fastapi_core/

app.rs

//! Application builder and runtime for fastapi_rust.
//!
//! This module provides a fluent API for building web applications with
//! type-safe route registration, middleware ordering, and shared state.
//!
//! # Design Principles
//!
//! - **Fluent Builder API**: Chain methods to configure the application
//! - **Type-Safe State**: Shared state is type-checked at compile time
//! - **Explicit Middleware Order**: Middleware runs in registration order
//! - **Compile-Time Validation**: Invalid configurations fail at compile time
//!
//! # Example
//!
//! ```ignore
//! use fastapi_core::app::{App, AppBuilder};
//! use fastapi_core::{Request, Response, RequestContext};
//!
//! async fn hello(ctx: &RequestContext, req: &mut Request) -> Response {
//!     Response::ok().body_text("Hello, World!")
//! }
//!
//! async fn health(ctx: &RequestContext, req: &mut Request) -> Response {
//!     Response::ok().body_json(&serde_json::json!({"status": "healthy"}))
//! }
//!
//! let app = App::builder()
//!     .route("/", Method::Get, hello)
//!     .route("/health", Method::Get, health)
//!     .middleware(RequestIdMiddleware::new())
//!     .middleware(LoggingMiddleware::new())
//!     .build();
//! ```

use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::future::Future;
use std::pin::Pin;
use std::sync::Arc;

use crate::context::RequestContext;
use crate::middleware::{BoxFuture, Handler, Middleware, MiddlewareStack};
use crate::request::{Method, Request};
use crate::response::{Response, StatusCode};
use crate::shutdown::ShutdownController;
use fastapi_router::{Route, RouteLookup, Router};

// ============================================================================
// Lifecycle Hook Types
// ============================================================================

/// A startup hook that runs before the server starts accepting connections.
pub enum StartupHook {
    /// Synchronous startup function.
    Sync(Box<dyn FnOnce() -> Result<(), StartupHookError> + Send>),
    /// Factory for async startup future.
    AsyncFactory(
        Box<
            dyn FnOnce() -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), StartupHookError>> + Send>>
                + Send,
        >,
    ),
}

impl StartupHook {
    /// Create a synchronous startup hook.
    pub fn sync<F>(f: F) -> Self
    where
        F: FnOnce() -> Result<(), StartupHookError> + Send + 'static,
    {
        Self::Sync(Box::new(f))
    }

    /// Create an async startup hook.
    pub fn async_fn<F, Fut>(f: F) -> Self
    where
        F: FnOnce() -> Fut + Send + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Result<(), StartupHookError>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        Self::AsyncFactory(Box::new(move || Box::pin(f())))
    }

    /// Run the hook synchronously.
    ///
    /// For async hooks, this returns the future to await.
    pub fn run(
        self,
    ) -> Result<
        Option<Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), StartupHookError>> + Send>>>,
        StartupHookError,
    > {
        match self {
            Self::Sync(f) => f().map(|()| None),
            Self::AsyncFactory(f) => Ok(Some(f())),
        }
    }
}

/// Error returned when a startup hook fails.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct StartupHookError {
    /// Name of the hook that failed (if provided).
    pub hook_name: Option<String>,
    /// The underlying error message.
    pub message: String,
    /// Whether the application should abort startup.
    pub abort: bool,
}

impl StartupHookError {
    /// Create a new startup hook error.
    pub fn new(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            hook_name: None,
            message: message.into(),
            abort: true,
        }
    }

    /// Set the hook name.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_hook_name(mut self, name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.hook_name = Some(name.into());
        self
    }

    /// Set whether to abort startup.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_abort(mut self, abort: bool) -> Self {
        self.abort = abort;
        self
    }

    /// Create an error that doesn't abort startup (just logs warning).
    pub fn non_fatal(message: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self {
            hook_name: None,
            message: message.into(),
            abort: false,
        }
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Display for StartupHookError {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        if let Some(name) = &self.hook_name {
            write!(f, "Startup hook '{}' failed: {}", name, self.message)
        } else {
            write!(f, "Startup hook failed: {}", self.message)
        }
    }
}

impl std::error::Error for StartupHookError {}

/// Outcome of running all startup hooks.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum StartupOutcome {
    /// All hooks succeeded.
    Success,
    /// Some hooks had non-fatal errors (logged but continued).
    PartialSuccess {
        /// Number of hooks that failed with non-fatal errors.
        warnings: usize,
    },
    /// A fatal hook error aborted startup.
    Aborted(StartupHookError),
}

impl StartupOutcome {
    /// Returns true if startup can proceed (Success or PartialSuccess).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn can_proceed(&self) -> bool {
        !matches!(self, Self::Aborted(_))
    }

    /// Returns the abort error, if any.
    pub fn into_error(self) -> Option<StartupHookError> {
        match self {
            Self::Aborted(e) => Some(e),
            _ => None,
        }
    }
}

/// A boxed handler function.
///
/// Note: The lifetime parameter allows the future to borrow from the context/request.
pub type BoxHandler = Box<
    dyn Fn(
            &RequestContext,
            &mut Request,
        ) -> std::pin::Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Response> + Send>>
        + Send
        + Sync,
>;

/// A boxed websocket handler function.
pub type BoxWebSocketHandler = Box<
    dyn Fn(
            &RequestContext,
            &mut Request,
            crate::websocket::WebSocket,
        ) -> std::pin::Pin<
            Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), crate::websocket::WebSocketError>> + Send>,
        > + Send
        + Sync,
>;

/// A registered route with its handler.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct RouteEntry {
    /// The HTTP method for this route.
    pub method: Method,
    /// The path pattern for this route.
    pub path: String,
    /// Optional router/OpenAPI metadata for this route.
    ///
    /// When routes are created by proc-macros, we preserve a full `fastapi_router::Route`
    /// so OpenAPI generation can use stable operation IDs, tags, parameters, etc.
    meta: Option<fastapi_router::Route>,
    /// The handler function.
    handler: Arc<BoxHandler>,
}

impl RouteEntry {
    /// Creates a new route entry.
    ///
    /// Note: The handler's returned future must be `'static`, meaning it should not
    /// hold references to the context or request beyond the call. If you need to
    /// borrow from them, clone the data you need first.
    pub fn new<H, Fut>(method: Method, path: impl Into<String>, handler: H) -> Self
    where
        H: Fn(&RequestContext, &mut Request) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Response> + Send + 'static,
    {
        let handler: BoxHandler = Box::new(move |ctx, req| {
            let fut = handler(ctx, req);
            Box::pin(fut)
        });
        Self {
            method,
            path: path.into(),
            meta: None,
            handler: Arc::new(handler),
        }
    }

    /// Creates a new route entry from a `fastapi_router::Route` metadata object.
    ///
    /// This is the preferred constructor for proc-macro generated routes, since it preserves
    /// OpenAPI metadata (operation_id, tags, request body, etc).
    pub fn from_route<H, Fut>(route: fastapi_router::Route, handler: H) -> Self
    where
        H: Fn(&RequestContext, &mut Request) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Response> + Send + 'static,
    {
        let method = route.method;
        let path = route.path.clone();
        let mut entry = Self::new(method, path, handler);
        entry.meta = Some(route);
        entry
    }

    /// Returns the preserved route metadata, if any.
    pub fn route_meta(&self) -> Option<&fastapi_router::Route> {
        self.meta.as_ref()
    }

    /// Calls the handler with the given context and request.
    pub async fn call(&self, ctx: &RequestContext, req: &mut Request) -> Response {
        (self.handler)(ctx, req).await
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for RouteEntry {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("RouteEntry")
            .field("method", &self.method)
            .field("path", &self.path)
            .field("meta", &self.meta.as_ref().map(|r| r.operation_id.as_str()))
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

/// A registered websocket route with its handler.
#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct WebSocketRouteEntry {
    /// The path pattern for this websocket route.
    pub path: String,
    /// Handler function.
    handler: Arc<BoxWebSocketHandler>,
}

impl WebSocketRouteEntry {
    /// Create a new websocket route entry.
    pub fn new<H, Fut>(path: impl Into<String>, handler: H) -> Self
    where
        H: Fn(&RequestContext, &mut Request, crate::websocket::WebSocket) -> Fut
            + Send
            + Sync
            + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Result<(), crate::websocket::WebSocketError>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        let handler: BoxWebSocketHandler = Box::new(move |ctx, req, ws| {
            let fut = handler(ctx, req, ws);
            Box::pin(fut)
        });
        Self {
            path: path.into(),
            handler: Arc::new(handler),
        }
    }

    /// Calls the websocket handler.
    pub async fn call(
        &self,
        ctx: &RequestContext,
        req: &mut Request,
        ws: crate::websocket::WebSocket,
    ) -> Result<(), crate::websocket::WebSocketError> {
        (self.handler)(ctx, req, ws).await
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for WebSocketRouteEntry {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("WebSocketRouteEntry")
            .field("path", &self.path)
            .finish_non_exhaustive()
    }
}

/// Type-safe application state container.
///
/// State is stored by type and can be accessed by handlers through
/// the `State<T>` extractor.
#[derive(Default)]
pub struct StateContainer {
    state: HashMap<TypeId, Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync>>,
}

impl StateContainer {
    /// Creates a new empty state container.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            state: HashMap::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Inserts a value into the state container.
    ///
    /// If a value of the same type already exists, it is replaced.
    pub fn insert<T: Send + Sync + 'static>(&mut self, value: T) {
        self.state.insert(TypeId::of::<T>(), Arc::new(value));
    }

    /// Gets a reference to a value in the state container.
    pub fn get<T: Send + Sync + 'static>(&self) -> Option<Arc<T>> {
        self.state
            .get(&TypeId::of::<T>())
            .and_then(|v| Arc::clone(v).downcast::<T>().ok())
    }

    /// Returns true if the state container contains a value of type T.
    pub fn contains<T: 'static>(&self) -> bool {
        self.state.contains_key(&TypeId::of::<T>())
    }

    /// Returns the number of values in the state container.
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.state.len()
    }

    /// Returns true if the state container is empty.
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.state.is_empty()
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for StateContainer {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("StateContainer")
            .field("count", &self.state.len())
            .finish()
    }
}

// ============================================================================
// Exception Handler Registry
// ============================================================================

/// A boxed exception handler function.
///
/// The handler receives the RequestContext and a boxed error, and returns a Response.
pub type BoxExceptionHandler = Box<
    dyn Fn(&RequestContext, Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>) -> Response + Send + Sync,
>;

/// Registry for custom exception handlers.
///
/// This allows applications to register handlers for specific error types,
/// converting errors into HTTP responses in a customizable way.
///
/// # Default Handlers
///
/// The registry comes with default handlers for common error types:
/// - [`HttpError`](crate::HttpError) → JSON response with status/detail
/// - [`ValidationErrors`](crate::ValidationErrors) → 422 with error list
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// use fastapi_core::app::ExceptionHandlers;
/// use fastapi_core::{RequestContext, Response, HttpError};
///
/// #[derive(Debug)]
/// struct MyCustomError(String);
///
/// impl std::fmt::Display for MyCustomError {
///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
///         write!(f, "Custom error: {}", self.0)
///     }
/// }
///
/// impl std::error::Error for MyCustomError {}
///
/// let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new()
///     .handler(|_ctx, err: MyCustomError| {
///         Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
///             .body_json(&serde_json::json!({"error": err.0}))
///     });
/// ```
#[derive(Default)]
pub struct ExceptionHandlers {
    handlers: HashMap<TypeId, BoxExceptionHandler>,
}

impl ExceptionHandlers {
    /// Creates a new empty exception handler registry.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            handlers: HashMap::new(),
        }
    }

    /// Creates a registry with default handlers for common error types.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_defaults() -> Self {
        let mut handlers = Self::new();

        // Default handler for HttpError
        handlers.register::<crate::HttpError>(|_ctx, err| {
            use crate::IntoResponse;
            err.into_response()
        });

        // Default handler for ValidationErrors
        handlers.register::<crate::ValidationErrors>(|_ctx, err| {
            use crate::IntoResponse;
            err.into_response()
        });

        handlers
    }

    /// Registers a handler for a specific error type.
    ///
    /// The handler receives the error value directly (not boxed) for type safety.
    /// If a handler for the same type already exists, it is replaced.
    pub fn register<E>(
        &mut self,
        handler: impl Fn(&RequestContext, E) -> Response + Send + Sync + 'static,
    ) where
        E: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let boxed_handler: BoxExceptionHandler = Box::new(move |ctx, err| {
            // Try to downcast the error to the expected type
            match err.downcast::<E>() {
                Ok(typed_err) => handler(ctx, *typed_err),
                Err(_) => {
                    // This shouldn't happen if the registry is used correctly
                    Response::with_status(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
                }
            }
        });
        self.handlers.insert(TypeId::of::<E>(), boxed_handler);
    }

    /// Registers a handler for a specific error type (builder pattern).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn handler<E>(
        mut self,
        handler: impl Fn(&RequestContext, E) -> Response + Send + Sync + 'static,
    ) -> Self
    where
        E: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.register::<E>(handler);
        self
    }

    /// Handles an error by finding and invoking the appropriate handler.
    ///
    /// Returns `Some(Response)` if a handler was found for the error type,
    /// or `None` if no handler is registered.
    pub fn handle<E>(&self, ctx: &RequestContext, err: E) -> Option<Response>
    where
        E: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let type_id = TypeId::of::<E>();
        self.handlers
            .get(&type_id)
            .map(|handler| handler(ctx, Box::new(err)))
    }

    /// Handles an error, falling back to a default 500 response if no handler is found.
    pub fn handle_or_default<E>(&self, ctx: &RequestContext, err: E) -> Response
    where
        E: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.handle(ctx, err)
            .unwrap_or_else(|| Response::with_status(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR))
    }

    /// Returns true if a handler is registered for the given error type.
    pub fn has_handler<E: 'static>(&self) -> bool {
        self.handlers.contains_key(&TypeId::of::<E>())
    }

    /// Returns the number of registered handlers.
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.handlers.len()
    }

    /// Returns true if no handlers are registered.
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.handlers.is_empty()
    }

    /// Merges another handler registry into this one.
    ///
    /// Handlers from `other` will override handlers in `self` for the same error types.
    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: ExceptionHandlers) {
        self.handlers.extend(other.handlers);
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for ExceptionHandlers {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("ExceptionHandlers")
            .field("count", &self.handlers.len())
            .finish()
    }
}

/// Application configuration.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct AppConfig {
    /// Application name (used in logging and OpenAPI).
    pub name: String,
    /// Application version.
    pub version: String,
    /// Enable debug mode.
    pub debug: bool,
    /// Root path for proxied deployments (FastAPI's `root_path`).
    ///
    /// When set, URL generation and redirects should be prefixed with this path.
    pub root_path: String,
    /// Whether to include the `root_path` in OpenAPI `servers` entries.
    pub root_path_in_servers: bool,
    /// Trailing slash normalization mode for routing.
    pub trailing_slash_mode: crate::routing::TrailingSlashMode,
    /// Debug surface configuration (e.g. debug endpoints / debug auth).
    pub debug_config: crate::error::DebugConfig,
    /// Maximum request body size in bytes.
    pub max_body_size: usize,
    /// Default request timeout in milliseconds.
    pub request_timeout_ms: u64,
}

impl Default for AppConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            name: String::from("fastapi_rust"),
            version: String::from("0.1.0"),
            debug: false,
            root_path: String::new(),
            root_path_in_servers: false,
            trailing_slash_mode: crate::routing::TrailingSlashMode::Strict,
            debug_config: crate::error::DebugConfig::default(),
            max_body_size: 1024 * 1024, // 1MB
            request_timeout_ms: 30_000, // 30 seconds
        }
    }
}

impl AppConfig {
    /// Creates a new configuration with defaults.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

    /// Sets the application name.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn name(mut self, name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.name = name.into();
        self
    }

    /// Sets the application version.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn version(mut self, version: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.version = version.into();
        self
    }

    /// Enables or disables debug mode.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn debug(mut self, debug: bool) -> Self {
        self.debug = debug;
        self
    }

    /// Set the root path for proxied deployments.
    ///
    /// The value is normalized: trailing slashes are stripped, and the value
    /// must start with `/` (or be empty). This prevents misconfigured
    /// root paths from producing broken redirects or URL generation.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn root_path(mut self, root_path: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        let mut rp = root_path.into();
        // Strip trailing slashes (consistent with UrlRegistry::with_root_path)
        while rp.ends_with('/') {
            rp.pop();
        }
        self.root_path = rp;
        self
    }

    /// Control whether `root_path` is included in OpenAPI servers.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn root_path_in_servers(mut self, enabled: bool) -> Self {
        self.root_path_in_servers = enabled;
        self
    }

    /// Configure trailing slash normalization for routing.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn trailing_slash_mode(mut self, mode: crate::routing::TrailingSlashMode) -> Self {
        self.trailing_slash_mode = mode;
        self
    }

    /// Configure debug behavior.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn debug_config(mut self, config: crate::error::DebugConfig) -> Self {
        self.debug_config = config;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the maximum request body size.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn max_body_size(mut self, size: usize) -> Self {
        self.max_body_size = size;
        self
    }

    /// Sets the default request timeout in milliseconds.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn request_timeout_ms(mut self, timeout: u64) -> Self {
        self.request_timeout_ms = timeout;
        self
    }
}

// ============================================================================
// OpenAPI Configuration
// ============================================================================

/// Configuration for OpenAPI documentation generation.
///
/// When enabled, the application will automatically generate an OpenAPI 3.1
/// specification and serve it at the configured endpoint (default `/openapi.json`).
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// use fastapi_core::app::{App, OpenApiConfig};
///
/// let app = App::builder()
///     .openapi(OpenApiConfig::new()
///         .title("My API")
///         .version("1.0.0")
///         .description("A sample API"))
///     .build();
/// ```
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct OpenApiConfig {
    /// Whether OpenAPI documentation is enabled.
    pub enabled: bool,
    /// API title for the OpenAPI spec.
    pub title: String,
    /// API version for the OpenAPI spec.
    pub version: String,
    /// API description.
    pub description: Option<String>,
    /// Path to serve the OpenAPI JSON (default: "/openapi.json").
    pub openapi_path: String,
    /// Servers to include in the spec.
    pub servers: Vec<(String, Option<String>)>,
    /// Tags for organizing operations.
    pub tags: Vec<(String, Option<String>)>,
}

impl Default for OpenApiConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            enabled: true,
            title: "FastAPI Rust".to_string(),
            version: "0.1.0".to_string(),
            description: None,
            openapi_path: "/openapi.json".to_string(),
            servers: Vec::new(),
            tags: Vec::new(),
        }
    }
}

impl OpenApiConfig {
    /// Create a new OpenAPI configuration with defaults.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

    /// Set the API title.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn title(mut self, title: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.title = title.into();
        self
    }

    /// Set the API version.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn version(mut self, version: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.version = version.into();
        self
    }

    /// Set the API description.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn description(mut self, description: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.description = Some(description.into());
        self
    }

    /// Set the path for the OpenAPI JSON endpoint.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn path(mut self, path: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.openapi_path = path.into();
        self
    }

    /// Add a server to the spec.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn server(mut self, url: impl Into<String>, description: Option<String>) -> Self {
        self.servers.push((url.into(), description));
        self
    }

    /// Add a tag to the spec.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn tag(mut self, name: impl Into<String>, description: Option<String>) -> Self {
        self.tags.push((name.into(), description));
        self
    }

    /// Disable OpenAPI documentation.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn disable(mut self) -> Self {
        self.enabled = false;
        self
    }
}

/// Builder for constructing an [`App`].
///
/// Use this to configure routes, middleware, and shared state before
/// building the final application.
///
/// # Example
///
/// ```ignore
/// let app = App::builder()
///     .config(AppConfig::new().name("My API"))
///     .state(DatabasePool::new())
///     .middleware(LoggingMiddleware::new())
///     .on_startup(|| {
///         println!("Server starting...");
///         Ok(())
///     })
///     .on_shutdown(|| {
///         println!("Server stopping...");
///     })
///     .route("/", Method::Get, index_handler)
///     .route("/items", Method::Get, list_items)
///     .route("/items", Method::Post, create_item)
///     .route("/items/{id}", Method::Get, get_item)
///     .build();
/// ```
pub struct AppBuilder {
    config: AppConfig,
    routes: Vec<RouteEntry>,
    ws_routes: Vec<WebSocketRouteEntry>,
    middleware: Vec<Arc<dyn Middleware>>,
    state: StateContainer,
    exception_handlers: ExceptionHandlers,
    startup_hooks: Vec<StartupHook>,
    shutdown_hooks: Vec<Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send>>,
    async_shutdown_hooks: Vec<Box<dyn FnOnce() -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> + Send>>,
    openapi_config: Option<OpenApiConfig>,
    docs_config: Option<crate::docs::DocsConfig>,
}

impl Default for AppBuilder {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            config: AppConfig::default(),
            routes: Vec::new(),
            ws_routes: Vec::new(),
            middleware: Vec::new(),
            state: StateContainer::default(),
            exception_handlers: ExceptionHandlers::default(),
            startup_hooks: Vec::new(),
            shutdown_hooks: Vec::new(),
            async_shutdown_hooks: Vec::new(),
            openapi_config: None,
            docs_config: None,
        }
    }
}

impl AppBuilder {
    /// Creates a new application builder.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self::default()
    }

    /// Sets the application configuration.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn config(mut self, config: AppConfig) -> Self {
        self.config = config;
        self
    }

    /// Enables and configures OpenAPI documentation.
    ///
    /// When enabled, the application will automatically generate an OpenAPI 3.1
    /// specification and serve it at the configured endpoint.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// let app = App::builder()
    ///     .openapi(OpenApiConfig::new()
    ///         .title("My API")
    ///         .version("1.0.0")
    ///         .description("A sample API"))
    ///     .build();
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn openapi(mut self, config: OpenApiConfig) -> Self {
        self.openapi_config = Some(config);
        self
    }

    /// Enables and configures interactive API documentation endpoints.
    ///
    /// This wires [`crate::docs::DocsConfig`] into the application build and ensures an
    /// OpenAPI JSON endpoint is served at `config.openapi_path` unless overridden later.
    ///
    /// Notes:
    /// - Docs endpoints are appended during `build()` so they don't appear in the OpenAPI spec.
    /// - If OpenAPI is already configured, its `openapi_path` is updated to match `DocsConfig`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn enable_docs(mut self, mut config: crate::docs::DocsConfig) -> Self {
        // If the user didn't customize the docs title, default it to the app name.
        if config.title == crate::docs::DocsConfig::default().title {
            config.title.clone_from(&self.config.name);
        }

        // Keep OpenAPI + docs in sync on the OpenAPI JSON path.
        match self.openapi_config.take() {
            Some(mut openapi) => {
                openapi.openapi_path.clone_from(&config.openapi_path);
                self.openapi_config = Some(openapi);
            }
            None => {
                self.openapi_config = Some(
                    OpenApiConfig::new()
                        .title(self.config.name.clone())
                        .version(self.config.version.clone())
                        .path(config.openapi_path.clone()),
                );
            }
        }

        self.docs_config = Some(config);
        self
    }

    /// Adds a route to the application.
    ///
    /// Routes are matched in the order they are added.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn route<H, Fut>(mut self, path: impl Into<String>, method: Method, handler: H) -> Self
    where
        H: Fn(&RequestContext, &mut Request) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Response> + Send + 'static,
    {
        self.routes.push(RouteEntry::new(method, path, handler));
        self
    }

    /// Adds a pre-built [`RouteEntry`] to the application.
    ///
    /// This is primarily used by proc-macro generated route builders that already
    /// know the method/path and can build an extraction wrapper.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn route_entry(mut self, entry: RouteEntry) -> Self {
        self.routes.push(entry);
        self
    }

    /// Adds a websocket route to the application.
    ///
    /// WebSocket routes are matched only when the server receives a valid
    /// websocket upgrade request. They do not appear in OpenAPI output.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn websocket<H, Fut>(mut self, path: impl Into<String>, handler: H) -> Self
    where
        H: Fn(&RequestContext, &mut Request, crate::websocket::WebSocket) -> Fut
            + Send
            + Sync
            + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Result<(), crate::websocket::WebSocketError>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        self.ws_routes.push(WebSocketRouteEntry::new(path, handler));
        self
    }

    /// Adds a GET route.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn get<H, Fut>(self, path: impl Into<String>, handler: H) -> Self
    where
        H: Fn(&RequestContext, &mut Request) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Response> + Send + 'static,
    {
        self.route(path, Method::Get, handler)
    }

    /// Adds a POST route.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn post<H, Fut>(self, path: impl Into<String>, handler: H) -> Self
    where
        H: Fn(&RequestContext, &mut Request) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Response> + Send + 'static,
    {
        self.route(path, Method::Post, handler)
    }

    /// Adds a PUT route.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn put<H, Fut>(self, path: impl Into<String>, handler: H) -> Self
    where
        H: Fn(&RequestContext, &mut Request) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Response> + Send + 'static,
    {
        self.route(path, Method::Put, handler)
    }

    /// Adds a DELETE route.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn delete<H, Fut>(self, path: impl Into<String>, handler: H) -> Self
    where
        H: Fn(&RequestContext, &mut Request) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Response> + Send + 'static,
    {
        self.route(path, Method::Delete, handler)
    }

    /// Adds a PATCH route.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn patch<H, Fut>(self, path: impl Into<String>, handler: H) -> Self
    where
        H: Fn(&RequestContext, &mut Request) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Response> + Send + 'static,
    {
        self.route(path, Method::Patch, handler)
    }

    /// Adds middleware to the application.
    ///
    /// Middleware is executed in the order it is added:
    /// - `before` hooks run first-to-last
    /// - `after` hooks run last-to-first
    #[must_use]
    pub fn middleware<M: Middleware + 'static>(mut self, middleware: M) -> Self {
        self.middleware.push(Arc::new(middleware));
        self
    }

    /// Adds shared state to the application.
    ///
    /// State can be accessed by handlers through the `State<T>` extractor.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn state<T: Send + Sync + 'static>(mut self, state: T) -> Self {
        self.state.insert(state);
        self
    }

    /// Registers a custom exception handler for a specific error type.
    ///
    /// When an error of type `E` occurs during request handling, the registered
    /// handler will be called to convert it into a response.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// #[derive(Debug)]
    /// struct AuthError(String);
    ///
    /// impl std::fmt::Display for AuthError {
    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
    ///         write!(f, "Auth error: {}", self.0)
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// impl std::error::Error for AuthError {}
    ///
    /// let app = App::builder()
    ///     .exception_handler(|_ctx, err: AuthError| {
    ///         Response::with_status(StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED)
    ///             .header("www-authenticate", b"Bearer".to_vec())
    ///             .body_json(&json!({"error": err.0}))
    ///     })
    ///     .build();
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn exception_handler<E, H>(mut self, handler: H) -> Self
    where
        E: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
        H: Fn(&RequestContext, E) -> Response + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.exception_handlers.register::<E>(handler);
        self
    }

    /// Sets the exception handlers registry.
    ///
    /// This replaces any previously registered handlers.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn exception_handlers(mut self, handlers: ExceptionHandlers) -> Self {
        self.exception_handlers = handlers;
        self
    }

    /// Uses default exception handlers for common error types.
    ///
    /// This registers handlers for:
    /// - [`HttpError`](crate::HttpError) → JSON response with status/detail
    /// - [`ValidationErrors`](crate::ValidationErrors) → 422 with error list
    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_default_exception_handlers(mut self) -> Self {
        self.exception_handlers = ExceptionHandlers::with_defaults();
        self
    }

    // =========================================================================
    // Lifecycle Hooks
    // =========================================================================

    /// Registers a synchronous startup hook.
    ///
    /// Startup hooks run before the server starts accepting connections,
    /// in the order they are registered (FIFO).
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// let app = App::builder()
    ///     .on_startup(|| {
    ///         println!("Connecting to database...");
    ///         Ok(())
    ///     })
    ///     .on_startup(|| {
    ///         println!("Loading configuration...");
    ///         Ok(())
    ///     })
    ///     .build();
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn on_startup<F>(mut self, hook: F) -> Self
    where
        F: FnOnce() -> Result<(), StartupHookError> + Send + 'static,
    {
        self.startup_hooks.push(StartupHook::Sync(Box::new(hook)));
        self
    }

    /// Registers an async startup hook.
    ///
    /// Async startup hooks are awaited in registration order.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// let app = App::builder()
    ///     .on_startup_async(|| async {
    ///         let pool = connect_to_database().await?;
    ///         Ok(())
    ///     })
    ///     .build();
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn on_startup_async<F, Fut>(mut self, hook: F) -> Self
    where
        F: FnOnce() -> Fut + Send + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = Result<(), StartupHookError>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        self.startup_hooks.push(StartupHook::AsyncFactory(Box::new(
            move || Box::pin(hook()),
        )));
        self
    }

    /// Registers a synchronous shutdown hook.
    ///
    /// Shutdown hooks run after the server stops accepting connections
    /// and all in-flight requests complete (or are cancelled).
    ///
    /// Shutdown hooks run in reverse registration order (LIFO), matching
    /// typical resource cleanup patterns (last acquired, first released).
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// let app = App::builder()
    ///     .on_shutdown(|| {
    ///         println!("Closing database connections...");
    ///     })
    ///     .build();
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn on_shutdown<F>(mut self, hook: F) -> Self
    where
        F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static,
    {
        self.shutdown_hooks.push(Box::new(hook));
        self
    }

    /// Registers an async shutdown hook.
    ///
    /// Async shutdown hooks are awaited in reverse registration order (LIFO).
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// let app = App::builder()
    ///     .on_shutdown_async(|| async {
    ///         flush_metrics().await;
    ///     })
    ///     .build();
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn on_shutdown_async<F, Fut>(mut self, hook: F) -> Self
    where
        F: FnOnce() -> Fut + Send + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
    {
        self.async_shutdown_hooks
            .push(Box::new(move || Box::pin(hook())));
        self
    }

    /// Returns the number of registered startup hooks.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn startup_hook_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.startup_hooks.len()
    }

    /// Returns the number of registered shutdown hooks.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn shutdown_hook_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.shutdown_hooks.len() + self.async_shutdown_hooks.len()
    }

    /// Builds the application.
    ///
    /// This consumes the builder and returns the configured [`App`].
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if any routes conflict (same method + structurally identical path pattern).
    #[must_use]
    #[allow(clippy::too_many_lines)]
    pub fn build(mut self) -> App {
        // Generate OpenAPI spec if configured
        let (openapi_spec, openapi_path) = if let Some(ref openapi_config) = self.openapi_config {
            if openapi_config.enabled {
                let spec = self.generate_openapi_spec(openapi_config);
                let spec_json =
                    serde_json::to_string_pretty(&spec).unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string());
                (
                    Some(Arc::new(spec_json)),
                    Some(openapi_config.openapi_path.clone()),
                )
            } else {
                (None, None)
            }
        } else {
            (None, None)
        };

        // Add OpenAPI endpoint if spec was generated
        if let (Some(spec), Some(path)) = (&openapi_spec, &openapi_path) {
            let spec_clone = Arc::clone(spec);
            self.routes.push(RouteEntry::new(
                Method::Get,
                path.clone(),
                move |_ctx: &RequestContext, _req: &mut Request| {
                    let spec = Arc::clone(&spec_clone);
                    async move {
                        Response::ok()
                            .header("content-type", b"application/json".to_vec())
                            .body(crate::response::ResponseBody::Bytes(
                                spec.as_bytes().to_vec(),
                            ))
                    }
                },
            ));
        }

        // Add interactive docs endpoints (Swagger UI / ReDoc) if configured and OpenAPI is enabled.
        //
        // These are appended after OpenAPI generation so they do not appear in the OpenAPI spec.
        if let (Some(openapi_url), Some(docs_config)) = (openapi_path.clone(), self.docs_config) {
            let docs_config = Arc::new(docs_config);
            let openapi_url = Arc::new(openapi_url);

            if let Some(docs_path) = docs_config.docs_path.clone() {
                let cfg = Arc::clone(&docs_config);
                let url = Arc::clone(&openapi_url);
                self.routes.push(RouteEntry::new(
                    Method::Get,
                    docs_path.clone(),
                    move |_ctx: &RequestContext, _req: &mut Request| {
                        let cfg = Arc::clone(&cfg);
                        let url = Arc::clone(&url);
                        async move { crate::docs::swagger_ui_response(&cfg, &url) }
                    },
                ));

                // FastAPI uses `/docs/oauth2-redirect` by default, relative to docs_path.
                let docs_prefix = docs_path.trim_end_matches('/');
                let oauth2_redirect_path = if docs_prefix.is_empty() {
                    "/oauth2-redirect".to_string()
                } else {
                    format!("{docs_prefix}/oauth2-redirect")
                };
                self.routes.push(RouteEntry::new(
                    Method::Get,
                    oauth2_redirect_path,
                    |_ctx: &RequestContext, _req: &mut Request| async move {
                        crate::docs::oauth2_redirect_response()
                    },
                ));
            }

            if let Some(redoc_path) = docs_config.redoc_path.clone() {
                let cfg = Arc::clone(&docs_config);
                let url = Arc::clone(&openapi_url);
                self.routes.push(RouteEntry::new(
                    Method::Get,
                    redoc_path,
                    move |_ctx: &RequestContext, _req: &mut Request| {
                        let cfg = Arc::clone(&cfg);
                        let url = Arc::clone(&url);
                        async move { crate::docs::redoc_response(&cfg, &url) }
                    },
                ));
            }
        }

        let mut middleware_stack = MiddlewareStack::with_capacity(self.middleware.len());
        for mw in self.middleware {
            middleware_stack.push_arc(mw);
        }

        // Build the trie-based router from registered routes
        let mut router = Router::new();
        for entry in &self.routes {
            let route = entry
                .route_meta()
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or_else(|| Route::new(entry.method, &entry.path));
            router
                .add(route)
                .expect("route conflict during App::build()");
        }

        // Build the websocket router separately (so websocket + HTTP can share the same path).
        let mut ws_router = Router::new();
        for entry in &self.ws_routes {
            ws_router
                .add(Route::new(Method::Get, &entry.path))
                .expect("websocket route conflict during App::build()");
        }

        App {
            config: self.config,
            routes: self.routes,
            ws_routes: self.ws_routes,
            router,
            ws_router,
            middleware: middleware_stack,
            state: Arc::new(self.state),
            exception_handlers: Arc::new(self.exception_handlers),
            dependency_overrides: Arc::new(crate::dependency::DependencyOverrides::new()),
            startup_hooks: parking_lot::Mutex::new(self.startup_hooks),
            shutdown_hooks: parking_lot::Mutex::new(self.shutdown_hooks),
            async_shutdown_hooks: parking_lot::Mutex::new(self.async_shutdown_hooks),
            openapi_spec,
        }
    }

    /// Generate an OpenAPI spec from registered routes.
    fn generate_openapi_spec(&self, config: &OpenApiConfig) -> fastapi_openapi::OpenApi {
        use fastapi_openapi::{OpenApiBuilder, Operation, Response as OAResponse};
        use std::collections::HashMap;

        let mut builder = OpenApiBuilder::new(&config.title, &config.version);

        // Add description if provided
        if let Some(ref desc) = config.description {
            builder = builder.description(desc);
        }

        // Add servers
        for (url, desc) in &config.servers {
            builder = builder.server(url, desc.clone());
        }

        // Add tags
        for (name, desc) in &config.tags {
            builder = builder.tag(name, desc.clone());
        }

        // Add operations for each registered route
        for entry in &self.routes {
            if let Some(route) = entry.route_meta() {
                builder.add_route(route);
                continue;
            }

            // Create a basic operation with default response
            let mut responses = HashMap::new();
            responses.insert(
                "200".to_string(),
                OAResponse {
                    description: "Successful response".to_string(),
                    content: HashMap::new(),
                },
            );

            let operation = Operation {
                operation_id: Some(format!(
                    "{}_{}",
                    entry.method.as_str().to_lowercase(),
                    entry
                        .path
                        .replace('/', "_")
                        .replace(['{', '}'], "")
                        .trim_matches('_')
                )),
                summary: None,
                description: None,
                tags: Vec::new(),
                parameters: Vec::new(),
                request_body: None,
                responses,
                deprecated: false,
            };

            builder = builder.operation(entry.method.as_str(), &entry.path, operation);
        }

        builder.build()
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for AppBuilder {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("AppBuilder")
            .field("config", &self.config)
            .field("routes", &self.routes.len())
            .field("middleware", &self.middleware.len())
            .field("state", &self.state)
            .field("exception_handlers", &self.exception_handlers)
            .field("startup_hooks", &self.startup_hooks.len())
            .field("shutdown_hooks", &self.shutdown_hook_count())
            .finish()
    }
}

/// A configured web application.
///
/// The `App` holds all routes, middleware, state, and lifecycle hooks,
/// and provides methods to handle incoming requests.
pub struct App {
    config: AppConfig,
    routes: Vec<RouteEntry>,
    ws_routes: Vec<WebSocketRouteEntry>,
    router: Router,
    ws_router: Router,
    middleware: MiddlewareStack,
    state: Arc<StateContainer>,
    exception_handlers: Arc<ExceptionHandlers>,
    dependency_overrides: Arc<crate::dependency::DependencyOverrides>,
    startup_hooks: parking_lot::Mutex<Vec<StartupHook>>,
    shutdown_hooks: parking_lot::Mutex<Vec<Box<dyn FnOnce() + Send>>>,
    async_shutdown_hooks: parking_lot::Mutex<
        Vec<Box<dyn FnOnce() -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + Send>> + Send>>,
    >,
    /// The generated OpenAPI specification (if enabled).
    openapi_spec: Option<Arc<String>>,
}

impl App {
    /// Creates a new application builder.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn builder() -> AppBuilder {
        AppBuilder::new()
    }

    /// Create an in-process test client for this app.
    ///
    /// This takes `Arc<Self>` so tests can keep using shared `Arc<App>` values
    /// without extra boilerplate.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn test_client(self: Arc<Self>) -> crate::testing::TestClient<Arc<Self>> {
        crate::testing::TestClient::new(self)
    }

    /// Create an in-process test client with a deterministic seed.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn test_client_with_seed(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        seed: u64,
    ) -> crate::testing::TestClient<Arc<Self>> {
        crate::testing::TestClient::with_seed(self, seed)
    }

    /// Returns the application configuration.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn config(&self) -> &AppConfig {
        &self.config
    }

    /// Returns the number of registered routes.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn route_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.routes.len()
    }

    /// Returns the number of registered websocket routes.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn websocket_route_count(&self) -> usize {
        self.ws_routes.len()
    }

    /// Returns true if a websocket route matches the given path.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn has_websocket_route(&self, path: &str) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.ws_router.lookup(path, Method::Get),
            RouteLookup::Match(_)
        )
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over route metadata (method, path).
    ///
    /// This is useful for generating OpenAPI specifications or debugging.
    pub fn routes(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = (Method, &str)> {
        self.routes.iter().map(|r| (r.method, r.path.as_str()))
    }

    /// Returns the generated OpenAPI specification JSON, if OpenAPI is enabled.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```ignore
    /// let app = App::builder()
    ///     .openapi(OpenApiConfig::new().title("My API"))
    ///     .build();
    ///
    /// if let Some(spec) = app.openapi_spec() {
    ///     println!("OpenAPI spec: {}", spec);
    /// }
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn openapi_spec(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.openapi_spec.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str())
    }

    /// Returns the shared state container.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn state(&self) -> &Arc<StateContainer> {
        &self.state
    }

    /// Gets a reference to shared state of type T.
    pub fn get_state<T: Send + Sync + 'static>(&self) -> Option<Arc<T>> {
        self.state.get::<T>()
    }

    /// Returns the exception handlers registry.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn exception_handlers(&self) -> &Arc<ExceptionHandlers> {
        &self.exception_handlers
    }

    /// Register a fixed override value for a dependency type.
    ///
    /// This is a test-focused convenience API; production code typically wires
    /// dependencies via [`crate::dependency::FromDependency`] implementations.
    pub fn override_dependency_value<T>(&self, value: T)
    where
        T: crate::dependency::FromDependency,
    {
        self.dependency_overrides.insert_value(value);
    }

    /// Clear all registered dependency overrides.
    pub fn clear_dependency_overrides(&self) {
        self.dependency_overrides.clear();
    }

    /// Returns the shared dependency overrides registry.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn dependency_overrides(&self) -> Arc<crate::dependency::DependencyOverrides> {
        Arc::clone(&self.dependency_overrides)
    }

    /// Take request-scoped background tasks (if any) from a request.
    ///
    /// The HTTP server calls this after writing the response so any deferred work
    /// runs outside the main request handler path.
    pub fn take_background_tasks(req: &mut Request) -> Option<crate::request::BackgroundTasks> {
        req.take_extension::<crate::request::BackgroundTasks>()
    }

    /// Handles an error using registered exception handlers.
    ///
    /// If a handler is registered for the error type, it will be invoked.
    /// Otherwise, returns `None`.
    pub fn handle_error<E>(&self, ctx: &RequestContext, err: E) -> Option<Response>
    where
        E: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.exception_handlers.handle(ctx, err)
    }

    /// Handles an error, returning a 500 response if no handler is registered.
    pub fn handle_error_or_default<E>(&self, ctx: &RequestContext, err: E) -> Response
    where
        E: std::error::Error + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.exception_handlers.handle_or_default(ctx, err)
    }

    /// Handles an incoming request.
    ///
    /// This matches the request against registered routes, runs middleware,
    /// and returns the response.
    pub async fn handle(&self, ctx: &RequestContext, req: &mut Request) -> Response {
        // Use the trie-based router for efficient matching with path parameter extraction
        match self.router.lookup(req.path(), req.method()) {
            RouteLookup::Match(route_match) => {
                // Find the handler by matching the route path
                let entry = self.routes.iter().find(|e| {
                    e.method == route_match.route.method && e.path == route_match.route.path
                });

                let Some(entry) = entry else {
                    // This should never happen if router and routes are in sync
                    return Response::with_status(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
                };

                // Store extracted path parameters in the request
                if !route_match.params.is_empty() {
                    let path_params = crate::extract::PathParams::from_pairs(
                        route_match
                            .params
                            .iter()
                            .map(|(k, v)| ((*k).to_string(), (*v).to_string()))
                            .collect(),
                    );
                    req.insert_extension(path_params);
                }

                // Create a handler that wraps the route
                let handler = RouteHandler { entry };
                self.middleware.execute(&handler, ctx, req).await
            }
            RouteLookup::MethodNotAllowed { allowed } => {
                // Auto-handle `OPTIONS` by returning 204 with an `Allow` header.
                // For other methods, return 405 with the `Allow` header.
                if req.method() == Method::Options {
                    let mut methods = allowed.methods().to_vec();
                    if !methods.contains(&Method::Options) {
                        methods.push(Method::Options);
                    }
                    let allow = fastapi_router::AllowedMethods::new(methods);
                    Response::with_status(StatusCode::NO_CONTENT)
                        .header("allow", allow.header_value().as_bytes().to_vec())
                } else {
                    Response::with_status(StatusCode::METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)
                        .header("allow", allowed.header_value().as_bytes().to_vec())
                }
            }
            RouteLookup::NotFound => Response::with_status(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND),
        }
    }

    /// Handles an incoming websocket upgrade request after the handshake has been accepted.
    ///
    /// The HTTP server is responsible for validating the upgrade headers and writing the 101
    /// response. This function only performs path matching and calls the websocket handler.
    pub async fn handle_websocket(
        &self,
        ctx: &RequestContext,
        req: &mut Request,
        ws: crate::websocket::WebSocket,
    ) -> Result<(), crate::websocket::WebSocketError> {
        match self.ws_router.lookup(req.path(), Method::Get) {
            RouteLookup::Match(route_match) => {
                let entry = self
                    .ws_routes
                    .iter()
                    .find(|e| e.path == route_match.route.path);
                let Some(entry) = entry else {
                    return Err(crate::websocket::WebSocketError::Protocol(
                        "websocket route missing handler",
                    ));
                };

                if !route_match.params.is_empty() {
                    let path_params = crate::extract::PathParams::from_pairs(
                        route_match
                            .params
                            .iter()
                            .map(|(k, v)| ((*k).to_string(), (*v).to_string()))
                            .collect(),
                    );
                    req.insert_extension(path_params);
                }

                entry.call(ctx, req, ws).await
            }
            _ => Err(crate::websocket::WebSocketError::Protocol(
                "no websocket route matched",
            )),
        }
    }

    // =========================================================================
    // Lifecycle Hook Execution
    // =========================================================================

    /// Runs all startup hooks.
    ///
    /// Hooks run in registration order (FIFO). If a hook returns an error
    /// with `abort: true`, execution stops and returns `StartupOutcome::Aborted`.
    ///
    /// This consumes the startup hooks - they can only be run once.
    ///
    /// # Returns
    ///
    /// - `StartupOutcome::Success` if all hooks succeeded
    /// - `StartupOutcome::PartialSuccess` if some hooks had non-fatal errors
    /// - `StartupOutcome::Aborted` if a fatal hook error occurred
    pub async fn run_startup_hooks(&self) -> StartupOutcome {
        let hooks: Vec<StartupHook> = std::mem::take(&mut *self.startup_hooks.lock());
        let mut warnings = 0;

        for hook in hooks {
            match hook.run() {
                Ok(None) => {
                    // Sync hook succeeded
                }
                Ok(Some(fut)) => {
                    // Async hook - await it
                    match fut.await {
                        Ok(()) => {}
                        Err(e) if e.abort => {
                            return StartupOutcome::Aborted(e);
                        }
                        Err(_) => {
                            warnings += 1;
                        }
                    }
                }
                Err(e) if e.abort => {
                    return StartupOutcome::Aborted(e);
                }
                Err(_) => {
                    warnings += 1;
                }
            }
        }

        if warnings > 0 {
            StartupOutcome::PartialSuccess { warnings }
        } else {
            StartupOutcome::Success
        }
    }

    /// Runs all shutdown hooks.
    ///
    /// Hooks run in reverse registration order (LIFO). Errors are logged
    /// but do not stop other hooks from running.
    ///
    /// This consumes the shutdown hooks - they can only be run once.
    pub async fn run_shutdown_hooks(&self) {
        // Run async hooks first (LIFO)
        let async_hooks: Vec<_> = std::mem::take(&mut *self.async_shutdown_hooks.lock());
        for hook in async_hooks.into_iter().rev() {
            let fut = hook();
            fut.await;
        }

        // Run sync hooks (LIFO)
        let sync_hooks: Vec<_> = std::mem::take(&mut *self.shutdown_hooks.lock());
        for hook in sync_hooks.into_iter().rev() {
            hook();
        }
    }

    /// Transfers shutdown hooks to a [`ShutdownController`].
    ///
    /// This moves all registered shutdown hooks to the controller, which
    /// will run them during the appropriate shutdown phase.
    ///
    /// Call this when integrating with the server's shutdown mechanism.
    pub fn transfer_shutdown_hooks(&self, controller: &ShutdownController) {
        // Transfer sync hooks (they'll run in LIFO due to how pop_hook works)
        let sync_hooks: Vec<_> = std::mem::take(&mut *self.shutdown_hooks.lock());
        for hook in sync_hooks {
            controller.register_hook(hook);
        }

        // Transfer async hooks
        let async_hooks: Vec<_> = std::mem::take(&mut *self.async_shutdown_hooks.lock());
        for hook in async_hooks {
            controller.register_async_hook(move || hook());
        }
    }

    /// Returns the number of pending startup hooks.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn pending_startup_hooks(&self) -> usize {
        self.startup_hooks.lock().len()
    }

    /// Returns the number of pending shutdown hooks.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn pending_shutdown_hooks(&self) -> usize {
        self.shutdown_hooks.lock().len() + self.async_shutdown_hooks.lock().len()
    }
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for App {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("App")
            .field("config", &self.config)
            .field("routes", &self.routes.len())
            .field("middleware", &self.middleware.len())
            .field("state", &self.state)
            .field("exception_handlers", &self.exception_handlers)
            .field("startup_hooks", &self.startup_hooks.lock().len())
            .field("shutdown_hooks", &self.pending_shutdown_hooks())
            .finish()
    }
}

// Allow `App` to be used anywhere a middleware `Handler` is expected (e.g. TestClient).
impl Handler for App {
    fn call<'a>(
        &'a self,
        ctx: &'a RequestContext,
        req: &'a mut Request,
    ) -> BoxFuture<'a, Response> {
        Box::pin(async move { self.handle(ctx, req).await })
    }

    fn dependency_overrides(&self) -> Option<Arc<crate::dependency::DependencyOverrides>> {
        Some(Arc::clone(&self.dependency_overrides))
    }
}

/// Handler wrapper for a route entry.
struct RouteHandler<'a> {
    entry: &'a RouteEntry,
}

impl<'a> Handler for RouteHandler<'a> {
    fn call<'b>(
        &'b self,
        ctx: &'b RequestContext,
        req: &'b mut Request,
    ) -> BoxFuture<'b, Response> {
        let handler = self.entry.handler.clone();
        Box::pin(async move { handler(ctx, req).await })
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    use crate::response::ResponseBody;

    // Test handlers that return 'static futures (no borrowing from parameters)
    fn test_handler(_ctx: &RequestContext, _req: &mut Request) -> std::future::Ready<Response> {
        std::future::ready(Response::ok().body(ResponseBody::Bytes(b"Hello, World!".to_vec())))
    }

    fn health_handler(_ctx: &RequestContext, _req: &mut Request) -> std::future::Ready<Response> {
        std::future::ready(Response::ok().body(ResponseBody::Bytes(b"OK".to_vec())))
    }

    fn test_context() -> RequestContext {
        let cx = asupersync::Cx::for_testing();
        RequestContext::new(cx, 1)
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_creates_app() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .config(AppConfig::new().name("Test App"))
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .get("/health", health_handler)
            .build();

        assert_eq!(app.route_count(), 2);
        assert_eq!(app.config().name, "Test App");
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_config_builder() {
        let config = AppConfig::new()
            .name("My API")
            .version("1.0.0")
            .debug(true)
            .max_body_size(2 * 1024 * 1024)
            .request_timeout_ms(60_000);

        assert_eq!(config.name, "My API");
        assert_eq!(config.version, "1.0.0");
        assert!(config.debug);
        assert_eq!(config.max_body_size, 2 * 1024 * 1024);
        assert_eq!(config.request_timeout_ms, 60_000);
    }

    #[test]
    fn state_container_insert_and_get() {
        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
        struct MyState {
            value: i32,
        }

        let mut container = StateContainer::new();
        container.insert(MyState { value: 42 });

        let state = container.get::<MyState>();
        assert!(state.is_some());
        assert_eq!(state.unwrap().value, 42);
    }

    #[test]
    fn state_container_multiple_types() {
        struct TypeA(i32);
        struct TypeB(String);

        let mut container = StateContainer::new();
        container.insert(TypeA(1));
        container.insert(TypeB("hello".to_string()));

        assert!(container.contains::<TypeA>());
        assert!(container.contains::<TypeB>());
        assert!(!container.contains::<i64>());

        assert_eq!(container.get::<TypeA>().unwrap().0, 1);
        assert_eq!(container.get::<TypeB>().unwrap().0, "hello");
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_with_state() {
        struct DbPool {
            connection_count: usize,
        }

        let app = App::builder()
            .state(DbPool {
                connection_count: 10,
            })
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        let pool = app.get_state::<DbPool>();
        assert!(pool.is_some());
        assert_eq!(pool.unwrap().connection_count, 10);
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_handles_get_request() {
        let app = App::builder().get("/", test_handler).build();

        let ctx = test_context();
        let mut req = Request::new(Method::Get, "/");

        let response = futures_executor::block_on(app.handle(&ctx, &mut req));
        assert_eq!(response.status().as_u16(), 200);
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_returns_404_for_unknown_path() {
        let app = App::builder().get("/", test_handler).build();

        let ctx = test_context();
        let mut req = Request::new(Method::Get, "/unknown");

        let response = futures_executor::block_on(app.handle(&ctx, &mut req));
        assert_eq!(response.status().as_u16(), 404);
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_returns_405_for_wrong_method() {
        let app = App::builder().get("/", test_handler).build();

        let ctx = test_context();
        let mut req = Request::new(Method::Post, "/");

        let response = futures_executor::block_on(app.handle(&ctx, &mut req));
        assert_eq!(response.status().as_u16(), 405);
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_all_methods() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .get("/get", test_handler)
            .post("/post", test_handler)
            .put("/put", test_handler)
            .delete("/delete", test_handler)
            .patch("/patch", test_handler)
            .build();

        assert_eq!(app.route_count(), 5);
    }

    #[test]
    fn route_entry_debug() {
        let entry = RouteEntry::new(Method::Get, "/test", test_handler);
        let debug = format!("{:?}", entry);
        assert!(debug.contains("RouteEntry"));
        assert!(debug.contains("Get"));
        assert!(debug.contains("/test"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_with_middleware() {
        use crate::middleware::NoopMiddleware;

        let app = App::builder()
            .middleware(NoopMiddleware)
            .middleware(NoopMiddleware)
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        let ctx = test_context();
        let mut req = Request::new(Method::Get, "/");

        let response = futures_executor::block_on(app.handle(&ctx, &mut req));
        assert_eq!(response.status().as_u16(), 200);
    }

    // =========================================================================
    // Exception Handlers Tests
    // =========================================================================

    // Custom error type for testing
    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct TestError {
        message: String,
        code: u32,
    }

    impl std::fmt::Display for TestError {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
            write!(f, "TestError({}): {}", self.code, self.message)
        }
    }

    impl std::error::Error for TestError {}

    // Another custom error type
    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct AnotherError(String);

    impl std::fmt::Display for AnotherError {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
            write!(f, "AnotherError: {}", self.0)
        }
    }

    impl std::error::Error for AnotherError {}

    // --- Unit Tests: Handler Registration ---

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_new_is_empty() {
        let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new();
        assert!(handlers.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(handlers.len(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_register_single() {
        let mut handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new();
        handlers.register::<TestError>(|_ctx, err| {
            Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
                .body(ResponseBody::Bytes(err.message.as_bytes().to_vec()))
        });

        assert!(handlers.has_handler::<TestError>());
        assert!(!handlers.has_handler::<AnotherError>());
        assert_eq!(handlers.len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_register_multiple() {
        let mut handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new();
        handlers.register::<TestError>(|_ctx, _err| Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST));
        handlers.register::<AnotherError>(|_ctx, _err| {
            Response::with_status(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
        });

        assert!(handlers.has_handler::<TestError>());
        assert!(handlers.has_handler::<AnotherError>());
        assert_eq!(handlers.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_builder_pattern() {
        let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new()
            .handler::<TestError>(|_ctx, _err| Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST))
            .handler::<AnotherError>(|_ctx, _err| {
                Response::with_status(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
            });

        assert!(handlers.has_handler::<TestError>());
        assert!(handlers.has_handler::<AnotherError>());
        assert_eq!(handlers.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_with_defaults() {
        let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::with_defaults();

        assert!(handlers.has_handler::<crate::HttpError>());
        assert!(handlers.has_handler::<crate::ValidationErrors>());
        assert_eq!(handlers.len(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_merge() {
        let mut handlers1 = ExceptionHandlers::new()
            .handler::<TestError>(|_ctx, _err| Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST));

        let handlers2 = ExceptionHandlers::new().handler::<AnotherError>(|_ctx, _err| {
            Response::with_status(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
        });

        handlers1.merge(handlers2);

        assert!(handlers1.has_handler::<TestError>());
        assert!(handlers1.has_handler::<AnotherError>());
        assert_eq!(handlers1.len(), 2);
    }

    // --- Unit Tests: Handler Invocation ---

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_handle_registered_error() {
        let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new().handler::<TestError>(|_ctx, err| {
            Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
                .body(ResponseBody::Bytes(err.message.as_bytes().to_vec()))
        });

        let ctx = test_context();
        let err = TestError {
            message: "test error".into(),
            code: 42,
        };

        let response = handlers.handle(&ctx, err);
        assert!(response.is_some());

        let response = response.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(response.status().as_u16(), 400);
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_handle_unregistered_error() {
        let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new()
            .handler::<TestError>(|_ctx, _err| Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST));

        let ctx = test_context();
        let err = AnotherError("unhandled".into());

        let response = handlers.handle(&ctx, err);
        assert!(response.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_handle_or_default_registered() {
        let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new()
            .handler::<TestError>(|_ctx, _err| Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST));

        let ctx = test_context();
        let err = TestError {
            message: "test".into(),
            code: 1,
        };

        let response = handlers.handle_or_default(&ctx, err);
        assert_eq!(response.status().as_u16(), 400);
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_handle_or_default_unregistered() {
        let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new();

        let ctx = test_context();
        let err = TestError {
            message: "test".into(),
            code: 1,
        };

        let response = handlers.handle_or_default(&ctx, err);
        assert_eq!(response.status().as_u16(), 500);
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_error_values_passed_to_handler() {
        use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering};

        let captured_code = Arc::new(AtomicU32::new(0));
        let captured_code_clone = captured_code.clone();

        let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new().handler::<TestError>(move |_ctx, err| {
            captured_code_clone.store(err.code, Ordering::SeqCst);
            Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
        });

        let ctx = test_context();
        let err = TestError {
            message: "test".into(),
            code: 12345,
        };

        let _ = handlers.handle(&ctx, err);
        assert_eq!(captured_code.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 12345);
    }

    // --- Integration Tests: Custom Error Type Handling ---

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_exception_handler_single() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .exception_handler::<TestError, _>(|_ctx, err| {
                Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
                    .body(ResponseBody::Bytes(err.message.as_bytes().to_vec()))
            })
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        assert!(app.exception_handlers().has_handler::<TestError>());
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_exception_handler_multiple() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .exception_handler::<TestError, _>(|_ctx, _err| {
                Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
            })
            .exception_handler::<AnotherError, _>(|_ctx, _err| {
                Response::with_status(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
            })
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        assert!(app.exception_handlers().has_handler::<TestError>());
        assert!(app.exception_handlers().has_handler::<AnotherError>());
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_with_default_exception_handlers() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .with_default_exception_handlers()
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        assert!(app.exception_handlers().has_handler::<crate::HttpError>());
        assert!(
            app.exception_handlers()
                .has_handler::<crate::ValidationErrors>()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_exception_handlers_registry() {
        let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new()
            .handler::<TestError>(|_ctx, _err| Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST))
            .handler::<AnotherError>(|_ctx, _err| {
                Response::with_status(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
            });

        let app = App::builder()
            .exception_handlers(handlers)
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        assert!(app.exception_handlers().has_handler::<TestError>());
        assert!(app.exception_handlers().has_handler::<AnotherError>());
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_handle_error_registered() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .exception_handler::<TestError, _>(|_ctx, _err| {
                Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
            })
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        let ctx = test_context();
        let err = TestError {
            message: "test".into(),
            code: 1,
        };

        let response = app.handle_error(&ctx, err);
        assert!(response.is_some());
        assert_eq!(response.unwrap().status().as_u16(), 400);
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_handle_error_unregistered() {
        let app = App::builder().get("/", test_handler).build();

        let ctx = test_context();
        let err = TestError {
            message: "test".into(),
            code: 1,
        };

        let response = app.handle_error(&ctx, err);
        assert!(response.is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_handle_error_or_default() {
        let app = App::builder().get("/", test_handler).build();

        let ctx = test_context();
        let err = TestError {
            message: "test".into(),
            code: 1,
        };

        let response = app.handle_error_or_default(&ctx, err);
        assert_eq!(response.status().as_u16(), 500);
    }

    // --- Integration Tests: Override Default Handler ---

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_override_on_register() {
        let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new()
            .handler::<TestError>(|_ctx, _err| Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST))
            .handler::<TestError>(|_ctx, _err| {
                Response::with_status(StatusCode::UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY)
            });

        // Only one handler for TestError
        assert_eq!(handlers.len(), 1);

        let ctx = test_context();
        let err = TestError {
            message: "test".into(),
            code: 1,
        };

        // Should use the second (overriding) handler
        let response = handlers.handle(&ctx, err);
        assert!(response.is_some());
        assert_eq!(response.unwrap().status().as_u16(), 422);
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_merge_overrides() {
        let mut handlers1 = ExceptionHandlers::new()
            .handler::<TestError>(|_ctx, _err| Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST));

        let handlers2 = ExceptionHandlers::new().handler::<TestError>(|_ctx, _err| {
            Response::with_status(StatusCode::UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY)
        });

        handlers1.merge(handlers2);

        // Only one handler for TestError after merge
        assert_eq!(handlers1.len(), 1);

        let ctx = test_context();
        let err = TestError {
            message: "test".into(),
            code: 1,
        };

        // Merged handlers should override
        let response = handlers1.handle(&ctx, err);
        assert!(response.is_some());
        assert_eq!(response.unwrap().status().as_u16(), 422);
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_override_default_http_error() {
        // Start with default handlers
        let mut handlers = ExceptionHandlers::with_defaults();

        // Override HttpError handler
        handlers.register::<crate::HttpError>(|_ctx, err| {
            // Custom handler that adds extra header
            let detail = err.detail.as_deref().unwrap_or("Unknown error");
            Response::with_status(err.status)
                .header("x-custom-error", b"true".to_vec())
                .body(ResponseBody::Bytes(detail.as_bytes().to_vec()))
        });

        // Still has 2 handlers (HttpError and ValidationErrors)
        assert_eq!(handlers.len(), 2);

        let ctx = test_context();
        let err = crate::HttpError::bad_request().with_detail("test error");

        let response = handlers.handle(&ctx, err);
        assert!(response.is_some());

        let response = response.unwrap();
        assert_eq!(response.status().as_u16(), 400);

        // Check custom header was added
        let custom_header = response
            .headers()
            .iter()
            .find(|(name, _)| name.eq_ignore_ascii_case("x-custom-error"))
            .map(|(_, v)| v.as_slice());
        assert_eq!(custom_header, Some(b"true".as_slice()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_override_default_validation_errors() {
        // Start with default handlers
        let mut handlers = ExceptionHandlers::with_defaults();

        // Override ValidationErrors handler
        handlers.register::<crate::ValidationErrors>(|_ctx, errs| {
            // Custom handler that returns 400 instead of 422
            Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
                .header("x-error-count", errs.len().to_string().as_bytes().to_vec())
        });

        let ctx = test_context();
        let mut errs = crate::ValidationErrors::new();
        errs.push(crate::ValidationError::missing(
            crate::error::loc::body_field("name"),
        ));
        errs.push(crate::ValidationError::missing(
            crate::error::loc::body_field("email"),
        ));

        let response = handlers.handle(&ctx, errs);
        assert!(response.is_some());

        let response = response.unwrap();
        // Custom handler returns 400 instead of 422
        assert_eq!(response.status().as_u16(), 400);

        // Check custom header
        let count_header = response
            .headers()
            .iter()
            .find(|(name, _)| name.eq_ignore_ascii_case("x-error-count"))
            .map(|(_, v)| v.as_slice());
        assert_eq!(count_header, Some(b"2".as_slice()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn exception_handlers_debug_format() {
        let handlers = ExceptionHandlers::new()
            .handler::<TestError>(|_ctx, _err| Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST));

        let debug = format!("{:?}", handlers);
        assert!(debug.contains("ExceptionHandlers"));
        assert!(debug.contains("count"));
        assert!(debug.contains("1"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_debug_includes_exception_handlers() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .exception_handler::<TestError, _>(|_ctx, _err| {
                Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
            })
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        let debug = format!("{:?}", app);
        assert!(debug.contains("exception_handlers"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_debug_includes_exception_handlers() {
        let builder = App::builder().exception_handler::<TestError, _>(|_ctx, _err| {
            Response::with_status(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST)
        });

        let debug = format!("{:?}", builder);
        assert!(debug.contains("exception_handlers"));
    }

    // =========================================================================
    // Lifecycle Hooks Tests
    // =========================================================================

    // --- Startup Hooks: Registration ---

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_startup_hook_registration() {
        let builder = App::builder().on_startup(|| Ok(())).on_startup(|| Ok(()));

        assert_eq!(builder.startup_hook_count(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_shutdown_hook_registration() {
        let builder = App::builder().on_shutdown(|| {}).on_shutdown(|| {});

        assert_eq!(builder.shutdown_hook_count(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_mixed_hooks() {
        let builder = App::builder()
            .on_startup(|| Ok(()))
            .on_shutdown(|| {})
            .on_startup(|| Ok(()))
            .on_shutdown(|| {});

        assert_eq!(builder.startup_hook_count(), 2);
        assert_eq!(builder.shutdown_hook_count(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_pending_hooks_count() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .on_startup(|| Ok(()))
            .on_startup(|| Ok(()))
            .on_shutdown(|| {})
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        assert_eq!(app.pending_startup_hooks(), 2);
        assert_eq!(app.pending_shutdown_hooks(), 1);
    }

    // --- Startup Hooks: Execution Order (FIFO) ---

    #[test]
    fn startup_hooks_run_in_fifo_order() {
        let order = Arc::new(parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));

        let order1 = Arc::clone(&order);
        let order2 = Arc::clone(&order);
        let order3 = Arc::clone(&order);

        let app = App::builder()
            .on_startup(move || {
                order1.lock().push(1);
                Ok(())
            })
            .on_startup(move || {
                order2.lock().push(2);
                Ok(())
            })
            .on_startup(move || {
                order3.lock().push(3);
                Ok(())
            })
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        let outcome = futures_executor::block_on(app.run_startup_hooks());
        assert!(outcome.can_proceed());

        // FIFO: 1, 2, 3
        assert_eq!(*order.lock(), vec![1, 2, 3]);

        // Hooks consumed
        assert_eq!(app.pending_startup_hooks(), 0);
    }

    // --- Shutdown Hooks: Execution Order (LIFO) ---

    #[test]
    fn shutdown_hooks_run_in_lifo_order() {
        let order = Arc::new(parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));

        let order1 = Arc::clone(&order);
        let order2 = Arc::clone(&order);
        let order3 = Arc::clone(&order);

        let app = App::builder()
            .on_shutdown(move || {
                order1.lock().push(1);
            })
            .on_shutdown(move || {
                order2.lock().push(2);
            })
            .on_shutdown(move || {
                order3.lock().push(3);
            })
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        futures_executor::block_on(app.run_shutdown_hooks());

        // LIFO: 3, 2, 1
        assert_eq!(*order.lock(), vec![3, 2, 1]);

        // Hooks consumed
        assert_eq!(app.pending_shutdown_hooks(), 0);
    }

    // --- Startup Hooks: Success Outcome ---

    #[test]
    fn startup_hooks_success_outcome() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .on_startup(|| Ok(()))
            .on_startup(|| Ok(()))
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        let outcome = futures_executor::block_on(app.run_startup_hooks());
        assert!(matches!(outcome, StartupOutcome::Success));
        assert!(outcome.can_proceed());
    }

    // --- Startup Hooks: Fatal Error Aborts ---

    #[test]
    fn startup_hooks_fatal_error_aborts() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .on_startup(|| Ok(()))
            .on_startup(|| Err(StartupHookError::new("database connection failed")))
            .on_startup(|| Ok(())) // Should not run
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        let outcome = futures_executor::block_on(app.run_startup_hooks());
        assert!(!outcome.can_proceed());

        if let StartupOutcome::Aborted(err) = outcome {
            assert!(err.message.contains("database connection failed"));
            assert!(err.abort);
        } else {
            panic!("Expected Aborted outcome");
        }
    }

    // --- Startup Hooks: Non-Fatal Error Continues ---

    #[test]
    fn startup_hooks_non_fatal_error_continues() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .on_startup(|| Ok(()))
            .on_startup(|| Err(StartupHookError::non_fatal("optional feature unavailable")))
            .on_startup(|| Ok(())) // Should still run
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        let outcome = futures_executor::block_on(app.run_startup_hooks());
        assert!(outcome.can_proceed());

        if let StartupOutcome::PartialSuccess { warnings } = outcome {
            assert_eq!(warnings, 1);
        } else {
            panic!("Expected PartialSuccess outcome");
        }
    }

    // --- Startup Hook Error Types ---

    #[test]
    fn startup_hook_error_builder() {
        let err = StartupHookError::new("test error")
            .with_hook_name("database_init")
            .with_abort(false);

        assert_eq!(err.hook_name.as_deref(), Some("database_init"));
        assert_eq!(err.message, "test error");
        assert!(!err.abort);
    }

    #[test]
    fn startup_hook_error_display() {
        let err = StartupHookError::new("connection failed").with_hook_name("redis_init");

        let display = format!("{}", err);
        assert!(display.contains("redis_init"));
        assert!(display.contains("connection failed"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn startup_hook_error_non_fatal() {
        let err = StartupHookError::non_fatal("optional feature");
        assert!(!err.abort);
    }

    // --- Transfer Shutdown Hooks to Controller ---

    #[test]
    fn transfer_shutdown_hooks_to_controller() {
        let order = Arc::new(parking_lot::Mutex::new(Vec::new()));

        let order1 = Arc::clone(&order);
        let order2 = Arc::clone(&order);

        let app = App::builder()
            .on_shutdown(move || {
                order1.lock().push(1);
            })
            .on_shutdown(move || {
                order2.lock().push(2);
            })
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        let controller = ShutdownController::new();
        app.transfer_shutdown_hooks(&controller);

        // App hooks consumed
        assert_eq!(app.pending_shutdown_hooks(), 0);

        // Controller has the hooks
        assert_eq!(controller.hook_count(), 2);

        // Run via controller (LIFO order)
        while let Some(hook) = controller.pop_hook() {
            hook.run();
        }

        // LIFO order via controller
        assert_eq!(*order.lock(), vec![2, 1]);
    }

    // --- Debug Format Includes Hooks ---

    #[test]
    fn app_debug_includes_hooks() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .on_startup(|| Ok(()))
            .on_shutdown(|| {})
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        let debug = format!("{:?}", app);
        assert!(debug.contains("startup_hooks"));
        assert!(debug.contains("shutdown_hooks"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn app_builder_debug_includes_hooks() {
        let builder = App::builder().on_startup(|| Ok(())).on_shutdown(|| {});

        let debug = format!("{:?}", builder);
        assert!(debug.contains("startup_hooks"));
        assert!(debug.contains("shutdown_hooks"));
    }

    // --- Startup Outcome Accessors ---

    #[test]
    fn startup_outcome_success() {
        let outcome = StartupOutcome::Success;
        assert!(outcome.can_proceed());
        assert!(outcome.into_error().is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn startup_outcome_partial_success() {
        let outcome = StartupOutcome::PartialSuccess { warnings: 2 };
        assert!(outcome.can_proceed());
        assert!(outcome.into_error().is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn startup_outcome_aborted() {
        let err = StartupHookError::new("fatal");
        let outcome = StartupOutcome::Aborted(err);
        assert!(!outcome.can_proceed());

        let err = outcome.into_error();
        assert!(err.is_some());
        assert_eq!(err.unwrap().message, "fatal");
    }

    // --- Multiple Non-Fatal Errors ---

    #[test]
    fn startup_hooks_multiple_non_fatal_errors() {
        let app = App::builder()
            .on_startup(|| Err(StartupHookError::non_fatal("warning 1")))
            .on_startup(|| Ok(()))
            .on_startup(|| Err(StartupHookError::non_fatal("warning 2")))
            .on_startup(|| Err(StartupHookError::non_fatal("warning 3")))
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        let outcome = futures_executor::block_on(app.run_startup_hooks());
        assert!(outcome.can_proceed());

        if let StartupOutcome::PartialSuccess { warnings } = outcome {
            assert_eq!(warnings, 3);
        } else {
            panic!("Expected PartialSuccess");
        }
    }

    // --- Empty Hooks ---

    #[test]
    fn empty_startup_hooks() {
        let app = App::builder().get("/", test_handler).build();

        let outcome = futures_executor::block_on(app.run_startup_hooks());
        assert!(matches!(outcome, StartupOutcome::Success));
    }

    #[test]
    fn empty_shutdown_hooks() {
        let app = App::builder().get("/", test_handler).build();

        // Should not panic with empty hooks
        futures_executor::block_on(app.run_shutdown_hooks());
    }

    // --- Hooks Can Only Run Once ---

    #[test]
    fn startup_hooks_consumed_after_run() {
        let counter = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0));
        let counter_clone = Arc::clone(&counter);

        let app = App::builder()
            .on_startup(move || {
                counter_clone.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
                Ok(())
            })
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        // First run
        futures_executor::block_on(app.run_startup_hooks());
        assert_eq!(counter.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst), 1);

        // Second run - no hooks left
        futures_executor::block_on(app.run_startup_hooks());
        assert_eq!(counter.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn shutdown_hooks_consumed_after_run() {
        let counter = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicU32::new(0));
        let counter_clone = Arc::clone(&counter);

        let app = App::builder()
            .on_shutdown(move || {
                counter_clone.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
            })
            .get("/", test_handler)
            .build();

        // First run
        futures_executor::block_on(app.run_shutdown_hooks());
        assert_eq!(counter.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst), 1);

        // Second run - no hooks left
        futures_executor::block_on(app.run_shutdown_hooks());
        assert_eq!(counter.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn root_path_strips_trailing_slashes() {
        let config = AppConfig::new().root_path("/api/");
        assert_eq!(config.root_path, "/api");

        let config = AppConfig::new().root_path("/api///");
        assert_eq!(config.root_path, "/api");

        let config = AppConfig::new().root_path("/api");
        assert_eq!(config.root_path, "/api");

        // Empty root_path stays empty
        let config = AppConfig::new().root_path("");
        assert_eq!(config.root_path, "");
    }
}