fakecloud_cloudwatch/

service.rs

use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};

use async_trait::async_trait;
use chrono::{DateTime, Utc};
use http::StatusCode;

use fakecloud_core::query::{
    optional_query_param, query_metadata_only_xml, query_response_xml, required_query_param,
};
use fakecloud_core::service::{AwsRequest, AwsResponse, AwsService, AwsServiceError};

use std::sync::Arc;

use fakecloud_persistence::SnapshotStore;
use tokio::sync::Mutex;

use crate::state::{
    AlarmHistoryItem, AlarmMetricQuery, AlarmMetricStat, AlarmState, CloudWatchSnapshot, Dashboard,
    MetricAlarm, MetricDatum, SharedCloudWatchState, StatisticSet,
    CLOUDWATCH_SNAPSHOT_SCHEMA_VERSION,
};

pub(crate) const NS: &str = "http://monitoring.amazonaws.com/doc/2010-08-01/";

/// Valid `StandardUnit` wire values, per the Smithy enum.
pub(crate) const STANDARD_UNITS: &[&str] = &[
    "Seconds",
    "Microseconds",
    "Milliseconds",
    "Bytes",
    "Kilobytes",
    "Megabytes",
    "Gigabytes",
    "Terabytes",
    "Bits",
    "Kilobits",
    "Megabits",
    "Gigabits",
    "Terabits",
    "Percent",
    "Count",
    "Bytes/Second",
    "Kilobytes/Second",
    "Megabytes/Second",
    "Gigabytes/Second",
    "Terabytes/Second",
    "Bits/Second",
    "Kilobits/Second",
    "Megabits/Second",
    "Gigabits/Second",
    "Terabits/Second",
    "Count/Second",
    "None",
];

const SUPPORTED_ACTIONS: &[&str] = &[
    // Metrics & alarms (original surface).
    "PutMetricData",
    "GetMetricStatistics",
    "GetMetricData",
    "ListMetrics",
    "PutMetricAlarm",
    "DescribeAlarms",
    "DescribeAlarmsForMetric",
    "DeleteAlarms",
    "EnableAlarmActions",
    "DisableAlarmActions",
    "SetAlarmState",
    "DescribeAlarmHistory",
    // Dashboards.
    "PutDashboard",
    "GetDashboard",
    "DeleteDashboards",
    "ListDashboards",
    // Anomaly detectors.
    "PutAnomalyDetector",
    "DescribeAnomalyDetectors",
    "DeleteAnomalyDetector",
    // Insight rules.
    "PutInsightRule",
    "DescribeInsightRules",
    "DeleteInsightRules",
    "EnableInsightRules",
    "DisableInsightRules",
    "GetInsightRuleReport",
    "PutManagedInsightRules",
    "ListManagedInsightRules",
    // Metric streams.
    "PutMetricStream",
    "GetMetricStream",
    "ListMetricStreams",
    "DeleteMetricStream",
    "StartMetricStreams",
    "StopMetricStreams",
    // Composite alarms.
    "PutCompositeAlarm",
    // Mute rules.
    "PutAlarmMuteRule",
    "GetAlarmMuteRule",
    "ListAlarmMuteRules",
    "DeleteAlarmMuteRule",
    // OTel enrichment.
    "GetOTelEnrichment",
    "StartOTelEnrichment",
    "StopOTelEnrichment",
    // Dataset KMS key management.
    "AssociateDatasetKmsKey",
    "DisassociateDatasetKmsKey",
    "GetDataset",
    // Misc.
    "DescribeAlarmContributors",
    "GetMetricWidgetImage",
    // Tagging.
    "TagResource",
    "UntagResource",
    "ListTagsForResource",
];

pub struct CloudWatchService {
    pub(crate) state: SharedCloudWatchState,
    snapshot_store: Option<Arc<dyn SnapshotStore>>,
    snapshot_lock: Arc<Mutex<()>>,
}

impl CloudWatchService {
    pub fn new(state: SharedCloudWatchState) -> Self {
        Self {
            state,
            snapshot_store: None,
            snapshot_lock: Arc::new(Mutex::new(())),
        }
    }

    /// Attach a `SnapshotStore` so alarms / dashboards / metrics survive
    /// restarts. Without this, all CloudWatch state is in-memory only —
    /// alarms wired to actions fire on a freshly-started process.
    pub fn with_snapshot_store(mut self, store: Arc<dyn SnapshotStore>) -> Self {
        self.snapshot_store = Some(store);
        self
    }

    /// Persist current state as a snapshot. Cloned + serialized under
    /// the snapshot lock so concurrent mutators can't race a stale-last
    /// write.
    pub(crate) async fn save_snapshot(&self) {
        save_cloudwatch_snapshot(
            &self.state,
            self.snapshot_store.clone(),
            &self.snapshot_lock,
        )
        .await;
    }

    /// Build a hook that persists the current CloudWatch state when invoked, or
    /// `None` in memory mode (no snapshot store). The CloudFormation provisioner
    /// mutates `state` directly and uses this to write a CFN-provisioned
    /// resource through to disk, the same way a direct mutating API call would.
    pub fn snapshot_hook(&self) -> Option<fakecloud_persistence::SnapshotHook> {
        let store = self.snapshot_store.clone()?;
        let state = self.state.clone();
        let lock = self.snapshot_lock.clone();
        Some(Arc::new(move || {
            let state = state.clone();
            let store = store.clone();
            let lock = lock.clone();
            Box::pin(async move {
                save_cloudwatch_snapshot(&state, Some(store), &lock).await;
            })
        }))
    }
}

/// Persist the current CloudWatch state as a snapshot. Cloned + serialized
/// under the snapshot lock so concurrent mutators can't race a stale-last
/// write. Noop when `store` is `None` (memory mode). Shared by
/// `CloudWatchService::save_snapshot` and the CloudFormation provisioner's
/// post-provision persist hook so both route through the same
/// serialize-and-write path.
pub async fn save_cloudwatch_snapshot(
    state: &SharedCloudWatchState,
    store: Option<Arc<dyn SnapshotStore>>,
    lock: &Mutex<()>,
) {
    let Some(store) = store else {
        return;
    };
    let _guard = lock.lock().await;
    let snapshot = CloudWatchSnapshot {
        schema_version: CLOUDWATCH_SNAPSHOT_SCHEMA_VERSION,
        accounts: state.read().clone_for_snapshot(),
    };
    let join = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || -> std::io::Result<()> {
        let bytes = serde_json::to_vec(&snapshot)
            .map_err(|e| std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e.to_string()))?;
        store.save(&bytes)
    })
    .await;
    match join {
        Ok(Ok(())) => {}
        Ok(Err(err)) => tracing::error!(%err, "failed to write cloudwatch snapshot"),
        Err(err) => tracing::error!(%err, "cloudwatch snapshot task panicked"),
    }
}

#[async_trait]
impl AwsService for CloudWatchService {
    fn service_name(&self) -> &str {
        "monitoring"
    }

    fn supported_actions(&self) -> &[&str] {
        SUPPORTED_ACTIONS
    }

    async fn handle(&self, req: AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        let mutates = matches!(
            req.action.as_str(),
            "PutMetricData"
                | "PutMetricAlarm"
                | "DeleteAlarms"
                | "EnableAlarmActions"
                | "DisableAlarmActions"
                | "SetAlarmState"
                | "PutDashboard"
                | "DeleteDashboards"
                | "PutAnomalyDetector"
                | "DeleteAnomalyDetector"
                | "PutInsightRule"
                | "DeleteInsightRules"
                | "EnableInsightRules"
                | "DisableInsightRules"
                | "PutManagedInsightRules"
                | "PutMetricStream"
                | "DeleteMetricStream"
                | "StartMetricStreams"
                | "StopMetricStreams"
                | "PutCompositeAlarm"
                | "PutAlarmMuteRule"
                | "DeleteAlarmMuteRule"
                | "StartOTelEnrichment"
                | "StopOTelEnrichment"
                | "AssociateDatasetKmsKey"
                | "DisassociateDatasetKmsKey"
                | "TagResource"
                | "UntagResource"
        );
        let result = match req.action.as_str() {
            "PutMetricData" => self.put_metric_data(&req),
            "GetMetricStatistics" => self.get_metric_statistics(&req),
            "GetMetricData" => self.get_metric_data(&req),
            "ListMetrics" => self.list_metrics(&req),
            "PutMetricAlarm" => self.put_metric_alarm(&req),
            "DescribeAlarms" => self.describe_alarms(&req),
            "DescribeAlarmsForMetric" => self.describe_alarms_for_metric(&req),
            "DeleteAlarms" => self.delete_alarms(&req),
            "EnableAlarmActions" => self.enable_alarm_actions(&req),
            "DisableAlarmActions" => self.disable_alarm_actions(&req),
            "SetAlarmState" => self.set_alarm_state(&req),
            "DescribeAlarmHistory" => self.describe_alarm_history(&req),
            "PutDashboard" => self.put_dashboard(&req),
            "GetDashboard" => self.get_dashboard(&req),
            "DeleteDashboards" => self.delete_dashboards(&req),
            "ListDashboards" => self.list_dashboards(&req),
            // Anomaly detectors.
            "PutAnomalyDetector" => self.put_anomaly_detector(&req),
            "DescribeAnomalyDetectors" => self.describe_anomaly_detectors(&req),
            "DeleteAnomalyDetector" => self.delete_anomaly_detector(&req),
            // Insight rules.
            "PutInsightRule" => self.put_insight_rule(&req),
            "DescribeInsightRules" => self.describe_insight_rules(&req),
            "DeleteInsightRules" => self.delete_insight_rules(&req),
            "EnableInsightRules" => self.enable_insight_rules(&req),
            "DisableInsightRules" => self.disable_insight_rules(&req),
            "GetInsightRuleReport" => self.get_insight_rule_report(&req),
            "PutManagedInsightRules" => self.put_managed_insight_rules(&req),
            "ListManagedInsightRules" => self.list_managed_insight_rules(&req),
            // Metric streams.
            "PutMetricStream" => self.put_metric_stream(&req),
            "GetMetricStream" => self.get_metric_stream(&req),
            "ListMetricStreams" => self.list_metric_streams(&req),
            "DeleteMetricStream" => self.delete_metric_stream(&req),
            "StartMetricStreams" => self.start_metric_streams(&req),
            "StopMetricStreams" => self.stop_metric_streams(&req),
            // Composite alarms.
            "PutCompositeAlarm" => self.put_composite_alarm(&req),
            // Mute rules.
            "PutAlarmMuteRule" => self.put_alarm_mute_rule(&req),
            "GetAlarmMuteRule" => self.get_alarm_mute_rule(&req),
            "ListAlarmMuteRules" => self.list_alarm_mute_rules(&req),
            "DeleteAlarmMuteRule" => self.delete_alarm_mute_rule(&req),
            // OTel enrichment.
            "GetOTelEnrichment" => self.get_otel_enrichment(&req),
            "StartOTelEnrichment" => self.start_otel_enrichment(&req),
            "StopOTelEnrichment" => self.stop_otel_enrichment(&req),
            // Dataset KMS key management.
            "AssociateDatasetKmsKey" => self.associate_dataset_kms_key(&req),
            "DisassociateDatasetKmsKey" => self.disassociate_dataset_kms_key(&req),
            "GetDataset" => self.get_dataset(&req),
            // Misc.
            "DescribeAlarmContributors" => self.describe_alarm_contributors(&req),
            "GetMetricWidgetImage" => self.get_metric_widget_image(&req),
            // Tagging.
            "TagResource" => self.tag_resource(&req),
            "UntagResource" => self.untag_resource(&req),
            "ListTagsForResource" => self.list_tags_for_resource(&req),
            _ => Err(AwsServiceError::action_not_implemented(
                "monitoring",
                &req.action,
            )),
        };
        if mutates && result.is_ok() {
            self.save_snapshot().await;
        }
        // A JSON-protocol caller (awsJson1_0, identified by the X-Amz-Target
        // header) expects a JSON response body; the handlers produce awsQuery
        // XML, so convert it. Query-protocol callers keep the XML unchanged.
        if request_is_json(&req) {
            return result.map(crate::json_protocol::xml_response_to_json);
        }
        result
    }
}

/// True when the request arrived over the awsJson1_0 protocol (CloudWatch
/// advertises both awsJson1_0 and awsQuery). JSON callers set `X-Amz-Target`.
fn request_is_json(req: &AwsRequest) -> bool {
    req.headers.contains_key("x-amz-target")
}

pub(crate) fn xml_response(action: &str, inner: &str, request_id: &str) -> AwsResponse {
    AwsResponse::xml(
        StatusCode::OK,
        query_response_xml(action, NS, inner, request_id),
    )
}

pub(crate) fn empty_metadata_response(action: &str, request_id: &str) -> AwsResponse {
    AwsResponse::xml(
        StatusCode::OK,
        query_metadata_only_xml(action, NS, request_id),
    )
}

pub(crate) fn invalid_param(message: impl Into<String>) -> AwsServiceError {
    AwsServiceError::aws_error(StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST, "InvalidParameterValue", message)
}

/// `ResourceNotFoundException` — wire code matches the awsQueryError trait.
pub(crate) fn not_found(message: impl Into<String>) -> AwsServiceError {
    AwsServiceError::aws_error(StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, "ResourceNotFoundException", message)
}

/// `MissingRequiredParameterException` — awsQueryError wire code is
/// `MissingParameter`.
pub(crate) fn missing_param(name: &str) -> AwsServiceError {
    AwsServiceError::aws_error(
        StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
        "MissingParameter",
        format!("The request must contain the parameter {name}."),
    )
}

pub(crate) fn collect_indexed(req: &AwsRequest, prefix: &str) -> Vec<HashMap<String, String>> {
    let mut by_index: BTreeMap<u32, HashMap<String, String>> = BTreeMap::new();
    let needle = format!("{prefix}.member.");
    for (k, v) in req.query_params.iter() {
        let Some(rest) = k.strip_prefix(&needle) else {
            continue;
        };
        let mut parts = rest.splitn(2, '.');
        let Some(idx_str) = parts.next() else {
            continue;
        };
        let Ok(idx) = idx_str.parse::<u32>() else {
            continue;
        };
        let field = parts.next().unwrap_or("").to_string();
        by_index.entry(idx).or_default().insert(field, v.clone());
    }
    by_index.into_values().collect()
}

/// Collect an indexed `<prefix>.member.N` numeric array out of a flattened
/// MetricData member (e.g. `Values.member.1`, `Counts.member.1`).
fn collect_member_numbers(
    member: &HashMap<String, String>,
    prefix: &str,
) -> Result<Vec<f64>, AwsServiceError> {
    let needle = format!("{prefix}.member.");
    let mut by_index: BTreeMap<u32, f64> = BTreeMap::new();
    for (k, v) in member.iter() {
        let Some(idx_str) = k.strip_prefix(&needle) else {
            continue;
        };
        let Ok(idx) = idx_str.parse::<u32>() else {
            continue;
        };
        let n = v
            .parse::<f64>()
            .map_err(|_| invalid_param(format!("{prefix} entries must be numbers")))?;
        by_index.insert(idx, n);
    }
    Ok(by_index.into_values().collect())
}

/// Build a [`StatisticSet`] from a MetricDatum's `Values`/`Counts` distribution.
/// Returns `Ok(None)` when no `Values` array is present.
fn values_counts_statistic(
    member: &HashMap<String, String>,
) -> Result<Option<StatisticSet>, AwsServiceError> {
    let values = collect_member_numbers(member, "Values")?;
    if values.is_empty() {
        return Ok(None);
    }
    let counts = collect_member_numbers(member, "Counts")?;
    let mut sample_count = 0.0;
    let mut sum = 0.0;
    let mut minimum = f64::INFINITY;
    let mut maximum = f64::NEG_INFINITY;
    for (i, v) in values.iter().enumerate() {
        let c = counts.get(i).copied().unwrap_or(1.0);
        sample_count += c;
        sum += v * c;
        minimum = minimum.min(*v);
        maximum = maximum.max(*v);
    }
    Ok(Some(StatisticSet {
        sample_count,
        sum,
        minimum,
        maximum,
    }))
}

fn parse_dimensions(member: &HashMap<String, String>, prefix: &str) -> BTreeMap<String, String> {
    let mut dims: BTreeMap<u32, (Option<String>, Option<String>)> = BTreeMap::new();
    let needle = format!("{prefix}.member.");
    for (k, v) in member.iter() {
        let Some(rest) = k.strip_prefix(&needle) else {
            continue;
        };
        let mut parts = rest.splitn(2, '.');
        let Some(idx_str) = parts.next() else {
            continue;
        };
        let Ok(idx) = idx_str.parse::<u32>() else {
            continue;
        };
        let field = parts.next().unwrap_or("");
        let entry = dims.entry(idx).or_default();
        match field {
            "Name" => entry.0 = Some(v.clone()),
            "Value" => entry.1 = Some(v.clone()),
            _ => {}
        }
    }
    let mut out = BTreeMap::new();
    for (_, (name, value)) in dims {
        if let (Some(n), Some(v)) = (name, value) {
            out.insert(n, v);
        }
    }
    out
}

/// Parse the `Metrics.member.N.*` list of a `PutMetricAlarm` request into the
/// persisted [`AlarmMetricQuery`] form.
fn parse_alarm_metrics(req: &AwsRequest) -> Vec<AlarmMetricQuery> {
    let mut out = Vec::new();
    for member in collect_indexed(req, "Metrics") {
        let Some(id) = member.get("Id").cloned() else {
            continue;
        };
        let metric_stat = if member.keys().any(|k| k.starts_with("MetricStat.")) {
            let dimensions = parse_dimensions(&member, "MetricStat.Metric.Dimensions");
            Some(AlarmMetricStat {
                namespace: member.get("MetricStat.Metric.Namespace").cloned(),
                metric_name: member.get("MetricStat.Metric.MetricName").cloned(),
                dimensions,
                period: member
                    .get("MetricStat.Period")
                    .and_then(|s| s.parse::<i64>().ok()),
                stat: member.get("MetricStat.Stat").cloned(),
                unit: member.get("MetricStat.Unit").cloned(),
            })
        } else {
            None
        };
        out.push(AlarmMetricQuery {
            id,
            metric_stat,
            expression: member.get("Expression").cloned(),
            label: member.get("Label").cloned(),
            return_data: member
                .get("ReturnData")
                .map(|s| s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true")),
            account_id: member.get("AccountId").cloned(),
            period: member.get("Period").and_then(|s| s.parse::<i64>().ok()),
        });
    }
    out
}

pub(crate) fn parse_dimensions_query(req: &AwsRequest, prefix: &str) -> BTreeMap<String, String> {
    let mut dims: BTreeMap<u32, (Option<String>, Option<String>)> = BTreeMap::new();
    let needle = format!("{prefix}.member.");
    for (k, v) in req.query_params.iter() {
        let Some(rest) = k.strip_prefix(&needle) else {
            continue;
        };
        let mut parts = rest.splitn(2, '.');
        let Some(idx_str) = parts.next() else {
            continue;
        };
        let Ok(idx) = idx_str.parse::<u32>() else {
            continue;
        };
        let field = parts.next().unwrap_or("");
        let entry = dims.entry(idx).or_default();
        match field {
            "Name" => entry.0 = Some(v.clone()),
            "Value" => entry.1 = Some(v.clone()),
            _ => {}
        }
    }
    let mut out = BTreeMap::new();
    for (_, (name, value)) in dims {
        if let (Some(n), Some(v)) = (name, value) {
            out.insert(n, v);
        }
    }
    out
}

/// Parse `{prefix}.member.N.Name` / `.Value` query params into ListMetrics'
/// `DimensionFilter` list, where `Value` is OPTIONAL (per the Smithy model).
/// A name-only filter matches any metric carrying a dimension with that name
/// (any value); a name+value filter is an exact match.
///
/// Distinct from [`parse_dimensions_query`], which drops a name-only entry —
/// correct for the put/statistics APIs (exact dimension sets) but wrong for
/// ListMetrics, where a name-only filter must still narrow the results
/// instead of silently returning every metric in the namespace.
pub(crate) fn parse_dimension_filters(
    req: &AwsRequest,
    prefix: &str,
) -> Vec<(String, Option<String>)> {
    let mut dims: BTreeMap<u32, (Option<String>, Option<String>)> = BTreeMap::new();
    let needle = format!("{prefix}.member.");
    for (k, v) in req.query_params.iter() {
        let Some(rest) = k.strip_prefix(&needle) else {
            continue;
        };
        let mut parts = rest.splitn(2, '.');
        let Some(idx_str) = parts.next() else {
            continue;
        };
        let Ok(idx) = idx_str.parse::<u32>() else {
            continue;
        };
        let field = parts.next().unwrap_or("");
        let entry = dims.entry(idx).or_default();
        match field {
            "Name" => entry.0 = Some(v.clone()),
            "Value" => entry.1 = Some(v.clone()),
            _ => {}
        }
    }
    dims.into_values()
        .filter_map(|(name, value)| name.map(|n| (n, value)))
        .collect()
}

/// Validate the length of an optional string param against `[min, max]`.
/// Returns a 4xx on violation. AWS measures length in characters; the
/// conformance probe only sends ASCII so byte length is equivalent here.
pub(crate) fn validate_len(
    req: &AwsRequest,
    param: &str,
    min: usize,
    max: usize,
) -> Result<(), AwsServiceError> {
    if let Some(v) = req.query_params.get(param) {
        let len = v.chars().count();
        if len < min || len > max {
            return Err(invalid_param(format!(
                "{param} length {len} is outside [{min}, {max}]"
            )));
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// Validate an optional integer param against `[min, max]` (inclusive).
pub(crate) fn validate_range_i64(
    req: &AwsRequest,
    param: &str,
    min: i64,
    max: i64,
) -> Result<(), AwsServiceError> {
    if let Some(v) = req.query_params.get(param) {
        if v.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        let n = v
            .parse::<i64>()
            .map_err(|_| invalid_param(format!("{param} must be an integer")))?;
        if n < min || n > max {
            return Err(invalid_param(format!(
                "{param} value {n} is outside [{min}, {max}]"
            )));
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// Validate that an optional param, when present, is one of `allowed`.
pub(crate) fn validate_enum(
    req: &AwsRequest,
    param: &str,
    allowed: &[&str],
) -> Result<(), AwsServiceError> {
    if let Some(v) = req.query_params.get(param) {
        if !v.is_empty() && !allowed.contains(&v.as_str()) {
            return Err(invalid_param(format!("{param} has an invalid value '{v}'")));
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// Collect repeated `<Prefix>.member.N` scalar values, ordered by index.
pub(crate) fn collect_member_values(req: &AwsRequest, prefix: &str) -> Vec<String> {
    let needle = format!("{prefix}.member.");
    let mut by_index: BTreeMap<u32, String> = BTreeMap::new();
    for (k, v) in req.query_params.iter() {
        let Some(rest) = k.strip_prefix(&needle) else {
            continue;
        };
        if let Ok(idx) = rest.parse::<u32>() {
            by_index.insert(idx, v.clone());
        }
    }
    by_index.into_values().collect()
}

/// Parse a `Tags.member.N.Key` / `Tags.member.N.Value` list into a map.
pub(crate) fn parse_tags(req: &AwsRequest, prefix: &str) -> BTreeMap<String, String> {
    let members = collect_indexed(req, prefix);
    let mut out = BTreeMap::new();
    for m in members {
        if let (Some(k), Some(v)) = (m.get("Key"), m.get("Value")) {
            out.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
        }
    }
    out
}

pub(crate) fn xml_escape(s: &str) -> String {
    s.replace('&', "&amp;")
        .replace('<', "&lt;")
        .replace('>', "&gt;")
        .replace('"', "&quot;")
        .replace('\'', "&apos;")
}

/// Encode a pagination offset into an opaque base64 NextToken.
pub(crate) fn encode_offset_token(offset: usize) -> String {
    use base64::Engine;
    base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(format!("offset:{offset}"))
}

/// Decode a NextToken produced by [`encode_offset_token`]. Returns 0 for an
/// absent or unparseable token (AWS rejects bad tokens, but treating it as the
/// first page is friendlier and never loses data).
pub(crate) fn decode_offset_token(token: Option<&String>) -> usize {
    use base64::Engine;
    let Some(token) = token else {
        return 0;
    };
    base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD
        .decode(token)
        .ok()
        .and_then(|b| String::from_utf8(b).ok())
        .and_then(|s| s.strip_prefix("offset:").map(|n| n.to_string()))
        .and_then(|n| n.parse::<usize>().ok())
        .unwrap_or(0)
}

/// Parse an input timestamp, accepting either RFC3339 (the query-protocol
/// form) or a numeric epoch-seconds value (which JSON-protocol / X-Amz-Target
/// callers send). Previously only RFC3339 was accepted, so an epoch-second
/// timestamp was silently dropped or rejected.
pub(crate) fn parse_input_timestamp(s: &str) -> Option<DateTime<Utc>> {
    let s = s.trim();
    if let Ok(dt) = DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(s) {
        return Some(dt.with_timezone(&Utc));
    }
    // Epoch seconds (optionally fractional).
    if let Ok(secs) = s.parse::<f64>() {
        if secs.is_finite() {
            let whole = secs.trunc() as i64;
            let nanos = (secs.fract().abs() * 1_000_000_000.0).round() as u32;
            return DateTime::<Utc>::from_timestamp(whole, nanos);
        }
    }
    None
}

/// Per-datapoint aggregation summary covering both the simple `Value` form
/// and the `StatisticValues` form so callers don't lose the count or
/// min/max baked into a `StatisticSet`.
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct DatumStats {
    sum: f64,
    min: f64,
    max: f64,
    count: f64,
}

fn datum_stats(d: &MetricDatum) -> Option<DatumStats> {
    if let Some(v) = d.value {
        return Some(DatumStats {
            sum: v,
            min: v,
            max: v,
            count: 1.0,
        });
    }
    if let Some(s) = &d.statistic_values {
        return Some(DatumStats {
            sum: s.sum,
            min: s.minimum,
            max: s.maximum,
            count: s.sample_count,
        });
    }
    None
}

fn merge_stats(acc: &mut DatumStats, other: DatumStats) {
    acc.sum += other.sum;
    acc.count += other.count;
    if other.min < acc.min {
        acc.min = other.min;
    }
    if other.max > acc.max {
        acc.max = other.max;
    }
}

fn stat_value(stat: &str, agg: DatumStats) -> Option<f64> {
    match stat {
        "Sum" => Some(agg.sum),
        "Average" => {
            if agg.count > 0.0 {
                Some(agg.sum / agg.count)
            } else {
                None
            }
        }
        "Minimum" => Some(agg.min),
        "Maximum" => Some(agg.max),
        "SampleCount" => Some(agg.count),
        _ => None,
    }
}

/// Parse an extended statistic / percentile stat like `p99` or `p99.9` into the
/// percentile in `[0, 100]`. Returns `None` for anything that isn't a `pNN`
/// form (so callers can fall through to the simple statistics).
pub(crate) fn parse_percentile(stat: &str) -> Option<f64> {
    let rest = stat.strip_prefix('p').or_else(|| stat.strip_prefix('P'))?;
    let p = rest.parse::<f64>().ok()?;
    if (0.0..=100.0).contains(&p) {
        Some(p)
    } else {
        None
    }
}

/// Linear-interpolation percentile over a pre-sorted sample slice. Uses the
/// common `rank = p/100 * (n-1)` method — close enough to CloudWatch's
/// percentile for fakecloud's purposes.
pub(crate) fn percentile(sorted: &[f64], p: f64) -> Option<f64> {
    if sorted.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    if sorted.len() == 1 {
        return Some(sorted[0]);
    }
    let rank = (p / 100.0) * (sorted.len() as f64 - 1.0);
    let lo = rank.floor() as usize;
    let hi = rank.ceil() as usize;
    if lo == hi {
        return Some(sorted[lo]);
    }
    let frac = rank - lo as f64;
    Some(sorted[lo] + (sorted[hi] - sorted[lo]) * frac)
}

/// One period bucket of a metric series: the merged [`DatumStats`], the
/// individual `value` samples (used for percentiles — distributions published
/// as `StatisticValues` don't retain their raw values so they don't
/// contribute), and the bucket's unit when consistent.
pub(crate) struct MetricBucket {
    agg: DatumStats,
    pub(crate) samples: Vec<f64>,
    unit: Option<String>,
}

/// Resolve a single statistic (simple, e.g. `Sum`, or percentile, e.g. `p99`)
/// for one bucket. `samples` must be sorted ascending.
pub(crate) fn resolve_stat(
    stat: &str,
    bucket: &MetricBucket,
    samples_sorted: &[f64],
) -> Option<f64> {
    if let Some(p) = parse_percentile(stat) {
        return percentile(samples_sorted, p);
    }
    stat_value(stat, bucket.agg)
}

/// Collect a metric's datapoints into period buckets, matching dimensions
/// EXACTLY (an empty filter matches only dimensionless data, the way AWS treats
/// each distinct dimension combination as its own metric) and, when a unit
/// filter is set, only datapoints published with that unit.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
pub(crate) fn collect_metric_buckets(
    data: &[MetricDatum],
    metric_name: &str,
    dim_filter: &BTreeMap<String, String>,
    unit_filter: Option<&str>,
    period: i64,
    start_ts: DateTime<Utc>,
    end_ts: DateTime<Utc>,
) -> BTreeMap<DateTime<Utc>, MetricBucket> {
    let mut buckets: BTreeMap<DateTime<Utc>, MetricBucket> = BTreeMap::new();
    for d in data.iter() {
        if d.metric_name != metric_name {
            continue;
        }
        if let Some(uf) = unit_filter {
            if d.unit.as_deref().unwrap_or("None") != uf {
                continue;
            }
        }
        // Exact dimension-set equality: each unique dimension combination is a
        // distinct metric, so a subset never matches and an empty filter only
        // matches data published with no dimensions.
        if &d.dimensions != dim_filter {
            continue;
        }
        if d.timestamp < start_ts || d.timestamp >= end_ts {
            continue;
        }
        let Some(stats) = datum_stats(d) else {
            continue;
        };
        let secs = d.timestamp.timestamp();
        let bucket_secs = secs - secs.rem_euclid(period);
        let bucket_ts = DateTime::<Utc>::from_timestamp(bucket_secs, 0).unwrap_or(d.timestamp);
        match buckets.get_mut(&bucket_ts) {
            Some(bucket) => {
                merge_stats(&mut bucket.agg, stats);
                if bucket.unit != d.unit {
                    bucket.unit = None;
                }
                if let Some(v) = d.value {
                    bucket.samples.push(v);
                }
            }
            None => {
                buckets.insert(
                    bucket_ts,
                    MetricBucket {
                        agg: stats,
                        samples: d.value.map(|v| vec![v]).unwrap_or_default(),
                        unit: d.unit.clone(),
                    },
                );
            }
        }
    }
    buckets
}

pub(crate) fn render_dimensions(dims: &BTreeMap<String, String>) -> String {
    let mut s = String::from("<Dimensions>");
    for (name, value) in dims.iter() {
        s.push_str(&format!(
            "<member><Name>{}</Name><Value>{}</Value></member>",
            xml_escape(name),
            xml_escape(value),
        ));
    }
    s.push_str("</Dimensions>");
    s
}

impl CloudWatchService {
    fn put_metric_data(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        let namespace = required_query_param(req, "Namespace")?;
        let members = collect_indexed(req, "MetricData");
        if members.is_empty() {
            return Err(invalid_param(
                "PutMetricData requires at least one MetricData entry",
            ));
        }

        let now = Utc::now();
        let mut state = self.state.write();
        let acct = state.get_or_create(&req.account_id);
        let metrics_map = acct.metrics_in_mut(&req.region);
        let bucket = metrics_map.entry(namespace.clone()).or_default();

        for member in members {
            let metric_name = member
                .get("MetricName")
                .cloned()
                .ok_or_else(|| invalid_param("MetricData.member.N.MetricName is required"))?;
            let value = member
                .get("Value")
                .map(|s| s.parse::<f64>())
                .transpose()
                .map_err(|_| invalid_param("Value must be a valid number"))?;
            let timestamp = member
                .get("Timestamp")
                .and_then(|s| parse_input_timestamp(s))
                .unwrap_or(now);
            let unit = member.get("Unit").cloned();
            let storage_resolution = member
                .get("StorageResolution")
                .and_then(|s| s.parse::<i64>().ok());
            let dimensions = parse_dimensions(&member, "Dimensions");

            let statistic_values = if let (Some(sc), Some(sum), Some(min), Some(max)) = (
                member.get("StatisticValues.SampleCount"),
                member.get("StatisticValues.Sum"),
                member.get("StatisticValues.Minimum"),
                member.get("StatisticValues.Maximum"),
            ) {
                Some(StatisticSet {
                    sample_count: sc.parse::<f64>().map_err(|_| {
                        invalid_param("StatisticValues.SampleCount must be a number")
                    })?,
                    sum: sum
                        .parse::<f64>()
                        .map_err(|_| invalid_param("StatisticValues.Sum must be a number"))?,
                    minimum: min
                        .parse::<f64>()
                        .map_err(|_| invalid_param("StatisticValues.Minimum must be a number"))?,
                    maximum: max
                        .parse::<f64>()
                        .map_err(|_| invalid_param("StatisticValues.Maximum must be a number"))?,
                })
            } else {
                None
            };

            // A `Values`/`Counts` value-distribution is collapsed into a
            // StatisticSet (which the statistics path already aggregates), so
            // the common histogram publish path stops 400-ing.
            let statistic_values = match statistic_values {
                Some(s) => Some(s),
                None => values_counts_statistic(&member)?,
            };

            if value.is_none() && statistic_values.is_none() {
                return Err(invalid_param(
                    "MetricData entry must supply either Value, StatisticValues, or Values",
                ));
            }

            bucket.push(MetricDatum {
                metric_name,
                dimensions,
                timestamp,
                value,
                statistic_values,
                unit,
                storage_resolution,
            });
        }

        Ok(empty_metadata_response("PutMetricData", &req.request_id))
    }

    fn list_metrics(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        validate_len(req, "Namespace", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "MetricName", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "OwningAccount", 1, 255)?;
        validate_enum(req, "RecentlyActive", &["PT3H"])?;
        let namespace = optional_query_param(req, "Namespace");
        let metric_name = optional_query_param(req, "MetricName");
        let dim_filter = parse_dimension_filters(req, "Dimensions");
        // ListMetrics has no MaxResults param — AWS caps each page at 500 and
        // round-trips a NextToken.
        const LIST_METRICS_PAGE: usize = 500;
        let offset = decode_offset_token(req.query_params.get("NextToken"));

        let state = self.state.read();
        // Flatten every distinct (namespace, metric, dims) into a stable,
        // ordered list so the offset token is deterministic across pages.
        let mut all: Vec<(String, String, BTreeMap<String, String>)> = Vec::new();
        if let Some(acct) = state.get(&req.account_id) {
            if let Some(map) = acct.metrics_in(&req.region) {
                for (ns, data) in map.iter() {
                    if let Some(filter_ns) = namespace.as_ref() {
                        if ns != filter_ns {
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                    let mut seen: BTreeMap<(String, BTreeMap<String, String>), ()> =
                        BTreeMap::new();
                    for d in data.iter() {
                        if let Some(filter_name) = metric_name.as_ref() {
                            if &d.metric_name != filter_name {
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                        // ListMetrics filters by dimension containment (a metric
                        // matches if it carries all the requested filters),
                        // unlike the exact-set match used by the statistics
                        // APIs. A name-only DimensionFilter matches any value.
                        if !dim_filter.is_empty()
                            && !dim_filter.iter().all(|(k, v)| match v {
                                Some(val) => d.dimensions.get(k) == Some(val),
                                None => d.dimensions.contains_key(k),
                            })
                        {
                            continue;
                        }
                        seen.insert((d.metric_name.clone(), d.dimensions.clone()), ());
                    }
                    for ((name, dims), _) in seen {
                        all.push((ns.clone(), name, dims));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let page = all.iter().skip(offset).take(LIST_METRICS_PAGE);
        let mut out = String::from("<Metrics>");
        {
            for (ns, name, dims) in page {
                out.push_str("<member>");
                out.push_str(&format!("<Namespace>{}</Namespace>", xml_escape(ns)));
                out.push_str(&format!("<MetricName>{}</MetricName>", xml_escape(name)));
                out.push_str(&render_dimensions(dims));
                out.push_str("</member>");
            }
        }
        out.push_str("</Metrics>");
        if offset + LIST_METRICS_PAGE < all.len() {
            out.push_str(&format!(
                "<NextToken>{}</NextToken>",
                encode_offset_token(offset + LIST_METRICS_PAGE)
            ));
        }

        Ok(xml_response("ListMetrics", &out, &req.request_id))
    }

    fn get_metric_statistics(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        let namespace = required_query_param(req, "Namespace")?;
        let metric_name = required_query_param(req, "MetricName")?;
        let start = required_query_param(req, "StartTime")?;
        let end = required_query_param(req, "EndTime")?;
        let period = required_query_param(req, "Period")?
            .parse::<i64>()
            .map_err(|_| invalid_param("Period must be an integer"))?;
        if period <= 0 {
            return Err(invalid_param("Period must be positive"));
        }
        let start_ts = parse_input_timestamp(&start)
            .ok_or_else(|| invalid_param("StartTime must be ISO 8601 or epoch seconds"))?;
        let end_ts = parse_input_timestamp(&end)
            .ok_or_else(|| invalid_param("EndTime must be ISO 8601 or epoch seconds"))?;

        let mut statistics: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
        let mut extended_statistics: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
        for (k, v) in req.query_params.iter() {
            if k.starts_with("Statistics.member.") {
                statistics.push(v.clone());
            } else if k.starts_with("ExtendedStatistics.member.") {
                extended_statistics.push(v.clone());
            }
        }
        if statistics.is_empty() && extended_statistics.is_empty() {
            return Err(invalid_param(
                "At least one of Statistics or ExtendedStatistics is required",
            ));
        }

        let dim_filter = parse_dimensions_query(req, "Dimensions");
        // When a Unit is given, only datapoints published with that exact unit
        // are aggregated (AWS treats an unspecified unit as "None"); otherwise
        // mixing units gives a meaningless statistic.
        let unit_filter = req.query_params.get("Unit").cloned();

        let state = self.state.read();
        // (timestamp, simple stats, extended/percentile stats, unit)
        type StatPoint = (
            DateTime<Utc>,
            BTreeMap<String, f64>,
            Vec<(String, f64)>,
            Option<String>,
        );
        let mut datapoints: Vec<StatPoint> = Vec::new();
        if let Some(acct) = state.get(&req.account_id) {
            if let Some(map) = acct.metrics_in(&req.region) {
                if let Some(data) = map.get(&namespace) {
                    let buckets = collect_metric_buckets(
                        data,
                        &metric_name,
                        &dim_filter,
                        unit_filter.as_deref(),
                        period,
                        start_ts,
                        end_ts,
                    );
                    for (ts, bucket) in buckets {
                        let mut sorted = bucket.samples.clone();
                        sorted
                            .sort_by(|a, b| a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal));
                        let mut simple = BTreeMap::new();
                        for stat in statistics.iter() {
                            if let Some(v) = resolve_stat(stat, &bucket, &sorted) {
                                simple.insert(stat.clone(), v);
                            }
                        }
                        let mut extended = Vec::new();
                        for stat in extended_statistics.iter() {
                            if let Some(v) = resolve_stat(stat, &bucket, &sorted) {
                                extended.push((stat.clone(), v));
                            }
                        }
                        let unit = unit_filter.clone().or(bucket.unit);
                        datapoints.push((ts, simple, extended, unit));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let mut inner = format!("<Label>{}</Label>", xml_escape(&metric_name));
        inner.push_str("<Datapoints>");
        for (ts, simple, extended, unit) in datapoints {
            inner.push_str("<member>");
            inner.push_str(&format!(
                "<Timestamp>{}</Timestamp>",
                ts.to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Millis, true)
            ));
            for (name, value) in simple {
                inner.push_str(&format!("<{name}>{value}</{name}>"));
            }
            if !extended.is_empty() {
                inner.push_str("<ExtendedStatistics>");
                for (name, value) in extended {
                    inner.push_str(&format!(
                        "<entry><key>{}</key><value>{}</value></entry>",
                        xml_escape(&name),
                        value
                    ));
                }
                inner.push_str("</ExtendedStatistics>");
            }
            if let Some(u) = unit {
                inner.push_str(&format!("<Unit>{}</Unit>", xml_escape(&u)));
            }
            inner.push_str("</member>");
        }
        inner.push_str("</Datapoints>");

        Ok(xml_response("GetMetricStatistics", &inner, &req.request_id))
    }

    fn get_metric_data(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        validate_enum(
            req,
            "ScanBy",
            &["TimestampDescending", "TimestampAscending"],
        )?;
        let start = required_query_param(req, "StartTime")?;
        let end = required_query_param(req, "EndTime")?;
        let start_ts = parse_input_timestamp(&start)
            .ok_or_else(|| invalid_param("StartTime must be ISO 8601 or epoch seconds"))?;
        let end_ts = parse_input_timestamp(&end)
            .ok_or_else(|| invalid_param("EndTime must be ISO 8601 or epoch seconds"))?;

        // Default ScanBy is TimestampDescending (newest first); callers read
        // Values[0] as the latest datapoint. The bucket map is ascending, so
        // reverse unless the caller asked for TimestampAscending.
        let descending = req
            .query_params
            .get("ScanBy")
            .map(|s| s != "TimestampAscending")
            .unwrap_or(true);

        // GetMetricData declares only InvalidNextToken, so it never rejects an
        // empty / malformed query list with a 4xx — it returns empty results.
        let queries = collect_indexed(req, "MetricDataQueries");

        let state = self.state.read();

        // First pass: compute every MetricStat query into an aligned series so
        // later Expression queries can reference them by id.
        let mut series_by_id: BTreeMap<String, crate::metric_math::Series> = BTreeMap::new();
        for q in &queries {
            let id = q.get("Id").cloned().unwrap_or_default();
            let Some(metric_name) = q.get("MetricStat.Metric.MetricName") else {
                continue;
            };
            let Some(namespace) = q.get("MetricStat.Metric.Namespace") else {
                continue;
            };
            let stat = q
                .get("MetricStat.Stat")
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or_else(|| "Sum".to_string());
            let period: i64 = q
                .get("MetricStat.Period")
                .and_then(|s| s.parse::<i64>().ok())
                .filter(|p| *p > 0)
                .unwrap_or(60);
            let unit_filter = q.get("MetricStat.Unit").cloned();
            let dim_filter = parse_dimensions(q, "MetricStat.Metric.Dimensions");

            let mut series = crate::metric_math::Series::new();
            if let Some(acct) = state.get(&req.account_id) {
                if let Some(map) = acct.metrics_in(&req.region) {
                    if let Some(data) = map.get(namespace) {
                        let buckets = collect_metric_buckets(
                            data,
                            metric_name,
                            &dim_filter,
                            unit_filter.as_deref(),
                            period,
                            start_ts,
                            end_ts,
                        );
                        for (ts, bucket) in buckets {
                            let mut sorted = bucket.samples.clone();
                            sorted.sort_by(|a, b| {
                                a.partial_cmp(b).unwrap_or(std::cmp::Ordering::Equal)
                            });
                            if let Some(v) = resolve_stat(&stat, &bucket, &sorted) {
                                series.insert(ts, v);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            series_by_id.insert(id, series);
        }

        // Second pass: emit a result for each query that returns data (default
        // true), evaluating Expression queries against the computed series.
        let mut inner = String::from("<MetricDataResults>");
        for q in &queries {
            let id = q.get("Id").cloned().unwrap_or_default();
            let label = q.get("Label").cloned().unwrap_or_else(|| id.clone());
            let return_data = q
                .get("ReturnData")
                .map(|s| !s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("false"))
                .unwrap_or(true);
            if !return_data {
                continue;
            }

            let mut error_message: Option<String> = None;
            let series: crate::metric_math::Series = if let Some(expr) = q.get("Expression") {
                match crate::metric_math::evaluate(expr, &series_by_id) {
                    Ok(s) => s,
                    Err(e) => {
                        error_message = Some(e);
                        crate::metric_math::Series::new()
                    }
                }
            } else {
                series_by_id.get(&id).cloned().unwrap_or_default()
            };

            let mut timestamps: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
            let mut values: Vec<f64> = Vec::new();
            for (ts, v) in series.iter() {
                timestamps.push(ts.to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Millis, true));
                values.push(*v);
            }
            if descending {
                timestamps.reverse();
                values.reverse();
            }

            inner.push_str("<member>");
            inner.push_str(&format!("<Id>{}</Id>", xml_escape(&id)));
            inner.push_str(&format!("<Label>{}</Label>", xml_escape(&label)));
            inner.push_str("<Timestamps>");
            for ts in &timestamps {
                inner.push_str(&format!("<member>{ts}</member>"));
            }
            inner.push_str("</Timestamps>");
            inner.push_str("<Values>");
            for v in &values {
                inner.push_str(&format!("<member>{v}</member>"));
            }
            inner.push_str("</Values>");
            if let Some(msg) = error_message {
                inner.push_str("<StatusCode>InternalError</StatusCode>");
                inner.push_str("<Messages><member>");
                inner.push_str("<Code>Error</Code>");
                inner.push_str(&format!("<Value>{}</Value>", xml_escape(&msg)));
                inner.push_str("</member></Messages>");
            } else {
                inner.push_str("<StatusCode>Complete</StatusCode>");
            }
            inner.push_str("</member>");
        }
        inner.push_str("</MetricDataResults>");
        inner.push_str("<Messages></Messages>");

        Ok(xml_response("GetMetricData", &inner, &req.request_id))
    }

    fn put_metric_alarm(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        // Only `AlarmName` is required by the Smithy contract; the op declares
        // no validation errors, so ComparisonOperator / EvaluationPeriods are
        // accepted with sensible defaults rather than rejected. Constraint
        // violations still produce a 4xx, which the probe accepts as AnyError
        // for the negative variants.
        validate_len(req, "AlarmName", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "AlarmDescription", 0, 1024)?;
        validate_len(req, "MetricName", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "Namespace", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "EvaluateLowSampleCountPercentile", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "TreatMissingData", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "ThresholdMetricId", 1, 255)?;
        validate_range_i64(req, "EvaluationPeriods", 1, i64::MAX)?;
        validate_range_i64(req, "DatapointsToAlarm", 1, i64::MAX)?;
        validate_range_i64(req, "Period", 1, i64::MAX)?;
        validate_range_i64(req, "EvaluationInterval", 10, 3600)?;
        validate_enum(
            req,
            "ComparisonOperator",
            &[
                "GreaterThanOrEqualToThreshold",
                "GreaterThanThreshold",
                "GreaterThanUpperThreshold",
                "LessThanLowerOrGreaterThanUpperThreshold",
                "LessThanLowerThreshold",
                "LessThanOrEqualToThreshold",
                "LessThanThreshold",
            ],
        )?;
        validate_enum(
            req,
            "Statistic",
            &["Average", "Maximum", "Minimum", "SampleCount", "Sum"],
        )?;
        validate_enum(req, "Unit", STANDARD_UNITS)?;
        let alarm_name = required_query_param(req, "AlarmName")?;
        let comparison = optional_query_param(req, "ComparisonOperator")
            .unwrap_or_else(|| "GreaterThanThreshold".to_string());
        let evaluation_periods = optional_query_param(req, "EvaluationPeriods")
            .and_then(|s| s.parse::<i64>().ok())
            .unwrap_or(1);

        let alarm_description = optional_query_param(req, "AlarmDescription");
        let actions_enabled = optional_query_param(req, "ActionsEnabled")
            .map(|s| s.eq_ignore_ascii_case("true"))
            .unwrap_or(true);

        let metric_name = optional_query_param(req, "MetricName");
        let namespace = optional_query_param(req, "Namespace");
        let statistic = optional_query_param(req, "Statistic");
        let extended_statistic = optional_query_param(req, "ExtendedStatistic");
        let period = optional_query_param(req, "Period").and_then(|s| s.parse::<i64>().ok());
        let unit = optional_query_param(req, "Unit");
        let datapoints_to_alarm =
            optional_query_param(req, "DatapointsToAlarm").and_then(|s| s.parse::<i64>().ok());
        let threshold = optional_query_param(req, "Threshold").and_then(|s| s.parse::<f64>().ok());
        let treat_missing_data = optional_query_param(req, "TreatMissingData");
        let evaluate_low_sample_count_percentile =
            optional_query_param(req, "EvaluateLowSampleCountPercentile");
        // Anomaly-detection alarms reference a metric-math id instead of a
        // static Threshold; previously accepted then dropped (1.24).
        let threshold_metric_id = optional_query_param(req, "ThresholdMetricId");
        let dimensions = parse_dimensions_query(req, "Dimensions");
        // `Metrics` — the metric-math / cross-account alarm definition. Parsed
        // from the flat `Metrics.member.N.*` params and persisted so
        // DescribeAlarms can echo it back (previously silently dropped).
        let metrics = parse_alarm_metrics(req);
        // Inline `Tags` on PutMetricAlarm land in the same ARN-keyed tag store
        // as TagResource, so ListTagsForResource returns them.
        let inline_tags = parse_tags(req, "Tags");

        let mut ok_actions = Vec::new();
        let mut alarm_actions = Vec::new();
        let mut insufficient_data_actions = Vec::new();
        for (k, v) in req.query_params.iter() {
            if k.starts_with("OKActions.member.") {
                ok_actions.push(v.clone());
            } else if k.starts_with("AlarmActions.member.") {
                alarm_actions.push(v.clone());
            } else if k.starts_with("InsufficientDataActions.member.") {
                insufficient_data_actions.push(v.clone());
            }
        }

        let arn = format!(
            "arn:aws:cloudwatch:{}:{}:alarm:{}",
            req.region, req.account_id, alarm_name
        );
        let now = Utc::now();

        let mut state = self.state.write();
        let acct = state.get_or_create(&req.account_id);
        let alarms = acct.alarms_in_mut(&req.region);
        let existing = alarms.get(&alarm_name).cloned();
        let alarm = MetricAlarm {
            alarm_name: alarm_name.clone(),
            alarm_arn: arn,
            alarm_description,
            actions_enabled,
            ok_actions,
            alarm_actions,
            insufficient_data_actions,
            state_value: existing
                .as_ref()
                .map(|a| a.state_value)
                .unwrap_or(AlarmState::InsufficientData),
            state_reason: existing
                .as_ref()
                .map(|a| a.state_reason.clone())
                .unwrap_or_else(|| "Unchecked: Initial alarm creation".to_string()),
            state_updated_timestamp: existing
                .as_ref()
                .map(|a| a.state_updated_timestamp)
                .unwrap_or(now),
            metric_name,
            namespace,
            statistic,
            extended_statistic,
            dimensions,
            period,
            unit,
            evaluation_periods,
            datapoints_to_alarm,
            threshold,
            comparison_operator: comparison,
            treat_missing_data,
            evaluate_low_sample_count_percentile,
            threshold_metric_id,
            configuration_updated_timestamp: existing
                .as_ref()
                .map(|a| a.configuration_updated_timestamp)
                .unwrap_or(now),
            alarm_configuration_updated_timestamp: now,
            metrics,
        };
        let alarm_arn = alarm.alarm_arn.clone();
        let history_name = alarm_name.clone();
        let created = existing.is_none();
        alarms.insert(alarm_name, alarm);

        // Persist inline Tags into the ARN-keyed tag store, but ONLY on create.
        // AWS ignores the inline Tags param when PutMetricAlarm updates an
        // existing alarm; tags on an existing alarm are managed via
        // TagResource / UntagResource.
        if created && !inline_tags.is_empty() {
            let bucket = acct.tags.entry(alarm_arn).or_default();
            for (k, v) in inline_tags {
                bucket.insert(k, v);
            }
        }

        let summary = if created {
            format!("Alarm \"{history_name}\" created")
        } else {
            format!("Alarm \"{history_name}\" updated")
        };
        let history_data = "{\"type\":\"Update\",\"version\":\"1.0\"}".to_string();
        push_alarm_history(
            acct,
            &req.region,
            &history_name,
            "MetricAlarm",
            "ConfigurationUpdate",
            summary,
            history_data,
        );

        Ok(empty_metadata_response("PutMetricAlarm", &req.request_id))
    }

    fn describe_alarms(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        let mut filter_names: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
        for (k, v) in req.query_params.iter() {
            if k.starts_with("AlarmNames.member.") {
                filter_names.push(v.clone());
            }
        }
        validate_len(req, "AlarmNamePrefix", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "ActionPrefix", 1, 1024)?;
        validate_len(req, "ChildrenOfAlarmName", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "ParentsOfAlarmName", 1, 255)?;
        validate_range_i64(req, "MaxRecords", 1, 100)?;
        validate_enum(req, "StateValue", &["OK", "ALARM", "INSUFFICIENT_DATA"])?;
        let prefix = optional_query_param(req, "AlarmNamePrefix");
        let state_filter = optional_query_param(req, "StateValue");
        let action_prefix = optional_query_param(req, "ActionPrefix");
        // AWS caps DescribeAlarms at 100 records per page (MaxRecords range
        // 1..100) and round-trips a NextToken across the combined metric +
        // composite alarm result set.
        let max_records = optional_query_param(req, "MaxRecords")
            .and_then(|s| s.parse::<usize>().ok())
            .filter(|n| *n > 0)
            .unwrap_or(100);
        let offset = decode_offset_token(req.query_params.get("NextToken"));

        // `false` = metric alarm, `true` = composite alarm; rendered lazily
        // after the slice so we only stringify the page.
        let matches = |name: &str, sv: &str, actions: [&[String]; 3]| -> bool {
            if !filter_names.is_empty() && !filter_names.contains(&name.to_string()) {
                return false;
            }
            if let Some(p) = prefix.as_ref() {
                if !name.starts_with(p) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            if let Some(want) = state_filter.as_ref() {
                if sv != want {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            if let Some(ap) = action_prefix.as_ref() {
                let any = actions
                    .iter()
                    .flat_map(|a| a.iter())
                    .any(|a| a.starts_with(ap));
                if !any {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            true
        };

        // Recompute alarm states from the metric data (and composite rules)
        // before rendering, so a PutMetricData that crosses a threshold is
        // reflected here and a composite alarm mirrors its children.
        let mut state = self.state.write();
        if let Some(acct) = state.accounts.get_mut(&req.account_id) {
            crate::alarm_eval::evaluate_alarms(acct, &req.region, Utc::now());
        }
        let mut combined: Vec<(bool, String)> = Vec::new();
        if let Some(acct) = state.get(&req.account_id) {
            if let Some(alarms) = acct.alarms_in(&req.region) {
                for alarm in alarms.values() {
                    if matches(
                        &alarm.alarm_name,
                        alarm.state_value.as_str(),
                        [
                            &alarm.alarm_actions,
                            &alarm.ok_actions,
                            &alarm.insufficient_data_actions,
                        ],
                    ) {
                        combined.push((false, render_alarm(alarm)));
                    }
                }
            }
            if let Some(composites) = acct.composite_alarms_in(&req.region) {
                for alarm in composites.values() {
                    if matches(
                        &alarm.alarm_name,
                        alarm.state_value.as_str(),
                        [
                            &alarm.alarm_actions,
                            &alarm.ok_actions,
                            &alarm.insufficient_data_actions,
                        ],
                    ) {
                        combined
                            .push((true, crate::composite_alarms::render_composite_alarm(alarm)));
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let page: Vec<&(bool, String)> = combined.iter().skip(offset).take(max_records).collect();
        let mut inner = String::from("<MetricAlarms>");
        for (is_composite, body) in &page {
            if !*is_composite {
                inner.push_str(body);
            }
        }
        inner.push_str("</MetricAlarms>");
        inner.push_str("<CompositeAlarms>");
        for (is_composite, body) in &page {
            if *is_composite {
                inner.push_str(body);
            }
        }
        inner.push_str("</CompositeAlarms>");
        if offset + max_records < combined.len() {
            inner.push_str(&format!(
                "<NextToken>{}</NextToken>",
                encode_offset_token(offset + max_records)
            ));
        }

        Ok(xml_response("DescribeAlarms", &inner, &req.request_id))
    }

    fn describe_alarms_for_metric(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        validate_len(req, "MetricName", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "Namespace", 1, 255)?;
        validate_range_i64(req, "Period", 1, i64::MAX)?;
        validate_enum(
            req,
            "Statistic",
            &["Average", "Maximum", "Minimum", "SampleCount", "Sum"],
        )?;
        validate_enum(req, "Unit", STANDARD_UNITS)?;
        let metric_name = required_query_param(req, "MetricName")?;
        let namespace = required_query_param(req, "Namespace")?;
        let dim_filter = parse_dimensions_query(req, "Dimensions");

        let state = self.state.read();
        let mut inner = String::from("<MetricAlarms>");
        if let Some(acct) = state.get(&req.account_id) {
            if let Some(alarms) = acct.alarms_in(&req.region) {
                for alarm in alarms.values() {
                    if alarm.metric_name.as_deref() != Some(&metric_name) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    if alarm.namespace.as_deref() != Some(&namespace) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    if !dim_filter.is_empty() && alarm.dimensions != dim_filter {
                        continue;
                    }
                    inner.push_str(&render_alarm(alarm));
                }
            }
        }
        inner.push_str("</MetricAlarms>");

        Ok(xml_response(
            "DescribeAlarmsForMetric",
            &inner,
            &req.request_id,
        ))
    }

    fn delete_alarms(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        // AlarmNames is required, but an empty list serialises to zero wire
        // params and DeleteAlarms declares only ResourceNotFound — so an empty
        // set is a no-op rather than an undeclared 4xx.
        let mut names: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
        for (k, v) in req.query_params.iter() {
            if k.starts_with("AlarmNames.member.") {
                names.push(v.clone());
            }
        }

        let mut state = self.state.write();
        let acct = state.get_or_create(&req.account_id);
        for name in &names {
            acct.alarms_in_mut(&req.region).remove(name);
            acct.composite_alarms_in_mut(&req.region).remove(name);
            // Alarm history is tied to the alarm; AWS drops it when the alarm
            // is deleted, so clear it here rather than orphan stale items.
            acct.alarm_history_in_mut(&req.region).remove(name);
        }

        Ok(empty_metadata_response("DeleteAlarms", &req.request_id))
    }

    fn enable_alarm_actions(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        self.toggle_alarm_actions(req, true, "EnableAlarmActions")
    }

    fn disable_alarm_actions(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        self.toggle_alarm_actions(req, false, "DisableAlarmActions")
    }

    fn toggle_alarm_actions(
        &self,
        req: &AwsRequest,
        enabled: bool,
        action_name: &str,
    ) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        let mut names: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
        for (k, v) in req.query_params.iter() {
            if k.starts_with("AlarmNames.member.") {
                names.push(v.clone());
            }
        }
        let mut state = self.state.write();
        let acct = state.get_or_create(&req.account_id);
        let alarms = acct.alarms_in_mut(&req.region);
        for name in names {
            if let Some(alarm) = alarms.get_mut(&name) {
                alarm.actions_enabled = enabled;
                alarm.alarm_configuration_updated_timestamp = Utc::now();
            }
        }
        Ok(empty_metadata_response(action_name, &req.request_id))
    }

    fn set_alarm_state(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        validate_len(req, "AlarmName", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "StateReason", 0, 1023)?;
        validate_len(req, "StateReasonData", 0, 4000)?;
        let alarm_name = required_query_param(req, "AlarmName")?;
        let state_value = required_query_param(req, "StateValue")?;
        // StateReason is required but allows a zero-length value (min=0). Treat
        // an absent key as missing (declared error) while accepting an empty
        // string as a valid value.
        let state_reason = req
            .query_params
            .get("StateReason")
            .cloned()
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                AwsServiceError::aws_error(
                    StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
                    "MissingParameter",
                    "The request must contain the parameter StateReason.",
                )
            })?;
        let new_state = AlarmState::parse(&state_value)
            .ok_or_else(|| invalid_param("StateValue must be OK | ALARM | INSUFFICIENT_DATA"))?;

        let now = Utc::now();
        let mut state = self.state.write();
        let acct = state.get_or_create(&req.account_id);
        // SetAlarmState can target a metric alarm or a composite alarm; look up
        // the metric store first, then fall back to the composite store.
        let (old_state, alarm_type) =
            if let Some(alarm) = acct.alarms_in_mut(&req.region).get_mut(&alarm_name) {
                let old = alarm.state_value.as_str().to_string();
                alarm.state_value = new_state;
                alarm.state_reason = state_reason.clone();
                alarm.state_updated_timestamp = now;
                (old, "MetricAlarm")
            } else if let Some(composite) = acct
                .composite_alarms_in_mut(&req.region)
                .get_mut(&alarm_name)
            {
                let old = composite.state_value.as_str().to_string();
                composite.state_value = new_state;
                composite.state_reason = state_reason.clone();
                composite.state_updated_timestamp = now;
                (old, "CompositeAlarm")
            } else {
                return Err(AwsServiceError::aws_error(
                    StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
                    "ResourceNotFound",
                    format!("Alarm {alarm_name} not found"),
                ));
            };

        let new_state_str = new_state.as_str().to_string();
        let summary = format!("Alarm updated from {old_state} to {new_state_str}");
        let history_data = format!(
            "{{\"oldState\":{{\"stateValue\":\"{old_state}\"}},\"newState\":{{\"stateValue\":\"{new_state_str}\",\"stateReason\":\"{}\"}}}}",
            state_reason.replace('"', "\\\"")
        );
        push_alarm_history(
            acct,
            &req.region,
            &alarm_name,
            alarm_type,
            "StateUpdate",
            summary,
            history_data,
        );

        Ok(empty_metadata_response("SetAlarmState", &req.request_id))
    }

    fn describe_alarm_history(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        validate_len(req, "AlarmName", 1, 255)?;
        validate_len(req, "AlarmContributorId", 1, 16)?;
        validate_range_i64(req, "MaxRecords", 1, 100)?;
        validate_enum(
            req,
            "HistoryItemType",
            &[
                "ConfigurationUpdate",
                "StateUpdate",
                "Action",
                "AlarmContributorStateUpdate",
                "AlarmContributorAction",
            ],
        )?;
        validate_enum(
            req,
            "ScanBy",
            &["TimestampDescending", "TimestampAscending"],
        )?;
        let alarm_filter = optional_query_param(req, "AlarmName");
        let type_filter = optional_query_param(req, "HistoryItemType");
        let start_date =
            optional_query_param(req, "StartDate").and_then(|s| parse_input_timestamp(&s));
        let end_date = optional_query_param(req, "EndDate").and_then(|s| parse_input_timestamp(&s));
        // DescribeAlarmHistory defaults to TimestampDescending (newest first).
        let descending = req
            .query_params
            .get("ScanBy")
            .map(|s| s != "TimestampAscending")
            .unwrap_or(true);
        let max_records = optional_query_param(req, "MaxRecords")
            .and_then(|s| s.parse::<usize>().ok())
            .filter(|n| *n > 0)
            .unwrap_or(100);
        let offset = decode_offset_token(req.query_params.get("NextToken"));

        let state = self.state.read();
        let mut items: Vec<&AlarmHistoryItem> = Vec::new();
        if let Some(acct) = state.get(&req.account_id) {
            if let Some(history) = acct.alarm_history_in(&req.region) {
                for (name, list) in history.iter() {
                    if let Some(f) = alarm_filter.as_ref() {
                        if name != f {
                            continue;
                        }
                    }
                    for item in list.iter() {
                        if let Some(t) = type_filter.as_ref() {
                            if &item.history_item_type != t {
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                        if let Some(sd) = start_date {
                            if item.timestamp < sd {
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                        if let Some(ed) = end_date {
                            if item.timestamp > ed {
                                continue;
                            }
                        }
                        items.push(item);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        items.sort_by_key(|i| i.timestamp);
        if descending {
            items.reverse();
        }
        let total = items.len();
        let page: Vec<&AlarmHistoryItem> =
            items.into_iter().skip(offset).take(max_records).collect();

        let mut inner = String::from("<AlarmHistoryItems>");
        for item in page {
            inner.push_str("<member>");
            inner.push_str(&format!(
                "<AlarmName>{}</AlarmName>",
                xml_escape(&item.alarm_name)
            ));
            inner.push_str(&format!(
                "<AlarmType>{}</AlarmType>",
                xml_escape(&item.alarm_type)
            ));
            inner.push_str(&format!(
                "<Timestamp>{}</Timestamp>",
                item.timestamp
                    .to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Millis, true)
            ));
            inner.push_str(&format!(
                "<HistoryItemType>{}</HistoryItemType>",
                xml_escape(&item.history_item_type)
            ));
            inner.push_str(&format!(
                "<HistorySummary>{}</HistorySummary>",
                xml_escape(&item.history_summary)
            ));
            inner.push_str(&format!(
                "<HistoryData>{}</HistoryData>",
                xml_escape(&item.history_data)
            ));
            inner.push_str("</member>");
        }
        inner.push_str("</AlarmHistoryItems>");
        if offset + max_records < total {
            inner.push_str(&format!(
                "<NextToken>{}</NextToken>",
                encode_offset_token(offset + max_records)
            ));
        }
        Ok(xml_response(
            "DescribeAlarmHistory",
            &inner,
            &req.request_id,
        ))
    }

    fn put_dashboard(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        let dashboard_name = req
            .query_params
            .get("DashboardName")
            .ok_or_else(|| invalid_param("DashboardName is required"))?
            .clone();
        let body = req
            .query_params
            .get("DashboardBody")
            .ok_or_else(|| invalid_param("DashboardBody is required"))?
            .clone();
        // AWS validates that DashboardBody parses as JSON; we do the same so
        // bad bodies surface a useful error before persisting.
        if serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&body).is_err() {
            return Err(AwsServiceError::aws_error(
                StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
                "InvalidParameterInput",
                "DashboardBody must be a valid JSON object",
            ));
        }
        let arn = format!(
            "arn:aws:cloudwatch::{}:dashboard/{dashboard_name}",
            req.account_id
        );
        let dashboard = Dashboard {
            name: dashboard_name.clone(),
            arn,
            size_bytes: body.len() as i64,
            body,
            last_modified: Utc::now(),
        };
        let mut state = self.state.write();
        let acct = state.get_or_create(&req.account_id);
        acct.dashboards.insert(dashboard_name, dashboard);
        // PutDashboard returns DashboardValidationMessages — empty when the
        // body parses cleanly.
        let inner = String::from("<DashboardValidationMessages/>");
        Ok(xml_response("PutDashboard", &inner, &req.request_id))
    }

    fn get_dashboard(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        let name = req
            .query_params
            .get("DashboardName")
            .ok_or_else(|| invalid_param("DashboardName is required"))?
            .clone();
        let state = self.state.read();
        let dashboard = state
            .get(&req.account_id)
            .and_then(|a| a.dashboards.get(&name))
            .cloned()
            .ok_or_else(|| {
                AwsServiceError::aws_error(
                    StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
                    "ResourceNotFound",
                    format!("Dashboard {name} does not exist"),
                )
            })?;
        let inner = format!(
            "<DashboardArn>{}</DashboardArn><DashboardBody>{}</DashboardBody><DashboardName>{}</DashboardName>",
            xml_escape(&dashboard.arn),
            xml_escape(&dashboard.body),
            xml_escape(&dashboard.name),
        );
        Ok(xml_response("GetDashboard", &inner, &req.request_id))
    }

    fn delete_dashboards(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        let mut names: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
        for (k, v) in req.query_params.iter() {
            if k.starts_with("DashboardNames.member.") {
                names.push(v.clone());
            }
        }
        if names.is_empty() {
            return Err(invalid_param(
                "DashboardNames must contain at least one name",
            ));
        }
        let mut state = self.state.write();
        let acct = state.get_or_create(&req.account_id);
        for n in names {
            acct.dashboards.remove(&n);
        }
        // DeleteDashboards returns an (empty) DeleteDashboardsResult element;
        // the AWS SDK fails to deserialize the response if the result node is
        // absent ("DeleteDashboardsResult node not found").
        let body = format!(
            "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\
             <DeleteDashboardsResponse xmlns=\"{NS}\">\
             <DeleteDashboardsResult/>\
             <ResponseMetadata><RequestId>{}</RequestId></ResponseMetadata>\
             </DeleteDashboardsResponse>",
            req.request_id
        );
        Ok(AwsResponse::xml(StatusCode::OK, body))
    }

    fn list_dashboards(&self, req: &AwsRequest) -> Result<AwsResponse, AwsServiceError> {
        let prefix = req.query_params.get("DashboardNamePrefix").cloned();
        let state = self.state.read();
        let dashboards: Vec<Dashboard> = state
            .get(&req.account_id)
            .map(|a| {
                a.dashboards
                    .values()
                    .filter(|d| prefix.as_ref().is_none_or(|p| d.name.starts_with(p)))
                    .cloned()
                    .collect()
            })
            .unwrap_or_default();
        let mut entries = String::new();
        for d in &dashboards {
            entries.push_str("<member>");
            entries.push_str(&format!(
                "<DashboardArn>{}</DashboardArn><DashboardName>{}</DashboardName><LastModified>{}</LastModified><Size>{}</Size>",
                xml_escape(&d.arn),
                xml_escape(&d.name),
                d.last_modified.to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Millis, true),
                d.size_bytes,
            ));
            entries.push_str("</member>");
        }
        let inner = format!("<DashboardEntries>{entries}</DashboardEntries>");
        Ok(xml_response("ListDashboards", &inner, &req.request_id))
    }
}

/// Append an alarm-history record (newest appended last). Shared by
/// PutMetricAlarm, SetAlarmState and DeleteAlarms so DescribeAlarmHistory
/// reflects real lifecycle transitions.
pub(crate) fn push_alarm_history(
    acct: &mut crate::state::CloudWatchState,
    region: &str,
    alarm_name: &str,
    alarm_type: &str,
    history_item_type: &str,
    history_summary: String,
    history_data: String,
) {
    acct.alarm_history_in_mut(region)
        .entry(alarm_name.to_string())
        .or_default()
        .push(AlarmHistoryItem {
            alarm_name: alarm_name.to_string(),
            alarm_type: alarm_type.to_string(),
            timestamp: Utc::now(),
            history_item_type: history_item_type.to_string(),
            history_summary,
            history_data,
        });
}

fn render_alarm(alarm: &MetricAlarm) -> String {
    let mut s = String::from("<member>");
    s.push_str(&format!(
        "<AlarmName>{}</AlarmName>",
        xml_escape(&alarm.alarm_name)
    ));
    s.push_str(&format!(
        "<AlarmArn>{}</AlarmArn>",
        xml_escape(&alarm.alarm_arn)
    ));
    if let Some(d) = &alarm.alarm_description {
        s.push_str(&format!(
            "<AlarmDescription>{}</AlarmDescription>",
            xml_escape(d)
        ));
    }
    s.push_str(&format!(
        "<ActionsEnabled>{}</ActionsEnabled>",
        alarm.actions_enabled
    ));
    push_action_list(&mut s, "OKActions", &alarm.ok_actions);
    push_action_list(&mut s, "AlarmActions", &alarm.alarm_actions);
    push_action_list(
        &mut s,
        "InsufficientDataActions",
        &alarm.insufficient_data_actions,
    );
    s.push_str(&format!(
        "<StateValue>{}</StateValue>",
        alarm.state_value.as_str()
    ));
    s.push_str(&format!(
        "<StateReason>{}</StateReason>",
        xml_escape(&alarm.state_reason)
    ));
    s.push_str(&format!(
        "<StateUpdatedTimestamp>{}</StateUpdatedTimestamp>",
        alarm
            .state_updated_timestamp
            .to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Millis, true)
    ));
    if let Some(m) = &alarm.metric_name {
        s.push_str(&format!("<MetricName>{}</MetricName>", xml_escape(m)));
    }
    if let Some(n) = &alarm.namespace {
        s.push_str(&format!("<Namespace>{}</Namespace>", xml_escape(n)));
    }
    if let Some(stat) = &alarm.statistic {
        s.push_str(&format!("<Statistic>{}</Statistic>", xml_escape(stat)));
    }
    if let Some(ext) = &alarm.extended_statistic {
        s.push_str(&format!(
            "<ExtendedStatistic>{}</ExtendedStatistic>",
            xml_escape(ext)
        ));
    }
    s.push_str(&render_dimensions(&alarm.dimensions));
    if let Some(p) = alarm.period {
        s.push_str(&format!("<Period>{p}</Period>"));
    }
    if let Some(u) = &alarm.unit {
        s.push_str(&format!("<Unit>{}</Unit>", xml_escape(u)));
    }
    s.push_str(&format!(
        "<EvaluationPeriods>{}</EvaluationPeriods>",
        alarm.evaluation_periods
    ));
    if let Some(d) = alarm.datapoints_to_alarm {
        s.push_str(&format!("<DatapointsToAlarm>{d}</DatapointsToAlarm>"));
    }
    if let Some(t) = alarm.threshold {
        s.push_str(&format!("<Threshold>{t}</Threshold>"));
    }
    if let Some(tid) = &alarm.threshold_metric_id {
        s.push_str(&format!(
            "<ThresholdMetricId>{}</ThresholdMetricId>",
            xml_escape(tid)
        ));
    }
    s.push_str(&format!(
        "<ComparisonOperator>{}</ComparisonOperator>",
        xml_escape(&alarm.comparison_operator)
    ));
    if let Some(t) = &alarm.treat_missing_data {
        s.push_str(&format!(
            "<TreatMissingData>{}</TreatMissingData>",
            xml_escape(t)
        ));
    }
    if let Some(e) = &alarm.evaluate_low_sample_count_percentile {
        s.push_str(&format!(
            "<EvaluateLowSampleCountPercentile>{}</EvaluateLowSampleCountPercentile>",
            xml_escape(e)
        ));
    }
    s.push_str(&format!(
        "<AlarmConfigurationUpdatedTimestamp>{}</AlarmConfigurationUpdatedTimestamp>",
        alarm
            .alarm_configuration_updated_timestamp
            .to_rfc3339_opts(chrono::SecondsFormat::Millis, true)
    ));
    render_alarm_metrics(&mut s, &alarm.metrics);
    s.push_str("</member>");
    s
}

/// Render the `Metrics` (metric-math / cross-account) list of a MetricAlarm.
fn render_alarm_metrics(s: &mut String, metrics: &[AlarmMetricQuery]) {
    if metrics.is_empty() {
        return;
    }
    s.push_str("<Metrics>");
    for q in metrics {
        s.push_str("<member>");
        s.push_str(&format!("<Id>{}</Id>", xml_escape(&q.id)));
        if let Some(stat) = &q.metric_stat {
            s.push_str("<MetricStat>");
            s.push_str("<Metric>");
            if let Some(ns) = &stat.namespace {
                s.push_str(&format!("<Namespace>{}</Namespace>", xml_escape(ns)));
            }
            if let Some(mn) = &stat.metric_name {
                s.push_str(&format!("<MetricName>{}</MetricName>", xml_escape(mn)));
            }
            s.push_str(&render_dimensions(&stat.dimensions));
            s.push_str("</Metric>");
            if let Some(p) = stat.period {
                s.push_str(&format!("<Period>{p}</Period>"));
            }
            if let Some(st) = &stat.stat {
                s.push_str(&format!("<Stat>{}</Stat>", xml_escape(st)));
            }
            if let Some(u) = &stat.unit {
                s.push_str(&format!("<Unit>{}</Unit>", xml_escape(u)));
            }
            s.push_str("</MetricStat>");
        }
        if let Some(e) = &q.expression {
            s.push_str(&format!("<Expression>{}</Expression>", xml_escape(e)));
        }
        if let Some(l) = &q.label {
            s.push_str(&format!("<Label>{}</Label>", xml_escape(l)));
        }
        if let Some(rd) = q.return_data {
            s.push_str(&format!("<ReturnData>{rd}</ReturnData>"));
        }
        if let Some(p) = q.period {
            s.push_str(&format!("<Period>{p}</Period>"));
        }
        if let Some(acct) = &q.account_id {
            s.push_str(&format!("<AccountId>{}</AccountId>", xml_escape(acct)));
        }
        s.push_str("</member>");
    }
    s.push_str("</Metrics>");
}

fn push_action_list(s: &mut String, name: &str, actions: &[String]) {
    s.push_str(&format!("<{name}>"));
    for action in actions {
        s.push_str(&format!("<member>{}</member>", xml_escape(action)));
    }
    s.push_str(&format!("</{name}>"));
}