ext4fs/

lib.rs

#![forbid(unsafe_code)]

pub mod block;
pub mod dir;
pub mod error;
pub mod forensic;
pub mod inode;
pub mod ondisk;
#[cfg(feature = "vfs")]
pub mod vfs;

use block::BlockReader;
use dir::DirReader;
use error::Result;
use inode::InodeReader;
use ondisk::{DirEntry, Inode, Superblock, Timestamp};
use std::io::{Read, Seek};

/// Full inode metadata for the public API.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct InodeMetadata {
    pub ino: u64,
    pub file_type: ondisk::FileType,
    pub mode: u16,
    pub uid: u32,
    pub gid: u32,
    pub size: u64,
    pub links_count: u16,
    pub atime: Timestamp,
    pub mtime: Timestamp,
    pub ctime: Timestamp,
    pub crtime: Timestamp,
    pub dtime: u32,
    pub flags: ondisk::InodeFlags,
    pub generation: u32,
    pub allocated: bool,
}

/// Forensic-grade ext4 filesystem reader.
///
/// Accepts any `Read + Seek` source (raw image file, EWF reader, etc.).
/// Provides both standard filesystem access (tier 1) and forensic operations (tier 2).
pub struct Ext4Fs<R: Read + Seek> {
    dir_reader: DirReader<R>,
}

impl<R: Read + Seek> Ext4Fs<R> {
    /// Open an ext4 filesystem from a Read+Seek source.
    pub fn open(source: R) -> Result<Self> {
        let block_reader = BlockReader::open(source)?;
        let inode_reader = InodeReader::new(block_reader);
        let dir_reader = DirReader::new(inode_reader);
        Ok(Ext4Fs { dir_reader })
    }

    // --- Tier 1: Standard filesystem access ---

    /// Reference to the superblock.
    pub fn superblock(&self) -> &Superblock {
        self.dir_reader.inode_reader().block_reader().superblock()
    }

    /// Read a file's contents by path.
    pub fn read_file(&mut self, path: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        let ino = self.dir_reader.resolve_path(path)?;
        self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut().read_inode_data(ino)
    }

    /// List directory entries by path.
    pub fn read_dir(&mut self, path: &str) -> Result<Vec<DirEntry>> {
        let ino = self.dir_reader.resolve_path(path)?;
        self.dir_reader.read_dir(ino)
    }

    /// Get full metadata for a path.
    pub fn metadata(&mut self, path: &str) -> Result<InodeMetadata> {
        let ino = self.dir_reader.resolve_path(path)?;
        let inode = self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut().read_inode(ino)?;
        let allocated = self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut().is_inode_allocated(ino)?;
        Ok(InodeMetadata {
            ino,
            file_type: inode.file_type(),
            mode: inode.mode,
            uid: inode.uid,
            gid: inode.gid,
            size: inode.size,
            links_count: inode.links_count,
            atime: inode.atime,
            mtime: inode.mtime,
            ctime: inode.ctime,
            crtime: inode.crtime,
            dtime: inode.dtime,
            flags: inode.flags,
            generation: inode.generation,
            allocated,
        })
    }

    /// Read a symlink's target by path.
    pub fn symlink_target(&mut self, path: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        let ino = self.dir_reader.resolve_path(path)?;
        self.dir_reader.read_link(ino)
    }

    /// Check if a path exists.
    pub fn exists(&mut self, path: &str) -> Result<bool> {
        match self.dir_reader.resolve_path(path) {
            Ok(_) => Ok(true),
            Err(error::Ext4Error::PathNotFound(_)) => Ok(false),
            Err(e) => Err(e),
        }
    }

    // --- Tier 1b: Inode-based access (for FUSE) ---

    /// List directory entries by inode number.
    pub fn read_dir_by_ino(&mut self, dir_ino: u64) -> Result<Vec<DirEntry>> {
        self.dir_reader.read_dir(dir_ino)
    }

    /// Lookup a name inside a directory by inode number.
    pub fn lookup_by_ino(&mut self, dir_ino: u64, name: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<u64>> {
        self.dir_reader.lookup(dir_ino, name)
    }

    /// Read symlink target by inode number.
    pub fn read_link_by_ino(&mut self, ino: u64) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        self.dir_reader.read_link(ino)
    }

    /// Read file data by inode number.
    pub fn read_inode_data(&mut self, ino: u64) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut().read_inode_data(ino)
    }

    /// Read a range of file data by inode number.
    pub fn read_inode_data_range(&mut self, ino: u64, offset: u64, len: usize) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        self.dir_reader
            .inode_reader_mut()
            .read_inode_data_range(ino, offset, len)
    }

    // --- Tier 2: Forensic access ---

    /// Read any inode by number.
    pub fn inode(&mut self, ino: u64) -> Result<Inode> {
        self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut().read_inode(ino)
    }

    /// Enumerate all inodes (allocated and deleted).
    pub fn all_inodes(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<(u64, Inode)>> {
        self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut().iter_all_inodes()
    }

    /// Find all deleted inodes (dtime != 0).
    pub fn deleted_inodes(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<forensic::DeletedInode>> {
        forensic::find_deleted_inodes(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut())
    }

    /// Find all orphan inodes (links_count == 0, dtime == 0, mode != 0).
    pub fn orphan_inodes(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<forensic::DeletedInode>> {
        forensic::find_orphan_inodes(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut())
    }

    /// Attempt to recover a deleted file by inode number.
    pub fn recover_file(&mut self, ino: u64) -> Result<forensic::RecoveryResult> {
        forensic::recovery::recover_file(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut(), ino)
    }

    /// Parse the jbd2 journal.
    pub fn journal(&mut self) -> Result<forensic::Journal> {
        forensic::journal::parse_journal(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut())
    }

    /// Generate a forensic timeline of all filesystem events.
    pub fn timeline(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<forensic::TimelineEvent>> {
        forensic::timeline::generate_timeline(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut())
    }

    /// Read block-stored extended attributes for an inode.
    pub fn xattrs(&mut self, ino: u64) -> Result<Vec<forensic::Xattr>> {
        forensic::xattr::read_xattrs(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut(), ino)
    }

    /// Get all unallocated block ranges.
    pub fn unallocated_blocks(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<forensic::BlockRange>> {
        forensic::carving::unallocated_blocks(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut())
    }

    /// Read raw data from an unallocated block range.
    pub fn read_unallocated(&mut self, range: &forensic::BlockRange) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        forensic::carving::read_unallocated(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut(), range)
    }

    /// Read slack space for a single file inode.
    pub fn slack_space(&mut self, ino: u64) -> Result<Option<forensic::SlackSpace>> {
        forensic::slack::read_slack_space(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut(), ino)
    }

    /// Scan all allocated regular file inodes for slack space.
    pub fn scan_all_slack(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<forensic::SlackSpace>> {
        forensic::slack::scan_all_slack(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut())
    }

    /// Compute BLAKE3, SHA-256, MD5, and SHA-1 hashes for a file by inode number.
    #[cfg(feature = "hashing")]
    pub fn hash_file(&mut self, ino: u64) -> Result<forensic::FileHash> {
        forensic::hash::hash_file(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut(), ino)
    }

    /// Hash all allocated regular files on the filesystem.
    #[cfg(feature = "hashing")]
    pub fn hash_all_files(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<forensic::FileHash>> {
        forensic::hash::hash_all_files(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut())
    }

    /// Reconstruct the version history of an inode from the journal.
    pub fn inode_history(&mut self, ino: u64) -> Result<Vec<forensic::HistoryVersion>> {
        let journal = self.journal()?;
        forensic::history::inode_history(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut(), &journal, ino)
    }

    /// Recover deleted directory entries from rec_len gaps in a single directory.
    pub fn recover_dir_entries(
        &mut self,
        dir_ino: u64,
    ) -> Result<Vec<forensic::RecoveredDirEntry>> {
        forensic::dir_recovery::recover_dir_entries(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut(), dir_ino)
    }

    /// Recover deleted directory entries from all directories on the filesystem.
    pub fn recover_all_dir_entries(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<forensic::RecoveredDirEntry>> {
        forensic::dir_recovery::recover_all_dir_entries(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut())
    }

    /// Check if a specific inode is allocated.
    pub fn is_inode_allocated(&mut self, ino: u64) -> Result<bool> {
        self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut().is_inode_allocated(ino)
    }

    /// Check if a specific block is allocated.
    pub fn is_block_allocated(&mut self, block: u64) -> Result<bool> {
        self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut().is_block_allocated(block)
    }

    /// Read a raw block by number.
    pub fn read_block(&mut self, block: u64) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
        self.dir_reader
            .inode_reader_mut()
            .block_reader_mut()
            .read_block(block)
    }

    /// Verify all superblock backups against the primary.
    pub fn verify_superblock_backups(&mut self) -> Result<Vec<forensic::SuperblockComparison>> {
        forensic::superblock_verify::verify_superblock_backups(self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut())
    }

    /// Search for a byte pattern across filesystem blocks.
    pub fn search_blocks(
        &mut self,
        pattern: &[u8],
        scope: forensic::SearchScope,
    ) -> Result<Vec<forensic::SearchHit>> {
        forensic::search::search_blocks(
            self.dir_reader.inode_reader_mut(),
            pattern,
            scope,
            32, // default context bytes
        )
    }
}

#[cfg(feature = "ewf")]
impl Ext4Fs<ewf::EwfReader> {
    /// Open an ext4 filesystem from an E01/EWF forensic disk image.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience method that opens the EWF image and passes
    /// the reader to `Ext4Fs::open()`.
    pub fn open_ewf<P: AsRef<std::path::Path>>(path: P) -> Result<Self> {
        let reader = ewf::EwfReader::open(path.as_ref())
            .map_err(|e| error::Ext4Error::Io(std::io::Error::other(e.to_string())))?;
        Self::open(reader)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use std::io::Cursor;

    fn open_minimal() -> Option<Ext4Fs<Cursor<Vec<u8>>>> {
        let path = concat!(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"), "/../tests/data/minimal.img");
        let data = std::fs::read(path).ok()?;
        Ext4Fs::open(Cursor::new(data)).ok()
    }

    #[test]
    fn open_and_read_superblock() {
        let fs = if let Some(f) = open_minimal() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        assert_eq!(fs.superblock().magic, 0xEF53);
    }

    #[test]
    fn read_file_by_path() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_minimal() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let data = fs.read_file("/hello.txt").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(data, b"Hello, ext4!");
    }

    #[test]
    fn read_nested_file() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_minimal() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let data = fs.read_file("/subdir/nested.txt").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(data, b"Nested file");
    }

    #[test]
    fn list_root_directory() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_minimal() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let entries = fs.read_dir("/").unwrap();
        let names: Vec<String> = entries
            .iter()
            .map(super::ondisk::dir_entry::DirEntry::name_str)
            .collect();
        assert!(names.contains(&"hello.txt".to_string()));
        assert!(names.contains(&"subdir".to_string()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn file_metadata() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_minimal() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let meta = fs.metadata("/hello.txt").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(meta.file_type, ondisk::FileType::RegularFile);
        assert_eq!(meta.size, 12);
        assert!(meta.mtime.seconds > 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn exists_check() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_minimal() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        assert!(fs.exists("/hello.txt").unwrap());
        assert!(!fs.exists("/nonexistent").unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn all_inodes() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_minimal() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let inodes = fs.all_inodes().unwrap();
        assert!(!inodes.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn deleted_inodes_on_fresh_image() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_minimal() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let deleted = fs.deleted_inodes().unwrap();
        assert!(deleted.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn timeline_generation() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_minimal() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let events = fs.timeline().unwrap();
        assert!(!events.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn unallocated_blocks_exist() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_minimal() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let ranges = fs.unallocated_blocks().unwrap();
        assert!(!ranges.is_empty());
    }

    // --- forensic.img tests ---

    fn open_forensic() -> Option<Ext4Fs<Cursor<Vec<u8>>>> {
        let path = concat!(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"), "/../tests/data/forensic.img");
        let data = std::fs::read(path).ok()?;
        Ext4Fs::open(Cursor::new(data)).ok()
    }

    #[test]
    fn symlink_target_resolves_through_symlink() {
        // symlink_target() calls resolve_path() which follows symlinks,
        // so /abs-link resolves to hello.txt (inode 12), not the symlink itself.
        // Verify the method returns NotASymlink for a followed-through path.
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let err = fs.symlink_target("/abs-link").unwrap_err();
        assert!(
            format!("{err:?}").contains("NotASymlink"),
            "symlink_target on a followed symlink should return NotASymlink, got: {err:?}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn inode_root_is_directory() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let root = fs.inode(2).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            root.file_type(),
            ondisk::FileType::Directory,
            "inode 2 should be a directory"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn orphan_inodes_returns_ok() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let result = fs.orphan_inodes();
        assert!(result.is_ok(), "orphan_inodes should not error");
    }

    #[test]
    fn recover_file_deleted_inode() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let result = fs.recover_file(21);
        assert!(
            result.is_ok(),
            "recover_file(21) should return a RecoveryResult"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn journal_has_transactions() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let journal = fs.journal().unwrap();
        assert!(
            !journal.transactions.is_empty(),
            "journal should have transactions"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn xattrs_on_hello_txt() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let attrs = fs.xattrs(12).unwrap();
        let names: Vec<String> = attrs
            .iter()
            .map(|a| String::from_utf8_lossy(&a.name).to_string())
            .collect();
        assert!(
            names.iter().any(|n| n.contains("forensic")),
            "inode 12 should have user.forensic xattr, got: {names:?}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn read_unallocated_first_range() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let ranges = fs.unallocated_blocks().unwrap();
        assert!(!ranges.is_empty(), "should have unallocated ranges");
        let data = fs.read_unallocated(&ranges[0]).unwrap();
        assert!(!data.is_empty(), "unallocated data should not be empty");
    }

    #[test]
    fn is_inode_allocated_root() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        assert!(
            fs.is_inode_allocated(2).unwrap(),
            "root inode 2 should be allocated"
        );
        // inode 21 is deleted, may or may not be allocated depending on reuse
        let _alloc21 = fs.is_inode_allocated(21).unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn is_block_allocated_zero() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let allocated = fs.is_block_allocated(0).unwrap();
        assert!(allocated, "block 0 (superblock) should be allocated");
    }

    #[test]
    fn read_block_zero() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let block_size = fs.superblock().block_size as usize;
        let data = fs.read_block(0).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(data.len(), block_size, "block 0 should be block_size bytes");
    }

    #[test]
    fn read_dir_by_ino_root() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let entries = fs.read_dir_by_ino(2).unwrap();
        let names: Vec<String> = entries
            .iter()
            .map(super::ondisk::dir_entry::DirEntry::name_str)
            .collect();
        assert!(
            names.contains(&"hello.txt".to_string()),
            "root dir should contain hello.txt, got: {names:?}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn lookup_by_ino_hello_txt() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let result = fs.lookup_by_ino(2, b"hello.txt").unwrap();
        assert!(result.is_some(), "hello.txt should exist in root dir");
    }

    #[test]
    fn read_link_by_ino_abs_link() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        // First resolve abs-link's inode
        let ino = fs
            .lookup_by_ino(2, b"abs-link")
            .unwrap()
            .expect("abs-link should exist in root");
        let target = fs.read_link_by_ino(ino).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(target, b"/hello.txt", "abs-link should point to /hello.txt");
    }

    #[test]
    fn read_inode_data_hello_txt() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let data = fs.read_inode_data(12).unwrap();
        let text = std::str::from_utf8(&data).unwrap_or("");
        assert!(
            text.contains("Hello"),
            "inode 12 (hello.txt) should contain 'Hello', got: {text:?}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn read_inode_data_range_hello_txt() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let data = fs.read_inode_data_range(12, 0, 5).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            data, b"Hello",
            "first 5 bytes of hello.txt should be 'Hello'"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn slack_space_api() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        // Find a regular file inode with non-block-aligned size
        let all = fs.all_inodes().unwrap();
        let block_size = u64::from(fs.superblock().block_size);
        let file_ino = all
            .iter()
            .find(|(_, inode)| {
                inode.file_type() == ondisk::FileType::RegularFile
                    && inode.size > 0
                    && inode.size % block_size != 0
            })
            .map(|(ino, _)| *ino)
            .expect("forensic.img should have a non-block-aligned regular file");
        let slack = fs.slack_space(file_ino).unwrap();
        assert!(
            slack.is_some(),
            "non-block-aligned file should have slack space"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn hash_file_api() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let hash = fs.hash_file(12).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(hash.md5.len(), 32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn recover_dir_entries_api() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let recovered = fs.recover_dir_entries(2).unwrap();
        let _ = recovered; // may be empty depending on kernel behavior
    }

    #[test]
    fn recover_all_dir_entries_api() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let all = fs.recover_all_dir_entries().unwrap();
        let _ = all;
    }

    #[test]
    fn hash_all_files_api() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let hashes = fs.hash_all_files().unwrap();
        assert!(!hashes.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn inode_history_api() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let versions = fs.inode_history(12).unwrap();
        // Should not error
        let _ = versions;
    }

    #[test]
    fn scan_all_slack_api() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip: forensic.img not found");
            return;
        };
        let slacks = fs.scan_all_slack().unwrap();
        assert!(
            !slacks.is_empty(),
            "forensic.img should have files with slack"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn verify_superblock_backups_api() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let results = fs.verify_superblock_backups().unwrap();
        let _ = results; // small image may have no backups
    }

    #[test]
    fn search_blocks_api() {
        let mut fs = if let Some(f) = open_forensic() {
            f
        } else {
            eprintln!("skip");
            return;
        };
        let hits = fs
            .search_blocks(b"Hello", forensic::SearchScope::Allocated)
            .unwrap();
        assert!(!hits.is_empty());
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "ewf")]
    mod ewf_tests {
        use super::*;

        #[test]
        fn open_ewf_with_valid_e01() {
            // We don't have a real E01 file in test data, so test that the
            // method exists and returns an appropriate error for a non-E01 file
            let path = concat!(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"), "/../tests/data/forensic.img");
            let result = Ext4Fs::open_ewf(path);
            // forensic.img is a raw image, not E01 — ewf should fail to open it
            assert!(result.is_err(), "raw image should not open as E01");
        }

        #[test]
        fn open_ewf_nonexistent_file() {
            let result = Ext4Fs::open_ewf("/nonexistent/file.E01");
            assert!(result.is_err());
        }
    }
}