enqueuemail/

lib.rs

//! This crate provides a collection of functions to establish a HTTPS
//! connection to a remote URL, retrieve the HTML content and extract
//! its title.
#![warn(rust_2018_idioms)]
#![warn(missing_docs, missing_debug_implementations)]
#![warn(anonymous_parameters, bare_trait_objects, unreachable_pub)]
#![deny(unused)]
#![deny(unused_variables)]
#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
// #![deny(missing_docs)]

use async_std::io;
use async_std::net::TcpStream;
use async_tls::TlsConnector;
use futures::io::AsyncWriteExt;
use httparse::Header;
use httparse::Response;
use nom::bytes::complete::tag;
use nom::bytes::complete::take_until;
use nom::error::ErrorKind;
use nom::sequence::tuple;
use nom::IResult;
use rustls::ClientConfig;
use std::boxed::Box;
use std::convert::TryFrom;
use std::error::Error;
use std::io::Cursor;
use std::net::SocketAddr;
use std::net::ToSocketAddrs;
use std::path::Path;
use std::path::PathBuf;
use std::str::from_utf8;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::time::Duration;
use structopt::StructOpt;
use url::Host;
use url::ParseError;
use url::Url;
use x11_clipboard::Clipboard;

#[macro_use]
extern crate log;

// Lint And Attributes Documentation References
//
// https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/attributes.html
// https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/lints/listing/index.html
// https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/lints/groups.html

#[allow(trivial_casts)]

const TITLE_TAG_OPEN: &str = "<title>";
const TITLE_TAG_CLOSE: &str = "</title>";

/// Options contains the CLI available options offered to the binary tool.
///
/// This struct maps all the options that are available to the CLI user.
/// of the binary `enqueue-email`.
#[derive(Debug, StructOpt)]
pub struct Options {
    /// The URL to bookmark and enqueue. This excludes scheme, host, port
    /// and domain. This option has the priority over the Clipboard.
    #[structopt(short = "u", long = "url")]
    pub url: Option<String>,

    /// Use the URL currently on the top of the Clipboard.
    /// This option disables all the other defined options.
    #[structopt(short = "c", long = "clipboard")]
    pub clipboard: bool,

    /// The host to connect to.
    #[structopt(short = "h", long = "host")]
    pub host: Option<String>,

    /// The port to connect to.
    #[structopt(short = "p", long = "port", default_value = "443")]
    pub port: u16,

    /// The scheme protocol of the URI.
    #[structopt(short = "s", long = "scheme", default_value = "https")]
    pub scheme: String,

    /// The path component in the URI. This follows the definitions of
    /// RFC2396 and RFC3986
    /// (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier).
    #[structopt(short = "t", long = "path", default_value = "/")]
    pub path: String,

    /// An optional query component preceded by a question mark (?),
    /// containing a query string of non-hierarchical data.
    #[structopt(short = "q", long = "query")]
    pub query: Option<String>,

    /// An optional fragment component preceded by a hash (#).
    #[structopt(short = "f", long = "fragment")]
    pub fragment: Option<String>,

    /// The domain to connect to. This may be different from the host!
    #[structopt(short = "d", long = "domain")]
    pub domain: Option<String>,

    /// A file with a certificate authority chain, allows to connect
    /// to certificate authories not included in the default set.
    #[structopt(short = "", long = "cafile", parse(from_os_str))]
    pub cafile: Option<PathBuf>,

    /// Run msmt-queue and flush all mail currently in queue.
    /// This wraps the command 'msmtp-queue -r'.
    #[structopt(short = "r", long = "run")]
    pub run: bool,
}

/// Creates a TLSConnector with a specific CA file if provided.
pub async fn connector(cafile: &Option<PathBuf>) -> Result<TlsConnector, Box<dyn Error>> {
    if let Some(cafile) = cafile {
        connector_for_ca_file(cafile).await.map_err(|ioerr| {
            let e: Box<dyn Error> = Box::new(ioerr);
            e
        })
    } else {
        Ok(TlsConnector::default())
    }
}

async fn connector_for_ca_file(cafile: &Path) -> Result<TlsConnector, io::Error> {
    let mut config = ClientConfig::new();
    let file = async_std::fs::read(cafile).await?;
    let mut pem = Cursor::new(file);
    config
        .root_store
        .add_pem_file(&mut pem)
        .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "invalid cert"))?;
    Ok(TlsConnector::from(Arc::new(config)))
}

/// Extract the page title tag content from a raw but well formed HTML content.
///
/// The implementation of this functions is a Nom parser.
///
/// Type Definition [nom::IResult](https://docs.rs/nom/5.1.2/nom/type.IResult.html).
///
/// Holds the result of parsing functions
/// type IResult<I, O, E = (I, ErrorKind)> = Result<(I, O), Err<E>>;
/// It depends on I, the input type, O, the output type, and E, the error type
/// (by default u32).
///
/// The Ok side is a pair containing the remainder of the input (the part of the
/// data that was not parsed) and the produced value. The Err side contains an
/// instance of nom::Err.
/// let (_, (_, _, title)) = match tuple::<_, _, VerboseError<_>, _>(...
///
/// Function
/// [nom::bytes::complete::take_until](https://docs.rs/nom/5.1.2/nom/bytes/complete/fn.take_until.html)
///
/// Returns the longest input slice till it matches the pattern.
///
/// It doesn't consume the pattern. It will return
/// Err(Err::Error((_rest, ErrorKind::TakeUntil)))
/// if the pattern wasn't met.
///
/// Function std::str::from_utf8
/// Converts a vector of bytes to a String.
///
/// A string (String) is made of bytes (u8), and a vector of bytes (Vec<u8>) is
/// made of bytes, so this function converts between the two. Not all byte
/// slices are valid Strings, however: String requires that it is valid UTF-8.
/// from_utf8() checks to ensure that the bytes are valid UTF-8, and then does
/// the conversion.
///
/// Also uses
/// [from_utft8](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html#method.from_utf8).
pub fn page_title_from_html(content: &[u8]) -> Result<Option<String>, Box<dyn Error>> {
    let content: &str = match from_utf8(&content) {
        Ok(v) => v,
        Err(e) => {
            let e: Box<dyn Error> = From::from(format!("Invalid UTF-8 sequence: {}", e));
            return Err(e);
        }
    };

    let has_tag: Result<(&str, &str), nom::Err<(&str, ErrorKind)>> = until_open_title_tag(content);
    if let Ok((content, _before_tag)) = has_tag {
        let parsed: IResult<&str, (_, _, &str), (&str, ErrorKind)> = tuple((
            take_until(TITLE_TAG_OPEN),
            tag(TITLE_TAG_OPEN),
            take_until(TITLE_TAG_CLOSE),
        ))(content);
        let (_, (_, _, title)) = match parsed {
            Ok(r) => r,
            Err(_) => {
                let e: Box<dyn Error> = From::from("parsing error");
                return Err(e);
            }
        };

        return Ok(Some(String::from(title.trim())));
    }
    Ok(None)
}

fn until_open_title_tag(s: &str) -> IResult<&str, &str> {
    take_until(TITLE_TAG_OPEN)(s)
}

/// Read the "redirect location" from a HTTP response.
///
/// The Ok variant of the Results, if Some, includes the Location of the
/// redirect, read from the response headers, otherwise is Ok<None>.
pub fn has_redirect(
    response: &Response<'_, '_>,
    origin: &Url,
) -> Result<Option<Url>, Box<dyn Error>> {
    match &response.code {
        None => {
            let e: Box<dyn Error> =
                From::from("HTTP response parsing error: could not find StatusCode");
            Err(e)
        }
        Some(c @ 300..=308) => {
            for Header { name, value } in response.headers.iter() {
                if name == &"Location" {
                    let dest: &str = from_utf8(&value).unwrap();
                    let dest: Url = match Url::parse(dest) {
                        Ok(url) => url,
                        Err(ParseError::RelativeUrlWithoutBase) => origin
                            .join(dest)
                            .expect("unparseable relative redirect destination"),
                        Err(_) => {
                            // Due to the handling above, this path seems unreachable.
                            unreachable!();
                        }
                    };
                    debug!("HTTP redirect: {} -> {}", c, dest);
                    return Ok(Some(dest));
                }
            }
            let e: Box<dyn Error> = From::from(format!("HTTP redirect without location: {}", c));
            Err(e)
        }
        Some(c) => {
            debug!("HTTP StatusCode: {}", c);
            Ok(None)
        }
    }
}

/// Jump is the result of a connection.
///
/// A redirect can direct to the Next URL, othewise
/// Landing has the page content as Vec<u8>.
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum Jump {
    /// The redirect location as Url.
    Next(Url),
    /// The content of the destination URL, as vector of chars.
    Landing(Vec<u8>),
}

/// Uses the given TLS connector and the URL parts to retrieve the
/// HTML page content or the next location in case of a redirect.
///
/// HTTP URL conforms to the syntax of a generic URI.
/// The URI generic syntax consists of a hierarchical sequence of five
/// components:
///
/// URI = scheme:[//authority]path[?query][#fragment]
/// authority = [userinfo@]host[:port]
/// HTTP URL = URI
///
/// The TCP stream, HTTP stream, and TLS stream each expect a different subset
/// of a URL. TCP takes localhost:8080, HTTP takes http://localhost:8080/foo/bar,
/// TLS takes localhost.
pub async fn page_content(connector: &TlsConnector, parts: &Parts) -> Result<Jump, Box<dyn Error>> {
    let socket_addr: &SocketAddr = &parts.addr;
    let domain: &str = &parts.domain;

    // Open a normal TCP connection, just as you are used to.
    let tcp_stream: TcpStream = match TcpStream::connect(&socket_addr).await {
        Ok(t) => t,
        Err(e) => {
            let e: Box<dyn Error> = From::from(format!("TCPStream error: {}", e));
            return Err(e);
        }
    };

    // Use the connector to start the handshake process. This
    // consumes the TCP stream to ensure you are not reusing it.
    // Awaiting the handshake gives you an encrypted stream back
    // which you can use like any other.
    let mut tls_stream = match connector.connect(&domain, tcp_stream).await {
        Ok(ts) => ts,
        Err(e) => {
            let e: Box<dyn Error> = From::from(format!("TLSStream error: {}", e));
            return Err(e);
        }
    };

    // We write our crafted HTTP request to it.
    tls_stream
        .write_all(parts.http_request().as_bytes())
        .await?;

    // And write the content in the content variable.
    let mut response_content: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(1024);
    io::copy(&mut tls_stream, &mut response_content).await?;

    let mut headers: [Header<'_>; 32] = [httparse::EMPTY_HEADER; 32];
    let mut response: Response<'_, '_> = Response::new(&mut headers);
    response.parse(&response_content)?;

    match has_redirect(&response, &parts.url)? {
        Some(url) => Ok(Jump::Next(url)),
        None => Ok(Jump::Landing(response_content)),
    }
}

fn clipboard_content() -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {
    let clipboard = Clipboard::new().unwrap();
    let clipboard_content = clipboard.load(
        clipboard.setter.atoms.clipboard,
        clipboard.setter.atoms.utf8_string,
        clipboard.setter.atoms.property,
        Duration::from_secs(3),
    )?;
    let clipboard_content = String::from_utf8(clipboard_content).expect("UTF-8 content");
    debug!("clipboard content: {}", &clipboard_content);
    Ok(clipboard_content)
}

/// The hierarchical sequence of components of a URI.
///
/// Each URI begins with a scheme name that refers to a specification
/// for assigning identifiers within that scheme. As such, the URI
/// syntax is a federated and extensible naming system wherein each
/// scheme's specification may further restrict the syntax and
/// semantics of identifiers using that scheme. The URI generic syntax
/// is a superset of the syntax of all URI schemes. It was first
/// defined in RFC 2396, published in August 1998, and finalized in
/// RFC 3986, published in January 2005.
///
/// [URI syntax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier#Generic_syntax)
#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
pub struct Parts {
    /// A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web
    /// address, is a reference to a web resource that specifies
    /// its location on a computer network and a mechanism for
    /// retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource
    /// Identifier (URI).
    pub url: Url,
    /// The registered host name of an URL.
    pub host: Host<String>,
    /// The port number of the URL.
    pub port: u16,
    /// An internet socket address, either IPv4 or IPv6.
    pub addr: SocketAddr,
    /// The domain name (not an IP address) of the given host.
    pub domain: String,
    /// the path for this URL, as a percent-encoded ASCII string. For
    /// cannot-be-a-base URLs, this is an arbitrary string that
    /// doesn’t start with '/'. For other URLs, this starts with a '/'
    /// slash and continues with slash-separated path segments.
    pub path: String,
    /// The URL's query string, if any, as a percent-encoded ASCII string.
    pub query: String,
    /// A fragment is the part of the URL after the # symbol. The
    /// fragment is optional and, if present, contains a fragment
    /// identifier that identifies a secondary resource, such as a
    /// section heading of a document.
    ///
    /// In HTML, the fragment identifier is usually the id attribute
    /// of a an element that is scrolled to on load. Browsers
    /// typically will not send the fragment portion of a URL to the
    /// server.
    pub fragment: String,
}

impl Parts {
    /// Create a bare bones HTTP GET request.
    ///
    /// The reference is the
    /// [RFC7230](https://tools.ietf.org/rfcmarkup?doc=7230)
    pub fn http_request(&self) -> String {
        let query = if self.query != "" && !self.query.starts_with('?') {
            format!("?{}", self.query)
        } else {
            self.query.clone()
        };
        let fragment = if self.fragment != "" && !self.fragment.starts_with('#') {
            format!("#{}", self.fragment)
        } else {
            self.fragment.clone()
        };
        let http_request: String = format!(
            "GET {}{}{} HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: {}\r\n\r\n",
            self.path, query, fragment, self.domain,
        );
        debug!("HTTP request: {}", &http_request);
        http_request
    }
}

impl TryFrom<&Options> for Parts {
    // type Error = &'static str;
    type Error = Box<dyn Error>;

    fn try_from(options: &Options) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        // The options --clipboard, --url and --host are mutually exclusive.
        let mutex_opts: [bool; 3] = [
            options.clipboard,
            options.url.is_some(),
            options.host.is_some(),
        ];
        match mutex_opts {
            [true, false, false] | [false, true, false] | [false, false, true] => {}
            [false, false, false]
            | [true, true, false]
            | [true, false, true]
            | [false, true, true]
            | [true, true, true] => {
                let e: Box<dyn Error> =
                    From::from("use one and only one of --clipboard, --url or --host");
                return Err(e);
            }
        }

        let url: Url = if options.clipboard {
            Url::parse(&clipboard_content().expect("clipboard is not readable"))
                .expect("Clipboard is not a URL")
        } else if let Some(u) = &options.url {
            Url::parse(&u).expect("Unparseable URL")
        } else if let Some(h) = &options.host {
            Url::parse(&format!("{}://{}", options.scheme, h)).expect("Unparseable scheme and host")
        } else {
            unreachable!("use only one of --clipboard, --url or --host")
        };

        let host: Host<String> = if let Some(h) = &options.host {
            Host::parse(&h).expect("Unparseable Host")
        } else {
            url.host().expect("URL without host").to_owned()
        };
        debug!("host name: {}", &host);

        let port: u16 = match options.port {
            0 => match url.scheme() {
                "https" => 443,
                "http" => {
                    let e: Box<dyn Error> =
                        From::from("HTTP standard ports is not yet suported".to_string());
                    return Err(e);
                }
                s => {
                    let e: Box<dyn Error> = From::from(format!(
                        "Only HTTP(S) standard ports are suported. {} given",
                        s
                    ));
                    return Err(e);
                }
            },
            p => p,
        };
        debug!("port number: {}", &port);

        // Check if the provided host exists.
        // *Note*: this conversion will attemp the network resolution of the
        // given host!
        //
        // Using:
        // - https://docs.rs/async-std/1.6.2/async_std/net/enum.SocketAddr.html
        //   The implementation of to_socket_addrs: Converts this
        //   object to an iterator of resolved SocketAddrs.
        //   The returned iterator may not actually yield any values
        //   depending on the outcome of any resolution performed.
        //   Note that this function may block the current thread
        //   while resolution is performed.
        //   https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/src/std/net/addr.rs.html#921-923
        let addr: SocketAddr = (host.to_string().as_str(), options.port)
            .to_socket_addrs()?
            .next()
            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
        debug!("socket address: {}", &addr);

        // If no domain was passed, the host is also the domain to connect to.
        let domain: String = if let Some(d) = &options.domain {
            d.to_owned()
        } else {
            host.to_string()
        };
        debug!("domain {}", &domain);

        let path: String = match &options.host {
            None => (&url.path()).to_string(),
            _ => options.path.to_string(),
        };

        let query: String = match &options.query {
            Some(q) => q.to_owned(),
            None => url.query().unwrap_or("").to_string(),
        };

        let fragment: String = match &options.fragment {
            Some(f) => f.to_owned(),
            None => url.fragment().unwrap_or("").to_string(),
        };

        Ok(Parts {
            url,
            host,
            port,
            addr,
            query,
            fragment,
            domain,
            path,
        })
    }
}

impl TryFrom<&str> for Parts {
    type Error = Box<dyn Error>;

    fn try_from(url: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        let url: Url = Url::parse(&url).expect("Unparseable URL");
        Self::try_from(&url)
    }
}

impl TryFrom<&Url> for Parts {
    type Error = Box<dyn Error>;

    fn try_from(url: &Url) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
        let host: Host<String> = url.host().expect("URL without host").to_owned();
        let port: u16 = match url.scheme() {
            "https" => 443,
            "http" => 80,
            s => {
                let e: Box<dyn Error> = From::from(format!(
                    "Only HTTP(S) standard ports are suported. {} given",
                    s
                ));
                return Err(e);
            }
        };
        let addr: SocketAddr = (host.to_string().as_str(), port)
            .to_socket_addrs()?
            .next()
            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::NotFound))?;
        // On the assumption that host and domain are the same in this case.
        let domain: String = host.to_string();
        let path: String = (&url.path()).to_string();
        let query: String = url.query().unwrap_or("").to_string();
        let fragment: String = url.fragment().unwrap_or("").to_string();

        Ok(Parts {
            url: url.clone(),
            host,
            port,
            addr,
            query,
            fragment,
            domain,
            path,
        })
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use async_std::task;
    use std::fs;
    use std::time::Instant;

    #[allow(dead_code)]
    fn init() {
        let _ = env_logger::builder().is_test(true).try_init();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connector_passes_without_cafile() -> Result<(), String> {
        match task::block_on(async { connector(&None).await }) {
            Ok(_) => Ok(()),
            Err(_) => Err(String::from("connector should use the system CA files")),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connector_fails_with_nonexisting_cafile() -> Result<(), String> {
        let cafile: &Option<PathBuf> = &Some(PathBuf::from("/nope"));
        match task::block_on(async { connector(cafile).await }) {
            Ok(_) => Err(String::from(
                "connector should fail when the CA file does not exist",
            )),
            Err(_) => Ok(()),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[should_panic(expected = "No such file or directory")]
    fn test_connector_fails_with_nonexisting_cafile_with_failure_message() {
        let cafile: &Option<PathBuf> = &Some(PathBuf::from("/nope"));
        task::block_on(async { connector(cafile).await }).unwrap();
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_connector_for_ca_file_passes() -> Result<(), String> {
        // Considering the Cargo.toml path as "crate root"
        // https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html#environment-variables
        let cafile: &Path =
            &Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("tests/files/doc_rust-lang_org.crt");
        match task::block_on(async { connector_for_ca_file(cafile).await }) {
            Ok(_) => Ok(()),
            Err(_) => Err(String::from("could not load the test PEM certificate")),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_page_title_from_html_passes_with_valid_html() -> Result<(), String> {
        let page: &Path =
            &Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("tests/files/home_with_title.html");
        match page_title_from_html(
            &fs::read(page).map_err(|_| String::from("could not open HTML test page"))?,
        ) {
            Ok(Some(title)) if title == String::from("Rust Programming Language") => Ok(()),
            Ok(Some(title)) => Err(format!("unexpected title: \"{}\"", title)),
            Ok(None) => Err(From::from("could not find a title in the page")),

            _ => Err(String::from(
                "could not extract the title from the HTML page content",
            )),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_page_title_from_html_passes_with_valid_html_without_title() -> Result<(), String> {
        let page: &Path =
            &Path::new(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")).join("tests/files/home_without_title.html");
        match page_title_from_html(
            &fs::read(page).map_err(|_| String::from("could not open HTML test page"))?,
        ) {
            Ok(Some(title)) => Err(format!("unexpected title: \"{}\"", title)),
            Ok(None) => Ok(()),
            Err(e) => Err(format!("unexpected error: {}", e)),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_page_title_from_html_fails_with_non_utf8_characters() -> Result<(), String> {
        match page_title_from_html(&vec![0, 159, 146, 150]) {
            Ok(_) => Err(format!(
                "unexpected success extracting the title from non UTF8 characters"
            )),
            Err(e)
                if (*e).to_string()
                    == "Invalid UTF-8 sequence: invalid utf-8 sequence of 1 bytes from index 1" =>
            {
                Ok(())
            }
            Err(e) => Err(format!("unexpected error: {}", e)),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[ignore]
    fn test_page_title_from_html_with_attributes() -> Result<(), String> {
        unimplemented!()
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_has_redirect() -> Result<(), String> {
        let origin: Url = Url::parse("https://doc.rust-lang.org/std")
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse origin URL: {}", e))?;
        let destination: Url = Url::parse("https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/")
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse destination URL: {}", e))?;
        let mut headers: Vec<Header<'_>> = Vec::new();
        let redirect_header = Header {
            name: "Location",
            value: destination.as_str().as_bytes(),
        };
        headers.push(redirect_header);
        let mut response = Response::new(&mut headers);
        response.code = Some(301);
        match has_redirect(&response, &origin) {
            Ok(Some(u)) if u == destination => Ok(()),
            Ok(Some(u)) => Err(format!("unexpected redirect location: \"{}\"", u)),
            Ok(None) => Err(format!("could not find HTTP redirect location")),
            Err(e) => Err(format!("could not parse HTTP Response: {}", e)),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_has_no_redirect() -> Result<(), String> {
        let origin: Url = Url::parse("https://doc.rust-lang.org/std")
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse origin URL: {}", e))?;
        let mut headers: Vec<Header<'_>> = Vec::new();
        let mut response = Response::new(&mut headers);
        response.code = Some(200);
        match has_redirect(&response, &origin) {
            Ok(None) => Ok(()),
            Ok(Some(u)) => Err(format!("unexpected redirect location: \"{}\"", u)),
            Err(e) => Err(format!("could not parse HTTP Response: {}", e)),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_has_redirect_fails_without_status_code() -> Result<(), String> {
        let origin: Url = Url::parse("https://doc.rust-lang.org/std")
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse origin URL: {}", e))?;
        let mut headers: Vec<Header<'_>> = Vec::new();
        let mut response = Response::new(&mut headers);
        response.code = None;
        match has_redirect(&response, &origin) {
            Ok(_) => Err(From::from("unexpected success in redirect detection")),
            Err(e)
                if (*e).to_string() == "HTTP response parsing error: could not find StatusCode" =>
            {
                Ok(())
            }
            Err(e) => Err(format!("unexpected error message: {}", e)),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    #[ignore]
    fn test_has_redirect_fails_with_unparseable_redirect_location() -> Result<(), String> {
        let origin: Url = Url::parse("https://doc.rust-lang.org/std")
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse origin URL: {}", e))?;
        let mut headers: Vec<Header<'_>> = Vec::new();
        let redirect_header = Header {
            name: "Location",
            value: "unreachable".as_bytes(),
        };
        headers.push(redirect_header);
        let mut response = Response::new(&mut headers);
        response.code = Some(301);
        match has_redirect(&response, &origin) {
            Ok(l) => Err(format!("unexpected success in redirect detection: {:?}", l)),
            Err(e)
                if (*e).to_string() == "HTTP response parsing error: could not find StatusCode" =>
            {
                Ok(())
            }
            Err(e) => Err(format!("unexpected error message: {}", e)),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_has_redirect_fails_without_redirect_location() -> Result<(), String> {
        let origin: Url = Url::parse("https://doc.rust-lang.org/std")
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse origin URL: {}", e))?;
        let mut headers: Vec<Header<'_>> = Vec::new();
        let mut response = Response::new(&mut headers);
        response.code = Some(301);
        match has_redirect(&response, &origin) {
            Ok(l) => Err(format!("unexpected success in redirect detection: {:?}", l)),
            Err(e) if (*e).to_string() == "HTTP redirect without location: 301" => Ok(()),
            Err(e) => Err(format!("unexpected error message: {}", e)),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_has_redirect_passes_with_a_relative_redirect() -> Result<(), String> {
        let origin: Url = Url::parse("https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable")
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse origin URL: {}", e))?;
        let mut headers: Vec<Header<'_>> = Vec::new();
        let redirect_header = Header {
            name: "Location",
            value: "/stable/std/".as_bytes(),
        };
        headers.push(redirect_header);
        let mut response = Response::new(&mut headers);
        response.code = Some(301);
        match has_redirect(&response, &origin) {
            Ok(None) => Err(From::from("missing redirect detection")),
            Ok(Some(l)) if l.to_string() == "https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/" => Ok(()),
            Ok(Some(l)) => Err(format!("unexpected redirect location: {}", l.to_string())),
            Err(e) => Err(format!("could not detect redirection: {}", e)),
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "live-tests")]
    mod livetests {
        use super::*;
        use std::net::IpAddr;
        use std::net::Ipv4Addr;

        #[test]
        fn test_page_content_fails_with_http_only_url() -> Result<(), String> {
            let connector: TlsConnector = TlsConnector::default();
            let url: Url = Url::parse("http://example.org")
                .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse URL: {}", e))?;
            let parts: Parts = Parts::try_from(&url)
                .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse parts from URL: {}", e))?;
            match task::block_on(async { page_content(&connector, &parts).await }) {
                Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected OK connection: HTTP should fail")),
                Err(e) if (*e).to_string() == "TLSStream error: received corrupt message" => Ok(()),
                Err(e) => Err(format!("unexpected error message: {}", e)),
            }
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_page_content_fails_with_broken_address() -> Result<(), String> {
            let connector: TlsConnector = TlsConnector::default();
            let parts: Parts = Parts {
                url: Url::parse("http://example.org").unwrap(),
                host: Host::parse("example.org").unwrap(),
                port: 443,
                addr: SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(127, 0, 0, 1)), 8080),
                domain: String::new(),
                path: String::new(),
                query: String::new(),
                fragment: String::new(),
            };
            match task::block_on(async { page_content(&connector, &parts).await }) {
                Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected OK connection: HTTP should fail")),
                Err(e)
                    if (*e).to_string() == "TCPStream error: Connection refused (os error 111)" =>
                {
                    Ok(())
                }
                Err(e) => Err(format!("unexpected error message: {}", e)),
            }
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_page_content_from_url_with_jump_next() -> Result<(), String> {
            let connector: TlsConnector = TlsConnector::default();
            let url: Url = Url::parse("https://wikipedia.org")
                .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse URL: {}", e))?;
            let next: Url = Url::parse("https://www.wikipedia.org")
                .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse URL: {}", e))?;
            let parts: Parts = Parts::try_from(&url)
                .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse parts from URL: {}", e))?;
            match task::block_on(async { page_content(&connector, &parts).await }) {
                Ok(Jump::Next(n)) if n == next => Ok(()),
                Ok(Jump::Next(n)) => Err(format!("unexpected Jump::Next URL: {}", n)),
                Ok(Jump::Landing(_)) => Err(format!("unexpected Jump::Landing")),
                Err(e) => Err(format!("could not run live test: {}", e)),
            }
        }

        #[test]
        fn test_page_content_from_url_with_jump_landing() -> Result<(), String> {
            let connector: TlsConnector = TlsConnector::default();
            let url: Url = Url::parse("https://example.org")
                .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse URL: {}", e))?;
            let parts: Parts = Parts::try_from(&url)
                .map_err(|e| format!("could not parse parts from URL: {}", e))?;
            let http_ok_header: &str = "HTTP/1.0 200 OK";
            match task::block_on(async { page_content(&connector, &parts).await }) {
                Ok(Jump::Landing(content))
                    if from_utf8(&content[0..http_ok_header.len()]) == Ok(http_ok_header) =>
                {
                    Ok(())
                }
                Ok(Jump::Landing(content)) => Err(format!(
                    "unexpected HTTP header: {:?}",
                    from_utf8(&content[0..http_ok_header.len()])
                )),
                Ok(Jump::Next(n)) => Err(format!("unexpected Jump::Next: {}", n)),
                Err(e) => Err(format!("could not run live test: {}", e)),
            }
        }

        mod parts {
            use super::*;

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_fails_when_empty() -> Result<(), String> {
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: None,              // Option<String>
                    clipboard: false,       // bool
                    host: None,             // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,             // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(), // String
                    path: "".to_string(),   // String
                    query: None,            // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,         // Option<String>
                    domain: None,           // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,           // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,             // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e)
                        if (*e).to_string()
                            == "use one and only one of --clipboard, --url or --host" =>
                    {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(e) => Err(format!("could not create Options: {}", e)),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_fails_with_both_url_and_host() -> Result<(), String> {
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: Some("url".to_string()),   // Option<String>
                    clipboard: false,               // bool
                    host: Some("host".to_string()), // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,                     // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(),         // String
                    path: "".to_string(),           // String
                    query: None,                    // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,                 // Option<String>
                    domain: None,                   // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,                   // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,                     // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e)
                        if (*e).to_string()
                            == "use one and only one of --clipboard, --url or --host" =>
                    {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(e) => Err(format!("could not create Options: {}", e)),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_fails_with_both_clipboard_and_host() -> Result<(), String>
            {
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: None,                      // Option<String>
                    clipboard: true,                // bool
                    host: Some("host".to_string()), // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,                     // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(),         // String
                    path: "".to_string(),           // String
                    query: None,                    // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,                 // Option<String>
                    domain: None,                   // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,                   // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,                     // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e)
                        if (*e).to_string()
                            == "use one and only one of --clipboard, --url or --host" =>
                    {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(e) => Err(format!("could not create Options: {}", e)),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_fails_with_both_clipboard_and_url() -> Result<(), String>
            {
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: Some("url".to_string()), // Option<String>
                    clipboard: true,              // bool
                    host: None,                   // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,                   // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(),       // String
                    path: "".to_string(),         // String
                    query: None,                  // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,               // Option<String>
                    domain: None,                 // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,                 // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,                   // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e)
                        if (*e).to_string()
                            == "use one and only one of --clipboard, --url or --host" =>
                    {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(e) => Err(format!("could not create Options: {}", e)),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_fails_with_both_clipboard_and_host_and_url()
            -> Result<(), String> {
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: Some("url".to_string()),   // Option<String>
                    clipboard: true,                // bool
                    host: Some("host".to_string()), // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,                     // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(),         // String
                    path: "".to_string(),           // String
                    query: None,                    // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,                 // Option<String>
                    domain: None,                   // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,                   // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,                     // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e)
                        if (*e).to_string()
                            == "use one and only one of --clipboard, --url or --host" =>
                    {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(e) => Err(format!("could not create Options: {}", e)),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_fails_with_non_existing_url() -> Result<(), String> {
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: Some("https://unresolvable.example.org".to_string()), // Option<String>
                    clipboard: false,                                          // bool
                    host: None,                                                // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,                                                // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(),                                    // String
                    path: "".to_string(),                                      // String
                    query: None,                                               // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,                                            // Option<String>
                    domain: None,                                              // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,                                              // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,                                                // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e)
                        if e.to_string()
                            == "failed to lookup address information: Name or service not known" =>
                    {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(e) => Err(format!(
                        "unexpected error creating Parts from a URL: {}",
                        e.to_string()
                    )),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_fails_with_non_supported_scheme() -> Result<(), String> {
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: Some("news://example.org".to_string()), // Option<String>
                    clipboard: false,                            // bool
                    host: None,                                  // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,                                  // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(),                      // String
                    path: "".to_string(),                        // String
                    query: None,                                 // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,                              // Option<String>
                    domain: None,                                // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,                                // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,                                  // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e)
                        if e.to_string()
                            == "Only HTTP(S) standard ports are suported. news given" =>
                    {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(e) => Err(format!(
                        "unexpected error creating Parts from a URL: {}",
                        e.to_string()
                    )),
                }
            }

            fn validate_parts_and_url(parts: Parts, url: Option<String>) -> Result<(), String> {
                if let Some(url) = url {
                    if parts.url != Url::parse(&url).unwrap() {
                        return Err(format!(
                            "could not create Options with the correct URL, got: {}",
                            parts.url
                        ));
                    }
                }
                if parts.host != Host::parse("example.org").unwrap() {
                    return Err(format!(
                        "could not create Options with the correct Host, got: {}",
                        parts.host
                    ));
                }
                if parts.port != 443 {
                    return Err(format!(
                        "could not create Options with the correct port, got: {}",
                        parts.port
                    ));
                }
                if parts.path != "/news/today.html".to_string() {
                    return Err(format!(
                        "could not create Options with the correct URL path, got: {}",
                        parts.path
                    ));
                }
                if parts.query != "tag=top".to_string() {
                    return Err(format!(
                        "could not create Options with the correct query, got: {}",
                        parts.query
                    ));
                }
                if parts.fragment != "headline".to_string() {
                    return Err(format!(
                        "could not create Options with the correct fragment, got: {}",
                        parts.fragment
                    ));
                }
                if parts.domain != "example.org".to_string() {
                    return Err(format!(
                        "could not create Options with the correct domain, got: {}",
                        parts.domain
                    ));
                }

                Ok(())
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_passes_with_existing_url() -> Result<(), String> {
                let url: String =
                    "https://example.org/news/today.html?tag=top#headline".to_string();
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: Some(url.clone()), // Option<String>
                    clipboard: false,       // bool
                    host: None,             // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,             // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(), // String
                    path: "".to_string(),   // String
                    query: None,            // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,         // Option<String>
                    domain: None,           // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,           // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,             // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(parts) => validate_parts_and_url(parts, options.url),
                    Err(e) => Err(format!("could not create Options: {}", e)),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_fails_with_http_url() -> Result<(), String> {
                let url: String = "http://example.org".to_string();
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: Some(url.clone()), // Option<String>
                    clipboard: false,       // bool
                    host: None,             // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,             // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(), // String
                    path: "".to_string(),   // String
                    query: None,            // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,         // Option<String>
                    domain: None,           // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,           // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,             // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e) if e.to_string() == "HTTP standard ports is not yet suported" => Ok(()),
                    Err(e) => Err(format!(
                        "unexpected error creating Parts from a URL: {}",
                        e.to_string()
                    )),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_passes_ignoring_non_https_port_when_given()
            -> Result<(), String> {
                let url: String = "http://example.org".to_string();
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: Some(url.clone()), // Option<String>
                    clipboard: false,       // bool
                    host: None,             // Option<String>
                    port: 8080u16,          // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(), // String
                    path: "".to_string(),   // String
                    query: None,            // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,         // Option<String>
                    domain: None,           // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,           // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,             // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(_) => Ok(()),
                    Err(e) => Err(format!(
                        "could not create Parts from a URL: {}",
                        e.to_string()
                    )),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_passes_with_another_domain() -> Result<(), String> {
                let url: String = "https://example.com".to_string();
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: Some(url.clone()),                   // Option<String>
                    clipboard: false,                         // bool
                    host: None,                               // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,                               // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(),                   // String
                    path: "".to_string(),                     // String
                    query: None,                              // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,                           // Option<String>
                    domain: Some("unresolvable".to_string()), // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,                             // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,                               // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(_) => Ok(()),
                    Err(e) => Err(format!(
                        "could not create Parts from a URL: {}",
                        e.to_string()
                    )),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_passes_with_existing_clipboard() -> Result<(), String> {
                let url: String =
                    "https://example.org/news/today.html?tag=top#headline".to_string();
                let clipboard = Clipboard::new().unwrap();
                let atom_clipboard = clipboard.setter.atoms.clipboard;
                let atom_utf8string = clipboard.setter.atoms.utf8_string;
                clipboard
                    .store(atom_clipboard, atom_utf8string, url.as_bytes())
                    .map_err(|e| format!("could not store a value in the clipboard: {}", e))?;

                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: None,              // Option<String>
                    clipboard: true,        // bool
                    host: None,             // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,             // u16
                    scheme: "".to_string(), // String
                    path: "".to_string(),   // String
                    query: None,            // Option<String>
                    fragment: None,         // Option<String>
                    domain: None,           // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,           // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,             // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(parts) => validate_parts_and_url(parts, options.url),
                    Err(e) => Err(format!("could not create Options: {}", e)),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_options_passes_with_existing_host() -> Result<(), String> {
                let options: Options = Options {
                    url: None,                              // Option<String>
                    clipboard: false,                       // bool
                    host: Some("example.org".to_string()),  // Option<String>
                    port: 0u16,                             // u16
                    scheme: "https".to_string(),            // String
                    path: "/news/today.html".to_string(),   // String
                    query: Some("tag=top".to_string()),     // Option<String>
                    fragment: Some("headline".to_string()), // Option<String>
                    domain: None,                           // Option<String>
                    cafile: None,                           // Option<PathBuf>
                    run: false,                             // bool
                };
                match Parts::try_from(&options) {
                    Ok(parts) => validate_parts_and_url(parts, options.url),
                    Err(e) => Err(format!("could not create Options: {}", e)),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_str_passes_with_existing_url() -> Result<(), String> {
                let url: &str = "https://example.org/news/today.html?tag=top#headline";
                match Parts::try_from(url) {
                    Ok(parts) => validate_parts_and_url(parts, Some(url.to_string())),
                    Err(e) => Err(format!("could not create Options: {}", e)),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_str_fails_with_non_existing_url() -> Result<(), String> {
                let url: &str = "https://unresolvable.example.org/news/today.html?tag=top#headline";
                let parts: Result<Parts, Box<dyn Error>> = TryFrom::<&str>::try_from(url);
                match parts {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e)
                        if e.to_string()
                            == "failed to lookup address information: Name or service not known" =>
                    {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(e) => Err(format!(
                        "unexpected error creating Parts from a URL: {}",
                        e.to_string()
                    )),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_str_fails_with_non_supported_scheme() -> Result<(), String> {
                let url: &str = "news://example.org/news/today";
                let parts: Result<Parts, Box<dyn Error>> = TryFrom::<&str>::try_from(url);
                match parts {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e)
                        if e.to_string()
                            == "Only HTTP(S) standard ports are suported. news given" =>
                    {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(e) => Err(format!(
                        "unexpected error creating Parts from a URL: {}",
                        e.to_string()
                    )),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_url_passes_with_existing_url() -> Result<(), String> {
                let url: &str = "https://example.org/news/today.html?tag=top#headline";
                let url: Url = Url::parse(url).expect("cannot parse test URL");
                let parts: Result<Parts, Box<dyn Error>> = TryFrom::<&Url>::try_from(&url);
                match parts {
                    Ok(parts) => validate_parts_and_url(parts, Some(url.to_string())),
                    Err(e) => Err(format!("could not create Options: {}", e)),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_url_fails_with_non_existing_url() -> Result<(), String> {
                let url: &str = "https://unresolvable.example.org/news/today.html?tag=top#headline";
                let url: Url = Url::parse(url).expect("cannot parse test URL");
                let parts: Result<Parts, Box<dyn Error>> = TryFrom::<&Url>::try_from(&url);
                match parts {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e)
                        if e.to_string()
                            == "failed to lookup address information: Name or service not known" =>
                    {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(e) => Err(format!(
                        "unexpected error creating Parts from a URL: {}",
                        e.to_string()
                    )),
                }
            }

            #[test]
            fn test_parts_try_from_url_fails_with_non_supported_scheme() -> Result<(), String> {
                let url: &str = "news://example.org/news/today";
                let url: Url = Url::parse(url).expect("cannot parse test URL");
                let parts: Result<Parts, Box<dyn Error>> = TryFrom::<&Url>::try_from(&url);
                match parts {
                    Ok(_) => Err(format!("unexpected successful conversion into Parts")),
                    Err(e)
                        if e.to_string()
                            == "Only HTTP(S) standard ports are suported. news given" =>
                    {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(e) => Err(format!(
                        "unexpected error creating Parts from a URL: {}",
                        e.to_string()
                    )),
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_clipboard_content_passes_trivially() -> Result<(), String> {
        // Note: this test reduces to testing an external dependency and it
        // doesn't have much raison d'être. This test would / will be more
        // meaningful when a direct implementation of the clipboard will
        // replace the dependency from x11_clipboard::Clipboard.

        let expected = format!("{:?}", Instant::now());
        let clipboard = Clipboard::new().unwrap();
        let atom_clipboard = clipboard.setter.atoms.clipboard;
        let atom_utf8string = clipboard.setter.atoms.utf8_string;
        clipboard
            .store(atom_clipboard, atom_utf8string, expected.as_bytes())
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not store a value in the clipboard: {}", e))?;
        match clipboard_content()
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not get a value from the cliboard: {}", e))
        {
            Ok(content) if content == expected => Ok(()),
            Ok(content) => Err(format!("unexpected paste content: {}", content)),
            Err(e) => Err(format!("could not read the clipboard: {}", e)),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parts_http_request_passes_without_url_query() -> Result<(), String> {
        let parts: Parts = Parts::try_from("https://example.org/resource")
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not create a Parts structure from a str: {}", e))?;
        let expected: String = format!("GET /resource HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: example.org\r\n\r\n",);
        match parts.http_request() {
            req if req == expected => Ok(()),
            req => Err(format!("unexpected HTTP request: {}", req)),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parts_http_request_passes_with_url_query_and_fragment() -> Result<(), String> {
        let parts: Parts =
            Parts::try_from("https://example.org/resource.html?tag=news#headline")
                .map_err(|e| format!("could not create a Parts structure from a str: {}", e))?;
        let expected: String =
            format!("GET /resource.html?tag=news#headline HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: example.org\r\n\r\n",);
        match parts.http_request() {
            req if req == expected => Ok(()),
            req => Err(format!("unexpected HTTP request: {}", req)),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parts_http_request_passes_with_url_query() -> Result<(), String> {
        let parts: Parts = Parts::try_from("https://www.example.org/resource.html?tag=news")
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not create a Parts structure from a str: {}", e))?;
        let expected: String =
            format!("GET /resource.html?tag=news HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: www.example.org\r\n\r\n",);
        match parts.http_request() {
            req if req == expected => Ok(()),
            req => Err(format!("unexpected HTTP request: {}", req)),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_parts_http_request_passes_with_url_fragment() -> Result<(), String> {
        let parts: Parts = Parts::try_from("https://www.example.org/resource.html#headline")
            .map_err(|e| format!("could not create a Parts structure from a str: {}", e))?;
        let expected: String =
            format!("GET /resource.html#headline HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: www.example.org\r\n\r\n",);
        match parts.http_request() {
            req if req == expected => Ok(()),
            req => Err(format!("unexpected HTTP request: {}", req)),
        }
    }
}