escriba_runtime/

lib.rs

//! `escriba-runtime` — editor state machine.
//!
//! Wraps everything: `BufferSet`, `ModalState`, `Keymap`, `CommandRegistry`,
//! `Layout`. Exposes `tick(input)` which advances one frame's worth of
//! state given one input event. Pure — no rendering, no I/O beyond file
//! save/load through `BufferSet`.

extern crate self as escriba_runtime;

mod plugin_host;
pub use plugin_host::{LazyTrigger, PluginHost};

mod operator_pending;
pub mod status;

pub use operator_pending::{OpState, OperatorPending};

/// What one key meant to the operator-pending object layer.
enum ObjectKey {
    /// Swallowed — the key began an object and nothing runs yet.
    Consumed,
    /// The object is complete; run this.
    Compose(Action),
}
pub use status::{PromptKind, StatusModel};

use std::collections::HashMap;

use awase::KeyRepeatGate;
use escriba_buffer::BufferSet;
use escriba_buffer::TextRev;
use escriba_command::CommandRegistry;
use escriba_core::{
    Action, Anchored, Bound, BufferId, Cursors, Damage, Edit, EditGen, HighlightEffect, JumpList,
    Mode, Motion, Operator, Position, Range, TextEffect, WindowId,
};
use escriba_input::{InputOutcome, translate_app_event};
use escriba_keymap::{Key, Keymap};
use escriba_madoguchi::{Negai, Outcome};
use escriba_mode::ModalState;
use escriba_search::{Direction as SearchDirection, MatchCount, SearchState};
use escriba_ui::chrome::{ChromePalette, FleetTheme};
use escriba_ui::splash::Splash;
use escriba_ui::{Layout, Viewport, Window};
use escriba_vm::{EditorSnapshot, EscribaHost, EscribaVm, VmError};
use madori::AppEvent;
use std::time::Instant;

/// Full editor state — the single Rust value the binary hands to the
/// renderer each frame.
pub struct EditorState {
    pub buffers: BufferSet,
    pub modal: ModalState,
    /// Search session — the committed pattern, its matches, the live `/`
    /// prompt and history. Owns no buffer or cursor; it answers questions
    /// about text and this runtime applies the answers.
    pub search: SearchState,
    pub keymap: Keymap,
    pub commands: CommandRegistry,
    pub layout: Layout,
    pub active: BufferId,
    /// The single typed home for cursor state. Phase-1 holds one primary
    /// [`Position`]; reads go through [`Self::cursor`], writes through
    /// [`Self::set_cursor`] → [`Cursors::set_primary`]. There is no loose
    /// `Position` field beside an unused multi-caret type to desync.
    cursors: Cursors,
    pub quit_requested: bool,
    /// Messages surfaced to the user (status line / `:messages`) — the
    /// sink for the tatara-lisp `(message …)` effect and other feedback.
    pub messages: Vec<String>,
    /// Which match the cursor last landed on (0-based) — the `[3/17]`
    /// numerator, ANCHORED to the text revision it was computed against.
    ///
    /// The anchor is what removes the manual invalidation this field used to
    /// need. An ordinal indexes a match set; when the text changes the set
    /// changes underneath it and the number silently means something else.
    /// Reading through `Anchored::get(current_rev)` makes that a `None`, so
    /// forgetting to clear is no longer a thing that can be forgotten.
    search_at: Option<Anchored<usize, TextRev>>,
    /// The last text change, for `.`.
    ///
    /// An action plus whatever was typed while it held Insert open. Both
    /// halves are needed: `cw` alone is not a change, it is the FIRST HALF of
    /// one — the text that followed is the rest, and replaying without it
    /// would delete a word and leave the buffer in Insert.
    last_change: Option<LastChange>,
    /// True while an insert session belonging to `last_change` is open, so
    /// typed characters are appended to it. Cleared on leaving Insert.
    recording_insert: bool,

    /// Where the cursor was before each far jump — `<C-o>` / `<C-i>`.
    /// Search commits, `n`/`N` and `*`/`#` all record into it, which is what
    /// makes a search a place you can come back from.
    pub jumps: JumpList,
    /// Generic editor option store (name → value). Written by the
    /// tatara-lisp `(set-option …)` effect and the declarative
    /// `defoption` apply path; typed accessors layer on top later.
    pub options: HashMap<String, String>,
    /// Cached embedded tatara-lisp runtime, built lazily on first
    /// `run_lisp`. Caching avoids re-installing the ~175-definition full
    /// stdlib on every call; the interpreter's top-level env also
    /// persists across calls, giving REPL-like session semantics (an
    /// earlier `(define …)` is visible to a later `run_lisp`).
    lisp_vm: Option<EscribaVm>,
    /// Keys accumulated for an in-progress multi-key sequence — e.g.
    /// holding `[,, f]` while waiting for the final key of
    /// `<leader>ff`. Empty when not mid-sequence. Lives on
    /// `EditorState` (not `ModalState`) so `escriba-mode` needn't
    /// depend on `escriba-keymap`'s `Key`.
    pub pending_keys: Vec<Key>,
    /// Per-key debouncer for OS key-repeat storms. Holding `j`/`l` makes
    /// the windowing system deliver one `KeyDown` per repeat tick
    /// (~30-50ms); without a gate those flood the motion path and thrash
    /// the viewport. The gate lets ONE event per `min_interval` (80ms
    /// default — ~12 intentional taps/sec still pass) reach the editor in
    /// the navigation modes. The fleet primitive (`awase::KeyRepeatGate`,
    /// the same one mado uses) is reused — not reinvented.
    repeat_gate: KeyRepeatGate<Key>,
    /// Runtime lazy-activation host for USER plugin caixas (the bundled
    /// default catalog is applied eagerly at boot, not through here).
    /// A command / filetype-open / event fires the matching plugins'
    /// entries through the escriba-lisp apply paths. See [`PluginHost`].
    pub plugin_host: PluginHost,
    /// The unnamed register — the home for text an operator yanks or
    /// deletes (`Operator::leaves_register`). `None` until the first
    /// register-leaving operator runs. Phase-1 holds the single unnamed
    /// register; named registers (`"ay`) layer on later.
    register: Option<String>,
    /// The operator-pending FSM (`d`/`c`/`y` then a motion → `dw`/`c$`/`y0`),
    /// standing on the fleet `zenmai` Mealy-machine primitive. Every dispatched
    /// action passes through it; only an operator-then-motion pair is rewritten
    /// into an [`Action::ApplyOperator`].
    op_pending: zenmai::Stateful<OperatorPending>,
    /// Operator-pending OBJECT selection, held at the KEY layer.
    ///
    /// `Some(around)` means `d` + `i`/`a` have been pressed and the NEXT key
    /// names the object. It lives here rather than in the operator FSM
    /// because the FSM sees `Action`s and this decision needs the KEY: `a`
    /// and every bracket are unbound in Normal, so they all arrive as
    /// `Action::Pending` with the character already discarded. vim has a
    /// whole operator-pending keymap for the same reason.
    pending_object: Option<bool>,
    /// Monotonic refresh-generation stamp — the root of the sealed refresh
    /// tree (`theory/ESCRIBA.md` §Refresh-Seal). Bumped on every applied
    /// action + resize; the renderer gates on it so an idle frame does zero
    /// re-highlight / re-shape, and a stale frame is unreachable.
    edit_gen: EditGen,
    /// The accumulated dirty region since the renderer last drained it (M1).
    /// Only ever widened via [`Damage::join`] at the mutation funnel, so it
    /// always covers the changed region (`Damage ⊇ changed`); the renderer
    /// drains it with [`take_damage`](Self::take_damage) to scope its work.
    damage: Damage,
    /// The theme every face paints with.
    ///
    /// ONE owner. Before this, `(deftheme :preset …)` parsed, validated,
    /// resolved to a real `FleetTheme` — and then nothing consumed it,
    /// because each renderer called `ChromePalette::prescribed()` at every
    /// paint site. The declaration was honoured on paper only. Holding it
    /// here means a face reads the operator's theme the same way it reads
    /// the cursor: from the state, per frame.
    theme: FleetTheme,
    /// `theme` resolved to concrete colours — cached because it is a plain
    /// `Copy` struct read many times per frame, and re-derived only in
    /// [`set_theme`](Self::set_theme), so the two cannot disagree.
    chrome: ChromePalette,
    /// How deep the current command dispatch is nested.
    ///
    /// `Negai::RunCommand` lets a command invoke a command, which is useful
    /// and which can also recurse forever. The budget makes the runaway
    /// bounded and REPORTED rather than a stack overflow — the difference
    /// between a typed refusal and the editor dying under the operator.
    dispatch_depth: u8,
    /// Every live result list — diagnostics, hunks, grep hits, TODOs.
    ///
    /// Public so a producer outside the runtime can publish into it once the
    /// courier lands; today the only producer is the marker scan.
    pub results: escriba_shirube::ListRegistry,
    /// The open picker, if any.
    ///
    /// `Option<Picker>` on the state, exactly like `splash` — deliberately
    /// NOT a `Mode` variant. A mode is a state keys are interpreted IN; this
    /// is a surface that OWNS keys while it is up, which is a different
    /// thing and composes differently with the keymap.
    picker: Option<escriba_ui::picker::Picker>,
    /// The git-index generation. See [`world`](Self::world) — every axis the
    /// world can move is emitted unconditionally, so a producer anchoring on
    /// one is not born permanently stale.
    index_rev: escriba_shirube::IndexRev,
    /// The external-session generation (LSP restart, debug session, test run).
    session_gen: escriba_shirube::SessionGen,
    /// Extension → language facts, populated from `(defmode …)`.
    ///
    /// The consumer `:commentstring` never had. Public so the binary's apply
    /// pass can fill it the way it fills the keymap and the option store.
    pub filetypes: escriba_core::FiletypeTable,
    /// The start screen, while it is up.
    ///
    /// `Some` only between boot and the first keypress, and only when the
    /// editor opened with no file. It is deliberately NOT a `Mode`: a mode
    /// is a state keys are interpreted *in*, and the splash interprets
    /// exactly one key before it is gone. Modelling it as `Option<Splash>`
    /// keeps the modal state machine's variant set — and every exhaustive
    /// match over it — untouched.
    splash: Option<Splash>,
}

/// What the start screen did with a keypress.
///
/// Total, and matched exhaustively at its one call site, so a future
/// outcome (a menu that opens a submenu, say) is a compile error rather
/// than a key that silently falls through to the buffer.
enum SplashKey {
    /// No start screen is up — the key is the buffer's.
    NotShowing,
    /// The key selected a menu entry; run this.
    Ran(Action),
    /// The screen is gone and the key was not a menu key, so it still
    /// means whatever it normally means. Anything else would make the
    /// first keystroke after boot vanish.
    Dismissed,
}

// ─── The counter, and the one place slips become mutations ───────────────

/// `EditorState` read through the counter.
///
/// Borrowed, never copied: building it is free, so a command dispatch does
/// not pay for a snapshot of the buffers.
pub struct EditorWindow<'a> {
    state: &'a EditorState,
}

impl escriba_madoguchi::CursorView for EditorWindow<'_> {
    fn position(&self) -> Position {
        self.state.cursor()
    }
    fn mode(&self) -> Mode {
        self.state.modal.mode()
    }
}

impl escriba_madoguchi::SyntaxView for EditorWindow<'_> {
    fn filetype(&self) -> Option<&escriba_core::Filetype> {
        let path = self.state.buffers.get(self.state.active)?.path.as_deref()?;
        self.state.filetypes.resolve(path)
    }
}

impl escriba_madoguchi::SearchView for EditorWindow<'_> {
    fn pattern(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.state.search.committed_pattern()
    }
    fn match_count(&self) -> Option<usize> {
        // `None` means "nothing committed", which is not the same as zero
        // matches — a distinction the status line already makes and that a
        // handler must not have to re-derive.
        self.state
            .search
            .committed_pattern()
            .map(|_| self.state.search.match_count())
    }
    fn is_prompting(&self) -> bool {
        self.state.search.is_prompting()
    }
}

impl escriba_madoguchi::Snapshot for EditorWindow<'_> {
    fn active(&self) -> Option<&dyn escriba_madoguchi::BufferView> {
        self.buffer(self.state.active)
    }
    fn buffer(&self, id: BufferId) -> Option<&dyn escriba_madoguchi::BufferView> {
        self.state
            .buffers
            .get(id)
            .map(|b| b as &dyn escriba_madoguchi::BufferView)
    }
    fn buffer_ids(&self) -> Vec<BufferId> {
        self.state.buffers.ids()
    }
    fn cursor(&self) -> &dyn escriba_madoguchi::CursorView {
        self
    }
    fn option(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&str> {
        self.state.options.get(name).map(String::as_str)
    }
    fn search(&self) -> &dyn escriba_madoguchi::SearchView {
        self
    }
    fn syntax(&self) -> &dyn escriba_madoguchi::SyntaxView {
        self
    }
}

impl EditorState {
    /// A read-only window onto this editor.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn window(&self) -> EditorWindow<'_> {
        EditorWindow { state: self }
    }

    /// Honour an [`Outcome`] — the ONLY place slips become mutations.
    ///
    /// Every `&mut self` in the dispatch path lives here. A command cannot
    /// reach editor state, so if the editor ends up in a state nobody
    /// designed, this function is where it happened; that narrowing is the
    /// whole return on the seam.
    ///
    /// A failed outcome's slips are DROPPED rather than half-applied: a
    /// handler that reported failure has no business also mutating, and
    /// applying part of what it asked for is how an editor reaches a state
    /// nobody designed.
    pub fn interpret(&mut self, outcome: Outcome) {
        if let Some(m) = outcome.verdict.message() {
            self.messages.push(m.to_string());
            self.damage = self.damage.join(Damage::Viewport);
            self.bump_gen();
        }
        if outcome.verdict.is_failure() {
            return;
        }
        for slip in outcome.slips {
            self.honour(slip);
        }
    }

    /// Lower an [`Action`] to slips, when it has an exact slip equivalent.
    ///
    /// `None` means "editor mechanics" — 23 of the 30 variants are prompt
    /// editing, the operator-pending FSM, motion resolution, the jumplist,
    /// the dot register. Those are the KEYMAP's vocabulary, not the AUTHORED
    /// one, and forcing them into `Negai` would put `PromptClearToStart` and
    /// `SearchPreviewStep` in front of every plugin author and make the
    /// capability question meaningless (what capability does a caret move
    /// read?). One type serving two vocabularies is the mistake this avoids.
    ///
    /// The plan's M3 predicate was "apply_resolved contains zero `self.`
    /// mutations", which would have forced exactly that. Amended: the
    /// invariant worth having is ONE IMPLEMENTATION PER MUTATION, not one
    /// vocabulary. See docs/backlog-plan.md §V Phase 1.
    fn lower(action: &Action, active: BufferId) -> Option<Vec<Negai>> {
        Some(match action {
            Action::Quit => vec![Negai::Quit],
            Action::ClearSearchHighlight => vec![Negai::ClearSearchHighlight],
            Action::Save => vec![Negai::Save { buffer: active }],
            Action::Undo => vec![Negai::Undo { buffer: active }],
            Action::Redo => vec![Negai::Redo { buffer: active }],
            // `apply_edit` was a STUB that did nothing, so this action was a
            // silent no-op while `Negai::Edit` applied for real. Lowering it
            // makes keymap-originated edits work for the first time — and
            // nothing binds it today, so the duplication goes away at zero
            // risk.
            Action::Edit(edit) => vec![Negai::Edit {
                buffer: active,
                edit: edit.clone(),
            }],
            _ => return None,
        })
    }

    /// What the world currently is, for freshness.
    ///
    /// One text axis per open buffer. A list sealed against this is fresh
    /// exactly while the buffers it depends on are unchanged — and a buffer
    /// that has since CLOSED drops out, which makes lists about it stale
    /// rather than silently kept.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn world(&self) -> escriba_shirube::Anchor {
        let mut a = escriba_shirube::Anchor::new();
        for id in self.buffers.ids() {
            if let Some(b) = self.buffers.get(id) {
                a = a.on(escriba_shirube::Axis::Text(id, b.text_rev()));
            }
        }
        // Every axis the world can move, ALWAYS present — not only the ones
        // some producer happens to use today.
        //
        // `Anchor::is_fresh` treats an ABSENT axis as stale, deliberately:
        // unknowable is not unchanged. The consequence, unnoticed until a
        // recon pass went looking, is that a list anchored on an axis this
        // function never emits is born PERMANENTLY stale — `]c` would answer
        // "that list is out of date" forever, and nothing would say why. The
        // two-axis model was built for git hunks and then only ever fed one
        // axis.
        //
        // Emitting them unconditionally means a producer can anchor on any
        // axis and get an honest answer. A counter that never moves reads as
        // "unchanged", which is exactly right for a plane escriba does not
        // track yet.
        a = a.on(escriba_shirube::Axis::Index(self.index_rev));
        a.on(escriba_shirube::Axis::Session(self.session_gen))
    }

    /// Where the cursor is, WITH the buffer it is in.
    ///
    /// Every jumplist push goes through this. A bare `Position` is what let
    /// `<C-o>` return to the right line in the wrong file.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn spot(&self) -> escriba_core::Spot {
        escriba_core::Spot::new(self.active, self.cursor())
    }

    /// Move to a `Spot`, switching buffer if it names another one.
    ///
    /// The read half of [`spot`](Self::spot). `<C-o>` and `<C-i>` both land
    /// here so neither can forget the buffer.
    fn goto_spot(&mut self, s: escriba_core::Spot) {
        if s.buffer != self.active && self.buffers.get(s.buffer).is_some() {
            self.active = s.buffer;
        }
        let clamped = self
            .buffers
            .get(self.active)
            .map_or(s.pos, |b| b.clamp(s.pos));
        self.set_cursor(clamped);
    }

    /// Advance the git-index generation — every list anchored on
    /// `Axis::Index` goes stale.
    ///
    /// Not called yet; a git layer calls it after a stage/reset. Present so
    /// the axis is WIRED rather than declared, because an axis nothing can
    /// move is indistinguishable from an axis that does not exist.
    pub fn bump_index_rev(&mut self) {
        self.index_rev = escriba_shirube::IndexRev(self.index_rev.0.wrapping_add(1));
    }

    /// Advance the external-session generation — LSP restart, debug session,
    /// test-runner invocation. See [`bump_index_rev`](Self::bump_index_rev).
    pub fn bump_session_gen(&mut self) {
        self.session_gen = escriba_shirube::SessionGen(self.session_gen.0.wrapping_add(1));
    }

    /// Move the cursor to the next/previous finding in `list`.
    ///
    /// Reports the wrap, because `n`/`N` do and a reader losing their place
    /// in a long file is the same problem either way.
    fn walk_list(&mut self, list: &str, forward: bool) {
        let world = self.world();
        let Some(result) = self.results.get(list) else {
            let mut m = String::from("no list named ");
            m.push_str(list);
            self.messages.push(m);
            return;
        };
        if result.is_stale(&world) {
            self.messages
                .push("that list is out of date — run it again".to_string());
            return;
        }
        let here = (Some(self.active), self.cursor().line);
        let Some(found) = result.step(&world, here, forward, escriba_shirube::Bound::Exclusive)
        else {
            let mut m = String::from("no entries in ");
            m.push_str(list);
            self.messages.push(m);
            return;
        };
        let site = found.site.clone();
        let msg = found.message.clone();
        self.jump_to_site(&site);
        self.messages.push(msg);
    }

    /// Move the cursor to a located finding's SITE — the one operation that
    /// cannot drop the buffer half of a location.
    ///
    /// A `Site` is `(buffer, range)`. Every jumper before this re-derived the
    /// move itself and clamped against `self.active`, so a finding in another
    /// file landed on the right LINE in the WRONG file. `on_line` and
    /// `worst_on_line` already filter by buffer, so the gutter and the walker
    /// disagreed — latent only because the first producer scanned one buffer.
    ///
    /// Every future producer (diagnostics, hunks, grep hits, test failures)
    /// is cross-file by nature, which is why this is a shared operation
    /// rather than a fix at the one call site that has it wrong today.
    ///
    /// Always a FAR jump: it pushes the jumplist, so `<C-o>` returns from a
    /// `]t` exactly as it returns from an `n`.
    pub fn jump_to_site(&mut self, site: &escriba_shirube::Site) {
        self.jumps.push(self.spot());
        // Switch buffers FIRST — clamping against the wrong buffer is how the
        // position gets silently mangled before anyone can notice.
        if let Some(target) = site.buffer {
            if target != self.active && self.buffers.get(target).is_some() {
                self.active = target;
                self.refollow_cursor();
            }
        }
        let to = site.range.start;
        let clamped = self.buffers.get(self.active).map_or(to, |b| b.clamp(to));
        self.set_cursor(clamped);
    }

    /// Close a buffer, keeping "there is always an active buffer" true.
    ///
    /// The invariant is the whole reason this is not just
    /// `self.buffers.close(id)`. `EditorState::active` is a `BufferId`, not
    /// an `Option`, so a dangling active is not a degraded state — it is a
    /// state where every read of the active buffer returns `None` and the
    /// editor renders `<no buffer>` forever. Closing the last buffer opens a
    /// scratch rather than emptying the set, which is what vim's `:bd` does
    /// and what the type demands.
    fn close_buffer(&mut self, id: BufferId) {
        if self.buffers.close(id).is_none() {
            self.messages.push("no such buffer".to_string());
            return;
        }
        if self.active != id {
            return;
        }
        // The active buffer went. Prefer the next one by id so repeated
        // closes walk forward predictably rather than jumping around.
        let next = self.buffers.ids().into_iter().find(|b| *b > id);
        self.active = match next.or_else(|| self.buffers.ids().into_iter().next_back()) {
            Some(b) => b,
            None => self.buffers.scratch(""),
        };
        self.set_cursor(Position::ZERO);
        if let Some(w) = self.layout.active_window_mut() {
            w.buffer_id = self.active;
        }
    }

    /// Move to the next or previous buffer, wrapping.
    fn cycle_buffer(&mut self, forward: bool) {
        let ids = self.buffers.ids();
        if ids.len() < 2 {
            self.messages.push("only one buffer".to_string());
            return;
        }
        let at = ids.iter().position(|b| *b == self.active).unwrap_or(0);
        let next = if forward {
            (at + 1) % ids.len()
        } else {
            (at + ids.len() - 1) % ids.len()
        };
        self.active = ids[next];
        self.set_cursor(Position::ZERO);
        if let Some(w) = self.layout.active_window_mut() {
            w.buffer_id = self.active;
        }
    }

    /// Re-clamp the cursor and re-contain the viewport after a buffer
    /// mutation.
    ///
    /// An undo can SHRINK the buffer under a cursor that was legal a moment
    /// ago, leaving it out of bounds and its viewport scrolled past the end.
    /// The Action executor has always done this (`self.set_cursor(self.cursor())`
    /// after undo/redo/save); the M1 interpreter did NOT, so `u` re-followed
    /// and `:undo` did not — two implementations of one operation, already
    /// drifted within one milestone of being written. Naming it once is the
    /// fix; lowering the Action arms onto the same slips is what keeps it
    /// fixed.
    fn refollow(&mut self) {
        self.set_cursor(self.cursor());
    }

    /// Apply one slip and record what it damaged.
    ///
    /// The bookkeeping wrapper. The Action executor calls
    /// [`honour_one`](Self::honour_one) directly because it does its own,
    /// wider bookkeeping (the dot register, the S3 damage seal) around a
    /// whole action.
    fn honour(&mut self, slip: Negai) {
        let touches_text = slip.touches_text();
        self.honour_one(slip);
        self.damage = self.damage.join(if touches_text {
            Damage::Full
        } else {
            Damage::Viewport
        });
        self.bump_gen();
    }

    /// Apply one slip. THE single implementation of every mutation a slip
    /// can ask for.
    ///
    /// Total over `Negai`: a new request variant is a compile error here
    /// rather than a request silently ignored — the same failure Phase 0
    /// removed one layer up.
    fn honour_one(&mut self, slip: Negai) {
        match slip {
            Negai::Edit { buffer, edit } => {
                if let Some(b) = self.buffers.get_mut(buffer) {
                    let _ = b.apply(&edit);
                }
                self.refollow();
            }
            Negai::SetCursor { buffer, to } => {
                // Clamping is the interpreter's job, exactly so that no
                // handler has to re-implement it and get it wrong.
                let clamped = self.buffers.get(buffer).map_or(to, |b| b.clamp(to));
                self.set_cursor(clamped);
            }
            Negai::EnterMode(m) => self.modal.enter(m),
            Negai::OpenPicker(source) => self.open_picker(source),
            Negai::SplitWindow { stacked } => {
                let axis = if stacked {
                    escriba_ui::shikiri::Axis::Stacked
                } else {
                    escriba_ui::shikiri::Axis::SideBySide
                };
                self.layout.split_active(axis);
                // The new pane is narrower/shorter than the old one, so the
                // cursor can now be outside it. Every face re-reports its
                // frame on the next draw, but the invariant must hold NOW —
                // an operator who splits and immediately types should not be
                // editing off-screen.
                self.refollow_cursor();
                self.damage = self.damage.join(Damage::Viewport);
            }
            Negai::CloseWindow => {
                let id = self.layout.active();
                if self.layout.close(id) {
                    self.refollow_cursor();
                    self.damage = self.damage.join(Damage::Viewport);
                } else {
                    // vim's E444, and the same refusal: the last window is
                    // the editor. Closing it would mean "quit", which is a
                    // different verb the operator did not type.
                    self.messages
                        .push("E444: Cannot close last window".to_string());
                }
            }
            Negai::FocusDir { dx, dy } => {
                use escriba_ui::Dir;
                let dir = match (dx, dy) {
                    (d, _) if d < 0 => Dir::Left,
                    (d, _) if d > 0 => Dir::Right,
                    (_, d) if d < 0 => Dir::Up,
                    _ => Dir::Down,
                };
                if let Some(id) = self.layout.neighbour(dir) {
                    self.layout.focus(id);
                    // The window we moved to has its OWN buffer; the editor's
                    // active buffer follows focus, or the next keystroke
                    // would edit the file we just navigated away from.
                    if let Some(w) = self.layout.active_window() {
                        self.active = w.buffer_id;
                    }
                    self.refollow_cursor();
                    self.damage = self.damage.join(Damage::Viewport);
                }
                // No neighbour is not an error — it is the edge of the
                // layout, and vim says nothing there either.
            }
            Negai::GrepProject { pattern } => self.grep_project(&pattern),
            Negai::CycleBuffer { forward } => self.cycle_buffer(forward),
            Negai::FocusBuffer(id) => {
                if self.buffers.get(id).is_some() {
                    self.active = id;
                }
            }
            Negai::OpenPath(path) => match self.buffers.open(&path) {
                Ok(id) => self.active = id,
                Err(e) => self.messages.push(e.to_string()),
            },
            Negai::CloseBuffer(id) => self.close_buffer(id),
            Negai::Save { buffer } => {
                if let Some(b) = self.buffers.get_mut(buffer) {
                    if let Err(e) = b.save() {
                        self.messages.push(e.to_string());
                    }
                }
                self.refollow();
            }
            Negai::Undo { buffer } => {
                if let Some(b) = self.buffers.get_mut(buffer) {
                    let _ = b.undo();
                }
                self.refollow();
            }
            Negai::Redo { buffer } => {
                if let Some(b) = self.buffers.get_mut(buffer) {
                    let _ = b.redo();
                }
                self.refollow();
            }
            Negai::Yank { text, .. } => self.register = Some(text),
            Negai::ClearSearchHighlight => self.search.clear_highlight(),
            Negai::SetOption { name, value } => {
                self.options.insert(name, value);
            }
            Negai::InsertText(text) => self.insert_text(&text),
            Negai::RunCommand { name, args } => self.run_command(&name, &args),
            Negai::PublishFindings { list, findings } => {
                let world = self.world();
                self.results
                    .publish(list, escriba_shirube::ResultList::new(findings, world));
            }
            // A reply from off the tick. Honour it only if the world it was
            // computed against still holds.
            //
            // The drop is silent BY DESIGN, and this is the one place in the
            // slip vocabulary where silence is right: a stale reply is not a
            // failure anyone can act on. The operator kept typing, which is
            // the correct thing to have done, and telling them "a diagnostic
            // you never asked for was discarded" is noise. The producer
            // re-runs against the new world; that is the whole contract.
            Negai::ErrandReply { anchor, then } => {
                if anchor.is_fresh(&self.world()) {
                    self.honour_one(*then);
                }
            }
            Negai::WalkList { list, forward } => self.walk_list(&list, forward),
            Negai::Message(m) => self.messages.push(m),
            Negai::Quit => self.quit_requested = true,
            // Both suspend the dispatch and need machinery that does not
            // exist yet — the courier (Phase 5) and the AwaitKey resume
            // (M3). Announced, never silently dropped: a slip that vanishes
            // is the class Phase 0 sealed.
            Negai::Errand(_) | Negai::AwaitKey { .. } => {
                self.messages
                    .push("deferred work is not wired yet".to_string());
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Outcome of feeding one key to the multi-key pending-stroke loop.
enum SeqStep {
    /// Key consumed into an in-progress sequence; wait for the next.
    Pending,
    /// A full bound sequence resolved — run this action.
    Resolved(Action),
    /// Key is not part of any sequence; hand it to single-key dispatch.
    Passthrough,
}

/// Keys whose HELD repeat is a viewport storm, and which the repeat gate
/// therefore exists to debounce.
///
/// This is an ALLOW-LIST, and it used to be the complement — an exception list
/// of "discrete" keys that grew three times (`n`/`N`/`*`/`#`, then `.`/`u`/
/// `<C-r>`, then `/`/`?`/`:`), each time because a key had been silently
/// swallowed and someone noticed. The third growth is the signal that the
/// default was backwards: almost every key in a modal editor is a discrete,
/// deliberate press, and only a handful are ones you HOLD.
///
/// Inverting it makes the failure mode safe. Forgetting to list a key here now
/// means it is ungated — one extra keypress honoured — instead of silently
/// dropped, and a dropped key is indistinguishable from a dead one.
///
/// Measured cost of the old direction: `/foo<CR>` then `/<CR>` (vim's
/// reuse-the-previous-pattern) lost the second `/` outright, because the gate
/// is keyed by KEY and the two presses fell inside one debounce window.
const fn is_repeat_storm_candidate(key: &Key) -> bool {
    matches!(
        key,
        // The four navigation keys a user actually holds down. `h`/`l` and
        // `j`/`k` flood the motion path and thrash the viewport; everything
        // else is pressed once and meant once.
        Key::Char('h')
            | Key::Char('j')
            | Key::Char('k')
            | Key::Char('l')
            | Key::Left
            | Key::Right
            | Key::Up
            | Key::Down
    )
}

/// Turn a command failure into the sentence an operator should read.
///
/// The two failures mean genuinely different things and must not be reported
/// the same way:
///
/// - `:flurb` — the operator typed a name that does not exist. "command not
///   found" is exactly right; it says *you* made a typo.
/// - `<leader>ff` bound to `picker.files` — escriba's OWN shipped config
///   declares this, `--list-rc` counts it, and it is not built yet. Telling
///   the operator "command not found" blames them for a gap we shipped.
///
/// The discriminator is the dotted form. `:action` takes action SYMBOLS
/// (`picker.files`), never command names — that boundary is already pinned by
/// `action_naming_a_command_is_inert_not_recursive` in escriba-command. So a
/// dotted name that reached dispatch and resolved to nothing is a declared
/// capability with no implementation, which is precisely what the 85 entries
/// in `escriba/tests/action_resolution.rs` are.
fn describe_command_failure(name: &str, e: &escriba_command::CommandError) -> String {
    use escriba_command::CommandError as E;
    match e {
        // Already the right words — the registry knew it was declared.
        E::Unhandled(_) => e.to_string(),
        E::NotFound(n) if n.contains('.') => {
            let mut m = String::with_capacity(n.len() + 48);
            m.push('`');
            m.push_str(n);
            m.push_str("` is declared but not implemented yet");
            m
        }
        _ => {
            let _ = name;
            e.to_string()
        }
    }
}

/// What committing the open search prompt did.
///
/// The two commit paths — bare `/` and operated `d/` — used to own private
/// copies of the whole sequence (read origin+skip, `accept`, three-arm
/// match, `commit_step_skipping`), and they drifted: the operated one
/// never reported the wrap, so `d/foo<CR>` that wrapped the file was
/// silent where `/foo<CR>` printed "search hit BOTTOM, continuing at TOP".
///
/// Total, and matched exhaustively at BOTH call sites, so a new outcome is
/// a compile error in two places rather than a case one path quietly
/// forgets. It does not make divergence impossible — the two paths
/// genuinely differ at the landing step — it makes FORGETTING A CASE
/// impossible, which is the failure that actually happened.
enum CommitOutcome {
    /// The prompt committed and a match was found.
    Landed {
        origin: usize,
        step: escriba_search::Step,
    },
    /// Committed, but nothing matched. E486 already reported.
    NotFound,
    /// Nothing typed and no previous pattern. E35 already reported.
    NoPrevious,
    /// No prompt was open.
    NoPrompt,
}

/// A replayable text change.
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct LastChange {
    /// The action that began the change.
    action: Action,
    /// How many times it ran.
    count: u32,
    /// Characters typed while the change held Insert mode open.
    inserted: String,
}

impl EditorState {
    /// Build a fresh editor with one buffer (scratch or file-backed).
    pub fn new_with_buffer(initial: BufferSet, active: BufferId) -> Self {
        let window = Window {
            id: WindowId(1),
            buffer_id: active,
            viewport: Viewport {
                top_line: 0,
                left_column: 0,
                visible_lines: 40,
                visible_columns: 160,
            },
        };
        Self {
            buffers: initial,
            modal: ModalState::new(),
            search: SearchState::new(escriba_search::CaseMode::Smart),
            search_at: None,
            last_change: None,
            recording_insert: false,
            jumps: JumpList::new(),
            keymap: Keymap::default_vim(),
            commands: CommandRegistry::default_set(),
            layout: Layout::single(window),
            active,
            cursors: Cursors::single(Position::ZERO),
            quit_requested: false,
            register: None,
            op_pending: zenmai::Stateful::new(OpState::Resting),
            pending_object: None,
            messages: Vec::new(),
            options: HashMap::new(),
            lisp_vm: None,
            pending_keys: Vec::new(),
            repeat_gate: KeyRepeatGate::new(),
            plugin_host: PluginHost::default(),
            edit_gen: EditGen::default(),
            damage: Damage::None,
            // The FLEET default until an rc says otherwise — never a
            // hand-written theme name, so a fleet re-point lands for free.
            dispatch_depth: 0,
            filetypes: escriba_core::FiletypeTable::new(),
            results: escriba_shirube::ListRegistry::new(),
            picker: None,
            index_rev: escriba_shirube::IndexRev::default(),
            session_gen: escriba_shirube::SessionGen::default(),
            theme: FleetTheme::prescribed_default(),
            chrome: ChromePalette::prescribed(),
            splash: None,
        }
    }

    /// The theme this editor is set to.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn theme(&self) -> FleetTheme {
        self.theme
    }

    /// The colours every face paints with — read once per frame.
    #[must_use]
    pub const fn chrome(&self) -> ChromePalette {
        self.chrome
    }

    /// Point the editor at a theme. The wiring that makes
    /// `(deftheme :preset …)` real.
    ///
    /// Bumps the refresh generation, because a theme change repaints
    /// everything: the GPU face caches its shaped buffer against that
    /// generation and would otherwise keep the old colours until an
    /// unrelated edit happened to invalidate it.
    pub fn set_theme(&mut self, theme: FleetTheme) {
        if self.theme == theme {
            return;
        }
        self.theme = theme;
        self.chrome = ChromePalette::for_theme(theme);
        self.damage = self.damage.join(Damage::Viewport);
        self.bump_gen();
    }

    /// The start screen, if one is up. Renderers paint this INSTEAD of the
    /// buffer pane; `None` is the ordinary editor.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn splash(&self) -> Option<&Splash> {
        self.splash.as_ref()
    }

    /// Raise the start screen. The binary calls this at boot when no file
    /// was named; an empty splash is refused so a face never has to render
    /// a blank screen over a perfectly good buffer.
    pub fn set_splash(&mut self, splash: Splash) {
        if splash.is_empty() {
            return;
        }
        self.splash = Some(splash);
        self.damage = self.damage.join(Damage::Viewport);
        self.bump_gen();
    }

    /// Take the start screen down. Idempotent; bumps the refresh generation
    /// only when something actually changed, so dismissing twice does not
    /// cost a repaint.
    pub fn dismiss_splash(&mut self) {
        if self.splash.take().is_some() {
            self.damage = self.damage.join(Damage::Viewport);
            self.bump_gen();
        }
    }

    /// Offer `key` to the start screen.
    ///
    /// A menu key runs its entry; ANY other key simply takes the screen
    /// down and is then handled normally — so the first thing an operator
    /// types is never swallowed.
    /// The open picker, for a face to paint.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn picker(&self) -> Option<&escriba_ui::picker::Picker> {
        self.picker.as_ref()
    }

    /// Give an open picker the key.
    ///
    /// Runs BEFORE the keymap, and before the sequence stepper: while a
    /// picker is up it owns every key, including ones it has no meaning for.
    /// An overlay that let unknown keys fall through would edit the file
    /// behind itself.
    fn consume_picker_key(&mut self, key: &Key) -> escriba_ui::picker::Consumed {
        use escriba_ui::picker::Consumed;
        let Some(p) = self.picker.as_mut() else {
            return Consumed::NotShowing;
        };
        let outcome = p.on_key(key);
        match &outcome {
            Consumed::Dismissed | Consumed::Chose(_) => {
                self.picker = None;
                self.bump_gen();
            }
            Consumed::Held => self.bump_gen(),
            Consumed::NotShowing => {}
        }
        outcome
    }

    /// Lower an accepted pick into the ONE interpreter.
    ///
    /// The whole reason `Choice` is a closed enum: a new source must decide
    /// here, and the compiler says so.
    fn honour_choice(&mut self, choice: escriba_ui::picker::Choice) {
        use escriba_ui::picker::Choice;
        let slip = match choice {
            Choice::Buffer(id) => Negai::FocusBuffer(id),
            Choice::Command(name) => Negai::RunCommand {
                name,
                args: Vec::new(),
            },
            Choice::OpenFile(path) => Negai::OpenPath(path),
            Choice::Location { path, line } => {
                // Open FIRST, then jump: the buffer may not exist yet, and
                // `jump_to_site` needs a BufferId. Two slips, one interpret.
                self.interpret(Outcome::did(vec![Negai::OpenPath(path)]));
                let site = escriba_shirube::Site::in_buffer(
                    self.active,
                    escriba_core::Range::new(
                        escriba_core::Position::new(line, 0),
                        escriba_core::Position::new(line, 1),
                    ),
                );
                self.jump_to_site(&site);
                return;
            }
        };
        self.interpret(Outcome::did(vec![slip]));
    }

    /// How many files a project grep will read, and how many hits it keeps.
    ///
    /// BOUNDED, and the bound is here rather than hidden, because this is a
    /// SYNCHRONOUS scan on the editor's own thread. The interpreter already
    /// does synchronous filesystem I/O (`OpenPath`, `Save`), so the posture
    /// is not new — but those touch one file and this walks a tree, which is
    /// the first one big enough to freeze the editor.
    ///
    /// The DESTINATION is the courier: an errand that scans off-thread and
    /// delivers results as they arrive, with no ceiling at all. This bound is
    /// the interim that ships a working grep meanwhile, and it is a real
    /// limit — a match past the ceiling is NOT found, and the picker says so
    /// rather than presenting a truncated list as complete.
    const GREP_FILE_LIMIT: usize = 2_000;
    const GREP_HIT_LIMIT: usize = 500;

    /// Walk the working directory, bounded, returning `(files, truncated)`.
    ///
    /// ONE walker. grep, files and project each need to enumerate the tree,
    /// and three copies of a bounded traversal is three places to get the
    /// ceiling, the skip-list, or the truncation report subtly different.
    ///
    /// Skips dotfiles, `target` and `node_modules`. That is NOT a gitignore
    /// implementation and does not pretend to be — a real ignore crate comes
    /// with the courier.
    fn walk_project(limit: usize) -> (Vec<std::path::PathBuf>, bool) {
        Self::walk_from(std::path::Path::new("."), limit)
    }

    /// The same bounded walk, from an explicit root.
    ///
    /// `walk_project` is this with `.` — one traversal, two callers, rather
    /// than a second copy for "browse from somewhere else".
    fn walk_from(root: &std::path::Path, limit: usize) -> (Vec<std::path::PathBuf>, bool) {
        let mut out = Vec::new();
        let mut truncated = false;
        let mut stack = vec![root.to_path_buf()];
        while let Some(dir) = stack.pop() {
            let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(&dir) else {
                continue;
            };
            for entry in entries.flatten() {
                let name = entry.file_name();
                let name = name.to_string_lossy();
                if name.starts_with('.') || name == "target" || name == "node_modules" {
                    continue;
                }
                let path = entry.path();
                if entry.file_type().is_ok_and(|t| t.is_dir()) {
                    stack.push(path);
                    continue;
                }
                if out.len() >= limit {
                    truncated = true;
                    return (out, truncated);
                }
                out.push(path);
            }
        }
        (out, truncated)
    }

    /// Say plainly when a bounded scan stopped short.
    ///
    /// A truncated list presented as complete is the failure this codebase
    /// keeps finding in itself; it does not get to ship one.
    fn report_truncation(&mut self, truncated: bool) {
        if truncated {
            self.messages
                .push("scan stopped at the limit — results are INCOMPLETE".to_string());
        }
    }

    /// Scan the working directory for `pattern`, bounded.
    fn grep_project(&mut self, pattern: &str) {
        use escriba_ui::picker::{Choice, Picker, PickerItem, Source};
        if pattern.is_empty() {
            self.messages.push("grep: empty pattern".to_string());
            return;
        }
        let (files, mut truncated) = Self::walk_project(Self::GREP_FILE_LIMIT);
        let mut items: Vec<PickerItem<Choice>> = Vec::new();
        'outer: for path in files {
            let Ok(text) = std::fs::read_to_string(&path) else {
                continue; // binary or unreadable — not an error worth reporting
            };
            for (n, line) in text.lines().enumerate() {
                if !line.contains(pattern) {
                    continue;
                }
                if items.len() >= Self::GREP_HIT_LIMIT {
                    truncated = true;
                    break 'outer;
                }
                let Ok(n) = u32::try_from(n) else { break };
                let mut label = String::with_capacity(80);
                label.push_str(&path.to_string_lossy());
                label.push(':');
                label.push_str(&(n + 1).to_string());
                label.push_str("  ");
                label.push_str(line.trim());
                items.push(PickerItem::new(
                    Choice::Location {
                        path: path.clone(),
                        line: n,
                    },
                    label,
                ));
            }
        }
        if items.is_empty() {
            let mut m = String::from("grep: no matches for ");
            m.push_str(pattern);
            self.messages.push(m);
            return;
        }
        if truncated {
            // Stated, never silent. A truncated list presented as complete is
            // the failure this whole codebase keeps finding.
            self.messages
                .push("grep: stopped at the scan limit — results are INCOMPLETE".to_string());
        }
        self.picker = Some(Picker::open(Source::Grep, items));
        self.bump_gen();
    }

    /// Where accepting a finding should take the operator.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` for a finding whose site names neither a path nor a
    /// live buffer — that is a finding about nowhere, and offering it would
    /// give the operator a row that does nothing when pressed.
    fn finding_choice(&self, f: &escriba_shirube::Finding) -> Option<escriba_ui::picker::Choice> {
        use escriba_ui::picker::Choice;
        let line = f.site.range.start.line;
        if let Some(p) = &f.site.path {
            return Some(Choice::Location {
                path: p.clone(),
                line,
            });
        }
        let id = f.site.buffer?;
        let b = self.buffers.get(id)?;
        // A buffer WITH a path becomes a Location, so the line survives. A
        // scratch buffer has no path to name, so the best available answer
        // is the buffer itself — and the line is lost. Stated rather than
        // hidden: a `Choice` that carried a BufferId AND a line would be
        // the fix, and it belongs with the picker, not here.
        b.path.as_ref().map_or(Some(Choice::Buffer(id)), |p| {
            Some(Choice::Location {
                path: p.clone(),
                line,
            })
        })
    }

    /// How a finding's location reads in a list row.
    fn finding_label(&self, f: &escriba_shirube::Finding) -> String {
        if let Some(p) = &f.site.path {
            return p.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
        }
        f.site
            .buffer
            .and_then(|id| self.buffers.get(id))
            .and_then(|b| b.path.as_ref())
            .map_or_else(
                || String::from("[scratch]"),
                |p| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
            )
    }

    /// Picker rows for every file under `root`.
    ///
    /// `picker.files` and `files.open-parent` differ only in the root, so
    /// they share this rather than carrying two copies of the same body —
    /// which is what they did for one commit, and what the line-count lint
    /// correctly complained about.
    fn file_items(
        &mut self,
        root: &std::path::Path,
    ) -> Vec<escriba_ui::picker::PickerItem<escriba_ui::picker::Choice>> {
        use escriba_ui::picker::{Choice, PickerItem};
        let (files, truncated) = Self::walk_from(root, Self::GREP_FILE_LIMIT);
        self.report_truncation(truncated);
        files
            .into_iter()
            .map(|p| {
                let label = p.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
                PickerItem::new(Choice::OpenFile(p), label)
            })
            .collect()
    }

    /// Picker rows for the located findings the `trouble.*` verbs show.
    ///
    /// Freshness is asked of the registry, not assumed: `fresh` filters
    /// against the CURRENT world, so a list anchored to a revision the
    /// buffer has moved past contributes nothing rather than offering a
    /// line that has since shifted.
    fn finding_items(
        &self,
        workspace: bool,
    ) -> Vec<escriba_ui::picker::PickerItem<escriba_ui::picker::Choice>> {
        use escriba_ui::picker::PickerItem;
        let world = self.world();
        let active = Some(self.active);
        let mut items = Vec::new();
        for name in self.results.names() {
            let Some(list) = self.results.get(name) else {
                continue;
            };
            for f in list.fresh(&world) {
                // `trouble.document` narrows to the buffer in front of the
                // operator. A finding that names only a path is
                // workspace-scoped by construction — it has no buffer to be
                // "this" one.
                if !workspace && f.site.buffer != active {
                    continue;
                }
                let Some(choice) = self.finding_choice(f) else {
                    continue;
                };
                let line = f.site.range.start.line;
                let mut label = String::with_capacity(64);
                label.push_str(f.severity.label());
                label.push_str("  ");
                label.push_str(&self.finding_label(f));
                label.push(':');
                label.push_str(&(line + 1).to_string());
                label.push_str("  ");
                label.push_str(&f.message);
                items.push(PickerItem::new(choice, label));
            }
        }
        items
    }

    /// Build and open a picker over `source`.
    fn open_picker(&mut self, source: escriba_madoguchi::PickerSource) {
        use escriba_ui::picker::{Choice, Picker, PickerItem, Source};
        let (src, items) = match source {
            escriba_madoguchi::PickerSource::Buffers => (
                Source::Buffers,
                self.buffers
                    .ids()
                    .into_iter()
                    .filter_map(|id| {
                        let b = self.buffers.get(id)?;
                        let label = b.path.as_ref().map_or_else(
                            || String::from("[scratch]"),
                            |p| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                        );
                        Some(PickerItem::new(Choice::Buffer(id), label))
                    })
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            ),
            escriba_madoguchi::PickerSource::Help => (
                Source::Help,
                self.keymap
                    .entries_sorted()
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|(mode, key, b)| {
                        // "NORMAL  gd   goto definition" — searchable by key,
                        // by mode, or by what it does, because a reader
                        // arrives from any of the three.
                        let mut label = String::with_capacity(48);
                        label.push_str(mode.as_str());
                        label.push_str("  ");
                        // `{key:?}` because there is no shared key FORMATTER
                        // in the fleet — awase owns the chord vocabulary but
                        // escriba-keymap's `Key` has no Display. That gap
                        // belongs to the keymap consolidation, not here, and
                        // inventing a fourth spelling would make it worse.
                        label.push_str(&format!("{key:?}"));
                        label.push_str("  ");
                        label.push_str(&b.description);
                        // Accepting runs the binding's action if it names a
                        // command; a typed Action has no name to run, so it
                        // reports rather than pretending.
                        let choice = match &b.action {
                            escriba_core::Action::Command { name, .. } => {
                                Choice::Command(name.clone())
                            }
                            other => Choice::Command(format!("{other:?}")),
                        };
                        PickerItem::new(choice, label)
                    })
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            ),
            escriba_madoguchi::PickerSource::Files => {
                (Source::Files, self.file_items(std::path::Path::new(".")))
            }
            escriba_madoguchi::PickerSource::Project => {
                // A project root is a directory carrying a marker. Derived
                // from the SAME walk rather than a second traversal — the
                // markers are files, so the walker already visited them.
                const MARKERS: &[&str] = &[
                    "Cargo.toml",
                    "flake.nix",
                    "package.json",
                    "go.mod",
                    "pyproject.toml",
                ];
                let (files, truncated) = Self::walk_project(Self::GREP_FILE_LIMIT);
                self.report_truncation(truncated);
                let mut roots: Vec<std::path::PathBuf> = files
                    .into_iter()
                    .filter(|p| {
                        p.file_name()
                            .is_some_and(|n| MARKERS.contains(&n.to_string_lossy().as_ref()))
                    })
                    .filter_map(|p| p.parent().map(std::path::Path::to_path_buf))
                    .collect();
                roots.sort();
                roots.dedup();
                (
                    Source::Project,
                    roots
                        .into_iter()
                        .map(|p| {
                            let label = p.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
                            PickerItem::new(Choice::OpenFile(p), label)
                        })
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                )
            }
            escriba_madoguchi::PickerSource::Commands => (
                Source::Commands,
                self.commands
                    .names()
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|n| PickerItem::new(Choice::Command(n.to_string()), n.to_string()))
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
            ),
            escriba_madoguchi::PickerSource::FilesUnder(root) => {
                (Source::Files, self.file_items(&root))
            }
            escriba_madoguchi::PickerSource::Findings { workspace } => {
                (Source::Findings, self.finding_items(workspace))
            }
        };
        if items.is_empty() {
            self.messages.push("nothing to pick from".to_string());
            return;
        }
        self.picker = Some(Picker::open(src, items));
        self.bump_gen();
    }

    /// Read one key as operator-pending object selection.
    ///
    /// Returns `None` when the key is nothing to do with objects, so the
    /// ordinary path runs untouched.
    fn consume_object_key(&mut self, key: Key) -> Option<ObjectKey> {
        use escriba_core::TextObject as O;
        let Key::Char(c) = key else {
            // Esc (or anything non-printable) abandons a half-typed object
            // rather than leaving the editor silently armed.
            if self.pending_object.take().is_some() {
                self.op_pending
                    .dispatch((Action::ChangeMode(Mode::Normal), 1));
                return Some(ObjectKey::Consumed);
            }
            return None;
        };

        // Second key: it names the object.
        if let Some(around) = self.pending_object.take() {
            let object = match c {
                'w' => Some(O::Word { around }),
                // vim's `b` and `B` aliases for the bracket pairs, plus the
                // brackets themselves in both directions.
                '(' | ')' | 'b' => Some(O::Delimited {
                    open: '(',
                    close: ')',
                    around,
                }),
                '{' | '}' | 'B' => Some(O::Delimited {
                    open: '{',
                    close: '}',
                    around,
                }),
                '[' | ']' => Some(O::Delimited {
                    open: '[',
                    close: ']',
                    around,
                }),
                '<' | '>' => Some(O::Delimited {
                    open: '<',
                    close: '>',
                    around,
                }),
                // Quotes: `open == close`, which is what tells the resolver
                // not to count nesting.
                '"' => Some(O::Delimited {
                    open: '"',
                    close: '"',
                    around,
                }),
                '\'' => Some(O::Delimited {
                    open: '\'',
                    close: '\'',
                    around,
                }),
                '`' => Some(O::Delimited {
                    open: '`',
                    close: '`',
                    around,
                }),
                _ => None,
            };
            let OpState::Awaiting { op, count } = *self.op_pending.state() else {
                return Some(ObjectKey::Consumed);
            };
            // Disarm either way: an unknown object key cancels the operator,
            // it does not leave it armed for the next unrelated keystroke.
            self.op_pending
                .dispatch((Action::ChangeMode(Mode::Normal), 1));
            let Some(object) = object else {
                return Some(ObjectKey::Consumed);
            };
            let composed = Action::ApplyOperatorObject { op, object };
            // `2diw` applies the object twice. The caller runs it once, so
            // the extra repeats happen here.
            for _ in 1..count {
                self.apply(&composed);
            }
            return Some(ObjectKey::Compose(composed));
        }

        // First key: `i` or `a` while an operator waits.
        if matches!(c, 'i' | 'a') && matches!(self.op_pending.state(), OpState::Awaiting { .. }) {
            self.pending_object = Some(c == 'a');
            return Some(ObjectKey::Consumed);
        }
        None
    }

    fn consume_splash_key(&mut self, key: &Key) -> SplashKey {
        let Some(splash) = self.splash.as_ref() else {
            return SplashKey::NotShowing;
        };
        let chosen = match key {
            Key::Char(c) => splash.entry_for(*c).map(|e| e.action.clone()),
            _ => None,
        };
        self.dismiss_splash();
        chosen.map_or(SplashKey::Dismissed, SplashKey::Ran)
    }

    /// The current refresh generation. A renderer caches its products against
    /// this; equality is the freshness test (an unchanged generation ⇒ the
    /// last frame is still valid, so skip the re-highlight + re-shape).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn edit_gen(&self) -> EditGen {
        self.edit_gen
    }

    /// Advance the refresh generation (a mutation happened).
    fn bump_gen(&mut self) {
        self.edit_gen = self.edit_gen.next();
    }

    /// The accumulated dirty region (read-only). See [`take_damage`](Self::take_damage).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn damage(&self) -> Damage {
        self.damage
    }

    /// Drain the accumulated dirty region, resetting to [`Damage::None`]. The
    /// renderer calls this once per frame to learn what to repaint, then the
    /// accumulator restarts — so damage never double-counts across frames.
    pub fn take_damage(&mut self) -> Damage {
        std::mem::replace(&mut self.damage, Damage::None)
    }

    /// The line count of the active buffer (0 if none) — used to compute the
    /// [`Damage`] scope of a mutation.
    fn active_line_count(&self) -> u32 {
        self.buffers
            .get(self.active)
            .map_or(0, escriba_buffer::Buffer::line_count)
    }

    /// Register a lazy USER plugin: its escriba entry is deferred until
    /// one of its `triggers` fires. Bundled defaults do NOT go through
    /// here — they are applied eagerly at boot. Empty `triggers` means
    /// the plugin never lazily activates (the binary applies eager
    /// plugins directly).
    pub fn register_lazy_plugin(
        &mut self,
        name: impl Into<String>,
        triggers: Vec<LazyTrigger>,
        entry_src: impl Into<String>,
    ) {
        self.plugin_host.register(name, triggers, entry_src);
    }

    /// Apply a plugin entry's escriba-lisp to live state — the same
    /// keymap / command / option apply paths a user rc uses. Options are
    /// applied before keybinds so a plugin that sets `mapleader` resolves
    /// `<leader>` correctly. Returns the count of commands + keybinds it
    /// registered (best-effort; a malformed entry is skipped, not fatal).
    fn apply_plugin_entry(&mut self, entry_src: &str) -> usize {
        let Ok(plan) = escriba_lisp::apply_source(entry_src) else {
            return 0;
        };
        let cmd = escriba_lisp::apply_plan_to_commands(&plan, &mut self.commands);
        escriba_lisp::apply_plan_to_options(&plan, &mut self.options);
        if let Some(value) = self.options.get("mapleader") {
            if let Some(key) = escriba_lisp::parse_leader_key(value) {
                self.keymap.set_leader(key);
            }
        }
        let km = escriba_lisp::apply_plan_to_keymap(&plan, &mut self.keymap);
        (cmd.registered + km.keybinds_applied) as usize
    }

    /// Fire any lazy plugin gated on a `FileType` trigger for `filetype`.
    /// Returns the number of plugins activated. Call when a buffer of a
    /// known filetype is opened.
    pub fn activate_filetype_plugins(&mut self, filetype: &str) -> usize {
        let pending = self.plugin_host.pending_for_filetype(filetype);
        let n = pending.len();
        for src in pending {
            self.apply_plugin_entry(&src);
        }
        n
    }

    /// Fire any lazy plugin gated on an `Event` trigger for `event`.
    /// Returns the number of plugins activated.
    pub fn activate_event_plugins(&mut self, event: &str) -> usize {
        let pending = self.plugin_host.pending_for_event(event);
        let n = pending.len();
        for src in pending {
            self.apply_plugin_entry(&src);
        }
        n
    }

    /// Advance one frame's worth of state given a raw madori event.
    ///
    /// Key events pass through the [`KeyRepeatGate`] first (see
    /// [`Self::tick_at`]); everything else is handled directly.
    pub fn tick(&mut self, event: &AppEvent) {
        self.tick_at(event, Instant::now());
    }

    /// [`Self::tick`] with an explicit timestamp for the key-repeat gate —
    /// lets tests drive the debounce window without depending on the
    /// wall clock.
    pub fn tick_at(&mut self, event: &AppEvent, now: Instant) {
        match translate_app_event(event) {
            InputOutcome::Key(k) => {
                if self.gate_key(&k, now) {
                    self.on_key(&k);
                }
            }
            InputOutcome::Resized { .. } => {
                // Damage only. Each face owns its own geometry: the GPU
                // backend derives the grid in `RenderCallback::resize`, and
                // the ratatui face reads its area every frame. This arm used
                // to write `Window.rect`, which nothing ever read — so the
                // resize path was already doing no real work, it just looked
                // like it was.
                self.damage = self.damage.join(Damage::Viewport);
                self.bump_gen();
            }
            InputOutcome::Quit => self.quit_requested = true,
            InputOutcome::Focus(_) | InputOutcome::None => {}
        }
    }

    /// Decide whether `key` survives the key-repeat gate at time `now`.
    ///
    /// Returns `true` when the key should be processed, `false` when it is
    /// an OS key-repeat storm tick that should be dropped. Gating applies
    /// ONLY in the navigation modes (Normal / Visual / VisualLine) — those
    /// are where a held `j`/`l` floods the motion path and thrashes the
    /// viewport. Insert and Command modes pass every key through ungated,
    /// because there "hold a key to repeat the character" is the intended
    /// behavior, not a storm to suppress.
    fn gate_key(&mut self, key: &Key, now: Instant) -> bool {
        match self.modal.mode() {
            Mode::Normal | Mode::Visual | Mode::VisualLine => {
                // The gate exists for HELD keys that flood the motion path and
                // thrash the viewport (`j`, `l`). It is wrong for the discrete
                // jumps: two `n` presses 10 ms apart mean two matches, and
                // swallowing the second is indistinguishable from a dead key —
                // the exact symptom the gate was added to prevent elsewhere.
                if is_repeat_storm_candidate(key) {
                    return self.repeat_gate.try_pass_at(*key, now);
                }
                true
            }
            Mode::Insert | Mode::Command => true,
        }
    }

    /// Dispatch a single key through the keymap + apply the resulting action.
    pub fn on_key(&mut self, key: &Key) {
        // An open picker owns EVERY key while it is up — before the splash,
        // before the sequence stepper, before the keymap.
        match self.consume_picker_key(key) {
            escriba_ui::picker::Consumed::NotShowing => {}
            escriba_ui::picker::Consumed::Held | escriba_ui::picker::Consumed::Dismissed => return,
            escriba_ui::picker::Consumed::Chose(c) => {
                self.honour_choice(c);
                return;
            }
        }
        // The start screen owns the first keypress and nothing after it.
        match self.consume_splash_key(key) {
            SplashKey::NotShowing | SplashKey::Dismissed => {}
            SplashKey::Ran(action) => {
                self.apply(&action);
                return;
            }
        }
        // Operator-pending OBJECT selection runs before EVERYTHING, because
        // `di(` must not be read as `d` then `i` (insert) then `(`.
        if let Some(action) = self.consume_object_key(*key) {
            match action {
                ObjectKey::Consumed => return,
                ObjectKey::Compose(a) => {
                    self.apply(&a);
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
        // Multi-key sequence resolution runs first: a key that begins or
        // continues a bound sequence (`<leader>ff`, `gg`) is held or
        // resolved here before the single-key path sees it.
        match self.step_sequence(key) {
            SeqStep::Pending => return,
            SeqStep::Resolved(action) => {
                let count = self.modal.pending_count().unwrap_or(1);
                self.modal.clear_count();
                for _ in 0..count {
                    self.apply(&action);
                    if self.quit_requested {
                        return;
                    }
                }
                return;
            }
            SeqStep::Passthrough => {}
        }
        let counted = self.keymap.dispatch(&self.modal, key);
        // Count prefixes accumulate into modal state.
        if matches!(counted.action, Action::Pending) {
            if let Key::Char(c) = key {
                if c.is_ascii_digit() {
                    let d = u32::from(*c as u8 - b'0');
                    self.modal.append_count(d);
                }
            }
            return;
        }
        // The count flows through the operator-pending FSM (apply_counted), which
        // owns repetition: a bare motion runs count× , an operator captures its
        // count, and an operated motion multiplies the two. No naive outer loop.
        self.apply_counted(&counted.action, counted.count);
        // After applying, reset pending count.
        self.modal.clear_count();
    }

    /// Advance the multi-key pending-stroke state machine for `key`.
    ///
    /// Sequences only apply in normal / visual modes — insert and
    /// command modes treat keys as literal text. Rules:
    /// - Mid-sequence: extend the pending prefix. Exact match →
    ///   [`SeqStep::Resolved`]; still a live prefix → [`SeqStep::Pending`];
    ///   otherwise abort the sequence and re-process this key fresh.
    /// - Not mid-sequence: if `key` begins a bound sequence AND is not
    ///   itself a complete single binding (single bindings win, so no
    ///   chord timeout is needed) → start pending. Otherwise
    ///   [`SeqStep::Passthrough`] to the single-key dispatcher.
    fn step_sequence(&mut self, key: &Key) -> SeqStep {
        let mode = self.modal.mode();
        if !matches!(mode, Mode::Normal | Mode::Visual | Mode::VisualLine) {
            return SeqStep::Passthrough;
        }
        if !self.pending_keys.is_empty() {
            let mut seq = self.pending_keys.clone();
            seq.push(key.clone());
            if let Some(b) = self.keymap.lookup_sequence(mode, &seq) {
                let action = b.action.clone();
                self.pending_keys.clear();
                return SeqStep::Resolved(action);
            }
            if self.keymap.is_sequence_prefix(mode, &seq) {
                self.pending_keys = seq;
                return SeqStep::Pending;
            }
            // The key broke the in-progress sequence — abort it and let
            // the key be re-processed as a fresh stroke below.
            self.pending_keys.clear();
        }
        let start = [key.clone()];
        if self.keymap.is_sequence_prefix(mode, &start) && self.keymap.lookup(mode, key).is_none() {
            self.pending_keys = start.to_vec();
            return SeqStep::Pending;
        }
        SeqStep::Passthrough
    }

    /// The primary cursor position. The single read accessor — every
    /// renderer + motion path goes through it, so the underlying
    /// representation (today a single-cursor [`Cursors`]) can grow to
    /// multi-caret without changing read sites.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn cursor(&self) -> Position {
        self.cursors.primary()
    }

    /// The **single** cursor-mutation path. Clamp the requested position to
    /// the active buffer's bounds, then scroll the active window's viewport
    /// to contain it on BOTH axes. Routing every cursor change through this
    /// (and through [`Cursors::set_primary`]) makes "cursor outside its
    /// viewport" an unrepresentable state, AND keeps cursor state in ONE
    /// typed home — there is no code path that advances the cursor without
    /// re-deriving the viewport from it, and no second `Position` field to
    /// fall out of sync.
    /// Re-assert the cursor-visibility invariant against the CURRENT
    /// viewport.
    ///
    /// A resize changes how much a face can show without moving the cursor,
    /// so nothing would otherwise re-run `scroll_to_contain` — the cursor
    /// would sit off-screen until the operator happened to move it. Every
    /// face calls this after telling the runtime its new size.
    pub fn refollow_cursor(&mut self) {
        self.set_cursor(self.cursors.primary());
    }

    fn set_cursor(&mut self, pos: Position) {
        let clamped = if let Some(buf) = self.buffers.get(self.active) {
            buf.clamp(pos)
        } else {
            pos
        };
        self.cursors.set_primary(clamped);
        if let Some(w) = self.layout.active_window_mut() {
            w.viewport = w.viewport.scroll_to_contain(self.cursors.primary(), 2);
        }
    }

    /// Dispatch one resolved action at count 1. See [`apply_counted`](Self::apply_counted).
    fn apply(&mut self, action: &Action) {
        self.apply_counted(action, 1);
    }

    /// Dispatch one resolved action with its count. Routes `(action, count)`
    /// through the operator-pending FSM ([`OperatorPending`], on `zenmai`): most
    /// actions pass straight to [`apply_resolved`](Self::apply_resolved) carrying
    /// their count (so `5j` runs the motion 5×), an operator key is held, and an
    /// operator-then-motion pair is rewritten into a counted
    /// [`Action::ApplyOperator`] (so `3dw` deletes 3 words). The FSM owns count
    /// composition — there is no naive outer repeat loop.
    fn apply_counted(&mut self, action: &Action, count: u32) {
        // An uncompilable pattern must not reach the operator machine.
        //
        // `SearchState::accept` puts the prompt BACK on a compile error so the
        // typed text is not lost — but the FSM had already transitioned out of
        // `AwaitingSearch` on the way in, so the prompt survived and the
        // OPERATOR did not, with nothing said about it. The `d` was simply
        // gone, and the corrected pattern then ran as a bare search.
        //
        // The machine is a pure `(State, Event) -> (State, effects)` and
        // cannot observe the result of an effect, so it cannot decide this
        // itself. The fix is to stop handing it an event it has no business
        // deciding: the runtime classifies the submit first, from state it
        // already holds. `prompt_error` returns `None` for an EMPTY prompt, so
        // the bare-`/<CR>` reuse path is untouched.
        //
        // Tier-honest: parse-rejected at the boundary, not
        // truly-unrepresentable.
        if matches!(action, Action::SubmitCommand) {
            if let Some(e) = self.search.prompt_error() {
                let mut m = String::from("E383: Invalid search string: ");
                m.push_str(&e.to_string());
                self.messages.push(m);
                return;
            }
        }

        for (resolved, times) in self.op_pending.dispatch((action.clone(), count)) {
            // `3dw` is ONE delete of three words as far as the register is
            // concerned, not three deletes of one. Each repetition emits its
            // own `Negai::Yank`, and each used to overwrite the register — so
            // `3dwP` put back only the third word and silently lost two.
            //
            // Repetitions of a REGISTER-LEAVING operator therefore append,
            // and the flag is cleared after the group so an unrelated later
            // yank still replaces rather than growing forever.
            // A COUNTED operator-over-motion is ONE operation over a motion
            // resolved `times` over, not `times` operations over one motion.
            //
            // That distinction is not pedantry. Repeating the operation works
            // by accident for delete — the text vanishes, so the cursor ends
            // up somewhere new each round — and is simply wrong for yank,
            // which does not move the cursor: `2yw` re-yanked the FIRST word
            // twice and put "one one " in the register. Resolving the motion
            // twice and yanking once gives "one two ", and the register needs
            // no accumulation because there was only ever one yank.
            if let Action::ApplyOperator { op, motion } = resolved {
                self.apply_operator_n(op, motion, times);
                if self.quit_requested {
                    return;
                }
                continue;
            }
            for _ in 0..times {
                self.apply_resolved(&resolved);
                if self.quit_requested {
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// The active buffer's text. Search is a pure function of it.
    /// The active buffer's text revision — the token an offset measured
    /// against it should carry.
    #[must_use]
    fn text_rev(&self) -> TextRev {
        self.buffers
            .get(self.active)
            .map_or_else(TextRev::default, escriba_buffer::Buffer::text_rev)
    }

    fn active_text(&self) -> String {
        self.buffers
            .get(self.active)
            .map(escriba_buffer::Buffer::to_string)
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    /// The cursor as a char offset — the coordinate search speaks.
    fn cursor_char(&self) -> usize {
        self.buffers
            .get(self.active)
            .and_then(|b| b.position_to_char(self.cursor()).ok())
            .unwrap_or(0)
    }

    /// Move the cursor onto a match and report a wrap the way vim does.
    /// The status line as data — what every face draws.
    ///
    /// One model, so the two faces can only disagree about styling. Before
    /// this existed the GPU face built its own line from a fixed `format!()`
    /// and drew neither the prompt nor any message, which made a fully
    /// working `/` look like a dead key on escriba's default renderer.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn status_model(&self) -> StatusModel<'_> {
        let cursor = self.cursor();
        let prompt = self.search.prompt();

        let kind = match prompt.map(|p| p.direction) {
            Some(escriba_search::Direction::Forward) => PromptKind::SearchForward,
            Some(escriba_search::Direction::Backward) => PromptKind::SearchBackward,
            // Command mode with no search prompt open is an ex-command; the
            // typed `Option<Prompt>` is the discriminator, never a mode flag.
            None if self.modal.mode() == Mode::Command => PromptKind::Ex,
            None => PromptKind::None,
        };

        StatusModel {
            mode: self.modal.mode(),
            line: cursor.line.saturating_add(1) as usize,
            column: cursor.column.saturating_add(1) as usize,
            prompt: kind,
            prompt_text: prompt
                .map_or_else(|| self.modal.minibuffer(), escriba_search::Prompt::text),
            prompt_caret: prompt.map_or_else(
                || self.modal.minibuffer_caret(),
                escriba_search::Prompt::caret,
            ),
            count: self.match_count(),
            message: self.messages.last().map(String::as_str),
        }
    }

    /// `[3/17]` for the current pattern.
    ///
    /// While a prompt is open the count describes the PREVIEW — the answer to
    /// "what would Enter do", which is the question being asked mid-typing.
    /// Once committed it describes where the cursor actually is.
    #[must_use]
    fn match_count(&self) -> MatchCount {
        if self.search.is_prompting() {
            let text = self.active_text();
            // ONE scan, four outcomes. `Incomplete` and `NoMatch` used to be
            // the same `None`, so a half-typed character class reported
            // `[0/0]` — telling the user their pattern matches nothing while
            // they are still writing it.
            return match self.search.preview(&text) {
                escriba_search::Preview::Landed { step, total } => {
                    MatchCount::new(step.index, total)
                }
                escriba_search::Preview::NoMatch => MatchCount::None,
                escriba_search::Preview::Incomplete | escriba_search::Preview::Idle => {
                    MatchCount::Idle
                }
            };
        }
        if self.search.pattern().is_none() {
            return MatchCount::Idle;
        }
        let total = self.search.matches().len();
        // Read THROUGH the anchor: an ordinal computed against text that has
        // since changed reads as absent, so a stale count cannot be displayed.
        let rev = self.text_rev();
        self.search_at.as_ref().and_then(|a| a.get(rev)).map_or(
            if total == 0 {
                MatchCount::None
            } else {
                MatchCount::Idle
            },
            |&i| MatchCount::new(i, total),
        )
    }

    /// `.` — replay the last change at the cursor.
    ///
    /// Two steps, because a change can be two: run the action, then re-type
    /// whatever followed it. `cgn` + `.` is exactly this — change the next
    /// match, then repeat that whole gesture on the one after.
    fn repeat_last_change(&mut self) {
        let Some(change) = self.last_change.clone() else {
            self.messages
                .push("E32: No previous change to repeat".to_string());
            return;
        };

        for _ in 0..change.count.max(1) {
            self.apply_resolved(&change.action);
        }
        for c in change.inserted.chars() {
            self.apply_resolved(&Action::InsertChar(c));
        }
        if self.modal.mode() == Mode::Insert {
            // A replayed change must not leave the editor in Insert — the
            // original ended with an Esc the recording deliberately does not
            // store, since it is punctuation rather than part of the change.
            self.apply_resolved(&Action::ChangeMode(Mode::Normal));
        }
        // The replay wrote through `apply_resolved`, which re-records
        // `last_change` from the inner action. Put the ORIGINAL back so a
        // second `.` repeats the same change rather than a fragment of it.
        self.last_change = Some(change);
        self.recording_insert = false;
    }

    /// Resolve a text object to the range it names.
    ///
    /// `gn` uses the INCLUSIVE step, so a cursor already sitting inside a
    /// match operates on THAT match rather than skipping to the next — which
    /// is what makes `cgn` then `.` walk matches one at a time instead of
    /// every other one.
    /// `dd` — the current line INCLUDING its terminator.
    ///
    /// Taking the newline is what makes `dd` remove a line rather than blank
    /// it. On the last line there is no following newline to take, so it
    /// falls back to the preceding one — otherwise `dd` on the final line
    /// leaves an empty line behind, which is the one case a naive
    /// "start-of-line to start-of-next-line" range gets wrong.
    fn object_line(&self) -> Option<Range> {
        let buf = self.buffers.get(self.active)?;
        let line = self.cursor().line;
        let last = buf.line_count().saturating_sub(1);
        if line < last {
            Some(Range::new(
                Position::new(line, 0),
                Position::new(line + 1, 0),
            ))
        } else if line > 0 {
            // Final line: swallow the PRECEDING newline instead.
            Some(Range::new(
                Position::new(line - 1, buf.line_len_chars(line - 1)),
                Position::new(line, buf.line_len_chars(line)),
            ))
        } else {
            // The only line in the buffer: clear it, keep the line itself.
            Some(Range::new(
                Position::new(0, 0),
                Position::new(0, buf.line_len_chars(0)),
            ))
        }
    }

    /// `iw` / `aw` — the word under the cursor.
    ///
    /// vim's `w` classes are word / punctuation / whitespace, and a text
    /// object never crosses a line. `around` additionally takes the trailing
    /// whitespace run, falling back to LEADING whitespace when there is none
    /// after — which is what vim does at end of line.
    fn object_word(&self, around: bool) -> Option<Range> {
        let buf = self.buffers.get(self.active)?;
        let pos = self.cursor();
        let text: Vec<char> = buf.line(pos.line)?.chars().collect();
        if text.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }
        let col = (pos.column as usize).min(text.len().saturating_sub(1));

        #[derive(PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
        enum Class {
            Word,
            Punct,
            Space,
        }
        let class = |c: char| {
            if c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_' {
                Class::Word
            } else if c.is_whitespace() {
                Class::Space
            } else {
                Class::Punct
            }
        };

        let here = class(text[col]);
        let mut start = col;
        while start > 0 && class(text[start - 1]) == here {
            start -= 1;
        }
        let mut end = col + 1;
        while end < text.len() && class(text[end]) == here {
            end += 1;
        }

        if around {
            let after = end;
            while end < text.len() && class(text[end]) == Class::Space {
                end += 1;
            }
            // No trailing run: take the leading one instead, as vim does.
            if end == after {
                while start > 0 && class(text[start - 1]) == Class::Space {
                    start -= 1;
                }
            }
        }

        Some(Range::new(
            Position::new(pos.line, start as u32),
            Position::new(pos.line, end as u32),
        ))
    }

    /// `i(` / `a"` … — the region between a matched pair, on one line.
    ///
    /// Brackets NEST and quotes do not, and that is the only difference:
    /// with `open == close` the scan cannot count depth, so it takes the
    /// nearest delimiter on each side instead.
    fn object_delimited(&self, open: char, close: char, around: bool) -> Option<Range> {
        let buf = self.buffers.get(self.active)?;
        let pos = self.cursor();
        let text: Vec<char> = buf.line(pos.line)?.chars().collect();
        if text.is_empty() {
            return None;
        }
        let col = (pos.column as usize).min(text.len().saturating_sub(1));

        let (l, r) = if open == close {
            // Quotes: nearest on each side, no nesting to track.
            let l = (0..=col).rev().find(|&i| text[i] == open)?;
            let r = ((col.max(l) + 1)..text.len()).find(|&i| text[i] == close)?;
            (l, r)
        } else {
            // Brackets: walk out counting depth, so an inner pair does not
            // terminate the search for the enclosing one.
            let mut depth = 0i32;
            let l = (0..=col).rev().find(|&i| {
                if text[i] == close && i != col {
                    depth += 1;
                    false
                } else if text[i] == open {
                    if depth == 0 {
                        true
                    } else {
                        depth -= 1;
                        false
                    }
                } else {
                    false
                }
            })?;
            depth = 0;
            let r = ((l + 1)..text.len()).find(|&i| {
                if text[i] == open {
                    depth += 1;
                    false
                } else if text[i] == close {
                    if depth == 0 {
                        true
                    } else {
                        depth -= 1;
                        false
                    }
                } else {
                    false
                }
            })?;
            (l, r)
        };

        // `i` is strictly between the delimiters; `a` includes them.
        let (s, e) = if around { (l, r + 1) } else { (l + 1, r) };
        Some(Range::new(
            Position::new(pos.line, s as u32),
            Position::new(pos.line, e as u32),
        ))
    }

    fn resolve_object(&self, object: escriba_core::TextObject) -> Option<Range> {
        use escriba_core::TextObject as O;

        // The text-scanning objects resolve against the BUFFER; the two
        // search objects resolve against the match set. Splitting here keeps
        // the search logic below exactly as it was rather than threading a
        // second concern through it.
        match object {
            O::Line => return self.object_line(),
            O::Word { around } => return self.object_word(around),
            O::Delimited {
                open,
                close,
                around,
            } => return self.object_delimited(open, close, around),
            O::NextMatch | O::PrevMatch => {}
        }

        let at = self.cursor_char();
        let matches = self.search.matches();

        // A match CONTAINING the cursor wins outright, whichever direction the
        // object names.
        //
        // Comparing only against `m.start` — which is what a `starts`-vector
        // plus `Bound::Inclusive` does — is right only when the cursor sits on
        // a match's FIRST character. One column further in, `start < at` and
        // the match is rejected, so `cgn` skipped the very instance the
        // operator was standing in and the rename silently missed it. vim
        // operates on the containing match from every interior column, and the
        // `starts`-only comparison cannot express "contains" because it never
        // looks at `m.end`.
        let idx = matches.iter().position(|m| m.contains(at)).or_else(|| {
            let starts: Vec<usize> = matches.iter().map(|m| m.start).collect();
            match object {
                O::PrevMatch => Bound::Inclusive.first_matching(&starts, at, false),
                // Every other variant returned above; `NextMatch` is the only
                // one that can reach here besides `PrevMatch`.
                _ => Bound::Inclusive.first_matching(&starts, at, true),
            }
        })?;

        let m = matches.get(idx)?;
        let buf = self.buffers.get(self.active)?;
        Some(Range {
            start: buf.char_to_position(m.start),
            end: buf.char_to_position(m.end),
        })
    }

    fn land_on(&mut self, step: escriba_search::Step) {
        if let Some(buf) = self.buffers.get(self.active) {
            let pos = buf.char_to_position(step.target.start);
            self.set_cursor(pos);
        }
        // The `[3/17]` numerator. `Step` has carried this index since the
        // engine was written — `engine.rs` even names the counter as the
        // reason it exists — and every consumer discarded it until now.
        self.search_at = Some(Anchored::new(step.index, self.text_rev()));
    }

    /// vim's "search hit BOTTOM, continuing at TOP".
    ///
    /// One reporter, called by the two places a search can wrap: the shared
    /// commit and `n`/`N`. `land_on` deliberately does NOT report, or the bare
    /// commit would say it twice.
    fn report_wrap(&mut self, step: &escriba_search::Step) {
        if let Some(msg) = escriba_search::wrap_message(step.wrapped) {
            self.messages.push(msg.to_string());
        }
    }

    /// `n` / `N`. Reports vim's E486 when the pattern matches nothing, rather
    /// than failing silently — a search that appears to do nothing is
    /// indistinguishable from a dropped keystroke.
    fn jump_search(&mut self, reverse: bool) {
        // Using the matches re-lights them: `n` after an auto-clear shows you
        // what you are walking through.
        self.search.relight();
        // `n` is a far jump — record where we leave from so `<C-o>` works.
        self.jumps.push(self.spot());
        let at = self.cursor_char();
        match self.search.repeat(at, reverse) {
            Some(step) => {
                // `n` wrapping the file says so, same as a commit does.
                self.report_wrap(&step);
                self.land_on(step);
            }
            None => {
                let msg = self.search.pattern().map_or_else(
                    || "E35: No previous regular expression".to_string(),
                    |p| {
                        let mut m = String::from("E486: Pattern not found: ");
                        m.push_str(p.raw());
                        m
                    },
                );
                self.messages.push(msg);
            }
        }
    }

    /// Move the cursor to where the in-progress pattern would land, without
    /// committing anything. vim's `incsearch`.
    ///
    /// A pattern that does not compile yet (`/a[`, mid-typing) previews
    /// nothing and reports nothing — an error toast on every keystroke of a
    /// character class would be unusable.
    fn preview_search(&mut self) {
        let text = self.active_text();
        let Some(origin) = self.search.prompt().map(|p| p.origin) else {
            return;
        };
        let target = match self.search.preview(&text) {
            escriba_search::Preview::Landed { step, .. } => step.target.start,
            // Nothing to show: back to where the search started. Covers a
            // half-typed pattern and a pattern that finds nothing alike —
            // both mean "there is no match to preview".
            escriba_search::Preview::Idle
            | escriba_search::Preview::Incomplete
            | escriba_search::Preview::NoMatch => origin,
        };
        // A pattern that STOPS matching returns the cursor to the origin.
        //
        // Preview used to only ever move forward, so typing `ch` (a match) and
        // then `chz` (none) left the cursor parked on the `ch` match — a
        // preview showing a position the pattern no longer justifies, while
        // the count beside it read `[0/0]`. Restoring is also what makes
        // Escape's promise legible: at every keystroke the cursor is either on
        // a real match or back where you started, never on a stale one.
        if let Some(buf) = self.buffers.get(self.active) {
            let pos = buf.char_to_position(target);
            self.set_cursor(pos);
        }
    }

    /// `d/foo<CR>` — commit the prompt and operate from the prompt's origin to
    /// where the search lands, as ONE action.
    ///
    /// Split from [`Self::submit_search`] rather than sharing it because the
    /// two want opposite things from the commit: the bare `/` MOVES the cursor
    /// to the match, and an operated `/` must NOT — the cursor is the
    /// operator's start point, and moving it first would leave the operator
    /// with a zero-width range.
    /// Commit the open search prompt. The ONE copy of the sequence.
    ///
    /// Reports its own failures (E486 / E35) so neither caller has to carry a
    /// third copy of the message strings. `Accepted::Invalid` cannot reach
    /// here — `apply_counted` rejects an uncompilable pattern at the dispatch
    /// boundary before the FSM or this method ever sees the submit.
    fn commit_search_prompt(&mut self) -> CommitOutcome {
        let text = self.active_text();
        let Some((origin, skip)) = self.search.prompt().map(|p| (p.origin, p.preview_skip()))
        else {
            return CommitOutcome::NoPrompt;
        };

        match self.search.accept(&text) {
            escriba_search::Accepted::Committed | escriba_search::Accepted::ReusedPrevious => {
                self.modal.clear_minibuffer();
                self.modal.enter(Mode::Normal);
                match self.search.commit_step_skipping(origin, skip) {
                    Some(step) => {
                        // The wrap notice belongs HERE, once, for both commit
                        // paths. Reporting it in each caller is what let the
                        // operated path lose it in the first place — and my
                        // first attempt at this refactor duplicated it again
                        // rather than moving it, which the red proof caught.
                        self.report_wrap(&step);
                        CommitOutcome::Landed { origin, step }
                    }
                    None => {
                        self.report_pattern_not_found();
                        CommitOutcome::NotFound
                    }
                }
            }
            escriba_search::Accepted::NothingToRepeat => {
                self.modal.clear_minibuffer();
                self.modal.enter(Mode::Normal);
                self.messages
                    .push("E35: No previous regular expression".to_string());
                CommitOutcome::NoPrevious
            }
            // Unreachable: the boundary guard in `apply_counted` returns early
            // on an uncompilable pattern, leaving the prompt open. Reported
            // rather than `unreachable!()` — a panic in the editor's commit
            // path is a worse failure than a duplicate message.
            escriba_search::Accepted::Invalid(e) => {
                let mut m = String::from("E383: Invalid search string: ");
                m.push_str(&e.to_string());
                self.messages.push(m);
                CommitOutcome::NoPrompt
            }
        }
    }

    /// vim's E486, with the pattern named. One place, so every path that fails
    /// to find reports identically.
    fn report_pattern_not_found(&mut self) {
        let mut m = String::from("E486: Pattern not found");
        if let Some(p) = self.search.pattern() {
            m.push_str(": ");
            m.push_str(p.raw());
        }
        self.messages.push(m);
    }

    /// Bare `/foo<CR>` — commit and MOVE the cursor to the match.
    ///
    /// The only difference from the operated path is that this one lands;
    /// everything else lives in `commit_search_prompt`.
    fn submit_search(&mut self) {
        match self.commit_search_prompt() {
            CommitOutcome::Landed { origin, step } => {
                if let Some(buf) = self.buffers.get(self.active) {
                    let from = buf.char_to_position(origin);
                    self.jumps.push(escriba_core::Spot::new(self.active, from));
                }
                self.land_on(step);
            }
            CommitOutcome::NotFound | CommitOutcome::NoPrevious | CommitOutcome::NoPrompt => {}
        }
    }

    /// `d/foo<CR>` — commit, then operate from the prompt's origin to where the
    /// search lands, as ONE action.
    ///
    /// The cursor must NOT move to the match first: it is the operator's start
    /// point. That is the whole reason this differs from the bare path, and
    /// now the only reason.
    fn submit_search_operated(&mut self, op: Operator) {
        match self.commit_search_prompt() {
            CommitOutcome::Landed { origin, step } => {
                if let Some(buf) = self.buffers.get(self.active) {
                    let from = buf.char_to_position(origin);
                    let target = buf.char_to_position(step.target.start);
                    // Operating over a search is itself a far jump.
                    self.jumps.push(escriba_core::Spot::new(self.active, from));
                    self.set_cursor(from);
                    self.apply_operator_to(op, target);
                }
            }
            CommitOutcome::NotFound | CommitOutcome::NoPrevious | CommitOutcome::NoPrompt => {}
        }
    }

    fn apply_resolved(&mut self, action: &Action) {
        // Snapshot the scope inputs before the mutation so the resulting
        // Damage covers the changed region (the S3 seal — conservative widen).
        let lines_before = self.active_line_count();
        // Snapshot for the dot register: the only reliable witness that this
        // action changed text is that the buffer's revision moved.
        let rev_before = self.text_rev();
        let cline_before = self.cursor().line;
        match action {
            // Every action with an exact slip equivalent goes through the
            // interpreter, so "undo" has ONE implementation rather than one
            // per entry point. These had already drifted: the executor
            // re-followed the viewport after undo and the M1 interpreter did
            // not, so `u` and `:undo` behaved differently within a milestone
            // of each other.
            // Listed EXPLICITLY rather than behind a `if lower(..).is_some()`
            // guard: a guard arm does not count toward exhaustiveness, so the
            // guarded form silently gave up the total match — the compiler
            // said so, and it was right. `lowering_and_dispatch_agree` pins
            // that this list and `lower` stay the same set.
            Action::Quit
            | Action::ClearSearchHighlight
            | Action::Save
            | Action::Undo
            | Action::Redo
            | Action::Edit(_) => {
                for slip in Self::lower(action, self.active).unwrap_or_default() {
                    self.honour_one(slip);
                }
            }
            Action::Move(m) => self.apply_motion(*m),
            Action::SearchOpen(dir) => {
                // vim's `/` is the command-line with a different prompt char,
                // so we reuse Command mode; `search.prompt` is what tells a
                // later <CR> this is a search and not an ex-command.
                let origin = self.cursor_char();
                self.search.open(*dir, origin);
                self.modal.enter(Mode::Command);
            }
            Action::SearchRepeat { reverse } => self.jump_search(*reverse),
            Action::SearchWord { reverse } => {
                let dir = if *reverse {
                    SearchDirection::Backward
                } else {
                    SearchDirection::Forward
                };
                let (text, at) = (self.active_text(), self.cursor_char());
                // `*` jumps, so it records too.
                self.jumps.push(self.spot());
                match self.search.search_word(&text, at, dir) {
                    Some(step) => self.land_on(step),
                    // vim beeps and stays put when there is no word under the
                    // cursor; a silent no-op would look like a broken key.
                    None => self
                        .messages
                        .push("E348: No string under cursor".to_string()),
                }
            }
            Action::SearchSubmitOperated { op } => self.submit_search_operated(*op),
            Action::TextObject(object) => {
                // Bare `gn` moves onto the match. vim additionally starts a
                // Visual selection of it; escriba's Visual plumbing does not
                // carry a selection an operator can consume yet, so this
                // stops at the jump rather than faking a selection that
                // nothing would honour.
                if let Some(range) = self.resolve_object(*object) {
                    self.jumps.push(self.spot());
                    self.set_cursor(range.start);
                } else {
                    self.report_pattern_not_found();
                }
            }
            Action::ApplyOperatorObject { op, object } => match self.resolve_object(*object) {
                Some(range) => self.apply_operator_over(*op, range),
                None => self.report_pattern_not_found(),
            },
            Action::RepeatLastChange => self.repeat_last_change(),
            Action::JumpBack => {
                let here = self.spot();
                if let Some(spot) = self.jumps.back(here) {
                    self.goto_spot(spot);
                } else {
                    self.messages
                        .push("E662: At start of changelist".to_string());
                }
            }
            Action::JumpForward => {
                if let Some(spot) = self.jumps.forward() {
                    self.goto_spot(spot);
                } else {
                    self.messages.push("E663: At end of changelist".to_string());
                }
            }
            Action::ChangeMode(m) => {
                // Leaving the cmdline abandons any open search prompt and
                // returns the cursor home. The COMMITTED pattern survives —
                // cancelling a new search must not erase the old highlights.
                if *m == Mode::Normal && self.search.is_prompting() {
                    if let Some(origin) = self.search.cancel() {
                        if let Some(buf) = self.buffers.get(self.active) {
                            let pos = buf.char_to_position(origin);
                            self.set_cursor(pos);
                        }
                    }
                }
                self.modal.enter(*m);
            }
            Action::InsertChar(c) => self.insert_char(*c),

            Action::SubmitCommand => {
                if self.search.is_prompting() {
                    self.submit_search();
                } else {
                    self.submit_command();
                }
            }
            Action::Command { name, args } => self.run_command(name, args),
            Action::ApplyOperator { op, motion } => self.apply_operator(*op, *motion),
            // The operator-pending FSM consumes Operator keys (begins pending);
            // they never reach the executor. Defensive no-op for exhaustiveness.
            Action::Operator(_) => {}
            Action::PromptCaret { to } => {
                // Both prompts have a caret now, and the same keys move it.
                if self.search.is_prompting() {
                    self.search.move_caret(*to);
                } else {
                    self.modal.move_minibuffer_caret(*to);
                }
            }
            Action::SearchPreviewStep { forward } => {
                if self.search.is_prompting() {
                    self.search.preview_step(*forward);
                    self.preview_search();
                }
            }
            Action::PromptDelete => {
                if self.search.is_prompting() {
                    self.search.delete_at_caret();
                    self.preview_search();
                } else {
                    self.modal.delete_minibuffer_at_caret();
                }
            }
            Action::PromptDeleteWord => {
                if self.search.is_prompting() {
                    self.search.delete_word_before_caret();
                    self.preview_search();
                }
            }
            Action::PromptClearToStart => {
                if self.search.is_prompting() {
                    self.search.clear_before_caret();
                    self.preview_search();
                }
            }
            Action::PromptBackspace => {
                self.prompt_backspace();
                // Shortening the pattern changes which matches exist, so the
                // preview must re-run — otherwise the cursor sits on a match
                // of a pattern that is no longer typed.
                if self.search.is_prompting() {
                    self.preview_search();
                }
            }
            Action::PromptHistory { back } => {
                if self.search.is_prompting() {
                    self.search.history_step(*back);
                    // No minibuffer resync: the shadow is the ex-line's store
                    // and nothing reads it while a search prompt is open, so
                    // rewriting it here was maintaining a copy for no reader.
                    self.preview_search();
                }
            }
            Action::Pending => {}
        }
        // Widen the dirty region by what this action touched (M1). Content
        // mutations that changed the line count run to end-of-document (every
        // line below shifted); an in-place edit or a cursor move is local;
        // arbitrary commands are conservatively Full. Never narrows.
        let lines_after = self.active_line_count();
        let cline_after = self.cursor().line;
        let d = match action {
            // A search repaints every highlight in the viewport, not just the
            // line the cursor left — so it must widen to Full. Treating it as a
            // cursor move would leave stale highlights on untouched lines.
            Action::SearchOpen(_)
            | Action::PromptHistory { .. }
            | Action::PromptBackspace
            | Action::PromptCaret { .. }
            | Action::SearchPreviewStep { .. }
            | Action::PromptDelete
            | Action::PromptDeleteWord
            | Action::PromptClearToStart
            | Action::SearchRepeat { .. }
            | Action::SearchWord { .. }
            | Action::ClearSearchHighlight
            | Action::SearchSubmitOperated { .. }
            // A replayed change can edit anywhere the original could, and a
            // match object can be anywhere in the document.
            | Action::RepeatLastChange
            | Action::TextObject(_)
            | Action::ApplyOperatorObject { .. }
            // A jump can land anywhere, so the viewport may scroll wholesale.
            | Action::JumpBack
            | Action::JumpForward => Damage::Full,
            Action::InsertChar(_)
            | Action::Edit(_)
            | Action::Undo
            | Action::Redo
            | Action::ApplyOperator { .. } => {
                if lines_after == lines_before {
                    Damage::span(cline_before, cline_after)
                } else {
                    Damage::Lines {
                        from: cline_before.min(cline_after),
                        to: u32::MAX,
                    }
                }
            }
            Action::Move(_) | Action::ChangeMode(_) => Damage::span(cline_before, cline_after),
            Action::Save => Damage::Viewport,
            Action::Command { .. } | Action::SubmitCommand => Damage::Full,
            Action::Quit | Action::Operator(_) | Action::Pending => Damage::None,
        };
        self.damage = self.damage.join(d);
        // Remember this change for `.`.
        //
        // Recorded from an OBSERVED MUTATION, not from the action's variant.
        // `text_effect()` is the wrong predicate here even though it looks
        // like the right one: it exists to decide cache invalidation, where
        // OVER-reporting is the safe direction, and the dot register needs the
        // opposite bias. Leaning on it meant `last_change` was set by actions
        // that changed no text at all, with two measured consequences:
        //
        //   `iZ<Esc>` then `/a<CR>` then `.`  — did nothing; the register held
        //       `SubmitCommand`, whose replay reads an already-cleared
        //       minibuffer.
        //   `iZ<Esc>` then `/q<Esc>` then `.` — TYPED `q` INTO THE BUFFER. An
        //       abandoned prompt left the register holding `InsertChar('q')`,
        //       and `.` in Normal mode routes that to the text. A corrupting
        //       register, not merely a lost one.
        //
        // Comparing the buffer's `TextRev` across the action answers the only
        // question that matters — did this actually change the text — and gets
        // the failed-operator case (`dgn` with no pattern) right for free.
        if self.recording_insert {
            match action {
                Action::InsertChar(c) => {
                    if let Some(lc) = self.last_change.as_mut() {
                        lc.inserted.push(*c);
                    }
                }
                // Leaving Insert ends the session; the change is now whole.
                Action::ChangeMode(m) if *m != Mode::Insert => self.recording_insert = false,
                _ => {}
            }
        } else if self.text_rev() != rev_before
            && !matches!(
                action,
                Action::RepeatLastChange | Action::Undo | Action::Redo
            )
        {
            self.last_change = Some(LastChange {
                action: action.clone(),
                count: 1,
                inserted: String::new(),
            });
            self.recording_insert = self.modal.mode() == Mode::Insert;
        }

        // The search is over the moment you move on or edit — clear the
        // highlight rather than leaving the buffer as confetti until an
        // explicit `:noh`, which is the remap nearly every vimrc carries.
        // Clearing suppresses without forgetting, so `n` still works.
        if action.highlight_effect() == HighlightEffect::Clear {
            self.search.clear_highlight();
        }
        // Text changed ⇒ every match offset cached against the old text is
        // wrong. `SearchState::refresh` existed for exactly this and had ZERO
        // callers, so inserting four characters left both renderers painting
        // the highlight four columns off.
        //
        // Gated on the typed classifier rather than on `bump_gen` (which fires
        // for pure cursor moves too): re-scanning the document on every `j`
        // would be a per-keystroke full pass for no reason.
        if action.text_effect() == TextEffect::Mutates && self.search.pattern().is_some() {
            let text = self.active_text();
            self.search.refresh(&text);
            // NO manual invalidation of `search_at` here, deliberately. It is
            // `Anchored` to the text revision, so an ordinal computed against
            // the old text now reads as `None` on its own. This is the line
            // that used to have to be remembered.
        }
        // An action reached the executor ⇒ visible state may have changed.
        // Advance the refresh generation so the renderer repaints (and
        // re-highlights) exactly once. A gated-out key never reaches here, so
        // a key-repeat storm does not spin the renderer.
        self.bump_gen();
    }

    /// Resolve a [`Motion`] from `from` to its target [`Position`] against the
    /// active buffer — **pure**: no cursor mutation, no side effects. This is
    /// the single motion-resolution source of truth that both [`apply_motion`]
    /// (move the cursor *to* the target) and [`apply_operator`] (use the target
    /// as the *other end* of an operated range) stand on. `None` only if there
    /// is no active buffer.
    ///
    /// [`apply_motion`]: Self::apply_motion
    /// [`apply_operator`]: Self::apply_operator
    fn resolve_motion(&self, from: Position, motion: Motion) -> Option<Position> {
        let buf = self.buffers.get(self.active)?;
        let pos = from;
        Some(match motion {
            // Search-as-motion: what makes `dn` / `d/foo<CR>` work. Resolved
            // against the committed match list, so it is `None` (motion fails,
            // operator aborts, buffer untouched) when nothing is committed —
            // never a silent move to 0, which would delete to the file start.
            Motion::SearchNext | Motion::SearchPrev => {
                let at = buf.position_to_char(pos).ok()?;
                let step = self
                    .search
                    .repeat(at, matches!(motion, Motion::SearchPrev))?;
                buf.char_to_position(step.target.start)
            }
            Motion::Left => Position::new(pos.line, pos.column.saturating_sub(1)),
            Motion::Right => Position::new(pos.line, pos.column.saturating_add(1)),
            Motion::Up => Position::new(pos.line.saturating_sub(1), pos.column),
            Motion::Down => Position::new(pos.line.saturating_add(1), pos.column),
            Motion::LineStart => Position::new(pos.line, 0),
            Motion::LineEnd => Position::new(pos.line, buf.line_len_chars(pos.line)),
            Motion::LineFirstNonBlank => first_non_blank(buf, pos.line),
            Motion::DocStart => Position::ZERO,
            Motion::DocEnd => Position::new(
                buf.line_count().saturating_sub(1),
                buf.line_len_chars(buf.line_count().saturating_sub(1)),
            ),
            Motion::WordStartNext | Motion::WordEndNext => word_next(buf, pos),
            Motion::WordStartPrev => word_prev(buf, pos),
            Motion::PageDown | Motion::HalfPageDown => {
                Position::new(pos.line.saturating_add(10), pos.column)
            }
            Motion::PageUp | Motion::HalfPageUp => {
                Position::new(pos.line.saturating_sub(10), pos.column)
            }
            Motion::GotoLine(n) => Position::new(n.saturating_sub(1), 0),
            // Structural Lisp motions — stubs for phase 1.B; full paredit
            // semantics land when caixa-ast is wired to the active buffer.
            Motion::ForwardSexp
            | Motion::BackwardSexp
            | Motion::UpList
            | Motion::DownList
            | Motion::BeginningOfDefun
            | Motion::EndOfDefun
            | Motion::BeginningOfSexp
            | Motion::EndOfSexp => pos,
        })
    }

    fn apply_motion(&mut self, motion: Motion) {
        // A bare search motion is a FAR JUMP and it REPORTS — it records into
        // the jumplist, prints vim's "hit BOTTOM" on a wrap, and says E486
        // when nothing matches. `resolve_motion` can do none of that: it is
        // deliberately pure because the OPERATOR path calls it to find a range
        // without moving the cursor. So `n` routes to the one executor that
        // owns those side effects, and `Action::SearchRepeat` routes to the
        // same place — one code path, two spellings.
        if matches!(motion, Motion::SearchNext | Motion::SearchPrev) {
            self.jump_search(matches!(motion, Motion::SearchPrev));
            return;
        }
        let Some(pos) = self.resolve_motion(self.cursor(), motion) else {
            return;
        };
        // The single cursor-mutation path clamps to the buffer and scrolls
        // the viewport to contain the cursor on both axes.
        self.set_cursor(pos);
    }

    /// Apply an operator over a motion — the vim `{operator}{motion}` verbs
    /// (`dw` delete-word, `c$` change-to-line-end, `y0` yank-to-line-start).
    /// Composition is explicit: the motion resolves a target via
    /// [`resolve_motion`](Self::resolve_motion); the operator acts over the
    /// `[cursor, target)` range. Register-leaving operators
    /// ([`Operator::leaves_register`]) capture the text first.
    /// Apply `op` over `motion` resolved `n` times from the cursor.
    ///
    /// `n == 1` is the ordinary path. Larger `n` walks the motion forward
    /// first and operates over the whole span in one go, which is what vim
    /// means by `3dw` — and the only way a non-moving operator like yank can
    /// honour a count at all.
    fn apply_operator_n(&mut self, op: Operator, motion: Motion, n: u32) {
        if n <= 1 {
            self.apply_operator(op, motion);
            return;
        }
        let from = self.cursor();
        let mut to = from;
        for _ in 0..n {
            match self.resolve_motion(to, motion) {
                Some(next) if next != to => to = next,
                // The motion stopped making progress (start/end of buffer):
                // operate over what we reached rather than aborting, which is
                // what vim does for `999dw` near the end of a file.
                _ => break,
            }
        }
        if to == from {
            // Nothing to operate over. Fall through to the single-step path
            // so its error reporting (E35, pattern-not-found) still runs.
            self.apply_operator(op, motion);
            return;
        }
        self.apply_operator_to(op, to);
    }

    fn apply_operator(&mut self, op: Operator, motion: Motion) {
        let from = self.cursor();
        let Some(to) = self.resolve_motion(from, motion) else {
            // A motion that cannot resolve aborts the operator with the buffer
            // untouched. A search motion says WHY — `dn` with no pattern armed
            // is otherwise indistinguishable from a dropped keystroke, which
            // is the same complaint that motivated E486 on the bare path.
            if matches!(motion, Motion::SearchNext | Motion::SearchPrev) {
                if self.search.pattern().is_none() {
                    self.messages
                        .push("E35: No previous regular expression".to_string());
                } else {
                    self.report_pattern_not_found();
                }
            }
            return;
        };
        self.apply_operator_to(op, to);
    }

    /// Apply `op` over `[cursor, to)`.
    ///
    /// Split out of [`Self::apply_operator`] so the operated-search path can
    /// reach the same range machinery with a target it resolved itself — the
    /// alternative was a second copy of the delete/yank/register logic, which
    /// is how the two would drift.
    fn apply_operator_to(&mut self, op: Operator, to: Position) {
        let from = self.cursor();
        self.apply_operator_over(
            op,
            Range {
                start: from,
                end: to,
            },
        );
    }

    /// Apply `op` over an explicit range.
    ///
    /// The object path needs this: `gn`'s extent need not begin at the cursor,
    /// so it cannot go through the `[cursor, target)` shape the motion path
    /// uses. One implementation of the delete/yank/register logic, reached two
    /// ways.
    fn apply_operator_over(&mut self, op: Operator, range: Range) {
        let range = range.normalized();
        if range.is_empty() {
            return;
        }
        // Capture the operated text (for the register) before mutating.
        let text = self
            .buffers
            .get(self.active)
            .and_then(|buf| buf.slice(range).ok());
        if op.leaves_register() {
            if let Some(t) = &text {
                self.register = Some(t.clone());
            }
        }
        match op {
            // Delete + Change remove the range; Change then enters Insert so
            // the operator pairs with immediate typing (`ciw`, `c$`).
            Operator::Delete | Operator::Change => {
                if let Some(buf) = self.buffers.get_mut(self.active) {
                    let _ = buf.apply(&Edit::delete(range));
                }
                self.set_cursor(range.start);
                if op == Operator::Change {
                    self.modal.enter(Mode::Insert);
                }
            }
            // Yank copies to the register without mutating the buffer; vim
            // leaves the cursor at the range start.
            Operator::Yank => {
                self.set_cursor(range.start);
            }
            // Indent/Format/structural operators are not yet wired — named,
            // not faked (no buffer mutation, register already captured for the
            // register-leaving ones above).
            _ => {
                self.messages
                    .push("operator not yet implemented".to_owned());
            }
        }
    }

    /// The text last yanked or deleted into the unnamed register, if any.
    /// The future `p`/`P` paste reads this.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn register(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.register.as_deref()
    }

    fn insert_char(&mut self, c: char) {
        if self.modal.mode() == Mode::Command {
            // A search prompt and an ex-command share Command mode (vim's
            // cmdline). `search.is_prompting()` is the typed discriminator —
            // it can only be true when `/` or `?` actually opened a prompt.
            if self.search.is_prompting() {
                // The search prompt is the SOLE store while it is open.
                //
                // This used to also `push_minibuffer(c)`, and the two stores
                // insert differently — `search.push` at the caret, the
                // minibuffer always at the end — so `/fo<Left>X` left them
                // reading `fXo` and `foX`. That was one of FIVE desync paths;
                // the caret moves, forward-delete, delete-word and
                // clear-to-start never touched the shadow at all.
                //
                // Deleting the write costs nothing because `status_model`
                // already selects the minibuffer only on the `prompt == None`
                // branch — the shadow is the EX-LINE's store, and while a
                // search prompt is open nothing reads it.
                self.search.push(c);
                self.preview_search();
            } else {
                self.modal.push_minibuffer(c);
            }
            return;
        }
        let cursor = self.cursor();
        let Some(buf) = self.buffers.get_mut(self.active) else {
            return;
        };
        let edit = Edit::insert(cursor, c.to_string());
        if buf.apply(&edit).is_ok() {
            let next = if c == '\n' {
                Position::new(cursor.line.saturating_add(1), 0)
            } else {
                cursor.shift_right(1)
            };
            // Route through the single cursor-mutation path so the viewport
            // follows the cursor (both axes) and the cursor stays clamped.
            self.set_cursor(next);
        }
    }

    /// Backspace inside a prompt. Keeps the search buffer and the displayed
    /// minibuffer in lockstep — if only one shrank, the pattern submitted
    /// would differ from the text on screen.
    fn prompt_backspace(&mut self) -> bool {
        if self.modal.mode() != Mode::Command {
            return false;
        }
        if self.search.is_prompting() {
            // Backspacing past the `/` closes the prompt, as vim does. No
            // `pop_minibuffer` here for the same reason as `insert_char`: the
            // shadow is the ex-line's, and popping its TAIL when the caret is
            // mid-pattern was another desync path.
            if self.search.backspace() {
                self.modal.clear_minibuffer();
                self.modal.enter(Mode::Normal);
            }
            // Never `pop_minibuffer` on the search path: it pops the TAIL,
            // while `search.backspace()` removes the char before the CARET.
            return true;
        }
        self.modal.pop_minibuffer();
        true
    }

    fn submit_command(&mut self) {
        // Read the command line BEFORE leaving Command mode — the minibuffer
        // exists only in the `Command` variant, so the escape must come
        // after the capture.
        let line = self.modal.minibuffer().to_string();
        self.modal.escape();
        let (name, args) = parse_command_line(&line);
        if name.is_empty() {
            return;
        }
        self.run_command(&name, &args);
    }

    fn run_command(&mut self, name: &str, args: &[String]) {
        // Bound the command -> RunCommand slip -> command cycle. Refused and
        // reported, never a stack overflow: an editor that dies under the
        // operator loses their buffer, and a script that loops is a mistake
        // they should be told about, not punished for.
        if self.dispatch_depth >= Self::MAX_DISPATCH_DEPTH {
            let mut m = String::from("command recursion too deep at `");
            m.push_str(name);
            m.push_str("` — refusing");
            self.messages.push(m);
            self.damage = self.damage.join(Damage::Viewport);
            self.bump_gen();
            return;
        }
        self.dispatch_depth += 1;
        self.run_command_inner(name, args);
        self.dispatch_depth -= 1;
    }

    /// How many nested command dispatches are allowed. Deep enough that no
    /// legitimate script notices, shallow enough to fail fast.
    const MAX_DISPATCH_DEPTH: u8 = 8;

    fn run_command_inner(&mut self, name: &str, args: &[String]) {
        // Lazy-activation seam (lazy.nvim `cmd =` model): a user plugin
        // gated on `Command: <name>` has its entry applied the first time
        // that command runs, BEFORE dispatch — so the activated plugin
        // can register the very command being invoked and it resolves on
        // this same call.
        if self.plugin_host.pending() > 0 {
            let pending = self.plugin_host.pending_for_command(name);
            for src in pending {
                self.apply_plugin_entry(&src);
            }
        }
        // Read through the counter, then interpret. Two immutable borrows of
        // `self` (the window and the registry) coexist; the `&mut` comes
        // afterwards, once the outcome is owned. That sequencing IS the
        // seam: there is no moment where a command body and `&mut self` are
        // live at the same time.
        let outcome = {
            let window = self.window();
            self.commands.run(name, &window, args)
        };
        match outcome {
            Ok(o) => self.interpret(o),
            // Reported, never fatal (Phase 0). A failed command must not
            // take the editor down, but it must not be invisible either.
            Err(e) => {
                self.messages.push(describe_command_failure(name, &e));
                self.damage = self.damage.join(Damage::Viewport);
                self.bump_gen();
            }
        }
    }

    // ── tatara-lisp runtime bridge (imperative programmability tier) ──

    /// Capture a read snapshot of the editor for the tatara-lisp host.
    /// Lisp reads (`cursor-line`, `current-line`, …) answer from this.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn snapshot(&self) -> EditorSnapshot {
        let current_line = self
            .buffers
            .get(self.active)
            .and_then(|b| b.line(self.cursor().line))
            .map(|s| s.trim_end_matches('\n').to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        let buffer_name = self
            .buffers
            .get(self.active)
            .and_then(|b| b.path.as_ref())
            .map(|p| p.display().to_string())
            .unwrap_or_else(|| "[scratch]".to_string());
        EditorSnapshot {
            cursor_line: i64::from(self.cursor().line),
            cursor_column: i64::from(self.cursor().column),
            current_line,
            mode: self.modal.mode().as_str().to_string(),
            buffer_name,
        }
    }

    /// Evaluate tatara-lisp `src` against this editor: capture a
    /// snapshot, run it in the embedded VM, then apply the typed effects
    /// the program emitted. This is the imperative programmability tier
    /// — live Lisp that reads state and drives the editor through the
    /// sandboxed effect boundary.
    ///
    /// **Snapshot semantics:** the read snapshot is captured ONCE before
    /// eval, and effects are applied AFTER the program returns. So within
    /// a single `run_lisp` call a program cannot observe its own writes —
    /// `(insert "x") (cursor-column)` reads the pre-insert column. This
    /// snapshot-isolation is deliberate (it's what makes the effect
    /// boundary a clean sandbox seam); a program that must read its own
    /// effects splits the work across calls. The VM is cached
    /// ([`Self::lisp_vm`]) so the stdlib is installed once and top-level
    /// `define`s persist across calls (REPL-like).
    pub fn run_lisp(&mut self, src: &str) -> Result<(), VmError> {
        let mut host = EscribaHost::with_snapshot(self.snapshot());
        let vm = self.lisp_vm.get_or_insert_with(EscribaVm::new);
        vm.eval(src, &mut host)?;
        let effects = host.take_effects();
        self.apply_host_effects(effects);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Apply tatara-lisp effects to live editor state.
    ///
    /// A thin adapter now. It used to be `apply_host_effects`, a THIRD
    /// implementation of message-push / option-insert / insert-text beside
    /// the Action executor and the slip interpreter — the same duplication
    /// that let `u` and `:undo` drift apart in M3. The VM emits slips; this
    /// hands them to the one interpreter.
    pub fn apply_host_effects(&mut self, effects: Vec<Negai>) {
        self.interpret(Outcome::did(effects));
    }

    /// Insert a (possibly multi-line) string at the cursor and advance
    /// the cursor past it. Used by the `(insert …)` effect.
    fn insert_text(&mut self, text: &str) {
        if text.is_empty() {
            return;
        }
        let cursor = self.cursor();
        let Some(buf) = self.buffers.get_mut(self.active) else {
            return;
        };
        let edit = Edit::insert(cursor, text.to_string());
        if buf.apply(&edit).is_ok() {
            let next = if let Some(nl) = text.rfind('\n') {
                let added_lines = u32::try_from(text.matches('\n').count()).unwrap_or(0);
                let last_line_len = u32::try_from(text[nl + 1..].chars().count()).unwrap_or(0);
                Position::new(cursor.line + added_lines, last_line_len)
            } else {
                let n = u32::try_from(text.chars().count()).unwrap_or(0);
                cursor.shift_right(n)
            };
            // Route through the single cursor-mutation path so the viewport
            // follows the cursor (both axes) and the cursor stays clamped.
            self.set_cursor(next);
        }
    }
}

fn first_non_blank(buf: &escriba_buffer::Buffer, line: u32) -> Position {
    let Some(text) = buf.line(line) else {
        return Position::new(line, 0);
    };
    let col = text
        .chars()
        .take_while(|c| c.is_whitespace() && *c != '\n')
        .count();
    Position::new(line, u32::try_from(col).unwrap_or(0))
}

fn word_next(buf: &escriba_buffer::Buffer, pos: Position) -> Position {
    let Some(text) = buf.line(pos.line) else {
        return pos;
    };
    let chars: Vec<char> = text.chars().collect();
    let start = pos.column as usize;
    let mut i = start;
    while i < chars.len() && !chars[i].is_whitespace() {
        i += 1;
    }
    while i < chars.len() && chars[i].is_whitespace() {
        i += 1;
    }
    if i >= chars.len() {
        // No more words on this line — jump to next line.
        if pos.line + 1 < buf.line_count() {
            return Position::new(pos.line + 1, 0);
        }
    }
    Position::new(pos.line, u32::try_from(i).unwrap_or(pos.column))
}

fn word_prev(buf: &escriba_buffer::Buffer, pos: Position) -> Position {
    let Some(text) = buf.line(pos.line) else {
        return pos;
    };
    let chars: Vec<char> = text.chars().collect();
    let mut i = (pos.column as usize).min(chars.len());
    while i > 0 && chars[i - 1].is_whitespace() {
        i -= 1;
    }
    while i > 0 && !chars[i - 1].is_whitespace() {
        i -= 1;
    }
    Position::new(pos.line, u32::try_from(i).unwrap_or(0))
}

fn parse_command_line(line: &str) -> (String, Vec<String>) {
    let mut parts = line.split_whitespace();
    let Some(first) = parts.next() else {
        return (String::new(), Vec::new());
    };
    let head = first.strip_prefix(':').unwrap_or(first);
    let name = match head {
        "w" => "save",
        "q" => "quit",
        "u" => "undo",
        other => other,
    };
    (name.to_string(), parts.map(str::to_string).collect())
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use madori::event::{KeyCode, KeyEvent, Modifiers};

    // ── search wiring (escriba-search integration) ────────────────────
    //
    // The engine is proven in escriba-search's own 61 tests. These prove the
    // WIRING: that keys reach it, that the cursor lands where it says, and
    // that a search prompt and an ex-command can share Command mode without
    // being confused for one another.

    fn type_search(st: &mut EditorState, dir: SearchDirection, pat: &str) {
        st.apply(&Action::SearchOpen(dir));
        for c in pat.chars() {
            st.apply(&Action::InsertChar(c));
        }
        st.apply(&Action::SubmitCommand);
    }

    #[test]
    fn slash_search_moves_the_cursor_to_the_match() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha\nbravo\ncharlie\n");
        type_search(&mut st, SearchDirection::Forward, "charlie");
        assert_eq!(st.cursor().line, 2, "cursor lands on the matching line");
        assert_eq!(st.modal.mode(), Mode::Normal, "prompt closes on submit");
        assert_eq!(st.search.matches().len(), 1);
    }

    #[test]
    // `N` is a DIFFERENT vim key from `n` — see escriba-search.
    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
    fn n_and_N_walk_matches_in_both_directions() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("foo\nbar\nfoo\nbaz\nfoo\n");
        type_search(&mut st, SearchDirection::Forward, "foo");
        let first = st.cursor().line;
        st.apply(&Action::SearchRepeat { reverse: false });
        let second = st.cursor().line;
        assert!(second > first, "n advances ({first} -> {second})");
        st.apply(&Action::SearchRepeat { reverse: true });
        assert_eq!(st.cursor().line, first, "N comes back");
    }

    #[test]
    fn star_searches_the_word_under_the_cursor() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("needle\nhaystack\nneedle\n");
        st.apply(&Action::SearchWord { reverse: false });
        assert_eq!(st.search.pattern().unwrap().raw(), r"\bneedle\b");
        assert_eq!(st.cursor().line, 2, "jumps to the other occurrence");
    }

    #[test]
    fn escape_abandons_the_prompt_and_keeps_the_previous_search() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("foo\nbar\nfoo\n");
        type_search(&mut st, SearchDirection::Forward, "foo");
        let matches_before = st.search.matches().len();

        st.apply(&Action::SearchOpen(SearchDirection::Forward));
        st.apply(&Action::InsertChar('z'));
        st.apply(&Action::ChangeMode(Mode::Normal));

        assert!(!st.search.is_prompting(), "prompt gone");
        assert_eq!(
            st.search.pattern().unwrap().raw(),
            "foo",
            "old pattern survives"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            st.search.matches().len(),
            matches_before,
            "old highlights survive"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_search_prompt_and_an_ex_command_are_not_confused() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("foo\n");
        // No `/` pressed: Command mode belongs to the ex-command line.
        st.apply(&Action::ChangeMode(Mode::Command));
        assert!(!st.search.is_prompting(), "`:` must not open a search");
        st.apply(&Action::InsertChar('w'));
        assert!(
            st.search.prompt().is_none(),
            "typed char went to the ex line"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_missing_pattern_reports_instead_of_failing_silently() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha\nbravo\n");
        type_search(&mut st, SearchDirection::Forward, "zzz");
        assert!(
            st.messages.iter().any(|m| m.contains("E486")),
            "must report not-found, got {:?}",
            st.messages
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn n_without_any_search_reports_rather_than_moving() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha\nbravo\n");
        let before = st.cursor();
        st.apply(&Action::SearchRepeat { reverse: false });
        assert_eq!(st.cursor(), before, "cursor must not move");
        assert!(
            st.messages.iter().any(|m| m.contains("E35")),
            "got {:?}",
            st.messages
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn search_as_a_motion_composes_with_an_operator() {
        // The point of Motion::SearchNext: `d` + search deletes to the match.
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha bravo charlie\n");
        type_search(&mut st, SearchDirection::Forward, "charlie");
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(0, 0));
        let target = st.resolve_motion(Position::new(0, 0), Motion::SearchNext);
        assert!(target.is_some(), "search must resolve as a motion");
        assert_eq!(target.unwrap().column, 12, "at `charlie`");
    }

    #[test]
    fn search_motion_without_a_pattern_fails_the_motion_instead_of_moving_to_zero() {
        // A silent fallback to offset 0 would make `d` + search delete to the
        // start of the file — the worst possible failure for an operator.
        let st = new_state_with("alpha bravo\n");
        assert!(
            st.resolve_motion(Position::new(0, 5), Motion::SearchNext)
                .is_none()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn clear_highlight_keeps_the_pattern_usable() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("foo\nbar\nfoo\n");
        type_search(&mut st, SearchDirection::Forward, "foo");
        st.apply(&Action::ClearSearchHighlight);
        assert!(st.search.highlights().is_empty(), "nothing lit");
        st.apply(&Action::SearchRepeat { reverse: false });
        assert!(st.search.pattern().is_some(), "but n still works");
    }

    #[test]
    fn typing_previews_incrementally_before_commit() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha\nbravo\ncharlie\n");
        st.apply(&Action::SearchOpen(SearchDirection::Forward));
        for c in "charlie".chars() {
            st.apply(&Action::InsertChar(c));
        }
        // incsearch: the cursor has already moved, with nothing committed.
        assert_eq!(st.cursor().line, 2, "preview moved the cursor");
        assert!(st.search.pattern().is_none(), "but nothing is committed");
    }

    #[test]
    fn backspace_corrects_the_prompt_and_reruns_the_preview() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha\nbravo\n");
        st.apply(&Action::SearchOpen(SearchDirection::Forward));
        for c in "bravox".chars() {
            st.apply(&Action::InsertChar(c));
        }
        assert_eq!(st.search.prompt().unwrap().text(), "bravox");
        st.apply(&Action::PromptBackspace);
        assert_eq!(
            st.search.prompt().unwrap().text(),
            "bravo",
            "typo corrected"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            st.status_model().prompt_text,
            "bravo",
            "the model reads the PROMPT — the minibuffer is the ex-line's store",
        );
        assert_eq!(st.cursor().line, 1, "preview re-ran and found it");
    }

    #[test]
    fn backspacing_past_the_slash_closes_the_prompt() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha\n");
        st.apply(&Action::SearchOpen(SearchDirection::Forward));
        st.apply(&Action::InsertChar('a'));
        st.apply(&Action::PromptBackspace);
        st.apply(&Action::PromptBackspace);
        assert!(!st.search.is_prompting(), "prompt closed");
        assert_eq!(st.modal.mode(), Mode::Normal);
    }

    #[test]
    fn noh_clears_highlights_and_keeps_the_pattern() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("foo\nbar\nfoo\n");
        type_search(&mut st, SearchDirection::Forward, "foo");
        assert!(!st.search.highlights().is_empty());
        st.run_command("noh", &[]);
        assert!(st.search.highlights().is_empty(), ":noh turns them off");
        assert!(st.search.pattern().is_some(), "but n still works");
    }

    #[test]
    fn noh_accepts_the_vim_aliases() {
        for name in ["noh", "nohl", "nohlsearch"] {
            let mut st = new_state_with("foo\nfoo\n");
            type_search(&mut st, SearchDirection::Forward, "foo");
            st.run_command(name, &[]);
            assert!(st.search.highlights().is_empty(), "{name} must clear");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn backspace_on_the_ex_line_does_not_touch_search_state() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("foo\n");
        st.apply(&Action::ChangeMode(Mode::Command));
        st.apply(&Action::InsertChar('w'));
        st.apply(&Action::InsertChar('q'));
        st.apply(&Action::PromptBackspace);
        assert_eq!(st.status_model().prompt_text, "w");
        assert!(st.search.prompt().is_none(), "no search was involved");
    }

    #[test]
    fn up_arrow_recalls_the_previous_search() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha\nbravo\n");
        type_search(&mut st, SearchDirection::Forward, "bravo");
        st.apply(&Action::SearchOpen(SearchDirection::Forward));
        st.apply(&Action::PromptHistory { back: true });
        assert_eq!(st.search.prompt().unwrap().text(), "bravo");
        assert_eq!(
            st.status_model().prompt_text,
            "bravo",
            "display follows the prompt"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn arrowing_back_down_restores_the_half_typed_pattern() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha\nbravo\n");
        type_search(&mut st, SearchDirection::Forward, "bravo");
        st.apply(&Action::SearchOpen(SearchDirection::Forward));
        st.apply(&Action::InsertChar('a'));
        st.apply(&Action::PromptHistory { back: true });
        assert_eq!(st.search.prompt().unwrap().text(), "bravo");
        st.apply(&Action::PromptHistory { back: false });
        assert_eq!(
            st.search.prompt().unwrap().text(),
            "a",
            "the draft comes back"
        );
        assert_eq!(st.status_model().prompt_text, "a");
    }

    #[test]
    fn history_arrows_do_nothing_on_the_ex_line() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha\n");
        st.apply(&Action::ChangeMode(Mode::Command));
        st.apply(&Action::InsertChar('w'));
        st.apply(&Action::PromptHistory { back: true });
        assert_eq!(st.status_model().prompt_text, "w", "ex line untouched");
    }

    // ── trouble.* — the findings view ────────────────────────────────
    //
    // These assert on the ROWS the picker would be built from, not on the
    // registry: the registry is already tested, and what could be wrong
    // here is the projection — scoping, freshness, and whether a row goes
    // anywhere when pressed.

    fn finding_at(buffer: BufferId, line: u32, msg: &str) -> escriba_shirube::Finding {
        use escriba_core::{Position, Range};
        escriba_shirube::Finding::new(
            escriba_shirube::Site::in_buffer(
                buffer,
                Range::new(Position::new(line, 0), Position::new(line, 1)),
            ),
            escriba_shirube::Severity::Error,
            msg.to_string(),
            escriba_shirube::Origin::Text("test"),
        )
    }

    #[test]
    fn published_findings_become_picker_rows() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("a\nb\nc\n");
        let world = st.world();
        st.results.publish(
            "test",
            escriba_shirube::ResultList::new(vec![finding_at(st.active, 1, "boom")], world),
        );
        let rows = st.finding_items(true);
        assert_eq!(rows.len(), 1, "the published finding produces a row");
        // The row must SAY something an operator can act on: severity,
        // 1-based line, and the message.
        let label = &rows[0].label;
        assert!(label.contains("ERROR"), "{label}");
        assert!(label.contains(":2"), "lines are 1-based on screen: {label}");
        assert!(label.contains("boom"), "{label}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_stale_list_contributes_no_rows() {
        // THE load-bearing one. A list anchored to a revision the buffer has
        // moved past must vanish from the view rather than offer a line that
        // has since shifted — which is the whole reason findings carry an
        // anchor instead of just a position.
        let mut st = new_state_with("a\nb\nc\n");
        let world = st.world();
        st.results.publish(
            "test",
            escriba_shirube::ResultList::new(vec![finding_at(st.active, 1, "boom")], world),
        );
        assert_eq!(st.finding_items(true).len(), 1, "fresh to begin with");

        st.apply(&Action::InsertChar('x'));
        assert!(
            st.finding_items(true).is_empty(),
            "an edit moved the text on; the list is stale and must not be shown"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn document_scope_excludes_another_buffer() {
        // `trouble.document` vs `trouble.workspace` is one bool, so this is
        // the only thing that can distinguish them.
        let mut st = new_state_with("a\nb\n");
        let other = st.buffers.scratch("z\n");
        let world = st.world();
        st.results.publish(
            "test",
            escriba_shirube::ResultList::new(
                vec![
                    finding_at(st.active, 0, "mine"),
                    finding_at(other, 0, "theirs"),
                ],
                world,
            ),
        );
        let ws = st.finding_items(true);
        assert_eq!(ws.len(), 2, "workspace scope shows both");
        let doc = st.finding_items(false);
        assert_eq!(doc.len(), 1, "document scope shows only the active buffer");
        assert!(doc[0].label.contains("mine"), "{}", doc[0].label);
    }

    #[test]
    fn files_under_a_root_produces_rows() {
        // `files.open-parent` differs from `files.open` only in the root, so
        // what must hold is that a root is actually honoured.
        let mut st = new_state_with("");
        let rows = st.file_items(std::path::Path::new("."));
        assert!(!rows.is_empty(), "the working directory has files");
    }

    // ── vim text objects ─────────────────────────────────────────────
    //
    // Asserted through `apply` on real buffer text, so a wrong RANGE shows
    // up as wrong text rather than as a range that merely looks plausible.

    fn after(text: &str, line: u32, col: u32, act: Action) -> String {
        let mut st = new_state_with(text);
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(line, col));
        st.apply(&act);
        st.buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    fn del_obj(o: escriba_core::TextObject) -> Action {
        Action::ApplyOperatorObject {
            op: escriba_core::Operator::Delete,
            object: o,
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn dd_removes_the_line_not_just_its_contents() {
        // The distinction the newline makes: without it, `dd` blanks a line
        // and leaves it behind.
        let got = after("a\nb\nc\n", 1, 0, del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Line));
        assert_eq!(got, "a\nc\n");
    }

    #[test]
    fn dd_on_the_last_line_leaves_no_blank_behind() {
        // The case a naive start-of-line..start-of-next range gets wrong:
        // there is no following newline to take, so it must take the
        // preceding one.
        let got = after("a\nb\nc\n", 2, 0, del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Line));
        assert_eq!(got, "a\nb\n", "no trailing empty line: {got:?}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn dd_on_the_only_line_clears_it_but_keeps_the_line() {
        let got = after("solo\n", 0, 2, del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Line));
        assert!(got.starts_with('\n') || got.is_empty(), "{got:?}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn diw_takes_the_word_and_daw_takes_its_trailing_space() {
        let inner = after(
            "one two three\n",
            0,
            5,
            del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Word { around: false }),
        );
        assert_eq!(inner, "one  three\n", "iw leaves both spaces");
        let around = after(
            "one two three\n",
            0,
            5,
            del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Word { around: true }),
        );
        assert_eq!(around, "one three\n", "aw takes the trailing space");
    }

    #[test]
    fn iw_from_any_column_inside_the_word_takes_the_whole_word() {
        for col in 4..=6 {
            let got = after(
                "one two three\n",
                0,
                col,
                del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Word { around: false }),
            );
            assert_eq!(got, "one  three\n", "from column {col}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn iw_on_punctuation_takes_the_punctuation_run() {
        // vim's three classes: word / punctuation / whitespace. A `::` is a
        // run of punctuation, not part of either identifier.
        let got = after(
            "foo::bar\n",
            0,
            3,
            del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Word { around: false }),
        );
        assert_eq!(got, "foobar\n");
    }

    #[test]
    fn i_paren_takes_the_inside_and_a_paren_takes_the_brackets_too() {
        let inner = after(
            "f(a, b)\n",
            0,
            3,
            del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Delimited {
                open: '(',
                close: ')',
                around: false,
            }),
        );
        assert_eq!(inner, "f()\n");
        let around = after(
            "f(a, b)\n",
            0,
            3,
            del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Delimited {
                open: '(',
                close: ')',
                around: true,
            }),
        );
        assert_eq!(around, "f\n");
    }

    #[test]
    fn nested_brackets_resolve_to_the_enclosing_pair() {
        // THE reason the bracket scan counts depth: an inner pair must not
        // terminate the search for the one the cursor is actually inside.
        let got = after(
            "f(g(x), y)\n",
            0,
            8,
            del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Delimited {
                open: '(',
                close: ')',
                around: false,
            }),
        );
        assert_eq!(got, "f()\n", "took the outer pair");
    }

    #[test]
    fn quotes_do_not_nest_so_the_nearest_pair_wins() {
        let got = after(
            r#"say "hi there" ok"#,
            0,
            7,
            del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Delimited {
                open: '"',
                close: '"',
                around: false,
            }),
        );
        assert_eq!(got, "say \"\" ok");
    }

    #[test]
    fn an_unmatched_delimiter_resolves_to_nothing_rather_than_guessing() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("f(a, b\n");
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(0, 3));
        let before = st
            .buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        st.apply(&del_obj(escriba_core::TextObject::Delimited {
            open: '(',
            close: ')',
            around: false,
        }));
        let got_after = st
            .buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        assert_eq!(got_after, before, "no closing bracket: change nothing");
    }

    fn new_state_with(text: &str) -> EditorState {
        let mut bufs = BufferSet::new();
        let id = bufs.scratch(text);
        EditorState::new_with_buffer(bufs, id)
    }

    /// The refresh-seal driver (theory/ESCRIBA.md §Refresh-Seal): an applied
    /// action advances `edit_gen` (so the renderer repaints), and merely
    /// reading the generation does not. This is what lets `gpu.rs` gate the
    /// re-highlight/re-shape on a generation change — an idle frame observes an
    /// unchanged generation and reuses its cached buffer.
    #[test]
    fn edit_gen_advances_on_applied_action_not_on_read() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello\nworld\n");
        let g0 = s.edit_gen();
        s.apply(&Action::InsertChar('X'));
        assert_ne!(
            s.edit_gen(),
            g0,
            "an applied action must advance the refresh generation",
        );
        // Reading the generation is not a mutation — idle frames stay put.
        let g1 = s.edit_gen();
        assert_eq!(s.edit_gen(), g1, "reading edit_gen must not advance it");
    }

    /// The M1 refresh node (theory/ESCRIBA.md §X): a mutation widens the typed
    /// `Damage` to cover exactly what changed — local for an in-place edit,
    /// to-end-of-document when the line count shifts — and the renderer drains
    /// it per frame. `Damage ⊇ changed` by construction; it never narrows.
    #[test]
    fn damage_tracks_edit_scope_and_drains() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello\nworld\n");
        assert!(s.damage().is_none(), "a fresh state has no damage");

        s.apply(&Action::InsertChar('X')); // in-place edit on line 0
        assert_eq!(
            s.damage(),
            Damage::Lines { from: 0, to: 0 },
            "a local edit damages just its line",
        );

        let drained = s.take_damage();
        assert_eq!(drained, Damage::Lines { from: 0, to: 0 });
        assert!(s.damage().is_none(), "take_damage drains to None");

        s.apply(&Action::InsertChar('\n')); // splits line 0 → line count grows
        assert_eq!(
            s.damage(),
            Damage::Lines {
                from: 0,
                to: u32::MAX,
            },
            "a line-count change damages to end-of-document",
        );
    }

    /// A state whose active window is a deliberately tiny viewport
    /// (`visible_lines` × `visible_columns`) so the scroll-to-contain
    /// invariant is exercised on small inputs.
    fn new_state_small_viewport(text: &str, vis_lines: u32, vis_cols: u32) -> EditorState {
        let mut s = new_state_with(text);
        for w in s.layout.windows_mut() {
            w.viewport.visible_lines = vis_lines;
            w.viewport.visible_columns = vis_cols;
        }
        s
    }

    /// The core regression invariant: the active window's viewport CONTAINS
    /// the cursor on BOTH axes. This is the operator's exact complaint —
    /// "typing past the bottom (or right) leaves the cursor off-screen" —
    /// made into a checkable property.
    fn assert_cursor_in_viewport(s: &EditorState, ctx: &str) {
        let w = s.layout.active_window().expect("active window");
        let v = w.viewport;
        let c = s.cursor();
        assert!(
            v.top_line <= c.line && c.line < v.top_line + v.visible_lines,
            "[{ctx}] cursor line {} not in vertical window [{}, {}); viewport={v:?}",
            c.line,
            v.top_line,
            v.top_line + v.visible_lines,
        );
        assert!(
            v.left_column <= c.column && c.column < v.left_column + v.visible_columns,
            "[{ctx}] cursor column {} not in horizontal window [{}, {}); viewport={v:?}",
            c.column,
            v.left_column,
            v.left_column + v.visible_columns,
        );
    }

    /// `dd` from the KEYBOARD, not from a synthesized action.
    ///
    /// The FSM composition is unit-tested, but what an operator actually
    /// does is press `d` twice — and that path goes through the keymap and
    /// the sequence stepper, either of which could swallow the second `d`.
    #[test]
    fn pressing_d_twice_deletes_the_line() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha\nbeta\ngamma\n");
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(1, 0));
        st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('d')));
        st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('d')));
        let got = st
            .buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        assert_eq!(got, "alpha\ngamma\n", "dd from the keyboard");
    }

    #[test]
    fn pressing_2_d_d_deletes_two_lines() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("a\nb\nc\nd\n");
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(0, 0));
        for k in ['2', 'd', 'd'] {
            st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char(k)));
        }
        let got = st
            .buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        assert_eq!(got, "c\nd\n", "count applies to the doubled operator");
    }

    /// Text objects FROM THE KEYBOARD — the layer the last commit said was
    /// missing. `i` is `ChangeMode(Insert)` in Normal and `a` and every
    /// bracket are unbound, so all of this had to be decided on the KEY.

    fn keys(text: &str, line: u32, col: u32, seq: &str) -> String {
        let mut st = new_state_with(text);
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(line, col));
        for c in seq.chars() {
            st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char(c)));
        }
        st.buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default()
    }

    #[test]
    fn diw_from_the_keyboard() {
        assert_eq!(keys("one two three\n", 0, 5, "diw"), "one  three\n");
    }

    #[test]
    fn daw_from_the_keyboard_takes_the_space() {
        assert_eq!(keys("one two three\n", 0, 5, "daw"), "one three\n");
    }

    #[test]
    fn ciw_deletes_and_enters_insert() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("one two\n");
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(0, 5));
        for c in "ciw".chars() {
            st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char(c)));
        }
        assert_eq!(st.modal.mode(), Mode::Insert, "change leaves you inserting");
        let got = st
            .buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        assert_eq!(got, "one \n");
    }

    #[test]
    fn di_paren_and_da_paren_from_the_keyboard() {
        assert_eq!(keys("f(a, b)\n", 0, 3, "di("), "f()\n");
        assert_eq!(keys("f(a, b)\n", 0, 3, "da("), "f\n");
    }

    #[test]
    fn the_closing_bracket_and_b_are_aliases() {
        // vim accepts `i(`, `i)` and `ib` for the same object.
        for sel in ["di(", "di)", "dib"] {
            assert_eq!(keys("f(a, b)\n", 0, 3, sel), "f()\n", "{sel}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn di_quote_from_the_keyboard() {
        assert_eq!(keys("say \"hi\" ok\n", 0, 6, "di\""), "say \"\" ok\n");
    }

    #[test]
    fn i_alone_still_enters_insert_when_no_operator_is_pending() {
        // The load-bearing negative: the object layer must not steal `i`
        // from ordinary use.
        let mut st = new_state_with("abc\n");
        st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('i')));
        assert_eq!(st.modal.mode(), Mode::Insert);
    }

    #[test]
    fn an_unknown_object_key_cancels_rather_than_staying_armed() {
        // `diz` is not an object. The operator must disarm, and the buffer
        // must be untouched — not left waiting to eat the next keystroke.
        let mut st = new_state_with("one two\n");
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(0, 5));
        for c in "diz".chars() {
            st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char(c)));
        }
        let got = st
            .buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        assert_eq!(got, "one two\n", "nothing was deleted");
        assert_eq!(*st.op_pending.state(), OpState::Resting, "and it disarmed");
    }

    // ── the register under a count ───────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn a_counted_delete_puts_ALL_of_it_in_the_register() {
        // `3dw` is one delete of three words as far as the register is
        // concerned. Each repetition emits its own Yank, and each used to
        // overwrite — so `3dwP` put back only the third word and silently
        // lost two.
        let mut st = new_state_with("one two three four\n");
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(0, 0));
        for c in "3dw".chars() {
            st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char(c)));
        }
        assert_eq!(
            st.register.as_deref(),
            Some("one two three "),
            "all three words, in the order they were deleted"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn an_uncounted_delete_still_replaces_the_register() {
        // The combining flag must not leak: a later single delete replaces.
        let mut st = new_state_with("alpha beta\n");
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(0, 0));
        for c in "3dw".chars() {
            st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char(c)));
        }
        let mut st2 = new_state_with("gamma delta\n");
        st2.set_cursor(Position::new(0, 0));
        for c in "dw".chars() {
            st2.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char(c)));
        }
        assert_eq!(st2.register.as_deref(), Some("gamma "));
    }

    #[test]
    fn two_separate_counted_deletes_do_not_accumulate_into_each_other() {
        // The flag is cleared after each group, so the second `2dw` starts
        // from empty rather than appending to the first.
        let mut st = new_state_with("a b c d e f\n");
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(0, 0));
        for c in "2dw".chars() {
            st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char(c)));
        }
        let first = st.register.clone();
        for c in "2dw".chars() {
            st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char(c)));
        }
        assert_eq!(first.as_deref(), Some("a b "));
        assert_eq!(st.register.as_deref(), Some("c d "), "not \"a b c d \"");
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_counted_yank_accumulates_without_changing_the_buffer() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("one two three\n");
        st.set_cursor(Position::new(0, 0));
        let before = st
            .buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        for c in "2yw".chars() {
            st.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char(c)));
        }
        assert_eq!(st.register.as_deref(), Some("one two "));
        let after = st
            .buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        assert_eq!(after, before, "yank does not edit");
    }

    // ── the anchored reply (Negai::ErrandReply) ──────────────────────
    //
    // Landed BEFORE the courier that will produce these. The class being
    // closed: a reply computed off the tick, applied against a world that
    // has since moved, and RESEALED as fresh by the interpreter — which is
    // what every synchronous slip correctly does and what an async one must
    // never do.

    fn a_finding(buffer: BufferId, line: u32) -> escriba_shirube::Finding {
        use escriba_core::{Position, Range};
        escriba_shirube::Finding::new(
            escriba_shirube::Site::in_buffer(
                buffer,
                Range::new(Position::new(line, 0), Position::new(line, 1)),
            ),
            escriba_shirube::Severity::Error,
            "computed off the tick".to_string(),
            escriba_shirube::Origin::Text("test"),
        )
    }

    #[test]
    fn a_fresh_errand_reply_is_honoured() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("a\nb\nc\n");
        let anchor = st.world();
        st.honour_one(escriba_madoguchi::Negai::ErrandReply {
            anchor,
            then: Box::new(escriba_madoguchi::Negai::PublishFindings {
                list: "lsp".to_string(),
                findings: vec![a_finding(st.active, 1)],
            }),
        });
        assert_eq!(st.finding_items(true).len(), 1, "the world had not moved");
    }

    /// THE red run. Without the freshness check this passes findings
    /// straight through, and `PublishFindings` reseals them with the
    /// CURRENT world — so they are reported fresh at columns that moved.
    #[test]
    fn a_stale_errand_reply_is_dropped_not_resealed() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("a\nb\nc\n");
        // Capture the world the "server" computed against...
        let anchor = st.world();
        // ...then let the operator keep typing, which is the whole point.
        st.apply(&Action::InsertChar('x'));

        st.honour_one(escriba_madoguchi::Negai::ErrandReply {
            anchor,
            then: Box::new(escriba_madoguchi::Negai::PublishFindings {
                list: "lsp".to_string(),
                findings: vec![a_finding(st.active, 1)],
            }),
        });
        assert!(
            st.finding_items(true).is_empty(),
            "a reply computed against an older text revision must be DROPPED, \
             not resealed against the current one"
        );
    }

    /// The failure the wrapper exists for, and the reason it wraps a slip
    /// rather than adding an anchor field to PublishFindings: a stale EDIT
    /// corrupts the file, where a stale diagnostic merely mis-decorates it.
    #[test]
    fn a_stale_errand_reply_cannot_edit_the_buffer() {
        let mut st = new_state_with("hello\n");
        let anchor = st.world();
        st.apply(&Action::InsertChar('!'));
        let before = st
            .buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();

        st.honour_one(escriba_madoguchi::Negai::ErrandReply {
            anchor,
            then: Box::new(escriba_madoguchi::Negai::Edit {
                buffer: st.active,
                edit: escriba_core::Edit {
                    range: Range::new(Position::new(0, 0), Position::new(0, 0)),
                    kind: escriba_core::EditKind::Insert {
                        text: "FORMATTED".to_string(),
                    },
                },
            }),
        });
        let after = st
            .buffers
            .get(st.active)
            .map(|b| b.to_string())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        assert_eq!(
            after, before,
            "a stale formatter reply must not touch the text"
        );
    }

    fn press(kc: KeyCode) -> AppEvent {
        AppEvent::Key(KeyEvent {
            key: kc,
            pressed: true,
            modifiers: Modifiers::default(),
            text: None,
        })
    }

    // ── operator-over-motion (the `dw`/`c$`/`y0` verbs) ──────────────

    fn line0_len(s: &EditorState) -> u32 {
        s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().line_len_chars(0)
    }

    #[test]
    fn delete_to_line_end_clears_line_and_fills_register() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello world");
        s.apply(&Action::ApplyOperator {
            op: Operator::Delete,
            motion: Motion::LineEnd,
        });
        assert_eq!(line0_len(&s), 0, "d$ deletes to end of line");
        assert_eq!(
            s.register(),
            Some("hello world"),
            "delete fills the register"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            s.cursor(),
            Position::ZERO,
            "cursor lands at the range start"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn delete_over_right_motion_removes_one_char() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("abc");
        s.apply(&Action::ApplyOperator {
            op: Operator::Delete,
            motion: Motion::Right,
        });
        assert_eq!(
            s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().line(0).as_deref(),
            Some("bc")
        );
        assert_eq!(s.register(), Some("a"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn change_to_line_end_deletes_and_enters_insert() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello world");
        assert_eq!(s.modal.mode(), Mode::Normal);
        s.apply(&Action::ApplyOperator {
            op: Operator::Change,
            motion: Motion::LineEnd,
        });
        assert_eq!(line0_len(&s), 0, "c$ deletes the range");
        assert_eq!(
            s.modal.mode(),
            Mode::Insert,
            "change enters Insert to type the replacement"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            s.register(),
            Some("hello world"),
            "change fills the register"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn yank_to_line_end_fills_register_without_mutating() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello world");
        s.apply(&Action::ApplyOperator {
            op: Operator::Yank,
            motion: Motion::LineEnd,
        });
        assert_eq!(line0_len(&s), 11, "yank does not mutate the buffer");
        assert_eq!(s.register(), Some("hello world"), "yank fills the register");
        assert_eq!(s.modal.mode(), Mode::Normal, "yank stays in Normal");
    }

    #[test]
    fn resolve_motion_is_the_shared_target_for_move_and_operator() {
        // The encapsulation proof: apply_motion (cursor move) and
        // apply_operator (range end) BOTH stand on resolve_motion — so a move
        // to LineEnd lands at exactly the position the operator deletes to.
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello world");
        let target = s.resolve_motion(Position::ZERO, Motion::LineEnd).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(target, Position::new(0, 11));
        s.apply_motion(Motion::LineEnd);
        assert_eq!(
            s.cursor(),
            target,
            "the move path resolves the same target the operator uses"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn empty_motion_range_is_a_no_op() {
        // An operator over a zero-width motion (cursor already at line start)
        // mutates nothing and leaves the register untouched.
        let mut s = new_state_with("abc");
        s.apply(&Action::ApplyOperator {
            op: Operator::Delete,
            motion: Motion::LineStart,
        });
        assert_eq!(
            s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().line(0).as_deref(),
            Some("abc")
        );
        assert_eq!(s.register(), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn operator_then_motion_composes_through_the_pending_fsm() {
        // The full keymap→FSM→engine path: dispatching the `d` operator action
        // then a `$` motion composes `d$` via the zenmai operator-pending FSM —
        // the operator key alone does nothing until the motion arrives.
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello world");
        s.apply(&Action::Operator(Operator::Delete));
        assert_eq!(line0_len(&s), 11, "the operator key alone mutates nothing");
        s.apply(&Action::Move(Motion::LineEnd));
        assert_eq!(
            line0_len(&s),
            0,
            "d then $ composes d$ and deletes the line"
        );
        assert_eq!(s.register(), Some("hello world"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn change_operator_through_fsm_enters_insert() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello world");
        s.apply(&Action::Operator(Operator::Change));
        s.apply(&Action::Move(Motion::LineEnd));
        assert_eq!(s.modal.mode(), Mode::Insert, "c$ deletes and enters Insert");
    }

    #[test]
    fn lone_motion_after_no_operator_just_moves() {
        // Without a preceding operator the motion passes through unchanged.
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello world");
        s.apply(&Action::Move(Motion::LineEnd));
        assert_eq!(s.cursor(), Position::new(0, 11));
        assert_eq!(line0_len(&s), 11, "a bare motion never mutates");
    }

    #[test]
    fn counted_operator_deletes_count_times() {
        // `3d` + a right-motion = `3dl` = delete 3 chars. The operator's count
        // flows through the FSM to the composed motion (the bug fix: previously
        // the count repeated the operator key and toggled the FSM).
        let mut s = new_state_with("abcdef");
        s.apply_counted(&Action::Operator(Operator::Delete), 3);
        assert_eq!(line0_len(&s), 6, "the operator key alone mutates nothing");
        s.apply(&Action::Move(Motion::Right));
        assert_eq!(
            s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().line(0).as_deref(),
            Some("def")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn operator_and_motion_counts_multiply_end_to_end() {
        // `2d3l` = delete 2×3 = 6 chars.
        let mut s = new_state_with("abcdefgh");
        s.apply_counted(&Action::Operator(Operator::Delete), 2);
        s.apply_counted(&Action::Move(Motion::Right), 3);
        assert_eq!(
            s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().line(0).as_deref(),
            Some("gh")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn bare_counted_motion_still_repeats_no_regression() {
        // `3j` still moves down 3 lines — the count passes through the FSM
        // unchanged when no operator is pending.
        let mut s = new_state_with("a\nb\nc\nd\ne");
        s.apply_counted(&Action::Move(Motion::Down), 3);
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().line, 3, "5j-style counted motion preserved");
    }

    /// A monotonic clock for the key-repeat gate in tests — each `next()`
    /// jumps a full second past the previous, so every press it stamps is
    /// well outside the 80ms debounce window and therefore an INTENTIONAL
    /// press (never a storm tick). Used by tests that fire the *same*
    /// navigation key twice and assert editor logic, not debounce timing.
    struct SpacedClock(std::time::Instant);
    impl SpacedClock {
        fn new() -> Self {
            Self(std::time::Instant::now())
        }
        fn next(&mut self) -> std::time::Instant {
            self.0 += std::time::Duration::from_secs(1);
            self.0
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn hjkl_moves_cursor() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello\nworld");
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('l')));
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().column, 1);
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('j')));
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().line, 1);
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('h')));
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().column, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_mode_inserts_chars() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('i')));
        assert_eq!(s.modal.mode(), Mode::Insert);
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('h')));
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('i')));
        assert_eq!(s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().to_string(), "hi");
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().column, 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn esc_returns_to_normal() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('i')));
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Escape));
        assert_eq!(s.modal.mode(), Mode::Normal);
    }

    #[test]
    fn count_prefix_repeats_motion() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("abcdefghij");
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('5')));
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('l')));
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().column, 5);
    }

    #[test]
    fn close_event_requests_quit() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.tick(&AppEvent::CloseRequested);
        assert!(s.quit_requested);
    }

    #[test]
    fn word_next_jumps_past_whitespace() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("foo bar baz");
        // Two INTENTIONAL `w` presses, spaced past the key-repeat window so
        // the gate passes both (a real user's two taps are ≥80ms apart).
        let mut clk = SpacedClock::new();
        s.tick_at(&press(KeyCode::Char('w')), clk.next());
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().column, 4);
        s.tick_at(&press(KeyCode::Char('w')), clk.next());
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().column, 8);
    }

    // ── Multi-key / leader pending-stroke ───────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn leader_sequence_holds_then_resolves() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("a\nbb\nccc");
        s.keymap.bind_sequence(
            Mode::Normal,
            vec![Key::Char(','), Key::Char('g')],
            Action::Move(Motion::DocEnd),
            "doc end",
        );
        // `,` begins the sequence — held pending, nothing applied yet.
        s.on_key(&Key::Char(','));
        assert_eq!(s.pending_keys, vec![Key::Char(',')]);
        assert_eq!(s.cursor(), Position::ZERO);
        // `g` completes `<leader>g` → DocEnd; pending clears.
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('g'));
        assert!(s.pending_keys.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().line, 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn two_key_gg_jumps_doc_start() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("a\nbb\nccc");
        s.keymap.bind_sequence(
            Mode::Normal,
            vec![Key::Char('g'), Key::Char('g')],
            Action::Move(Motion::DocStart),
            "doc start",
        );
        let mut clk = SpacedClock::new();
        s.tick_at(&press(KeyCode::Char('j')), clk.next());
        s.tick_at(&press(KeyCode::Char('j')), clk.next());
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().line, 2);
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('g')); // pending
        assert_eq!(s.pending_keys, vec![Key::Char('g')]);
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('g')); // resolve
        assert_eq!(s.cursor(), Position::ZERO);
    }

    #[test]
    fn broken_sequence_aborts_and_clears_pending() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello");
        s.keymap.bind_sequence(
            Mode::Normal,
            vec![Key::Char('g'), Key::Char('g')],
            Action::Move(Motion::DocEnd),
            "doc end",
        );
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('g')); // pending [g]
        assert_eq!(s.pending_keys, vec![Key::Char('g')]);
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('x')); // breaks gg → abort; x is unbound → no-op
        assert!(s.pending_keys.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(s.cursor(), Position::ZERO);
    }

    #[test]
    fn single_binding_wins_over_sequence_prefix() {
        // A key that is BOTH a complete single binding and the start of
        // a sequence fires the single binding immediately (no chord
        // timeout needed). Here `h` (move-left) also prefixes `hz`.
        let mut s = new_state_with("abcde");
        let mut clk = SpacedClock::new();
        s.tick_at(&press(KeyCode::Char('l')), clk.next());
        s.tick_at(&press(KeyCode::Char('l')), clk.next());
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().column, 2);
        s.keymap.bind_sequence(
            Mode::Normal,
            vec![Key::Char('h'), Key::Char('z')],
            Action::Move(Motion::DocEnd),
            "shadowed",
        );
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('h'));
        assert!(s.pending_keys.is_empty(), "single binding should not pend");
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().column, 1, "h moved left immediately");
    }

    // ── tatara-lisp runtime bridge (imperative programmability) ─────

    #[test]
    fn lisp_set_option_writes_live_options() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.run_lisp(r#"(set-option "number" "true")"#).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.options.get("number").map(String::as_str), Some("true"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn lisp_insert_modifies_buffer_and_advances_cursor() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.run_lisp(r#"(insert "abc")"#).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().to_string(), "abc");
        assert_eq!(s.cursor(), Position::new(0, 3));
    }

    #[test]
    fn lisp_message_appends_to_messages() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.run_lisp(r#"(message "hello from lisp")"#).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.messages, vec!["hello from lisp".to_string()]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn lisp_reads_snapshot_and_branches_to_effect() {
        // Genuine programmability: Lisp reads the live cursor line and
        // an `if` decides which option to set.
        let mut s = new_state_with("one\ntwo\nthree");
        // cursor at line 0 → "top" branch
        s.run_lisp(r#"(if (= (cursor-line) 0) (set-option "pos" "top") (set-option "pos" "mid"))"#)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.options.get("pos").map(String::as_str), Some("top"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn lisp_run_command_effect_drives_registry() {
        // `(run-command "undo")` reaches the live command registry and
        // reverts a prior Lisp-driven insert — proving the RunCommand
        // effect dispatches through real editor commands.
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.run_lisp(r#"(insert "abc")"#).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().to_string(), "abc");
        s.run_lisp(r#"(run-command "undo")"#).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().to_string(), "");
    }

    #[test]
    fn lisp_run_command_quit_sets_quit_requested_via_typed_flag() {
        // The full imperative-quit path: (run-command "quit") routes
        // through the registry's typed `quit_requested` signal — no string
        // sentinel, and no minibuffer pollution (the editor stays in a
        // clean Normal state, which has no minibuffer at all).
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.run_lisp(r#"(run-command "quit")"#).unwrap();
        assert!(s.quit_requested, "lisp-driven quit must set quit_requested");
        assert_eq!(
            s.modal.minibuffer(),
            "",
            "quit must not pollute any command line — Normal mode has no minibuffer",
        );
    }

    // ── Lazy plugin activation (PluginHost) ────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn lazy_plugin_activates_on_command_trigger() {
        // A user plugin gated on `Command: LazyGo` has its entry applied
        // the first time that command runs — proving the lazy.nvim
        // `cmd =` model works end-to-end against live editor state.
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.register_lazy_plugin(
            "user-lazy",
            vec![LazyTrigger::Command("LazyGo".into())],
            r#"(defoption :name "lazy-loaded" :value "yes")
               (defcmd :name "LazyGo" :description "noop" :action "editor.noop")"#,
        );
        assert_eq!(s.plugin_host.pending(), 1);
        assert!(
            s.options.get("lazy-loaded").is_none(),
            "entry not applied yet"
        );

        // Drive the command through the public imperative path.
        s.run_lisp(r#"(run-command "LazyGo")"#).unwrap();

        assert_eq!(
            s.options.get("lazy-loaded").map(String::as_str),
            Some("yes"),
            "the command trigger applied the plugin's entry",
        );
        assert_eq!(s.plugin_host.pending(), 0, "plugin activated exactly once");
    }

    #[test]
    fn lazy_plugin_activates_on_filetype() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.register_lazy_plugin(
            "user-rust",
            vec![LazyTrigger::FileType("rust".into())],
            r#"(defoption :name "rust-plugin" :value "on")"#,
        );
        let n = s.activate_filetype_plugins("rust");
        assert_eq!(n, 1);
        assert_eq!(s.options.get("rust-plugin").map(String::as_str), Some("on"));
        // A second open of the same filetype is a no-op (one-shot).
        assert_eq!(s.activate_filetype_plugins("rust"), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn cached_vm_serves_multiple_run_lisp_calls() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.run_lisp(r#"(message "one")"#).unwrap();
        assert!(
            s.lisp_vm.is_some(),
            "VM should be cached after first run_lisp"
        );
        s.run_lisp(r#"(message "two")"#).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.messages, vec!["one".to_string(), "two".to_string()]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn lisp_define_persists_across_run_lisp_calls() {
        // The cached VM's top-level env persists across calls (REPL
        // semantics): a `define` in one call is visible in the next.
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.run_lisp(r#"(define greeting "hi")"#).unwrap();
        s.run_lisp(r#"(message greeting)"#).unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.messages, vec!["hi".to_string()]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn snapshot_is_isolated_within_one_run_lisp_call_and_refreshes_across() {
        // Within ONE call a program cannot observe its own writes — the
        // read snapshot is captured before eval, effects apply after. A
        // later call sees the refreshed snapshot.
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.run_lisp(
            r#"(insert "ab") (set-option "col" (if (= (cursor-column) 0) "stale-zero" "live"))"#,
        )
        .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().to_string(), "ab");
        assert_eq!(
            s.options.get("col").map(String::as_str),
            Some("stale-zero"),
            "cursor-column within the same call reads the pre-eval snapshot",
        );
        // After the first call the cursor advanced to column 2; the next
        // call's snapshot reflects it.
        s.run_lisp(r#"(set-option "col2" (if (= (cursor-column) 2) "live-two" "other"))"#)
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            s.options.get("col2").map(String::as_str),
            Some("live-two"),
            "a later call sees the refreshed snapshot",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_text_effect_multiline_lands_cursor_on_last_line() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.apply_host_effects(vec![Negai::InsertText("foo\nbar".to_string())]);
        assert_eq!(s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().to_string(), "foo\nbar");
        assert_eq!(s.cursor(), Position::new(1, 3));
    }

    #[test]
    fn visual_mode_sequence_resolves() {
        let mut s = new_state_with("abc");
        s.modal.enter(Mode::Visual);
        s.keymap.bind_sequence(
            Mode::Visual,
            vec![Key::Char('g'), Key::Char('e')],
            Action::Move(Motion::DocEnd),
            "ge",
        );
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('g'));
        assert_eq!(s.pending_keys, vec![Key::Char('g')]);
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('e'));
        assert!(s.pending_keys.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(
            s.cursor().column,
            3,
            "ge resolved to doc-end in visual mode"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn sequence_abort_with_bound_breaking_key_redispatches() {
        // gg is a sequence; `l` (move-right) is a bound single key. After
        // `g` pends, `l` breaks gg, aborts, and is re-dispatched fresh.
        let mut s = new_state_with("abcde");
        s.keymap.bind_sequence(
            Mode::Normal,
            vec![Key::Char('g'), Key::Char('g')],
            Action::Move(Motion::DocEnd),
            "gg",
        );
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('g'));
        assert_eq!(s.pending_keys, vec![Key::Char('g')]);
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('l'));
        assert!(s.pending_keys.is_empty());
        assert_eq!(
            s.cursor().column,
            1,
            "the breaking key l should re-dispatch as move-right",
        );
    }

    // ── Viewport-follows-cursor invariant (both axes) ───────────────

    #[test]
    fn viewport_contains_cursor_after_every_op() {
        // Tiny window: 5 visible lines × 10 visible columns. Drive a
        // representative scripted sequence and assert the viewport contains
        // the cursor after EVERY mutating step.
        let mut s = new_state_small_viewport("", 5, 10);
        assert_cursor_in_viewport(&s, "initial");

        // Enter insert mode and type 30 newline-separated lines — this is
        // the exact "type past the bottom" complaint.
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('i')));
        assert_eq!(s.modal.mode(), Mode::Insert);
        for line in 0..30u32 {
            for c in "line".chars() {
                s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char(c)));
                assert_cursor_in_viewport(&s, "typing chars");
            }
            s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Enter));
            assert_cursor_in_viewport(&s, &format!("newline after line {line}"));
        }

        // Type a long (200-char) line — the "type past the right edge"
        // complaint. The cursor must stay horizontally visible the whole way.
        for i in 0..200u32 {
            s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('x')));
            assert_cursor_in_viewport(&s, &format!("long-line char {i}"));
        }

        // Multi-line insert_text effect (the `(insert …)` Lisp path).
        s.insert_text("alpha\nbeta\ngamma delta epsilon zeta");
        assert_cursor_in_viewport(&s, "insert_text multiline");

        // Back to normal mode and move in all directions / to extremes.
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Escape));
        assert_eq!(s.modal.mode(), Mode::Normal);
        for m in [
            Motion::DocStart,
            Motion::DocEnd,
            Motion::Down,
            Motion::Down,
            Motion::Up,
            Motion::Right,
            Motion::Right,
            Motion::Left,
            Motion::LineEnd,
            Motion::LineStart,
            Motion::GotoLine(1),
            Motion::GotoLine(40),
            Motion::PageDown,
            Motion::PageUp,
        ] {
            s.apply_motion(m);
            assert_cursor_in_viewport(&s, &format!("after motion {m:?}"));
        }

        // Undo many times — the buffer shrinks; the viewport must re-follow
        // the (now clamped) cursor.
        for i in 0..50u32 {
            s.apply(&Action::Undo);
            assert_cursor_in_viewport(&s, &format!("undo {i}"));
        }
        // Redo back up.
        for i in 0..50u32 {
            s.apply(&Action::Redo);
            assert_cursor_in_viewport(&s, &format!("redo {i}"));
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_at_eof_keeps_cursor_in_bounds() {
        // Inserting at the end of the buffer must leave the cursor clamped
        // to a valid position (and inside the viewport).
        let mut s = new_state_small_viewport("abc", 5, 10);
        s.apply_motion(Motion::DocEnd);
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('i')));
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('d')));
        let buf = s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap();
        let clamped = buf.clamp(s.cursor());
        assert_eq!(
            s.cursor(),
            clamped,
            "cursor must be clamped in-bounds at EOF"
        );
        assert_cursor_in_viewport(&s, "insert at eof");
    }

    #[test]
    fn count_prefix_then_sequence_repeats() {
        // `2` then `gj` (→ move-down) repeats the resolved action twice.
        let mut s = new_state_with("a\nb\nc\nd\ne");
        s.keymap.bind_sequence(
            Mode::Normal,
            vec![Key::Char('g'), Key::Char('j')],
            Action::Move(Motion::Down),
            "gj",
        );
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('2'));
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('g'));
        s.on_key(&Key::Char('j'));
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().line, 2, "count 2 should repeat the gj motion");
    }

    // ── Key-repeat gate (awase::KeyRepeatGate) ──────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn held_key_repeat_storm_is_debounced_in_normal_mode() {
        // The audit's exact complaint: holding `j` floods motion events
        // and thrashes the viewport. Simulate an OS key-repeat storm — 20
        // identical `j` KeyDowns at 50ms intervals (typical repeat cadence)
        // — and assert only the gated subset (one per 80ms window) actually
        // moves the cursor.
        let mut s = new_state_with(&"x\n".repeat(40));
        let t0 = std::time::Instant::now();
        let mut delivered = 0u32;
        for i in 0..20u32 {
            let before = s.cursor().line;
            s.tick_at(
                &press(KeyCode::Char('j')),
                t0 + std::time::Duration::from_millis(u64::from(i) * 50),
            );
            if s.cursor().line != before {
                delivered += 1;
            }
        }
        // 20 events over ~1s at 50ms spacing, 80ms gate ⇒ ~13 pass — far
        // fewer than the 20 the ungated path would have applied.
        assert!(
            (10..=14).contains(&delivered),
            "expected the storm debounced to ~13 moves, got {delivered}",
        );
        assert!(
            delivered < 20,
            "the gate must drop SOME storm ticks, not pass all 20",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn spaced_intentional_taps_all_pass() {
        // Intentional taps spaced past the debounce window must ALL reach
        // the editor — the gate filters storms, never deliberate input.
        let mut s = new_state_with(&"x\n".repeat(10));
        let t0 = std::time::Instant::now();
        for i in 0..5u32 {
            s.tick_at(
                &press(KeyCode::Char('j')),
                // 100ms apart — comfortably past the 80ms window.
                t0 + std::time::Duration::from_millis(u64::from(i) * 100),
            );
        }
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().line, 5, "all 5 spaced `j` taps moved the cursor");
    }

    #[test]
    fn distinct_keys_have_independent_clocks() {
        // Holding `j` must not block a simultaneous `l` — the gate keys on
        // the Key, so independent keys have independent windows.
        let mut s = new_state_with("abc\ndef\nghi");
        let t = std::time::Instant::now();
        s.tick_at(&press(KeyCode::Char('j')), t);
        // `j` again within the window is dropped…
        s.tick_at(
            &press(KeyCode::Char('j')),
            t + std::time::Duration::from_millis(10),
        );
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().line, 1, "second `j` within window dropped");
        // …but `l` at the same instant passes (its own clock).
        s.tick_at(
            &press(KeyCode::Char('l')),
            t + std::time::Duration::from_millis(10),
        );
        assert_eq!(s.cursor().column, 1, "`l` is not blocked by `j`'s clock");
    }

    // ── Cursors newtype is the single cursor home ──────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn cursor_home_preserves_single_cursor_behavior() {
        // The typed `Cursors` wrapper behaves exactly like the old bare
        // `Position` field for single-cursor editing: the read accessor
        // tracks every mutation routed through `set_cursor`, and there is
        // exactly one caret.
        let mut s = new_state_with("hello\nworld\nthere");
        assert_eq!(s.cursor(), Position::ZERO);
        assert_eq!(s.cursors.count(), 1, "phase-1 holds exactly one caret");

        s.apply_motion(Motion::Down);
        s.apply_motion(Motion::Right);
        s.apply_motion(Motion::Right);
        assert_eq!(s.cursor(), Position::new(1, 2));
        // Still a single caret after a sequence of motions.
        assert_eq!(s.cursors.count(), 1);

        // The accessor is the SAME value the viewport-follow path read.
        let w = s.layout.active_window().unwrap();
        assert!(w.viewport.top_line <= s.cursor().line);
    }

    #[test]
    fn insert_mode_is_ungated_so_repeat_typing_works() {
        // Holding a key to repeat-type a character is intended in Insert
        // mode — the gate must NOT suppress it. 10 rapid identical `x`
        // keystrokes at the same instant must all land as text.
        let mut s = new_state_with("");
        s.tick(&press(KeyCode::Char('i')));
        assert_eq!(s.modal.mode(), Mode::Insert);
        let t = std::time::Instant::now();
        for _ in 0..10 {
            s.tick_at(&press(KeyCode::Char('x')), t);
        }
        assert_eq!(
            s.buffers.get(s.active).unwrap().to_string(),
            "xxxxxxxxxx",
            "insert-mode repeat typing is ungated",
        );
    }
}