entropy_map/

mphf.rs

//! # Minimal Perfect Hash Function (MPHF) Module
//!
//! This module implements a Minimal Perfect Hash Function (MPHF) based on fingerprinting techniques,
//! as detailed in [Fingerprinting-based minimal perfect hashing revisited](https://doi.org/10.1145/3596453).
//!
//! This implementation is inspired by existing Rust crate [ph](https://github.com/beling/bsuccinct-rs/tree/main/ph),
//! but prioritizes code simplicity and portability, with a special focus on optimizing the rank
//! storage mechanism and reducing the construction time and querying latency of MPHF.

use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::mem::size_of_val;

use num::{Integer, PrimInt, Unsigned};
use wyhash::WyHash;

use crate::mphf::MphfError::*;
use crate::rank::{RankedBits, RankedBitsAccess};

/// A Minimal Perfect Hash Function (MPHF).
///
/// Template parameters:
/// - `B`: group size in bits in [1..64] range, default 32 bits.
/// - `S`: defines maximum seed value to try (2^S) in [0..16] range, default 8.
/// - `ST`: seed type (unsigned integer), default `u8`.
/// - `H`: hasher used to hash keys, default `WyHash`.
#[derive(Default)]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "rkyv_derive", derive(rkyv::Archive, rkyv::Deserialize, rkyv::Serialize))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "rkyv_derive", archive_attr(derive(rkyv::CheckBytes)))]
#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize))]
#[cfg_attr(
    feature = "serde",
    serde(bound(serialize = "ST: serde::Serialize", deserialize = "ST: serde::Deserialize<'de>"))
)]
pub struct Mphf<const B: usize = 32, const S: usize = 8, ST: PrimInt + Unsigned = u8, H: Hasher + Default = WyHash> {
    /// Ranked bits for efficient rank queries
    ranked_bits: RankedBits,
    /// Group sizes at each level
    level_groups: Box<[u32]>,
    /// Combined group seeds from all levels
    group_seeds: Box<[ST]>,
    /// Phantom field for the hasher
    #[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", serde(skip))]
    _phantom_hasher: PhantomData<H>,
}

#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
#[derive(serde::Deserialize)]
struct MphfUnchecked<const B: usize = 32, const S: usize = 8, ST: PrimInt + Unsigned = u8> {
    ranked_bits: RankedBits,
    level_groups: Box<[u32]>,
    group_seeds: Box<[ST]>,
}

#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
impl<'de, const B: usize, const S: usize, ST, H> serde::Deserialize<'de> for Mphf<B, S, ST, H>
where
    ST: serde::Deserialize<'de> + PrimInt + Unsigned,
    H: Hasher + Default,
{
    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
    where
        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
    {
        use serde::de::Error;
        let this = MphfUnchecked::<B, S, ST>::deserialize(deserializer)?;

        if !Self::is_valid_seed_type() {
            return Err(Error::custom(format!(
                "ST (u{}) should be able to store (1 << S) - 1",
                std::mem::size_of::<ST>() * 8
            )));
        }

        if this.level_groups.len() > MAX_LEVELS {
            return Err(Error::custom(format!("MAX_LEVELS {MAX_LEVELS} exceeded")));
        }

        if !this.level_groups.iter().all(|&x| x > 0) {
            return Err(Error::custom("no level_groups should be empty"));
        }

        let level_groups_sum = this
            .level_groups
            .iter()
            .try_fold(0usize, |acc, &x| acc.checked_add(x as usize))
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::custom("level_groups sum overflowed"))?;
        if level_groups_sum != this.group_seeds.len() {
            return Err(Error::custom(
                "sum of all level_groups should equal length of group_seeds",
            ));
        }

        let needed_bits = level_groups_sum
            .checked_mul(Self::B)
            .ok_or_else(|| Error::custom("needed_bits overflowed"))?;
        let ranked_bit_len = this.ranked_bits.bits.len() * 64;
        if ranked_bit_len < needed_bits {
            return Err(Error::custom(
                "count of ranked bits should not be less than the sum of level_groups * B",
            ));
        }

        Ok(Self {
            ranked_bits: this.ranked_bits,
            level_groups: this.level_groups,
            group_seeds: this.group_seeds,
            _phantom_hasher: PhantomData,
        })
    }
}

/// Maximum number of levels to build for MPHF.
const MAX_LEVELS: usize = 64;

/// Errors that can occur when initializing `Mphf`.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum MphfError {
    /// Error when the maximum number of levels is exceeded during initialization.
    MaxLevelsExceeded,
    /// Error when the seed type `ST` is too small to store `S` bits
    InvalidSeedType,
    /// Error when the `gamma` parameter is less than 1.0.
    InvalidGammaParameter,
}

/// Default `gamma` parameter for MPHF.
pub const DEFAULT_GAMMA: f32 = 2.0;

#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub(crate) enum ValidateKeyResult {
    InvalidKeyCount,
    IncorrectKeyOrder,
}

#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub(crate) enum ValidateValueResult {
    KeyValueLenMismatch,
    InvalidValueIndex,
}

impl<const B: usize, const S: usize, ST: PrimInt + Unsigned, H: Hasher + Default> Mphf<B, S, ST, H> {
    /// Ensure that `B` is in [1..64] range
    const B: usize = {
        assert!(B >= 1 && B <= 64);
        B
    };
    /// Ensure that `S` is in [0..16] range
    const S: usize = {
        assert!(S <= 16);
        S
    };
    /// Ensure `ST` is no larger than u32
    /// so we don't panic during [`get`]
    const ST_SIZE: usize = {
        let sz = std::mem::size_of::<ST>();
        assert!((sz * 8) >= Self::S);
        assert!(sz <= 4);
        sz
    };

    /// Ensure `ST` can hold `(1 << S) - 1`
    /// e.g. `2` bytes >= `(1 << 16) - 1`
    const fn is_valid_seed_type() -> bool {
        // ST::from((1 << Self::S) - 1).is_some()
        Self::ST_SIZE * 8 >= Self::S
    }

    /// Checks if `keys` are valid for `self`
    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
    pub(crate) fn validate_keys<K>(&self, keys: &[K]) -> Result<(), ValidateKeyResult>
    where
        K: Hash + Sized,
    {
        // Any get() index is < keys.len()
        if keys.len() != self.ranked_bits.count_ones() {
            return Err(ValidateKeyResult::InvalidKeyCount);
        }

        // Keys are ordered by their MPHF index else contains() gives wrong answers
        if keys.iter().enumerate().any(|(i, k)| self.get(k) != Some(i)) {
            return Err(ValidateKeyResult::IncorrectKeyOrder);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Checks if `values` are valid for `self`
    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
    pub(crate) fn validate_values<K, V>(
        &self,
        keys: &[K],
        values_indices: &[usize],
        values_dict: &[V],
    ) -> Result<(), ValidateValueResult>
    where
        K: Hash + Sized,
    {
        if keys.len() != values_indices.len() {
            return Err(ValidateValueResult::KeyValueLenMismatch);
        }

        if values_indices.iter().any(|&i| i >= values_dict.len()) {
            return Err(ValidateValueResult::InvalidValueIndex);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Initializes `Mphf` using slice of `keys` and parameter `gamma`.
    pub fn from_slice<K: Hash>(keys: &[K], gamma: f32) -> Result<Self, MphfError> {
        if gamma < 1.0 {
            return Err(InvalidGammaParameter);
        }

        if !Self::is_valid_seed_type() {
            return Err(InvalidSeedType);
        }

        let mut hashes: Vec<u64> = keys.iter().map(|key| hash_key::<H, _>(key)).collect();
        let mut group_bits = vec![];
        let mut group_seeds = vec![];
        let mut level_groups = vec![];

        while !hashes.is_empty() {
            let level = level_groups.len() as u32;
            let (level_group_bits, level_group_seeds) = Self::build_level(level, &mut hashes, gamma);

            group_bits.extend_from_slice(&level_group_bits);
            group_seeds.extend_from_slice(&level_group_seeds);
            level_groups.push(level_group_seeds.len() as u32);

            if level_groups.len() == MAX_LEVELS && !hashes.is_empty() {
                return Err(MaxLevelsExceeded);
            }
        }

        Ok(Mphf {
            ranked_bits: RankedBits::new(group_bits.into_boxed_slice()),
            level_groups: level_groups.into_boxed_slice(),
            group_seeds: group_seeds.into_boxed_slice(),
            _phantom_hasher: PhantomData,
        })
    }

    /// Builds specified `level` using provided `hashes` and returns level group bits and seeds.
    fn build_level(level: u32, hashes: &mut Vec<u64>, gamma: f32) -> (Vec<u64>, Vec<ST>) {
        // compute level size (#bits storing non-collided hashes), number of groups and segments
        let level_size = ((hashes.len() as f32) * gamma).ceil() as usize;
        let (groups, segments) = Self::level_size_groups_segments(level_size);
        let max_group_seed = 1 << S;

        // Reserve x3 bits for all segments to reduce cache misses when updating/fetching group bits.
        // Every 3 consecutive elements represent:
        // - 0: hashes bits set for current seed
        // - 1: hashes collision bits set for current seed
        // - 2: hashes bits set for best seed
        let mut group_bits = vec![0u64; 3 * segments + 3];
        let mut best_group_seeds = vec![ST::zero(); groups];

        // For each seed compute `group_bits` and then update those groups where seed produced less collisions
        for group_seed in 0..max_group_seed {
            Self::update_group_bits_with_seed(
                level,
                groups,
                group_seed,
                hashes,
                &mut group_bits,
                &mut best_group_seeds,
            );
        }

        // finalize best group bits to be returned
        let best_group_bits: Vec<u64> = group_bits[..group_bits.len() - 3]
            .as_chunks::<3>()
            .0
            .iter()
            .map(|group_bits| group_bits[2])
            .collect();

        // filter out hashes which are already stored in `best_group_bits`
        hashes.retain(|&hash| {
            let level_hash = hash_with_seed(hash, level);
            let group_idx = fastmod32(level_hash as u32, groups as u32);
            let group_seed = best_group_seeds[group_idx].to_u32().unwrap();
            let bit_idx = bit_index_for_seed::<B>(level_hash, group_seed, group_idx);
            // SAFETY: `bit_idx` is always within bounds (ensured during calculation)
            *unsafe { best_group_bits.get_unchecked(bit_idx / 64) } & (1 << (bit_idx % 64)) == 0
        });

        (best_group_bits, best_group_seeds)
    }

    /// Returns number of groups and 64-bit segments for given `size`.
    #[inline]
    fn level_size_groups_segments(size: usize) -> (usize, usize) {
        // Calculate the least common multiple of 64 and B
        let lcm_value = Self::B.lcm(&64);

        // Adjust size to the nearest value that is a multiple of the LCM
        let adjusted_size = size.div_ceil(lcm_value) * lcm_value;

        (adjusted_size / Self::B, adjusted_size / 64)
    }

    /// Computes group bits for given seed and then updates those groups where seed produced least collisions.
    #[inline]
    fn update_group_bits_with_seed(
        level: u32,
        groups: usize,
        group_seed: u32,
        hashes: &[u64],
        group_bits: &mut [u64],
        best_group_seeds: &mut [ST],
    ) {
        // Reset all group bits except best group bits
        let group_bits_len = group_bits.len();
        for bits in group_bits[..group_bits_len - 3].as_chunks_mut::<3>().0 {
            bits[0] = 0;
            bits[1] = 0;
        }

        // For each hash compute group bits and collision bits
        for &hash in hashes {
            let level_hash = hash_with_seed(hash, level);
            let group_idx = fastmod32(level_hash as u32, groups as u32);
            let bit_idx = bit_index_for_seed::<B>(level_hash, group_seed, group_idx);
            let mask = 1 << (bit_idx % 64);
            let idx = (bit_idx / 64) * 3;

            // SAFETY: `idx` is always within bounds (ensured during calculation)
            let bits = unsafe { group_bits.get_unchecked_mut(idx..idx + 2) };

            bits[1] |= bits[0] & mask;
            bits[0] |= mask;
        }

        // Filter out collided bits from group bits
        for bits in group_bits.as_chunks_mut::<3>().0 {
            bits[0] &= !bits[1];
        }

        // Update best group bits and seeds
        for (group_idx, best_group_seed) in best_group_seeds.iter_mut().enumerate() {
            let bit_idx = group_idx * Self::B;
            let bit_pos = bit_idx % 64;
            let idx = (bit_idx / 64) * 3;

            // SAFETY: `idx` is always within bounds (ensured during calculation)
            let bits = unsafe { group_bits.get_unchecked_mut(idx..idx + 6) };

            let bits_1 = Self::B.min(64 - bit_pos);
            let bits_2 = Self::B - bits_1;
            let mask_1 = u64::MAX >> (64 - bits_1);
            let mask_2 = (1 << bits_2) - 1;

            let new_bits_1 = (bits[0] >> bit_pos) & mask_1;
            let new_bits_2 = bits[3] & mask_2;
            let new_ones = new_bits_1.count_ones() + new_bits_2.count_ones();

            let best_bits_1 = (bits[2] >> bit_pos) & mask_1;
            let best_bits_2 = bits[5] & mask_2;
            let best_ones = best_bits_1.count_ones() + best_bits_2.count_ones();

            if new_ones > best_ones {
                bits[2] &= !(mask_1 << bit_pos);
                bits[2] |= new_bits_1 << bit_pos;

                bits[5] &= !mask_2;
                bits[5] |= new_bits_2;

                *best_group_seed = ST::from(group_seed).unwrap();
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns the index associated with `key`, within 0 to the key collection size (exclusive).
    /// If `key` was not in the initial collection, returns `None` or an arbitrary value from the range.
    #[inline]
    pub fn get<K: Hash + ?Sized>(&self, key: &K) -> Option<usize> {
        Self::get_impl(key, &self.level_groups, &self.group_seeds, &self.ranked_bits)
    }

    /// Inner implementation of `get` with `level_groups`, `group_seeds` and `ranked_bits` passed
    /// from standard and `Archived` version of `Mphf`.
    #[inline]
    fn get_impl<K: Hash + ?Sized>(
        key: &K,
        level_groups: &[u32],
        group_seeds: &[ST],
        ranked_bits: &impl RankedBitsAccess,
    ) -> Option<usize> {
        let mut groups_before = 0;
        for (level, &groups) in level_groups.iter().enumerate() {
            let level_hash = hash_with_seed(hash_key::<H, _>(key), level as u32);
            let group_idx = groups_before + fastmod32(level_hash as u32, groups);
            // SAFETY: `group_idx` is always within bounds (ensured during calculation)
            let group_seed = unsafe { group_seeds.get_unchecked(group_idx).to_u32().unwrap() };
            let bit_idx = bit_index_for_seed::<B>(level_hash, group_seed, group_idx);
            if let Some(rank) = ranked_bits.rank(bit_idx) {
                return Some(rank);
            }
            groups_before += groups as usize;
        }

        None
    }

    /// Returns the total number of bytes occupied by `Mphf`
    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
        size_of_val(self)
            + size_of_val(self.level_groups.as_ref())
            + size_of_val(self.group_seeds.as_ref())
            + self.ranked_bits.size()
    }
}

/// Computes a 64-bit hash for the given key using the default hasher `H`.
#[inline]
fn hash_key<H: Hasher + Default, T: Hash + ?Sized>(key: &T) -> u64 {
    let mut hasher = H::default();
    key.hash(&mut hasher);
    hasher.finish()
}

/// Computes bit index based on `hash`, `group_seed`, `groups_before` and const `B`.
#[inline]
fn bit_index_for_seed<const B: usize>(hash: u64, group_seed: u32, groups_before: usize) -> usize {
    // Take the lower 32 bits of the hash and XOR with the group_seed
    let mut x = (hash as u32) ^ group_seed;

    // MurmurHash3's finalizer step to avalanche the bits
    x = (x ^ (x >> 16)).wrapping_mul(0x85ebca6b);
    x = (x ^ (x >> 13)).wrapping_mul(0xc2b2ae35);
    x ^= x >> 16;

    groups_before * B + fastmod32(x, B as u32)
}

/// Combines a 64-bit hash with a 32-bit seed, then multiplies by a prime constant to enhance hash uniformity and reduces the result back to 64 bits.
#[inline]
fn hash_with_seed(hash: u64, seed: u32) -> u64 {
    let x = ((hash as u128) ^ (seed as u128)).wrapping_mul(0x5851f42d4c957f2d);
    ((x & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF) as u64) ^ ((x >> 64) as u64)
}

/// A fast alternative to the modulo reduction
/// More details: https://lemire.me/blog/2016/06/27/a-fast-alternative-to-the-modulo-reduction/
#[inline]
fn fastmod32(x: u32, n: u32) -> usize {
    (((x as u64) * (n as u64)) >> 32) as usize
}

/// Implement `get` for `Archived` version of `Mphf` if feature is enabled
#[cfg(feature = "rkyv_derive")]
impl<const B: usize, const S: usize, ST, H> ArchivedMphf<B, S, ST, H>
where
    ST: PrimInt + Unsigned + rkyv::Archive<Archived = ST>,
    H: Hasher + Default,
{
    #[inline]
    pub fn get<K: Hash + ?Sized>(&self, key: &K) -> Option<usize> {
        Mphf::<B, S, ST, H>::get_impl(key, &self.level_groups, &self.group_seeds, &self.ranked_bits)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use paste::paste;
    use std::collections::HashSet;
    use test_case::test_case;

    /// Decodes msgpack `bytes` into a generic [`rmpv::Value`], applies `f`, re-encodes,
    /// and deserializes the result as `T`. Used to verify that malformed payloads
    /// are rejected by the custom `Deserialize` impls.
    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
    pub(crate) fn decode_mutated<T: serde::de::DeserializeOwned>(
        bytes: &[u8],
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut rmpv::Value),
    ) -> Result<T, rmp_serde::decode::Error> {
        let mut value = rmpv::decode::value::read_value(&mut &bytes[..]).unwrap();
        f(&mut value);

        let mut out = Vec::new();
        rmpv::encode::write_value(&mut out, &value).unwrap();
        rmp_serde::from_slice(&out)
    }

    /// Helper function that contains the test logic
    fn test_mphfs_impl<const B: usize, const S: usize>(n: usize, gamma: f32) -> String {
        let keys = (0..n as u64).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
        let mphf = Mphf::<B, S>::from_slice(&keys, gamma).expect("failed to create mphf");

        // Ensure that all keys are assigned unique index which is less than `n`
        let mut set = HashSet::with_capacity(n);
        for key in &keys {
            let idx = mphf.get(key).unwrap();
            assert!(idx < n, "idx = {} n = {}", idx, n);
            if !set.insert(idx) {
                panic!("duplicate idx = {} for key {}", idx, key);
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(set.len(), n);

        // Compute average number of levels which needed to be accessed during `get`
        let mut avg_levels = 0f32;
        let total_groups: u32 = mphf.level_groups.iter().sum();
        for (i, &groups) in mphf.level_groups.iter().enumerate() {
            avg_levels += ((i + 1) as f32 * groups as f32) / (total_groups as f32);
        }
        let bits = mphf.size() as f32 * (8.0 / n as f32);

        format!(
            "bits: {:.2} total_levels: {} avg_levels: {:.2}",
            bits,
            mphf.level_groups.len(),
            avg_levels
        )
    }

    /// Macro to generate test functions for various B and S constants
    macro_rules! generate_tests {
        ($(($b:expr, $s:expr, $n: expr, $gamma:expr, $expected:expr)),* $(,)?) => {
            $(
                paste! {
                    #[test_case($n, $gamma => $expected)]
                    fn [<test_mphfs_ $b _ $s _ $n _ $gamma>](n: usize, gamma_scaled: usize) -> String {
                        let gamma = (gamma_scaled as f32) / 100.0;
                        test_mphfs_impl::<$b, $s>(n, gamma)
                    }
                }
            )*
        };
    }

    // Generate test functions for different combinations of B and S
    generate_tests!(
        (1, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 26.64 total_levels: 42 avg_levels: 4.34"),
        (2, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 9.00 total_levels: 8 avg_levels: 1.76"),
        (4, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 4.39 total_levels: 6 avg_levels: 1.42"),
        (7, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 3.12 total_levels: 4 avg_levels: 1.39"),
        (8, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.80 total_levels: 6 avg_levels: 1.34"),
        (15, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.50 total_levels: 4 avg_levels: 1.50"),
        (16, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.30 total_levels: 6 avg_levels: 1.43"),
        (23, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.53 total_levels: 4 avg_levels: 1.67"),
        (24, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.25 total_levels: 6 avg_levels: 1.57"),
        (31, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.40 total_levels: 3 avg_levels: 1.44"),
        (32, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.20 total_levels: 7 avg_levels: 1.63"),
        (33, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.52 total_levels: 4 avg_levels: 1.78"),
        (48, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.25 total_levels: 7 avg_levels: 1.78"),
        (53, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.90 total_levels: 4 avg_levels: 2.00"),
        (61, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.82 total_levels: 4 avg_levels: 2.00"),
        (63, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.89 total_levels: 4 avg_levels: 2.00"),
        (64, 8, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.25 total_levels: 8 avg_levels: 1.84"),
        (32, 7, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.29 total_levels: 7 avg_levels: 1.70"),
        (32, 5, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.47 total_levels: 8 avg_levels: 1.84"),
        (32, 4, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.58 total_levels: 9 avg_levels: 1.92"),
        (32, 3, 10000, 100, "bits: 2.75 total_levels: 10 avg_levels: 2.05"),
        (32, 1, 10000, 100, "bits: 3.22 total_levels: 11 avg_levels: 2.39"),
        (32, 0, 10000, 100, "bits: 3.65 total_levels: 14 avg_levels: 2.73"),
        (32, 8, 100000, 100, "bits: 2.11 total_levels: 10 avg_levels: 1.64"),
        (32, 8, 100000, 200, "bits: 2.73 total_levels: 4 avg_levels: 1.06"),
        (32, 6, 100000, 200, "bits: 2.84 total_levels: 5 avg_levels: 1.11"),
    );

    #[cfg(feature = "rkyv_derive")]
    #[test]
    fn test_rkyv() {
        let n = 10000;
        let keys = (0..n as u64).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
        let mphf = Mphf::<32, 4>::from_slice(&keys, DEFAULT_GAMMA).expect("failed to create mphf");
        let rkyv_bytes = rkyv::to_bytes::<_, 1024>(&mphf).unwrap();

        let rkyv_mphf = rkyv::check_archived_root::<Mphf<32, 4>>(&rkyv_bytes).unwrap();

        // Ensure that all keys are assigned unique index which is less than `n`
        let mut set = HashSet::with_capacity(n);
        for key in &keys {
            let idx = mphf.get(key).unwrap();
            let rkyv_idx = rkyv_mphf.get(key).unwrap();

            assert_eq!(idx, rkyv_idx);
            assert!(idx < n, "idx = {} n = {}", idx, n);
            if !set.insert(idx) {
                panic!("duplicate idx = {} for key {}", idx, key);
            }
        }
        assert_eq!(set.len(), n);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
    #[test]
    fn test_serde() {
        let n = 10000;
        let keys = (0..n as u64).collect::<Vec<u64>>();
        let mphf = Mphf::<32, 4>::from_slice(&keys, DEFAULT_GAMMA).expect("failed to create mphf");

        // Serialize via msgpack and deserialize back. The PHF must be fully
        // restored without recomputation.
        let bytes = rmp_serde::to_vec(&mphf).unwrap();
        let de: Mphf<32, 4> = rmp_serde::from_slice(&bytes).unwrap();

        // Ensure that all keys are assigned the same unique index by both
        // the original and the deserialized MPHFs.
        let mut set = HashSet::with_capacity(n);
        for key in &keys {
            let idx = mphf.get(key).unwrap();
            let de_idx = de.get(key).unwrap();

            assert_eq!(idx, de_idx);
            assert!(idx < n, "idx = {} n = {}", idx, n);
            assert!(set.insert(idx), "duplicate idx = {} for key {}", idx, key);
        }
        assert_eq!(set.len(), n);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "serde")]
    #[test]
    fn test_serde_rejects_invalid_structures() {
        use rmpv::Value;

        let keys = (0..1000u64).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        let mphf = Mphf::<32, 4>::from_slice(&keys, DEFAULT_GAMMA).unwrap();
        let bytes = rmp_serde::to_vec(&mphf).unwrap();

        // drop one group seed -> sum(level_groups) != group_seeds.len()
        assert!(decode_mutated::<Mphf<32, 4>>(&bytes, |v| {
            if let Value::Array(f) = v {
                if let Value::Array(seeds) = &mut f[2] {
                    seeds.pop();
                }
            }
        })
        .is_err());

        // drop one u64 word of ranked bits (stays 8-aligned) -> bits.len()*64 < sum*B
        assert!(decode_mutated::<Mphf<32, 4>>(&bytes, |v| {
            if let Value::Array(f) = v {
                if let Value::Binary(bits) = &mut f[0] {
                    let n = bits.len();
                    bits.truncate(n - 8);
                }
            }
        })
        .is_err());
    }
}