {
            self.defer_pending_input_changed(cx);
        }
        changed
    }

    /// Returns the currently pending input keystrokes that might result in a multi-stroke key binding.
    pub fn pending_input_keystrokes(&self) -> Option<&[Keystroke]> {
        self.pending_input()
            .map(|pending_input| pending_input.keystrokes())
    }

    fn replay_pending_input(&mut self, replays: SmallVec<[Replay; 1]>, cx: &mut App) {
        let node_id = self.focus_node_id_in_rendered_frame(self.focus);
        let dispatch_path = self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.dispatch_path(node_id);

        'replay: for replay in replays {
            let event = KeyDownEvent {
                keystroke: replay.keystroke.clone(),
                is_held: false,
                prefer_character_input: true,
            };

            cx.propagate_event = true;
            for binding in replay.bindings {
                self.dispatch_action_on_node(node_id, binding.action.as_ref(), cx);
                if !cx.propagate_event {
                    self.dispatch_keystroke_observers(
                        &replay.keystroke,
                        InputPreference::KeyBindings,
                        Some(binding.action.as_ref()),
                        Vec::default(),
                        cx,
                    );
                    continue 'replay;
                }
            }

            self.dispatch_key_down_up_event(&event, &dispatch_path, cx);
            if !cx.propagate_event {
                continue 'replay;
            }
            if let Some(input) = replay.keystroke.key_char.as_ref().cloned()
                && let Some(mut input_handler) = self.platform_window.take_input_handler()
            {
                input_handler.dispatch_input(&input, self, cx);
                self.platform_window.set_input_handler(input_handler)
            }
        }
    }

    fn focus_node_id_in_rendered_frame(&self, focus_id: Option<FocusId>) -> DispatchNodeId {
        focus_id
            .and_then(|focus_id| {
                self.rendered_frame
                    .dispatch_tree
                    .focusable_node_id(focus_id)
            })
            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.root_node_id())
    }

    fn dispatch_action_on_node(
        &mut self,
        node_id: DispatchNodeId,
        action: &dyn Action,
        cx: &mut App,
    ) {
        let dispatch_path = self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.dispatch_path(node_id);

        // Capture phase for global actions.
        cx.propagate_event = true;
        if let Some(mut global_listeners) = cx
            .global_action_listeners
            .remove(&action.as_any().type_id())
        {
            for listener in &global_listeners {
                listener(action.as_any(), DispatchPhase::Capture, cx);
                if !cx.propagate_event {
                    break;
                }
            }

            global_listeners.extend(
                cx.global_action_listeners
                    .remove(&action.as_any().type_id())
                    .unwrap_or_default(),
            );

            cx.global_action_listeners
                .insert(action.as_any().type_id(), global_listeners);
        }

        if !cx.propagate_event {
            return;
        }

        // Capture phase for window actions.
        for node_id in &dispatch_path {
            let node = self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
            for DispatchActionListener {
                action_type,
                listener,
            } in node.action_listeners.clone()
            {
                let any_action = action.as_any();
                if action_type == any_action.type_id() {
                    listener(any_action, DispatchPhase::Capture, self, cx);

                    if !cx.propagate_event {
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Bubble phase for window actions.
        for node_id in dispatch_path.iter().rev() {
            let node = self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.node(*node_id);
            for DispatchActionListener {
                action_type,
                listener,
            } in node.action_listeners.clone()
            {
                let any_action = action.as_any();
                if action_type == any_action.type_id() {
                    cx.propagate_event = false; // Actions stop propagation by default during the bubble phase
                    listener(any_action, DispatchPhase::Bubble, self, cx);

                    if !cx.propagate_event {
                        return;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        // Bubble phase for global actions.
        if let Some(mut global_listeners) = cx
            .global_action_listeners
            .remove(&action.as_any().type_id())
        {
            for listener in global_listeners.iter().rev() {
                cx.propagate_event = false; // Actions stop propagation by default during the bubble phase

                listener(action.as_any(), DispatchPhase::Bubble, cx);
                if !cx.propagate_event {
                    break;
                }
            }

            global_listeners.extend(
                cx.global_action_listeners
                    .remove(&action.as_any().type_id())
                    .unwrap_or_default(),
            );

            cx.global_action_listeners
                .insert(action.as_any().type_id(), global_listeners);
        }
    }

    /// Register the given handler to be invoked whenever the global of the given type
    /// is updated.
    pub fn observe_global<G: Global>(
        &mut self,
        cx: &mut App,
        f: impl Fn(&mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) -> Subscription {
        let window_handle = self.handle;
        let (subscription, activate) = cx.global_observers.insert(
            TypeId::of::<G>(),
            Box::new(move |cx| {
                window_handle
                    .update(cx, |_, window, cx| f(window, cx))
                    .is_ok()
            }),
        );
        cx.defer(move |_| activate());
        subscription
    }

    /// Focus the current window and bring it to the foreground at the platform level.
    pub fn activate_window(&self) {
        self.platform_window.activate();
    }

    /// Requests that the operating system draw attention to this window.
    pub fn request_attention(&self) {
        self.platform_window.request_attention();
    }

    /// Minimize the current window at the platform level.
    pub fn minimize_window(&self) {
        self.platform_window.minimize();
    }

    /// Show the current window at the platform level.
    pub fn show_window(&self) {
        self.platform_window.show();
    }

    /// Hide the current window at the platform level.
    pub fn hide_window(&self) {
        self.platform_window.hide();
    }

    /// Returns whether the current window is visible at the platform level.
    pub fn is_window_visible(&self) -> bool {
        self.platform_window.is_visible()
    }

    /// Set whether mouse events should pass through the current window.
    pub fn set_mouse_passthrough(&self, passthrough: bool) {
        self.platform_window.set_mouse_passthrough(passthrough);
    }

    /// Linux (wayland) only: Set the window's input region, the area that receives pointer
    /// and touch input. Events outside it pass through to whatever is below the window.
    ///
    /// - `Some(rects)` restricts input to the union of `rects`, in window coordinates.
    /// - `Some(&[])` is an empty region, so the window receives no pointer or touch input.
    /// - `None` resets the region to the default, so the whole window receives input again.
    pub fn set_input_region(&self, region: Option<&[Bounds<Pixels>]>) {
        self.platform_window.set_input_region(region);
    }

    /// Toggle full screen status on the current window at the platform level.
    pub fn toggle_fullscreen(&self) {
        self.platform_window.toggle_fullscreen();
    }

    /// Toggle simple (borderless) fullscreen, where the window covers the entire
    /// screen including the menu bar and, on notched displays, the area around the
    /// notch. Unlike [`Window::toggle_fullscreen`], this does not move the window
    /// into its own Mission Control space. Only has an effect on macOS.
    pub fn toggle_simple_fullscreen(&self) {
        self.platform_window.toggle_simple_fullscreen();
    }

    /// Set the progress bar state for this window's taskbar/dock representation.
    pub fn set_progress_bar(&self, state: ProgressBarState) {
        self.platform_window.set_progress_bar(state);
    }

    /// Capture the current window state for save/restore.
    pub fn window_state(&self) -> WindowState {
        let bounds = self.platform_window.window_bounds();
        let display_id = self.platform_window.display().map(|d| d.id());
        let fullscreen = self.platform_window.is_fullscreen();
        WindowState {
            bounds,
            display_id,
            fullscreen,
        }
    }

    /// Restore a previously captured window state.
    ///
    /// This restores the fullscreen state. Window bounds are set at creation
    /// time via `WindowOptions`/`WindowParams`, so this primarily handles
    /// toggling fullscreen to match the saved state.
    pub fn restore_window_state(&self, state: &WindowState) {
        let is_fullscreen = self.platform_window.is_fullscreen();
        if state.fullscreen != is_fullscreen {
            self.platform_window.toggle_fullscreen();
        }
    }

    /// Updates the IME panel position suggestions for languages like japanese, chinese.
    pub fn invalidate_character_coordinates(&self) {
        self.on_next_frame(|window, cx| {
            if let Some(mut input_handler) = window.platform_window.take_input_handler() {
                if let Some(bounds) = input_handler.selected_bounds(window, cx) {
                    window.platform_window.update_ime_position(bounds);
                }
                window.platform_window.set_input_handler(input_handler);
            }
        });
    }

    /// Present a platform dialog.
    /// The provided message will be presented, along with buttons for each answer.
    /// When a button is clicked, the returned Receiver will receive the index of the clicked button.
    pub fn prompt<T>(
        &mut self,
        level: PromptLevel,
        message: &str,
        detail: Option<&str>,
        answers: &[T],
        cx: &mut App,
    ) -> oneshot::Receiver<usize>
    where
        T: Clone + Into<PromptButton>,
    {
        let prompt_builder = cx.prompt_builder.take();
        let Some(prompt_builder) = prompt_builder else {
            unreachable!("Re-entrant window prompting is not supported by GPUI");
        };

        let answers = answers
            .iter()
            .map(|answer| answer.clone().into())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();

        let receiver = match &prompt_builder {
            PromptBuilder::Default => self
                .platform_window
                .prompt(level, message, detail, &answers)
                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                    self.build_custom_prompt(&prompt_builder, level, message, detail, &answers, cx)
                }),
            PromptBuilder::Custom(_) => {
                self.build_custom_prompt(&prompt_builder, level, message, detail, &answers, cx)
            }
        };

        cx.prompt_builder = Some(prompt_builder);

        receiver
    }

    fn build_custom_prompt(
        &mut self,
        prompt_builder: &PromptBuilder,
        level: PromptLevel,
        message: &str,
        detail: Option<&str>,
        answers: &[PromptButton],
        cx: &mut App,
    ) -> oneshot::Receiver<usize> {
        let (sender, receiver) = oneshot::channel();
        let handle = PromptHandle::new(sender);
        let handle = (prompt_builder)(level, message, detail, answers, handle, self, cx);
        self.prompt = Some(handle);
        receiver
    }

    /// Returns whether a GPUI-rendered prompt is currently active in this window.
    ///
    /// Platform-native prompt dialogs are not represented by this state.
    pub fn has_active_prompt(&self) -> bool {
        self.prompt.is_some()
    }

    /// Returns the current context stack.
    pub fn context_stack(&self) -> Vec<KeyContext> {
        let node_id = self.focus_node_id_in_rendered_frame(self.focus);
        let dispatch_tree = &self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree;
        dispatch_tree
            .dispatch_path(node_id)
            .iter()
            .filter_map(move |&node_id| dispatch_tree.node(node_id).context.clone())
            .collect()
    }

    /// Returns all available actions for the focused element.
    pub fn available_actions(&self, cx: &App) -> Vec<Box<dyn Action>> {
        let node_id = self.focus_node_id_in_rendered_frame(self.focus);
        let mut actions = self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.available_actions(node_id);
        for action_type in cx.global_action_listeners.keys() {
            if let Err(ix) = actions.binary_search_by_key(action_type, |a| a.as_any().type_id()) {
                let action = cx.actions.build_action_type(action_type).ok();
                if let Some(action) = action {
                    actions.insert(ix, action);
                }
            }
        }
        actions
    }

    /// Returns key bindings that invoke an action on the currently focused element. Bindings are
    /// returned in the order they were added. For display, the last binding should take precedence.
    pub fn bindings_for_action(&self, action: &dyn Action) -> Vec<KeyBinding> {
        self.rendered_frame
            .dispatch_tree
            .bindings_for_action(action, &self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.context_stack)
    }

    /// Returns the highest precedence key binding that invokes an action on the currently focused
    /// element. This is more efficient than getting the last result of `bindings_for_action`.
    pub fn highest_precedence_binding_for_action(&self, action: &dyn Action) -> Option<KeyBinding> {
        self.rendered_frame
            .dispatch_tree
            .highest_precedence_binding_for_action(
                action,
                &self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree.context_stack,
            )
    }

    /// Returns the key bindings for an action in a context.
    pub fn bindings_for_action_in_context(
        &self,
        action: &dyn Action,
        context: KeyContext,
    ) -> Vec<KeyBinding> {
        let dispatch_tree = &self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree;
        dispatch_tree.bindings_for_action(action, &[context])
    }

    /// Returns the highest precedence key binding for an action in a context. This is more
    /// efficient than getting the last result of `bindings_for_action_in_context`.
    pub fn highest_precedence_binding_for_action_in_context(
        &self,
        action: &dyn Action,
        context: KeyContext,
    ) -> Option<KeyBinding> {
        let dispatch_tree = &self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree;
        dispatch_tree.highest_precedence_binding_for_action(action, &[context])
    }

    /// Returns any bindings that would invoke an action on the given focus handle if it were
    /// focused. Bindings are returned in the order they were added. For display, the last binding
    /// should take precedence.
    pub fn bindings_for_action_in(
        &self,
        action: &dyn Action,
        focus_handle: &FocusHandle,
    ) -> Vec<KeyBinding> {
        let dispatch_tree = &self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree;
        let Some(context_stack) = self.context_stack_for_focus_handle(focus_handle) else {
            return vec![];
        };
        dispatch_tree.bindings_for_action(action, &context_stack)
    }

    /// Returns the highest precedence key binding that would invoke an action on the given focus
    /// handle if it were focused. This is more efficient than getting the last result of
    /// `bindings_for_action_in`.
    pub fn highest_precedence_binding_for_action_in(
        &self,
        action: &dyn Action,
        focus_handle: &FocusHandle,
    ) -> Option<KeyBinding> {
        let dispatch_tree = &self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree;
        let context_stack = self.context_stack_for_focus_handle(focus_handle)?;
        dispatch_tree.highest_precedence_binding_for_action(action, &context_stack)
    }

    fn context_stack_for_focus_handle(
        &self,
        focus_handle: &FocusHandle,
    ) -> Option<Vec<KeyContext>> {
        let dispatch_tree = &self.rendered_frame.dispatch_tree;
        let node_id = dispatch_tree.focusable_node_id(focus_handle.id)?;
        let context_stack: Vec<_> = dispatch_tree
            .dispatch_path(node_id)
            .into_iter()
            .filter_map(|node_id| dispatch_tree.node(node_id).context.clone())
            .collect();
        Some(context_stack)
    }

    /// Returns a generic event listener that invokes the given listener with the view and context associated with the given view handle.
    pub fn listener_for<V: Render, E>(
        &self,
        view: &Entity<V>,
        f: impl Fn(&mut V, &E, &mut Window, &mut Context<V>) + 'static,
    ) -> impl Fn(&E, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static {
        let view = view.downgrade();
        move |e: &E, window: &mut Window, cx: &mut App| {
            view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, e, window, cx)).ok();
        }
    }

    /// Returns a generic handler that invokes the given handler with the view and context associated with the given view handle.
    pub fn handler_for<V: Render, Callback: Fn(&mut V, &mut Window, &mut Context<V>) + 'static>(
        &self,
        view: &Entity<V>,
        f: Callback,
    ) -> impl Fn(&mut Window, &mut App) + use<V, Callback> {
        let view = view.downgrade();
        move |window: &mut Window, cx: &mut App| {
            view.update(cx, |view, cx| f(view, window, cx)).ok();
        }
    }

    /// Register a callback that can interrupt the closing of the current window based the returned boolean.
    /// If the callback returns false, the window won't be closed.
    pub fn on_window_should_close(
        &self,
        cx: &App,
        f: impl Fn(&mut Window, &mut App) -> bool + 'static,
    ) {
        let mut cx = self.to_async(cx);
        self.platform_window.on_should_close(Box::new(move || {
            cx.update(|window, cx| f(window, cx)).unwrap_or(true)
        }))
    }

    /// Register an action listener on the window for the next frame. The type of action
    /// is determined by the first parameter of the given listener. When the next frame is rendered
    /// the listener will be cleared.
    ///
    /// This is a fairly low-level method, so prefer using action handlers on elements unless you have
    /// a specific need to register a global listener.
    pub fn on_action(
        &mut self,
        action_type: TypeId,
        listener: impl Fn(&dyn Any, DispatchPhase, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) {
        self.next_frame
            .dispatch_tree
            .on_action(action_type, Rc::new(listener));
    }

    /// Register an action listener on the window for the next frame if the condition is true.
    /// The type of action is determined by the first parameter of the given listener.
    /// When the next frame is rendered the listener will be cleared.
    ///
    /// This is a fairly low-level method, so prefer using action handlers on elements unless you have
    /// a specific need to register a global listener.
    pub fn on_action_when(
        &mut self,
        condition: bool,
        action_type: TypeId,
        listener: impl Fn(&dyn Any, DispatchPhase, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) {
        if condition {
            self.next_frame
                .dispatch_tree
                .on_action(action_type, Rc::new(listener));
        }
    }

    /// Read information about the GPU backing this window.
    /// Currently returns None on Mac and Windows.
    pub fn gpu_specs(&self) -> Option<GpuSpecs> {
        self.platform_window.gpu_specs()
    }

    /// Perform titlebar double-click action.
    /// This is macOS specific.
    pub fn titlebar_double_click(&self) {
        self.platform_window.titlebar_double_click();
    }

    /// Gets the window's title at the platform level.
    /// This is macOS specific.
    pub fn window_title(&self) -> String {
        self.platform_window.get_title()
    }

    /// Returns a list of all tabbed windows and their titles.
    /// This is macOS specific.
    pub fn tabbed_windows(&self) -> Option<Vec<SystemWindowTab>> {
        self.platform_window.tabbed_windows()
    }

    /// Returns the tab bar visibility.
    /// This is macOS specific.
    pub fn tab_bar_visible(&self) -> bool {
        self.platform_window.tab_bar_visible()
    }

    /// Merges all open windows into a single tabbed window.
    /// This is macOS specific.
    pub fn merge_all_windows(&self) {
        self.platform_window.merge_all_windows()
    }

    /// Moves the tab to a new containing window.
    /// This is macOS specific.
    pub fn move_tab_to_new_window(&self) {
        self.platform_window.move_tab_to_new_window()
    }

    /// Shows or hides the window tab overview.
    /// This is macOS specific.
    pub fn toggle_window_tab_overview(&self) {
        self.platform_window.toggle_window_tab_overview()
    }

    /// Sets the tabbing identifier for the window.
    /// This is macOS specific.
    pub fn set_tabbing_identifier(&self, tabbing_identifier: Option<String>) {
        self.platform_window
            .set_tabbing_identifier(tabbing_identifier)
    }

    /// Request the OS to play an alert sound.
    pub fn play_system_bell(&self) {
        self.platform_window.play_system_bell()
    }

    /// Returns whether accessibility support is enabled for this window.
    ///
    /// This is false when the app was created with [`crate::Application::inaccessible`].
    /// The result does not depend on whether assistive technology is currently
    /// connected, so it can be used to gate subscriptions that are only needed
    /// for accessibility.
    pub fn is_a11y_enabled(&self) -> bool {
        self.a11y.is_enabled()
    }

    /// Returns a JSON representation of the latest completed accessibility frame.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` until accessibility has produced a tree for this window.
    pub fn debug_a11y_tree_json(&self) -> Option<String> {
        self.a11y.debug_tree_json()
    }

    /// Register a listener for an accessibility action on a specific node.
    /// The listener is called when assistive technology requests the given
    /// action on the node identified by `node_id`.
    pub fn on_a11y_action(
        &mut self,
        node_id: accesskit::NodeId,
        action: accesskit::Action,
        listener: impl FnMut(Option<&accesskit::ActionData>, &mut Window, &mut App) + 'static,
    ) {
        self.a11y
            .action_listeners
            .entry(node_id)
            .or_default()
            .push((action, Box::new(listener)));
    }

    #[cfg(not(target_family = "wasm"))]
    pub(crate) fn handle_a11y_action(&mut self, request: accesskit::ActionRequest, cx: &mut App) {
        if let Some(mut listeners) = self.a11y.action_listeners.remove(&request.target_node) {
            let action_data = request.data.as_ref();
            let mut matched = false;
            for (action, listener) in &mut listeners {
                if *action == request.action {
                    listener(action_data, self, cx);
                    matched = true;
                }
            }
            self.a11y
                .action_listeners
                .insert(request.target_node, listeners);
            if matched {
                return;
            }
        }

        match request.action {
            accesskit::Action::Click => {
                if let Some(bounds) = self.a11y.node_bounds.get(&request.target_node).copied() {
                    let center = bounds.center();
                    self.dispatch_event(
                        PlatformInput::MouseDown(crate::MouseDownEvent {
                            button: MouseButton::Left,
                            position: center,
                            modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
                            click_count: 1,
                            first_mouse: false,
                        }),
                        cx,
                    );
                    self.dispatch_event(
                        PlatformInput::MouseUp(MouseUpEvent {
                            button: MouseButton::Left,
                            position: center,
                            modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
                            click_count: 1,
                        }),
                        cx,
                    );
                }
            }
            accesskit::Action::Focus => {
                if let Some(focus_id) = self.a11y.focus_ids.get(&request.target_node).copied()
                    && let Some(handle) = FocusHandle::for_id(focus_id, &cx.focus_handles)
                {
                    self.focus(&handle);
                }
            }
            accesskit::Action::Blur => self.blur(cx),
            _ => {
                log::debug!(
                    "Unhandled a11y action: {:?} on {:?}",
                    request.action,
                    request.target_node
                );
            }
        }
    }

    /// Toggles the inspector mode on this window.
    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    pub fn toggle_inspector(&mut self, cx: &mut App) {
        self.inspector = match self.inspector {
            None => Some(cx.new(|_| Inspector::new())),
            Some(_) => None,
        };
        self.refresh();
    }

    /// Returns true if the window is in inspector mode.
    pub fn is_inspector_picking(&self, _cx: &App) -> bool {
        #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
        {
            if let Some(inspector) = &self.inspector {
                return inspector.read(_cx).is_picking();
            }
        }
        false
    }

    /// Executes the provided function with mutable access to an inspector state.
    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    pub fn with_inspector_state<T: 'static, R>(
        &mut self,
        _inspector_id: Option<&crate::InspectorElementId>,
        cx: &mut App,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Option<T>, &mut Self) -> R,
    ) -> R {
        if let Some(inspector_id) = _inspector_id
            && let Some(inspector) = &self.inspector
        {
            let inspector = inspector.clone();
            let active_element_id = inspector.read(cx).active_element_id();
            if Some(inspector_id) == active_element_id {
                return inspector.update(cx, |inspector, _cx| {
                    inspector.with_active_element_state(self, f)
                });
            }
        }
        f(&mut None, self)
    }

    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    pub(crate) fn build_inspector_element_id(
        &mut self,
        path: crate::InspectorElementPath,
    ) -> crate::InspectorElementId {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint();
        let path = Rc::new(path);
        let next_instance_id = self
            .next_frame
            .next_inspector_instance_ids
            .entry(path.clone())
            .or_insert(0);
        let instance_id = *next_instance_id;
        *next_instance_id += 1;
        crate::InspectorElementId { path, instance_id }
    }

    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    fn prepaint_inspector(&mut self, inspector_width: Pixels, cx: &mut App) -> Option<AnyElement> {
        if let Some(inspector) = self.inspector.take() {
            let mut inspector_element = AnyView::from(inspector.clone()).into_any_element();
            inspector_element.prepaint_as_root(
                point(self.viewport_size.width - inspector_width, px(0.0)),
                size(inspector_width, self.viewport_size.height).into(),
                self,
                cx,
            );
            self.inspector = Some(inspector);
            Some(inspector_element)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    fn paint_inspector(&mut self, mut inspector_element: Option<AnyElement>, cx: &mut App) {
        if let Some(mut inspector_element) = inspector_element {
            inspector_element.paint(self, cx);
        };
    }

    /// Registers a hitbox that can be used for inspector picking mode, allowing users to select and
    /// inspect UI elements by clicking on them.
    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    pub fn insert_inspector_hitbox(
        &mut self,
        hitbox_id: HitboxId,
        inspector_id: Option<&crate::InspectorElementId>,
        cx: &App,
    ) {
        self.invalidator.debug_assert_paint_or_prepaint();
        if !self.is_inspector_picking(cx) {
            return;
        }
        if let Some(inspector_id) = inspector_id {
            self.next_frame
                .inspector_hitboxes
                .insert(hitbox_id, inspector_id.clone());
        }
    }

    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    fn paint_inspector_hitbox(&mut self, cx: &App) {
        if let Some(inspector) = self.inspector.as_ref() {
            let inspector = inspector.read(cx);
            if let Some((hitbox_id, _)) = self.hovered_inspector_hitbox(inspector, &self.next_frame)
                && let Some(hitbox) = self
                    .next_frame
                    .hitboxes
                    .iter()
                    .find(|hitbox| hitbox.id == hitbox_id)
            {
                self.paint_quad(crate::fill(hitbox.bounds, crate::rgba(0x61afef4d)));
            }
        }
    }

    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    fn handle_inspector_mouse_event(&mut self, event: &dyn Any, cx: &mut App) {
        let Some(inspector) = self.inspector.clone() else {
            return;
        };
        if event.downcast_ref::<MouseMoveEvent>().is_some() {
            inspector.update(cx, |inspector, _cx| {
                if let Some((_, inspector_id)) =
                    self.hovered_inspector_hitbox(inspector, &self.rendered_frame)
                {
                    inspector.hover(inspector_id, self);
                }
            });
        } else if event.downcast_ref::<crate::MouseDownEvent>().is_some() {
            inspector.update(cx, |inspector, _cx| {
                if let Some((_, inspector_id)) =
                    self.hovered_inspector_hitbox(inspector, &self.rendered_frame)
                {
                    inspector.select(inspector_id, self);
                }
            });
        } else if let Some(event) = event.downcast_ref::<crate::ScrollEvent>() {
            // This should be kept in sync with SCROLL_LINES in x11 platform.
            const SCROLL_LINES: f32 = 3.0;
            const SCROLL_PIXELS_PER_LAYER: f32 = 36.0;
            let delta_y = event
                .delta
                .pixel_delta(px(SCROLL_PIXELS_PER_LAYER / SCROLL_LINES))
                .y;
            if let Some(inspector) = self.inspector.clone() {
                inspector.update(cx, |inspector, _cx| {
                    if let Some(depth) = inspector.pick_depth.as_mut() {
                        *depth += f32::from(delta_y) / SCROLL_PIXELS_PER_LAYER;
                        let max_depth = self.mouse_hit_test.ids.len() as f32 - 0.5;
                        if *depth < 0.0 {
                            *depth = 0.0;
                        } else if *depth > max_depth {
                            *depth = max_depth;
                        }
                        if let Some((_, inspector_id)) =
                            self.hovered_inspector_hitbox(inspector, &self.rendered_frame)
                        {
                            inspector.set_active_element_id(inspector_id, self);
                        }
                    }
                });
            }
        }
    }

    #[cfg(any(feature = "inspector", debug_assertions))]
    fn hovered_inspector_hitbox(
        &self,
        inspector: &Inspector,
        frame: &Frame,
    ) -> Option<(HitboxId, crate::InspectorElementId)> {
        if let Some(pick_depth) = inspector.pick_depth {
            let depth = (pick_depth as i64).try_into().unwrap_or(0);
            let max_skipped = self.mouse_hit_test.ids.len().saturating_sub(1);
            let skip_count = (depth as usize).min(max_skipped);
            for hitbox_id in self.mouse_hit_test.ids.iter().skip(skip_count) {
                if let Some(inspector_id) = frame.inspector_hitboxes.get(hitbox_id) {
                    return Some((*hitbox_id, inspector_id.clone()));
                }
            }
        }
        None
    }

    /// For testing: set the current modifier keys state.
    /// This does not generate any events.
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
    pub fn set_modifiers(&mut self, modifiers: Modifiers) {
        self.modifiers = modifiers;
    }
}

// #[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
slotmap::new_key_type! {
    /// A unique identifier for a window.
    pub struct WindowId;
}

impl WindowId {
    /// Converts this window ID to a `u64`.
    pub fn as_u64(&self) -> u64 {
        self.0.as_ffi()
    }
}

impl From<u64> for WindowId {
    fn from(value: u64) -> Self {
        WindowId(slotmap::KeyData::from_ffi(value))
    }
}

/// A handle to a window with a specific root view type.
/// Note that this does not keep the window alive on its own.
#[derive(Deref, DerefMut)]
pub struct WindowHandle<V> {
    #[deref]
    #[deref_mut]
    pub(crate) any_handle: AnyWindowHandle,
    state_type: PhantomData<V>,
}

impl<V> Debug for WindowHandle<V> {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("WindowHandle")
            .field("any_handle", &self.any_handle.id.as_u64())
            .finish()
    }
}

impl<V: 'static + Render> WindowHandle<V> {
    /// Creates a new handle from a window ID.
    /// This does not check if the root type of the window is `V`.
    pub fn new(id: WindowId) -> Self {
        WindowHandle {
            any_handle: AnyWindowHandle {
                id,
                state_type: TypeId::of::<V>(),
            },
            state_type: PhantomData,
        }
    }

    /// Get the root view out of this window.
    ///
    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
    pub fn root<C>(&self, cx: &mut C) -> Result<Entity<V>>
    where
        C: AppContext,
    {
        crate::Flatten::flatten(cx.update_window(self.any_handle, |root_view, _, _| {
            root_view
                .downcast::<V>()
                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))
        }))
    }

    /// Updates the root view of this window.
    ///
    /// This will fail if the window has been closed or if the root view's type does not match
    pub fn update<C, R>(
        &self,
        cx: &mut C,
        update: impl FnOnce(&mut V, &mut Window, &mut Context<V>) -> R,
    ) -> Result<R>
    where
        C: AppContext,
    {
        cx.update_window(self.any_handle, |root_view, window, cx| {
            let view = root_view
                .downcast::<V>()
                .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))?;

            Ok(view.update(cx, |view, cx| update(view, window, cx)))
        })?
    }

    /// Read the root view out of this window.
    ///
    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
    pub fn read<'a>(&self, cx: &'a App) -> Result<&'a V> {
        let x = cx
            .windows
            .get(self.id)
            .and_then(|window| {
                window
                    .as_ref()
                    .and_then(|window| window.root.clone())
                    .map(|root_view| root_view.downcast::<V>())
            })
            .context("window not found")?
            .map_err(|_| anyhow!("the type of the window's root view has changed"))?;

        Ok(x.read(cx))
    }

    /// Read the root view out of this window, with a callback
    ///
    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
    pub fn read_with<C, R>(&self, cx: &C, read_with: impl FnOnce(&V, &App) -> R) -> Result<R>
    where
        C: AppContext,
    {
        cx.read_window(self, |root_view, cx| read_with(root_view.read(cx), cx))
    }

    /// Read the root view pointer off of this window.
    ///
    /// This will fail if the window is closed or if the root view's type does not match `V`.
    pub fn entity<C>(&self, cx: &C) -> Result<Entity<V>>
    where
        C: AppContext,
    {
        cx.read_window(self, |root_view, _cx| root_view)
    }

    /// Check if this window is 'active'.
    ///
    /// Will return `None` if the window is closed or currently
    /// borrowed.
    pub fn is_active(&self, cx: &mut App) -> Option<bool> {
        cx.update_window(self.any_handle, |_, window, _| window.is_window_active())
            .ok()
    }
}

impl<V> Copy for WindowHandle<V> {}

impl<V> Clone for WindowHandle<V> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        *self
    }
}

impl<V> PartialEq for WindowHandle<V> {
    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
        self.any_handle == other.any_handle
    }
}

impl<V> Eq for WindowHandle<V> {}

impl<V> Hash for WindowHandle<V> {
    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
        self.any_handle.hash(state);
    }
}

impl<V: 'static> From<WindowHandle<V>> for AnyWindowHandle {
    fn from(val: WindowHandle<V>) -> Self {
        val.any_handle
    }
}

unsafe impl<V> Send for WindowHandle<V> {}
unsafe impl<V> Sync for WindowHandle<V> {}

/// A handle to a window with any root view type, which can be downcast to a window with a specific root view type.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct AnyWindowHandle {
    pub(crate) id: WindowId,
    state_type: TypeId,
}

impl AnyWindowHandle {
    /// Get the ID of this window.
    pub fn window_id(&self) -> WindowId {
        self.id
    }

    /// Creates a handle with the given id and a dummy view type.
    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-support"))]
    pub fn for_test(id: WindowId) -> Self {
        Self {
            id,
            state_type: TypeId::of::<()>(),
        }
    }

    /// Attempt to convert this handle to a window handle with a specific root view type.
    /// If the types do not match, this will return `None`.
    pub fn downcast<T: 'static>(&self) -> Option<WindowHandle<T>> {
        if TypeId::of::<T>() == self.state_type {
            Some(WindowHandle {
                any_handle: *self,
                state_type: PhantomData,
            })
        } else {
            None
        }
    }

    /// Updates the state of the root view of this window.
    ///
    /// This will fail if the window has been closed.
    pub fn update<C, R>(
        self,
        cx: &mut C,
        update: impl FnOnce(AnyView, &mut Window, &mut App) -> R,
    ) -> Result<R>
    where
        C: AppContext,
    {
        cx.update_window(self, update)
    }

    /// Read the state of the root view of this window.
    ///
    /// This will fail if the window has been closed.
    pub fn read<T, C, R>(self, cx: &C, read: impl FnOnce(Entity<T>, &App) -> R) -> Result<R>
    where
        C: AppContext,
        T: 'static,
    {
        let view = self
            .downcast::<T>()
            .context("the type of the window's root view has changed")?;

        cx.read_window(&view, read)
    }
}

impl HasWindowHandle for Window {
    fn window_handle(&self) -> Result<raw_window_handle::WindowHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
        self.platform_window.window_handle()
    }
}

impl HasDisplayHandle for Window {
    fn display_handle(
        &self,
    ) -> std::result::Result<raw_window_handle::DisplayHandle<'_>, HandleError> {
        self.platform_window.display_handle()
    }
}

/// An identifier for an [`Element`].
///
/// Can be constructed with a string, a number, or both, as well
/// as other internal representations.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
pub enum ElementId {
    /// The ID of a View element
    View(EntityId),
    /// An integer ID.
    Integer(u64),
    /// A string based ID.
    Name(SharedString),
    /// A UUID.
    Uuid(Uuid),
    /// An ID that's equated with a focus handle.
    FocusHandle(FocusId),
    /// A combination of a name and an integer.
    NamedInteger(SharedString, u64),
    /// A path.
    Path(Arc<std::path::Path>),
    /// A code location.
    CodeLocation(core::panic::Location<'static>),
    /// A labeled child of an element.
    NamedChild(Box<ElementId>, SharedString),
    /// A byte array ID.
    OpaqueId([u8; 20]),
}

impl ElementId {
    /// Constructs an `ElementId::NamedInteger` from a name and `usize`.
    pub fn named_usize(name: impl Into<SharedString>, integer: usize) -> ElementId {
        Self::NamedInteger(name.into(), integer as u64)
    }
}

impl Display for ElementId {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            ElementId::View(entity_id) => write!(f, "view-{}", entity_id)?,
            ElementId::Integer(ix) => write!(f, "{}", ix)?,
            ElementId::Name(name) => write!(f, "{}", name)?,
            ElementId::FocusHandle(_) => write!(f, "FocusHandle")?,
            ElementId::NamedInteger(s, i) => write!(f, "{}-{}", s, i)?,
            ElementId::Uuid(uuid) => write!(f, "{}", uuid)?,
            ElementId::Path(path) => write!(f, "{}", path.display())?,
            ElementId::CodeLocation(location) => write!(f, "{}", location)?,
            ElementId::NamedChild(id, name) => write!(f, "{}-{}", id, name)?,
            ElementId::OpaqueId(opaque_id) => write!(f, "{:x?}", opaque_id)?,
        }

        Ok(())
    }
}

impl TryInto<SharedString> for ElementId {
    type Error = anyhow::Error;

    fn try_into(self) -> anyhow::Result<SharedString> {
        if let ElementId::Name(name) = self {
            Ok(name)
        } else {
            anyhow::bail!("element id is not string")
        }
    }
}

impl From<u64> for ElementId {
    fn from(id: u64) -> Self {
        ElementId::Integer(id)
    }
}

impl From<usize> for ElementId {
    fn from(id: usize) -> Self {
        ElementId::Integer(id as u64)
    }
}

impl From<i32> for ElementId {
    fn from(id: i32) -> Self {
        Self::Integer(id as u64)
    }
}

impl From<SharedString> for ElementId {
    fn from(name: SharedString) -> Self {
        ElementId::Name(name)
    }
}

impl From<String> for ElementId {
    fn from(name: String) -> Self {
        ElementId::Name(name.into())
    }
}

impl From<Arc<str>> for ElementId {
    fn from(name: Arc<str>) -> Self {
        ElementId::Name(name.into())
    }
}

impl From<Arc<std::path::Path>> for ElementId {
    fn from(path: Arc<std::path::Path>) -> Self {
        ElementId::Path(path)
    }
}

impl From<&'static str> for ElementId {
    fn from(name: &'static str) -> Self {
        ElementId::Name(SharedString::new_static(name))
    }
}

impl<'a> From<&'a FocusHandle> for ElementId {
    fn from(handle: &'a FocusHandle) -> Self {
        ElementId::FocusHandle(handle.id)
    }
}

impl From<(&'static str, EntityId)> for ElementId {
    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, EntityId)) -> Self {
        ElementId::NamedInteger(SharedString::new_static(name), id.as_u64())
    }
}

impl From<(&'static str, usize)> for ElementId {
    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, usize)) -> Self {
        ElementId::NamedInteger(SharedString::new_static(name), id as u64)
    }
}

impl From<(SharedString, usize)> for ElementId {
    fn from((name, id): (SharedString, usize)) -> Self {
        ElementId::NamedInteger(name, id as u64)
    }
}

impl From<(&'static str, u64)> for ElementId {
    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, u64)) -> Self {
        ElementId::NamedInteger(SharedString::new_static(name), id)
    }
}

impl From<Uuid> for ElementId {
    fn from(value: Uuid) -> Self {
        Self::Uuid(value)
    }
}

impl From<(&'static str, u32)> for ElementId {
    fn from((name, id): (&'static str, u32)) -> Self {
        ElementId::NamedInteger(SharedString::new_static(name), id.into())
    }
}

impl<T: Into<SharedString>> From<(ElementId, T)> for ElementId {
    fn from((id, name): (ElementId, T)) -> Self {
        ElementId::NamedChild(Box::new(id), name.into())
    }
}

impl From<&'static core::panic::Location<'static>> for ElementId {
    fn from(location: &'static core::panic::Location<'static>) -> Self {
        ElementId::CodeLocation(*location)
    }
}

impl From<[u8; 20]> for ElementId {
    fn from(opaque_id: [u8; 20]) -> Self {
        ElementId::OpaqueId(opaque_id)
    }
}

/// A rectangle to be rendered in the window at the given position and size.
/// Passed as an argument [`Window::paint_quad`].
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct PaintQuad {
    /// The bounds of the quad within the window.
    pub bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
    /// The radii of the quad's corners.
    pub corner_radii: Corners<Pixels>,
    /// The background color of the quad.
    pub background: Background,
    /// The widths of the quad's borders.
    pub border_widths: Edges<Pixels>,
    /// The color of the quad's borders.
    pub border_color: Hsla,
    /// The style of the quad's borders.
    pub border_style: BorderStyle,
    /// Whether to use continuous (squircle) corner rounding.
    pub continuous_corners: bool,
    /// The 2D affine transform applied to this quad.
    pub transform: TransformationMatrix,
    /// The blend mode to apply when rendering this quad.
    pub blend_mode: BlendMode,
}

impl PaintQuad {
    /// Sets the corner radii of the quad.
    pub fn corner_radii(self, corner_radii: impl Into<Corners<Pixels>>) -> Self {
        PaintQuad {
            corner_radii: corner_radii.into(),
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Sets the border widths of the quad.
    pub fn border_widths(self, border_widths: impl Into<Edges<Pixels>>) -> Self {
        PaintQuad {
            border_widths: border_widths.into(),
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Sets the border color of the quad.
    pub fn border_color(self, border_color: impl Into<Hsla>) -> Self {
        PaintQuad {
            border_color: border_color.into(),
            ..self
        }
    }

    /// Sets the background color of the quad.
    pub fn background(self, background: impl Into<Background>) -> Self {
        PaintQuad {
            background: background.into(),
            ..self
        }
    }
}

/// Creates a quad with the given parameters.
pub fn quad(
    bounds: Bounds<Pixels>,
    corner_radii: impl Into<Corners<Pixels>>,
    background: impl Into<Background>,
    border_widths: impl Into<Edges<Pixels>>,
    border_color: impl Into<Hsla>,
    border_style: BorderStyle,
) -> PaintQuad {
    PaintQuad {
        bounds,
        corner_radii: corner_radii.into(),
        background: background.into(),
        border_widths: border_widths.into(),
        border_color: border_color.into(),
        border_style,
        continuous_corners: false,
        transform: TransformationMatrix::unit(),
        blend_mode: BlendMode::Normal,
    }
}

/// Creates a filled quad with the given bounds and background color.
pub fn fill(bounds: impl Into<Bounds<Pixels>>, background: impl Into<Background>) -> PaintQuad {
    PaintQuad {
        bounds: bounds.into(),
        corner_radii: (0.).into(),
        background: background.into(),
        border_widths: (0.).into(),
        border_color: transparent_black(),
        border_style: BorderStyle::default(),
        continuous_corners: false,
        transform: TransformationMatrix::unit(),
        blend_mode: BlendMode::Normal,
    }
}

/// Creates a rectangle outline with the given bounds, border color, and a 1px border width
pub fn outline(
    bounds: impl Into<Bounds<Pixels>>,
    border_color: impl Into<Hsla>,
    border_style: BorderStyle,
) -> PaintQuad {
    PaintQuad {
        bounds: bounds.into(),
        corner_radii: (0.).into(),
        background: transparent_black().into(),
        border_widths: (1.).into(),
        border_color: border_color.into(),
        border_style,
        continuous_corners: false,
        transform: TransformationMatrix::unit(),
        blend_mode: BlendMode::Normal,
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::{
        ContentMask, Context, Entity, ExternalPaths, HitboxBehavior, InputEvent as _,
        MouseMoveEvent, QuitMode, Render, StyleRefinement, TestAppContext, ThermalState,
        WindowOptions, bounds, canvas, div, hsla, point, px, size,
    };
    use std::{
        cell::{Cell, RefCell},
        path::PathBuf,
        rc::Rc,
    };

    #[test]
    fn high_rate_input_avoids_inactive_window_throttling() {
        let default_inactive = Some(super::THIRTY_FPS_INTERVAL);
        assert_eq!(
            minimum_frame_interval(
                true,
                true,
                default_inactive,
                ThermalState::Nominal,
                crate::PowerMode::Unknown,
            ),
            default_inactive
        );
        assert_eq!(
            minimum_frame_interval(
                true,
                false,
                default_inactive,
                ThermalState::Nominal,
                crate::PowerMode::Unknown,
            ),
            None
        );
        assert_eq!(
            minimum_frame_interval(
                true,
                false,
                default_inactive,
                ThermalState::Serious,
                crate::PowerMode::Unknown,
            ),
            Some(super::SIXTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
            "thermal pressure still caps high-rate input"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn inactive_frame_interval_is_configurable() {
        let custom = Some(Duration::from_millis(16));
        assert_eq!(
            minimum_frame_interval(
                true,
                true,
                custom,
                ThermalState::Nominal,
                crate::PowerMode::Unknown,
            ),
            custom
        );
        assert_eq!(
            minimum_frame_interval(
                true,
                true,
                None,
                ThermalState::Nominal,
                crate::PowerMode::Unknown,
            ),
            None,
            "None disables inactive-window throttling"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn frame_throttle_tracks_display_refreshes() {
        let start = super::Instant::now();
        for (elapsed, interval) in [
            (Duration::from_micros(16_666), super::SIXTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
            (Duration::from_micros(33_332), super::THIRTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
        ] {
            let mut pacer = super::FramePacer::default();
            assert!(!pacer.should_defer(start, Some(interval)));
            assert!(pacer.should_defer(start + elapsed / 2, Some(interval)));
            assert!(!pacer.should_defer(start + elapsed, Some(interval)));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn frame_throttle_preserves_cadence_without_catching_up_after_stalls() {
        let start = super::Instant::now();
        let interval = super::THIRTY_FPS_INTERVAL;
        let mut pacer = super::FramePacer::default();
        assert!(!pacer.should_defer(start, Some(interval)));
        let delayed_frame = start + interval + Duration::from_millis(5);
        assert!(!pacer.should_defer(delayed_frame, Some(interval)));
        assert!(pacer.should_defer(start + interval + interval / 2, Some(interval)));
        assert!(!pacer.should_defer(start + interval * 2, Some(interval)));

        // Even a stall just short of another full interval must not cause a burst.
        let after_stall = start + interval * 4 - Duration::from_millis(1);
        assert!(!pacer.should_defer(after_stall, Some(interval)));
        assert!(pacer.should_defer(after_stall + interval / 2, Some(interval)));
        assert!(!pacer.should_defer(after_stall + interval, Some(interval)));
        // Mandatory presentation bypasses the limit and establishes a fresh cadence.
        let mandatory_frame = after_stall + interval + Duration::from_millis(2);
        assert!(!pacer.should_defer(mandatory_frame, None));
        assert!(pacer.should_defer(mandatory_frame + interval / 2, Some(interval)));
    }

    #[test]
    fn power_modes_preserve_frame_limits() {
        for (power_mode, active_interval, thermal_interval) in [
            (
                crate::PowerMode::LowPower,
                Some(super::THIRTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
                super::THIRTY_FPS_INTERVAL,
            ),
            (crate::PowerMode::Unknown, None, super::SIXTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
            (crate::PowerMode::Balanced, None, super::SIXTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
            (crate::PowerMode::HighPower, None, super::SIXTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
        ] {
            assert_eq!(
                super::minimum_frame_interval(true, false, None, ThermalState::Nominal, power_mode),
                active_interval,
            );
            assert_eq!(
                super::minimum_frame_interval(true, false, None, ThermalState::Serious, power_mode),
                Some(thermal_interval),
            );
            let inactive_interval = Duration::from_millis(100);
            assert_eq!(
                super::minimum_frame_interval(
                    true,
                    true,
                    Some(inactive_interval),
                    ThermalState::Nominal,
                    power_mode,
                ),
                Some(inactive_interval),
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn thermal_and_low_power_caps_raise_short_inactive_intervals() {
        let short = Some(Duration::from_millis(10));
        let long = Some(Duration::from_millis(100));
        assert_eq!(
            super::minimum_frame_interval(
                true,
                true,
                short,
                ThermalState::Serious,
                crate::PowerMode::Unknown,
            ),
            Some(super::SIXTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            super::minimum_frame_interval(
                true,
                true,
                None,
                ThermalState::Critical,
                crate::PowerMode::Unknown,
            ),
            Some(super::SIXTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
            "a missing inactive interval does not disable the thermal cap"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            super::minimum_frame_interval(
                true,
                true,
                short,
                ThermalState::Nominal,
                crate::PowerMode::LowPower,
            ),
            Some(super::THIRTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
        );
        assert_eq!(
            super::minimum_frame_interval(
                true,
                true,
                short,
                ThermalState::Serious,
                crate::PowerMode::LowPower,
            ),
            Some(super::THIRTY_FPS_INTERVAL),
            "low power is the longer of the two caps"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            super::minimum_frame_interval(
                true,
                true,
                long,
                ThermalState::Critical,
                crate::PowerMode::LowPower,
            ),
            long,
        );
        assert_eq!(
            super::minimum_frame_interval(
                true,
                false,
                None,
                ThermalState::Nominal,
                crate::PowerMode::Unknown,
            ),
            None,
            "unknown power mode does not enable the low-power cap"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn hovered_at_ignores_pointer_capture() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| EmptyView);
        let window: AnyWindowHandle = window.into();

        cx.update_window(window, |_, window, _| {
            let bounds = bounds(point(px(0.), px(0.)), size(px(10.), px(10.)));
            let hitbox = Hitbox {
                id: HitboxId(1),
                bounds,
                content_mask: ContentMask { bounds },
                behavior: HitboxBehavior::Normal,
            };
            window.rendered_frame.hitboxes.push(hitbox.clone());
            window.capture_pointer(hitbox.id);

            assert!(hitbox.is_hovered(window));
            assert!(hitbox.is_hovered_at(point(px(5.), px(5.)), window));
            assert!(!hitbox.is_hovered_at(point(px(20.), px(20.)), window));
        })
        .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn hovered_at_respects_content_masks_and_occlusion() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| EmptyView);
        let window: AnyWindowHandle = window.into();

        cx.update_window(window, |_, window, _| {
            let target_bounds = bounds(point(px(0.), px(0.)), size(px(20.), px(20.)));
            let target = Hitbox {
                id: HitboxId(1),
                bounds: target_bounds,
                content_mask: ContentMask {
                    bounds: bounds(point(px(0.), px(0.)), size(px(10.), px(20.))),
                },
                behavior: HitboxBehavior::Normal,
            };
            let blocker = Hitbox {
                id: HitboxId(2),
                bounds: target_bounds,
                content_mask: ContentMask {
                    bounds: target_bounds,
                },
                behavior: HitboxBehavior::BlockMouse,
            };
            window.rendered_frame.hitboxes.push(target.clone());
            assert!(target.is_hovered_at(point(px(5.), px(5.)), window));
            assert!(!target.is_hovered_at(point(px(15.), px(5.)), window));

            window.rendered_frame.hitboxes.push(blocker.clone());

            assert!(!target.is_hovered_at(point(px(5.), px(5.)), window));
            assert!(blocker.is_hovered_at(point(px(15.), px(5.)), window));
        })
        .unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn hovered_at_ignores_keyboard_input_modality() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| EmptyView);
        let window: AnyWindowHandle = window.into();

        cx.update_window(window, |_, window, _| {
            let bounds = bounds(point(px(0.), px(0.)), size(px(10.), px(10.)));
            let hitbox = Hitbox {
                id: HitboxId(1),
                bounds,
                content_mask: ContentMask { bounds },
                behavior: HitboxBehavior::Normal,
            };
            window.rendered_frame.hitboxes.push(hitbox.clone());
            window.last_input_was_keyboard.set(true);

            assert!(!hitbox.is_hovered(window));
            assert!(hitbox.is_hovered_at(point(px(5.), px(5.)), window));
        })
        .unwrap();
    }

    /// A re-entrant frame request must be deferred while a draw is on the
    /// stack. `draw_in_progress` is the guard the request-frame callback uses
    /// before touching the already-borrowed App.
    #[test]
    fn draw_in_progress_tracks_element_arena_scope() {
        assert!(!draw_in_progress());

        let scope = ElementArenaScope::enter();
        assert!(draw_in_progress());

        let nested = ElementArenaScope::enter();
        assert!(draw_in_progress());
        drop(nested);
        assert!(draw_in_progress(), "outer draw is still in progress");

        drop(scope);
        assert!(!draw_in_progress());
    }

    struct EmptyView;

    impl Render for EmptyView {
        fn render(&mut self, _window: &mut Window, _cx: &mut Context<Self>) -> impl IntoElement {
            div()
        }
    }

    struct FileDropExitView(Rc<Cell<usize>>);

    impl Render for FileDropExitView {
        fn render(&mut self, _: &mut Window, _: &mut Context<Self>) -> impl IntoElement {
            div().size_full().on_file_drop_exit({
                let observed_file_drop_exit = self.0.clone();
                move |_, _, _| observed_file_drop_exit.set(observed_file_drop_exit.get() + 1)
            })
        }
    }

    /// Inbound platform file-drag leave is window-local. Exiting one window must not
    /// notify another window's `on_file_drop_exit` listener, and keyboard input in the
    /// destination window must not suppress the leave callback.
    #[test]
    fn file_drop_exit_is_window_local() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        let first_destination_exit_count = Rc::new(Cell::new(0));
        let first_destination: AnyWindowHandle = cx
            .add_window({
                let first_destination_exit_count = first_destination_exit_count.clone();
                move |_, _| FileDropExitView(first_destination_exit_count)
            })
            .into();
        let second_destination_exit_count = Rc::new(Cell::new(0));
        let second_destination: AnyWindowHandle = cx
            .add_window({
                let second_destination_exit_count = second_destination_exit_count.clone();
                move |_, _| FileDropExitView(second_destination_exit_count)
            })
            .into();
        let reentry_position = point(px(30.), px(30.));
        let external_paths =
            || ExternalPaths([PathBuf::from("/tmp/dropped.txt")].into_iter().collect());

        let update_result = cx.update_window(first_destination, |_, window, cx| {
            window.draw(cx).clear();
            window.dispatch_event(
                FileDropEvent::Entered {
                    position: reentry_position,
                    paths: external_paths(),
                }
                .to_platform_input(),
                cx,
            );
            window.dispatch_event(FileDropEvent::Exited.to_platform_input(), cx);
            assert!(cx.active_drag.is_none());
            assert_eq!(first_destination_exit_count.get(), 1);
            assert_eq!(second_destination_exit_count.get(), 0);
        });
        assert!(
            update_result.is_ok(),
            "failed to handle drag in first destination window: {update_result:?}"
        );

        let update_result = cx.update_window(second_destination, |_, window, cx| {
            window.draw(cx).clear();
            window.dispatch_event(
                PlatformInput::KeyDown(KeyDownEvent {
                    keystroke: Keystroke::parse("down").expect("valid keystroke"),
                    is_held: false,
                    prefer_character_input: false,
                }),
                cx,
            );
            window.dispatch_event(
                FileDropEvent::Entered {
                    position: reentry_position,
                    paths: external_paths(),
                }
                .to_platform_input(),
                cx,
            );
            assert!(
                cx.active_drag
                    .as_ref()
                    .is_some_and(|drag| drag.value.downcast_ref::<ExternalPaths>().is_some())
            );
            assert_eq!(first_destination_exit_count.get(), 1);
            assert_eq!(second_destination_exit_count.get(), 0);

            window.dispatch_event(FileDropEvent::Exited.to_platform_input(), cx);
            assert!(cx.active_drag.is_none());
            assert_eq!(first_destination_exit_count.get(), 1);
            assert_eq!(second_destination_exit_count.get(), 1);
        });
        assert!(
            update_result.is_ok(),
            "failed to handle drag in second destination window: {update_result:?}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn open_window_propagates_platform_map_error() {
        let cx = TestAppContext::single();
        cx.test_platform()
            .fail_next_window_map("test window mapping failed");

        let result =
            cx.update(|cx| cx.open_window(WindowOptions::default(), |_, cx| cx.new(|_| EmptyView)));

        let error = match result {
            Ok(_) => panic!("window mapping unexpectedly succeeded"),
            Err(error) => error,
        };
        assert_eq!(error.to_string(), "test window mapping failed");
        assert!(cx.read(|cx| cx.windows().is_empty()));
    }

    struct OpensWindowOnPaint {
        opened: Rc<Cell<bool>>,
    }

    impl Render for OpensWindowOnPaint {
        fn render(&mut self, _window: &mut Window, _cx: &mut Context<Self>) -> impl IntoElement {
            let opened = self.opened.clone();
            div()
                .size_full()
                .child(canvas(
                    |_, _, _| {},
                    move |_, _, _window, cx| {
                        if !opened.replace(true) {
                            cx.open_window(WindowOptions::default(), |_, cx| cx.new(|_| EmptyView))
                                .unwrap();
                        }
                    },
                ))
                .child(div().child("after"))
        }
    }

    /// Opening a window synchronously draws it and requests an element-arena
    /// clear. That request must not invalidate outer elements that remain to be
    /// painted after the nested draw returns.
    #[test]
    fn opening_a_window_during_draw_keeps_outer_elements_alive() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        let opened = Rc::new(Cell::new(false));
        let window = cx.add_window({
            let opened = opened.clone();
            move |_, _| OpensWindowOnPaint { opened }
        });

        assert!(opened.get());
        assert_eq!(cx.windows().len(), 2);

        cx.update_window(window.into(), |_, window, cx| window.draw(cx).clear())
            .unwrap();
    }

    struct FocusLostRestoreView {
        parent: FocusHandle,
        child: FocusHandle,
        show_child: bool,
        observed_restore: Option<FocusHandle>,
        _subscription: Subscription,
    }

    impl FocusLostRestoreView {
        fn new(window: &mut Window, cx: &mut Context<Self>) -> Self {
            Self {
                parent: cx.focus_handle(),
                child: cx.focus_handle(),
                show_child: true,
                observed_restore: None,
                _subscription: cx.on_focus_lost(window, |this, window, cx| {
                    this.observed_restore = window.focus_lost_restore_target(cx);
                }),
            }
        }
    }

    impl Render for FocusLostRestoreView {
        fn render(&mut self, _: &mut Window, _: &mut Context<Self>) -> impl IntoElement {
            div()
                .id("parent")
                .track_focus(&self.parent)
                .when(self.show_child, |parent| {
                    parent.child(div().id("child").track_focus(&self.child))
                })
        }
    }

    /// Removing a focused descendant fires `on_focus_lost`. During that callback,
    /// `focus_lost_restore_target` is the closest ancestor still in the tree.
    #[test]
    fn focus_lost_restore_target_is_nearest_surviving_ancestor() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        let window = cx.add_window(FocusLostRestoreView::new);

        window
            .update(&mut cx, |view, window, _| {
                window.focus(&view.child);
            })
            .unwrap();

        cx.update_window(window.into(), |_, window, cx| {
            window.draw(cx).clear();
            assert!(
                window.focus_lost_restore_target(cx).is_none(),
                "restore target is only set while focus-lost listeners run"
            );
        })
        .unwrap();

        window
            .update(&mut cx, |view, window, _| {
                assert!(view.child.is_focused(window));
                view.show_child = false;
            })
            .unwrap();

        cx.update_window(window.into(), |_, window, cx| {
            window.draw(cx).clear();
            assert!(
                window.focus_lost_restore_target(cx).is_none(),
                "restore target must be cleared after focus-lost listeners return"
            );
        })
        .unwrap();

        window
            .update(&mut cx, |view, _, _| {
                assert_eq!(
                    view.observed_restore.as_ref(),
                    Some(&view.parent),
                    "restore target should be the parent that remained in the tree"
                );
            })
            .unwrap();
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_native_close_defers_app_access(cx: &mut TestAppContext) {
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| EmptyView);
        let platform_window = cx.test_window(window.into());
        {
            let app = cx.app.borrow_mut();
            platform_window.simulate_close();
            assert!(app.windows.contains_key(window.window_id()));
        }
        cx.run_until_parked();
        assert!(!cx.app.borrow().windows.contains_key(window.window_id()));
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_window_reports_no_raw_handle_instead_of_panicking(cx: &mut TestAppContext) {
        use raw_window_handle::{HandleError, HasDisplayHandle as _, HasWindowHandle as _};

        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| EmptyView);
        window
            .update(cx, |_, window, _| {
                assert!(matches!(
                    window.window_handle(),
                    Err(HandleError::NotSupported)
                ));
                assert!(matches!(
                    window.display_handle(),
                    Err(HandleError::NotSupported)
                ));
            })
            .unwrap();
    }

    /// Visibility transitions reach observers exactly once each, with the new
    /// state already stored on the window, and never wake the platform for a
    /// frame: the platform requests one itself when it resumes presenting.
    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_window_visibility(cx: &mut TestAppContext) {
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| EmptyView);
        let observed = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Vec::new()));
        let _subscription = window
            .update(cx, {
                let observed = observed.clone();
                move |_, window, _| {
                    assert_eq!(window.visibility(), WindowVisibility::Visible);
                    assert!(window.is_visible());
                    window.observe_window_visibility(move |visibility, window, _| {
                        assert_eq!(window.visibility(), visibility);
                        observed.borrow_mut().push(visibility);
                    })
                }
            })
            .unwrap();
        let test_window = cx.test_window(window.into());
        // Effect flush schedules a frame for a window that is already dirty.
        // Clear that so the count below only moves if visibility itself asks
        // for a frame.
        window
            .update(cx, |_, window, _| {
                window.invalidator.set_dirty(false);
                window.needs_present.set(false);
            })
            .unwrap();
        let frame_wake_count = test_window.frame_wake_count();

        test_window.simulate_visibility_change(WindowVisibility::Hidden);
        assert_eq!(*observed.borrow(), [WindowVisibility::Hidden]);
        window
            .update(cx, |_, window, _| assert!(!window.is_visible()))
            .unwrap();

        // Platforms may report the same state again; observers only see changes.
        test_window.simulate_visibility_change(WindowVisibility::Hidden);
        assert_eq!(observed.borrow().len(), 1);

        test_window.simulate_visibility_change(WindowVisibility::Visible);
        assert_eq!(
            *observed.borrow(),
            [WindowVisibility::Hidden, WindowVisibility::Visible]
        );
        window
            .update(cx, |_, window, _| assert!(window.is_visible()))
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(test_window.frame_wake_count(), frame_wake_count);
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn test_appearance_change_runs_after_app_update(cx: &mut TestAppContext) {
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| EmptyView);
        let observed_appearance = Rc::new(Cell::new(None));
        let _subscription = window
            .update(cx, {
                let observed_appearance = observed_appearance.clone();
                move |_, window, _| {
                    window.observe_window_appearance(move |window, _| {
                        observed_appearance.set(Some(window.appearance()));
                    })
                }
            })
            .unwrap();
        let test_window = cx.test_window(window.into());

        cx.update(|_| {
            test_window.simulate_appearance_change(WindowAppearance::Dark);
            assert_eq!(observed_appearance.get(), None);
        });
        cx.run_until_parked();

        assert_eq!(observed_appearance.get(), Some(WindowAppearance::Dark));
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scale_factor_change_preserves_bounds_and_survives_resize() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| EmptyView);
        let handle: AnyWindowHandle = window.into();
        let window_state = |cx: &mut TestAppContext| {
            cx.update_window(handle, |_, window, _| {
                (
                    window.scale_factor(),
                    window.bounds(),
                    window.viewport_size(),
                )
            })
            .unwrap()
        };

        let (scale_factor, mut expected_bounds, _) = window_state(&mut cx);
        assert_eq!(scale_factor, 2.0);

        for (scale_factor, resized_size) in [
            (1.0, size(px(800.), px(600.))),
            (1.25, size(px(640.), px(480.))),
            (2.0, size(px(1024.), px(768.))),
        ] {
            cx.simulate_window_scale_factor_change(handle, scale_factor);
            assert_eq!(
                window_state(&mut cx),
                (scale_factor, expected_bounds, expected_bounds.size)
            );

            cx.simulate_window_resize(handle, resized_size);
            expected_bounds.size = resized_size;
            assert_eq!(
                window_state(&mut cx),
                (scale_factor, expected_bounds, resized_size)
            );
        }
    }

    struct RootView {
        explicit_size: bool,
        child_bounds: Rc<Cell<Bounds<Pixels>>>,
    }

    impl Render for RootView {
        fn render(&mut self, _window: &mut Window, _cx: &mut Context<Self>) -> impl IntoElement {
            let child_bounds = self.child_bounds.clone();
            let mut root = div().flex().flex_col().child(
                canvas(
                    move |bounds, _, _| child_bounds.set(bounds),
                    |_, _, _, _| {},
                )
                .size_full(),
            );
            if self.explicit_size {
                root = root.w(px(300.)).h(px(200.));
            }
            root
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn auto_sized_window_root_fills_the_window() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        let child_bounds = Rc::new(Cell::new(Bounds::default()));
        let window = cx.add_window({
            let child_bounds = child_bounds.clone();
            move |_, _| RootView {
                explicit_size: false,
                child_bounds,
            }
        });

        let viewport_size = cx
            .update_window(window.into(), |_, window, cx| {
                window.draw(cx).clear();
                window.viewport_size()
            })
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(child_bounds.get().size, viewport_size);
    }

    #[test]
    fn explicitly_sized_window_root_keeps_its_size() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        let child_bounds = Rc::new(Cell::new(Bounds::default()));
        let window = cx.add_window({
            let child_bounds = child_bounds.clone();
            move |_, _| RootView {
                explicit_size: true,
                child_bounds,
            }
        });

        cx.update_window(window.into(), |_, window, cx| {
            window.draw(cx).clear();
        })
        .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(child_bounds.get().size, size(px(300.), px(200.)));
    }

    fn scaled(value: f32) -> ScaledPixels {
        ScaledPixels(value)
    }

    #[test]
    fn border_only_quad_strips_cover_asymmetric_borders_and_corners() {
        let bounds = Bounds::new(
            point(scaled(0.), scaled(0.)),
            size(scaled(100.), scaled(80.)),
        );
        let widths = Edges {
            top: scaled(6.),
            right: scaled(4.),
            bottom: scaled(8.),
            left: scaled(2.),
        };
        let radii = Corners {
            top_left: scaled(10.),
            top_right: scaled(12.),
            bottom_right: scaled(16.),
            bottom_left: scaled(14.),
        };

        let strips = border_only_quad_strips(bounds, widths, radii).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            strips,
            [
                Bounds::from_corners(
                    point(scaled(0.), scaled(0.)),
                    point(scaled(100.), scaled(13.)),
                ),
                Bounds::from_corners(
                    point(scaled(0.), scaled(63.)),
                    point(scaled(100.), scaled(80.)),
                ),
                Bounds::from_corners(
                    point(scaled(0.), scaled(13.)),
                    point(scaled(3.), scaled(63.)),
                ),
                Bounds::from_corners(
                    point(scaled(95.), scaled(13.)),
                    point(scaled(100.), scaled(63.)),
                ),
            ]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn border_only_quad_keeps_one_primitive_when_interior_is_too_small() {
        let bounds = Bounds::new(
            point(scaled(0.), scaled(0.)),
            size(scaled(10.), scaled(10.)),
        );
        let widths = Edges {
            top: scaled(5.),
            right: scaled(5.),
            bottom: scaled(5.),
            left: scaled(5.),
        };

        assert!(border_only_quad_strips(bounds, widths, Corners::default()).is_none());
    }

    struct BorderOnlyQuadView;

    impl Render for BorderOnlyQuadView {
        fn render(&mut self, _window: &mut Window, _cx: &mut Context<Self>) -> impl IntoElement {
            canvas(
                |_, _, _| {},
                |bounds, _, window, _| {
                    window.paint_quad(outline(bounds, hsla(0., 0., 1., 1.), BorderStyle::Solid));
                },
            )
            .size(px(100.))
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn border_only_quad_emits_four_clipped_primitives() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| BorderOnlyQuadView);

        let primitive_count = cx
            .update_window(window.into(), |_, window, cx| {
                window.draw(cx).clear();
                window.rendered_frame.scene.quads.len()
            })
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(primitive_count, 4);
    }

    #[test]
    fn resource_profile_gpu_budget_reaches_the_platform() {
        let cx = TestAppContext::single();

        let budget = cx.test_platform().gpu_resource_budget.lock().clone();
        assert_eq!(budget.instance_buffer_initial_size, 2 * 1024 * 1024);
        assert_eq!(budget.instance_buffer_max_size, 256 * 1024 * 1024);
    }

    #[test]
    fn window_attention_is_forwarded_to_the_platform_window() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| BorderOnlyQuadView);
        let window = AnyWindowHandle::from(window);

        cx.update_window(window, |_, window, _| window.request_attention())
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(cx.test_window(window).0.lock().attention_requests, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn quit_mode_explicit_keeps_app_alive_after_last_window_closed() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        cx.update(|cx| cx.set_quit_mode(QuitMode::Explicit));
        assert_eq!(
            *cx.test_platform().last_quit_mode.lock(),
            Some(QuitMode::Explicit)
        );
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| BorderOnlyQuadView);
        let window = AnyWindowHandle::from(window);

        cx.update_window(window, |_, window, _| window.remove_window())
            .unwrap();

        assert!(!*cx.test_platform().did_quit.lock());
    }

    #[test]
    fn quit_mode_last_window_closed_quits_after_last_window_closed() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        cx.update(|cx| cx.set_quit_mode(QuitMode::LastWindowClosed));
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| BorderOnlyQuadView);
        let window = AnyWindowHandle::from(window);

        cx.update_window(window, |_, window, _| window.remove_window())
            .unwrap();

        assert!(*cx.test_platform().did_quit.lock());
    }

    #[test]
    fn quit_mode_runtime_change_applies_to_the_next_window_close() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        cx.update(|cx| cx.set_quit_mode(QuitMode::Explicit));
        let window = AnyWindowHandle::from(cx.add_window(|_, _| BorderOnlyQuadView));

        cx.update(|cx| cx.set_quit_mode(QuitMode::LastWindowClosed));
        assert_eq!(
            *cx.test_platform().last_quit_mode.lock(),
            Some(QuitMode::LastWindowClosed)
        );
        cx.update_window(window, |_, window, _| window.remove_window())
            .unwrap();

        assert!(*cx.test_platform().did_quit.lock());
    }

    #[test]
    fn quit_mode_last_window_closed_waits_for_every_window() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        cx.update(|cx| cx.set_quit_mode(QuitMode::LastWindowClosed));
        let first = AnyWindowHandle::from(cx.add_window(|_, _| BorderOnlyQuadView));
        let second = AnyWindowHandle::from(cx.add_window(|_, _| BorderOnlyQuadView));

        cx.update_window(first, |_, window, _| window.remove_window())
            .unwrap();
        assert!(!*cx.test_platform().did_quit.lock());

        cx.update_window(second, |_, window, _| window.remove_window())
            .unwrap();
        assert!(*cx.test_platform().did_quit.lock());
    }

    #[test]
    fn quit_mode_default_follows_platform_convention() {
        let mut cx = TestAppContext::single();
        // QuitMode::Default is the initial value, no need to set it.
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| BorderOnlyQuadView);
        let window = AnyWindowHandle::from(window);

        cx.update_window(window, |_, window, _| window.remove_window())
            .unwrap();

        // On macOS the default is to stay alive (Explicit-like); on other
        // platforms the default is to quit when the last window closes.
        let expected = cfg!(not(target_os = "macos"));
        assert_eq!(*cx.test_platform().did_quit.lock(), expected);
    }

    #[gpui::test]
    fn cached_view_follows_inherited_opacity(cx: &mut TestAppContext) {
        struct Child {
            renders: usize,
        }

        impl Render for Child {
            fn render(&mut self, _: &mut Window, _: &mut Context<Self>) -> impl IntoElement {
                self.renders += 1;
                div().size_full().bg(crate::rgb(0xff0000))
            }
        }

        struct Root {
            opacity: f32,
            width: Pixels,
            child: Entity<Child>,
        }

        impl Render for Root {
            fn render(&mut self, _: &mut Window, _: &mut Context<Self>) -> impl IntoElement {
                div()
                    .w(self.width)
                    .h(px(200.))
                    .opacity(self.opacity)
                    .hover(|style| style.opacity(1.))
                    .child(
                        AnyView::from(self.child.clone())
                            .cached(StyleRefinement::default().size(px(100.))),
                    )
            }
        }

        /// Updates the root, draws until no more frames are requested, and returns the
        /// child's painted alpha and how many times it has rendered.
        fn update_and_draw(
            window: WindowHandle<Root>,
            child: &Entity<Child>,
            cx: &mut TestAppContext,
            update: impl FnOnce(&mut Root, &mut Window, &mut Context<Root>),
        ) -> (f32, usize) {
            window
                .update(cx, |root, window, cx| {
                    update(root, window, cx);
                    cx.notify();
                })
                .expect("update root");
            for _ in 0..3 {
                let (alpha, renders, requested_frames) = cx
                    .update_window(window.into(), |_, window, cx| {
                        window.draw(cx).clear();
                        let quads = &window.rendered_frame.scene.quads;
                        assert_eq!(quads.len(), 1);
                        let alpha = quads.first().expect("child quad").background.solid.a;
                        (
                            alpha,
                            child.read(cx).renders,
                            simulate_next_frame(window, cx),
                        )
                    })
                    .expect("draw window");
                if requested_frames == 0 {
                    return (alpha, renders);
                }
            }
            panic!("cached child kept requesting frames");
        }

        // Tests have no platform frame loop. Run callbacks scheduled by
        // `Window::request_animation_frame` and report how many ran.
        fn simulate_next_frame(window: &mut Window, cx: &mut App) -> usize {
            let callbacks = window.next_frame_callbacks.take();
            let count = callbacks.len();
            for callback in callbacks {
                callback(window, cx);
            }
            count
        }

        fn simulate_mouse_move(window: &mut Window, position: Point<Pixels>, cx: &mut App) {
            let _ = window.dispatch_event(
                MouseMoveEvent {
                    position,
                    modifiers: window.modifiers(),
                    pressed_button: None,
                }
                .to_platform_input(),
                cx,
            );
        }

        let child = cx.new(|_| Child { renders: 0 });
        let window = cx.add_window(|_, _| Root {
            opacity: 1.,
            width: px(200.),
            child: child.clone(),
        });
        let outside = point(px(500.), px(500.));
        let inside = point(px(50.), px(50.));
        let beside = point(px(250.), px(50.));

        // Changing the wrapper's opacity redraws the child; unchanged opacity reuses it.
        let move_outside = |_: &mut Root, window: &mut Window, cx: &mut Context<Root>| {
            simulate_mouse_move(window, outside, cx)
        };
        assert_eq!(update_and_draw(window, &child, cx, move_outside), (1., 1));
        assert_eq!(update_and_draw(window, &child, cx, |_, _, _| {}), (1., 1));
        let fade = |root: &mut Root, _: &mut Window, _: &mut Context<Root>| root.opacity = 0.5;
        assert_eq!(update_and_draw(window, &child, cx, fade), (0.5, 2));
        assert_eq!(update_and_draw(window, &child, cx, |_, _, _| {}), (0.5, 2));

        // Hover opacity applies when the mouse enters and leaves.
        let move_inside = |_: &mut Root, window: &mut Window, cx: &mut Context<Root>| {
            simulate_mouse_move(window, inside, cx)
        };
        assert_eq!(update_and_draw(window, &child, cx, move_inside).0, 1.);
        let move_beside = |_: &mut Root, window: &mut Window, cx: &mut Context<Root>| {
            simulate_mouse_move(window, beside, cx)
        };
        assert_eq!(update_and_draw(window, &child, cx, move_beside).0, 0.5);

        // Widening the wrapper puts it under a still mouse, so only paint's hit test sees
        // the hover.
        let widen = |root: &mut Root, _: &mut Window, _: &mut Context<Root>| root.width = px(300.);
        assert_eq!(update_and_draw(window, &child, cx, widen).0, 1.);
    }
}