endbasic_core/

exec.rs

// EndBASIC
// Copyright 2020 Julio Merino
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
// use this file except in compliance with the License.  You may obtain a copy
// of the License at:
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
// WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.  See the
// License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

//! Execution engine for EndBASIC programs.

use crate::ast::*;
use crate::bytecode::*;
use crate::compiler;
use crate::reader::LineCol;
use crate::syms::{Callable, Symbol, SymbolKey, Symbols};
use crate::value;
use crate::value::double_to_integer;
use async_channel::{Receiver, Sender, TryRecvError};
use std::future::Future;
use std::io;
use std::pin::Pin;
use std::rc::Rc;

/// Execution errors.
#[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
pub enum Error {
    /// Compilation error during execution.
    #[error("{0}")]
    CompilerError(#[from] compiler::Error),

    /// Evaluation error during execution.
    #[error("{0}: {1}")]
    EvalError(LineCol, String),

    /// Any other error not representable by other values.
    #[error("{0}: {1}")]
    InternalError(LineCol, String),

    /// I/O error during execution.
    #[error("{0}: {1}")]
    IoError(LineCol, io::Error),

    /// Syntax error.
    #[error("{0}: {1}")]
    SyntaxError(LineCol, String),
}

impl Error {
    /// Annotates a value computation error with a position.
    fn from_value_error(e: value::Error, pos: LineCol) -> Self {
        Self::EvalError(pos, e.message)
    }

    /// Returns true if this type of error can be caught by `ON ERROR`.
    fn is_catchable(&self) -> bool {
        match self {
            Error::CompilerError(_) => false,
            Error::EvalError(..) => true,
            Error::InternalError(..) => true,
            Error::IoError(..) => true,
            Error::SyntaxError(..) => true,
        }
    }
}

/// Result for execution return values.
pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;

/// Instantiates a new `Err(Error::SyntaxError(...))` from a message.  Syntactic sugar.
fn new_syntax_error<T, S: Into<String>>(pos: LineCol, message: S) -> Result<T> {
    Err(Error::SyntaxError(pos, message.into()))
}

/// Signals that can be delivered to the machine.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
pub enum Signal {
    /// Asks the machine to stop execution of the currently-running program.
    Break,
}

/// Request to exit the VM execution loop to execute a native command or function.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
struct UpcallData {
    /// Index of the upcall to execute.
    index: usize,

    /// Name of the callable to execute.
    name: SymbolKey,

    /// Expected type of the value returned by the callable (if a function).
    return_type: Option<ExprType>,

    /// Position of the invocation.
    pos: LineCol,

    /// Number of arguments to extract from the stack for the invocation.
    nargs: usize,
}

/// Describes how the machine stopped execution while it was running a portion of a script.
///
/// This is different from `StopReason` which represents "user-visible" stop conditions.  Instead,
/// the stop conditions represented by this enum are "internal".  The bytecode interpreter may have
/// to exit from its inner loop to perform "expensive" operations, which are all still handled here.
///
/// One reason for the entries in this enum, such as `CheckStop` and `Upcall`, is to keep the tight
/// inner loop of the bytecode interpreter sync.  Early benchmarks showed a 25% performance
/// improvement just by removing async from the loop and pushing the infrequent async awaits to an
/// outer loop.
enum InternalStopReason {
    /// Execution terminated because the bytecode reached a point in the instructions where an
    /// interruption, if any, should be processed.
    CheckStop,

    /// Execution terminated because the machine reached the end of the input.
    Eof,

    /// Execution terminated because the machine was asked to terminate with `END`.
    Exited(u8),

    /// Execution terminated because the bytecode requires the caller to issue a builtin function
    /// or command call.
    Upcall(UpcallData),
}

/// Describes how the machine stopped execution while it was running a script via `exec()`.
#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
#[must_use]
pub enum StopReason {
    /// Execution terminated because the machine reached the end of the input.
    Eof,

    /// Execution terminated because the machine was asked to terminate with `END`.
    Exited(u8),

    /// Execution terminated because the machine received a break signal.
    Break,
}

impl StopReason {
    /// Converts the stop reason into a process exit code.
    pub fn as_exit_code(&self) -> i32 {
        match self {
            StopReason::Eof => 0,
            StopReason::Exited(i) => *i as i32,
            StopReason::Break => {
                // This mimics the behavior of typical Unix shells, which translate a signal to a
                // numerical exit code, but this is not accurate.  First, because a CTRL+C sequence
                // should be exposed as a SIGINT signal to whichever process is waiting for us, and
                // second because this is not meaningful on Windows.  But for now this will do.
                const SIGINT: i32 = 2;
                128 + SIGINT
            }
        }
    }
}

/// Trait for objects that maintain state that can be reset to defaults.
pub trait Clearable {
    /// Resets any state held by the object to default values.  `syms` contain the symbols of the
    /// machine before they are cleared, in case some state is held in them too.
    fn reset_state(&self, syms: &mut Symbols);
}

/// Type of the function used by the execution loop to yield execution.
pub type YieldNowFn = Box<dyn Fn() -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()> + 'static>>>;

/// Tags used in the value stack to identify the type of their corresponding value.
pub enum ValueTag {
    /// Represents that there is no next value to consume.  Can only appear for command invocations.
    Missing = 0,

    /// Represents that the next value to consume is a boolean.
    Boolean = 1,

    /// Represents that the next value to consume is a double.
    Double = 2,

    /// Represents that the next value to consume is an integer
    Integer = 3,

    /// Represents that the next value to consume is a string.
    Text = 4,
}

impl From<ExprType> for ValueTag {
    fn from(value: ExprType) -> Self {
        match value {
            ExprType::Boolean => ValueTag::Boolean,
            ExprType::Double => ValueTag::Double,
            ExprType::Integer => ValueTag::Integer,
            ExprType::Text => ValueTag::Text,
        }
    }
}

/// Representation of the runtime stack.
#[derive(Default)]
struct Stack {
    values: Vec<(Value, LineCol)>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<V: Into<Vec<(Value, LineCol)>>> From<V> for Stack {
    fn from(values: V) -> Self {
        Self { values: values.into() }
    }
}

impl Stack {
    /// Discards the given number of elements from the top of the stack.
    fn discard(&mut self, n: usize) {
        self.values.truncate(self.values.len() - n)
    }

    /// Returns the number of elements in the stack.
    fn len(&mut self) -> usize {
        self.values.len()
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack.
    fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<(Value, LineCol)> {
        self.values.pop()
    }

    /// Pushes a new value onto the stack.
    fn push(&mut self, value: (Value, LineCol)) {
        self.values.push(value)
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a boolean value.
    fn pop_boolean(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.pop_boolean_with_pos().0
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a boolean value.
    //
    // TODO(jmmv): Remove this variant once the stack values do not carry position
    // information any longer.
    fn pop_boolean_with_pos(&mut self) -> (bool, LineCol) {
        match self.values.pop() {
            Some((Value::Boolean(b), pos)) => (b, pos),
            Some((_, _)) => panic!("Type mismatch"),
            _ => panic!("Not enough arguments to pop"),
        }
    }

    /// Pushes a boolean onto the stack.
    fn push_boolean(&mut self, b: bool, pos: LineCol) {
        self.values.push((Value::Boolean(b), pos));
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a double value.
    #[allow(unused)]
    fn pop_double(&mut self) -> f64 {
        self.pop_double_with_pos().0
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a double value.
    //
    // TODO(jmmv): Remove this variant once the stack values do not carry position
    // information any longer.
    fn pop_double_with_pos(&mut self) -> (f64, LineCol) {
        match self.values.pop() {
            Some((Value::Double(d), pos)) => (d, pos),
            Some((_, _)) => panic!("Type mismatch"),
            _ => panic!("Not enough arguments to pop"),
        }
    }

    /// Pushes a double onto the stack.
    fn push_double(&mut self, d: f64, pos: LineCol) {
        self.values.push((Value::Double(d), pos));
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as an integer value.
    fn pop_integer(&mut self) -> i32 {
        self.pop_integer_with_pos().0
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as an integer value.
    //
    // TODO(jmmv): Remove this variant once the stack values do not carry position
    // information any longer.
    fn pop_integer_with_pos(&mut self) -> (i32, LineCol) {
        match self.values.pop() {
            Some((Value::Integer(i), pos)) => (i, pos),
            Some((_, _)) => panic!("Type mismatch"),
            _ => panic!("Not enough arguments to pop"),
        }
    }

    /// Pushes an integer onto the stack.
    fn push_integer(&mut self, i: i32, pos: LineCol) {
        self.values.push((Value::Integer(i), pos));
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a string value.
    #[allow(unused)]
    fn pop_string(&mut self) -> String {
        self.pop_string_with_pos().0
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a string value.
    //
    // TODO(jmmv): Remove this variant once the stack values do not carry position
    // information any longer.
    fn pop_string_with_pos(&mut self) -> (String, LineCol) {
        match self.values.pop() {
            Some((Value::Text(s), pos)) => (s, pos),
            Some((_, _)) => panic!("Type mismatch"),
            _ => panic!("Not enough arguments to pop"),
        }
    }

    /// Pushes a string onto the stack.
    fn push_string(&mut self, s: String, pos: LineCol) {
        self.values.push((Value::Text(s), pos));
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a variable reference.
    #[allow(unused)]
    fn pop_varref(&mut self) -> (String, ExprType) {
        let (name, etype, _pos) = self.pop_varref_with_pos();
        (name, etype)
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a variable reference.
    //
    // TODO(jmmv): Remove this variant once the stack values do not carry position
    // information any longer.
    fn pop_varref_with_pos(&mut self) -> (String, ExprType, LineCol) {
        match self.values.pop() {
            Some((Value::VarRef(name, etype), pos)) => (name, etype, pos),
            Some((_, _)) => panic!("Type mismatch"),
            _ => panic!("Not enough arguments to pop"),
        }
    }

    /// Pushes a variable reference onto the stack.
    fn push_varref(&mut self, name: String, etype: ExprType, pos: LineCol) {
        self.values.push((Value::VarRef(name, etype), pos));
    }

    /// Peeks into the top of the stack.
    fn top(&self) -> Option<&(Value, LineCol)> {
        self.values.last()
    }
}

/// Provides controlled access to the parameters passed to a callable.
pub struct Scope<'s> {
    stack: &'s mut Stack,
    nargs: usize,
    fref_pos: LineCol,
}

impl Drop for Scope<'_> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.stack.discard(self.nargs);
    }
}

impl<'s> Scope<'s> {
    /// Creates a new scope that wraps `nargs` arguments at the top of `stack`.
    fn new(stack: &'s mut Stack, nargs: usize, fref_pos: LineCol) -> Self {
        debug_assert!(nargs <= stack.len());
        Self { stack, nargs, fref_pos }
    }

    /// Removes all remaining arguments from the stack tracked by this scope.
    fn drain(&mut self) {
        self.stack.discard(self.nargs);
        self.nargs = 0;
    }

    /// Annotates an I/O error with the position of the callable that generated it.
    pub fn io_error(&self, e: io::Error) -> Error {
        Error::IoError(self.fref_pos, e)
    }

    /// Creates an internal error with the position of the callable that generated it.
    pub fn internal_error<S: Into<String>>(&self, msg: S) -> Error {
        Error::InternalError(self.fref_pos, msg.into())
    }

    /// Returns the number of arguments that can still be consumed.
    pub fn nargs(&self) -> usize {
        self.nargs
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a boolean value.
    pub fn pop_boolean(&mut self) -> bool {
        self.pop_boolean_with_pos().0
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a boolean value.
    //
    // TODO(jmmv): Remove this variant once the stack values do not carry position
    // information any longer.
    pub fn pop_boolean_with_pos(&mut self) -> (bool, LineCol) {
        debug_assert!(self.nargs > 0, "Not enough arguments in scope");
        self.nargs -= 1;
        self.stack.pop_boolean_with_pos()
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a double value.
    pub fn pop_double(&mut self) -> f64 {
        self.pop_double_with_pos().0
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a double value.
    //
    // TODO(jmmv): Remove this variant once the stack values do not carry position
    // information any longer.
    pub fn pop_double_with_pos(&mut self) -> (f64, LineCol) {
        debug_assert!(self.nargs > 0, "Not enough arguments in scope");
        self.nargs -= 1;
        self.stack.pop_double_with_pos()
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as an integer value.
    pub fn pop_integer(&mut self) -> i32 {
        self.pop_integer_with_pos().0
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as an integer value.
    //
    // TODO(jmmv): Remove this variant once the stack values do not carry position
    // information any longer.
    pub fn pop_integer_with_pos(&mut self) -> (i32, LineCol) {
        debug_assert!(self.nargs > 0, "Not enough arguments in scope");
        self.nargs -= 1;
        self.stack.pop_integer_with_pos()
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a separator tag.
    pub fn pop_sep_tag(&mut self) -> ArgSep {
        const END_I32: i32 = ArgSep::End as i32;
        const SHORT_I32: i32 = ArgSep::Short as i32;
        const LONG_I32: i32 = ArgSep::Long as i32;
        const AS_I32: i32 = ArgSep::As as i32;

        match self.pop_integer() {
            END_I32 => ArgSep::End,
            SHORT_I32 => ArgSep::Short,
            LONG_I32 => ArgSep::Long,
            AS_I32 => ArgSep::As,
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a string value.
    pub fn pop_string(&mut self) -> String {
        self.pop_string_with_pos().0
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a string value.
    //
    // TODO(jmmv): Remove this variant once the stack values do not carry position
    // information any longer.
    pub fn pop_string_with_pos(&mut self) -> (String, LineCol) {
        debug_assert!(self.nargs > 0, "Not enough arguments in scope");
        self.nargs -= 1;
        self.stack.pop_string_with_pos()
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a value tag.
    pub fn pop_value_tag(&mut self) -> ValueTag {
        const MISSING_I32: i32 = ValueTag::Missing as i32;
        const BOOLEAN_I32: i32 = ValueTag::Boolean as i32;
        const DOUBLE_I32: i32 = ValueTag::Double as i32;
        const INTEGER_I32: i32 = ValueTag::Integer as i32;
        const TEXT_I32: i32 = ValueTag::Text as i32;

        match self.pop_integer() {
            MISSING_I32 => ValueTag::Missing,
            BOOLEAN_I32 => ValueTag::Boolean,
            DOUBLE_I32 => ValueTag::Double,
            INTEGER_I32 => ValueTag::Integer,
            TEXT_I32 => ValueTag::Text,
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a variable reference.
    pub fn pop_varref(&mut self) -> (String, ExprType) {
        let (name, etype, _pos) = self.pop_varref_with_pos();
        (name, etype)
    }

    /// Pops the top of the stack as a variable reference.
    //
    // TODO(jmmv): Remove this variant once the stack values do not carry position
    // information any longer.
    pub fn pop_varref_with_pos(&mut self) -> (String, ExprType, LineCol) {
        debug_assert!(self.nargs > 0, "Not enough arguments in scope");
        self.nargs -= 1;
        self.stack.pop_varref_with_pos()
    }

    /// Sets the return value of this function to `value`.
    pub fn return_any(mut self, value: Value) -> Result<()> {
        self.drain();
        self.stack.push((value, self.fref_pos));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sets the return value of this function to the boolean `value`.
    pub fn return_boolean(mut self, value: bool) -> Result<()> {
        self.drain();
        self.stack.push((Value::Boolean(value), self.fref_pos));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sets the return value of this function to the double `value`.
    pub fn return_double(mut self, value: f64) -> Result<()> {
        self.drain();
        self.stack.push((Value::Double(value), self.fref_pos));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sets the return value of this function to the integer `value`.
    pub fn return_integer(mut self, value: i32) -> Result<()> {
        self.drain();
        self.stack.push((Value::Integer(value), self.fref_pos));
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Sets the return value of this function to the string `value`.
    pub fn return_string<S: Into<String>>(mut self, value: S) -> Result<()> {
        self.drain();
        self.stack.push((Value::Text(value.into()), self.fref_pos));
        Ok(())
    }
}

/// Machine state for the execution of an individual chunk of code.
struct Context {
    pc: Address,
    addr_stack: Vec<Address>,
    value_stack: Stack,
    err_handler: ErrorHandlerISpan,
}

impl Default for Context {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self {
            pc: 0,
            addr_stack: vec![],
            value_stack: Stack::default(),
            err_handler: ErrorHandlerISpan::None,
        }
    }
}

/// Executes an EndBASIC program and tracks its state.
pub struct Machine {
    symbols: Symbols,
    clearables: Vec<Box<dyn Clearable>>,
    yield_now_fn: Option<YieldNowFn>,
    signals_chan: (Sender<Signal>, Receiver<Signal>),
    last_error: Option<String>,
    data: Vec<Option<Value>>,
}

impl Default for Machine {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::with_signals_chan_and_yield_now_fn(async_channel::unbounded(), None)
    }
}

impl Machine {
    /// Constructs a new empty machine with the given signals communication channel.
    pub fn with_signals_chan(signals: (Sender<Signal>, Receiver<Signal>)) -> Self {
        Self::with_signals_chan_and_yield_now_fn(signals, None)
    }

    /// Constructs a new empty machine with the given signals communication channel and yielding
    /// function.
    pub fn with_signals_chan_and_yield_now_fn(
        signals: (Sender<Signal>, Receiver<Signal>),
        yield_now_fn: Option<YieldNowFn>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            symbols: Symbols::default(),
            clearables: vec![],
            yield_now_fn,
            signals_chan: signals,
            last_error: None,
            data: vec![],
        }
    }

    /// Registers the given clearable.
    ///
    /// In the common case, functions and commands hold a reference to the out-of-machine state
    /// they interact with.  This state is invisible from here, but we may need to have access
    /// to it to reset it as part of the `clear` operation.  In those cases, such state must be
    /// registered via this hook.
    pub fn add_clearable(&mut self, clearable: Box<dyn Clearable>) {
        self.clearables.push(clearable);
    }

    /// Registers the given builtin callable, which must not yet be registered.
    pub fn add_callable(&mut self, callable: Rc<dyn Callable>) {
        self.symbols.add_callable(callable)
    }

    /// Obtains a channel via which to send signals to the machine during execution.
    pub fn get_signals_tx(&self) -> Sender<Signal> {
        self.signals_chan.0.clone()
    }

    /// Resets the state of the machine by clearing all variable.
    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
        for clearable in self.clearables.as_slice() {
            clearable.reset_state(&mut self.symbols);
        }
        self.symbols.clear();
        self.last_error = None;
    }

    /// Returns the last execution error.
    pub fn last_error(&self) -> Option<&str> {
        self.last_error.as_deref()
    }

    /// Obtains immutable access to the data values available during the *current* execution.
    pub fn get_data(&self) -> &[Option<Value>] {
        &self.data
    }

    /// Obtains immutable access to the state of the symbols.
    pub fn get_symbols(&self) -> &Symbols {
        &self.symbols
    }

    /// Obtains mutable access to the state of the symbols.
    pub fn get_mut_symbols(&mut self) -> &mut Symbols {
        &mut self.symbols
    }

    /// Returns true if execution should stop because we have hit a stop condition.
    async fn should_stop(&mut self) -> bool {
        if let Some(yield_now) = self.yield_now_fn.as_ref() {
            (yield_now)().await;
        }

        match self.signals_chan.1.try_recv() {
            Ok(Signal::Break) => true,
            Err(TryRecvError::Empty) => false,
            Err(TryRecvError::Closed) => panic!("Channel unexpectedly closed"),
        }
    }

    /// Handles an array assignment.
    fn assign_array(
        &mut self,
        context: &mut Context,
        key: &SymbolKey,
        vref_pos: LineCol,
        nargs: usize,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let mut ds = Vec::with_capacity(nargs);
        for _ in 0..nargs {
            let i = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
            ds.push(i);
        }

        let (value, _pos) = context.value_stack.pop().unwrap();

        match self.symbols.load_mut(key) {
            Some(Symbol::Array(array)) => {
                array.assign(&ds, value).map_err(|e| Error::from_value_error(e, vref_pos))?;
                Ok(())
            }
            _ => unreachable!("Array existence and type checking has been done at compile time"),
        }
    }

    /// Handles a builtin call.
    async fn builtin_call(
        &mut self,
        context: &mut Context,
        callable: Rc<dyn Callable>,
        bref_pos: LineCol,
        nargs: usize,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let metadata = callable.metadata();
        debug_assert!(!metadata.is_function());

        let scope = Scope::new(&mut context.value_stack, nargs, bref_pos);

        callable.exec(scope, self).await
    }

    /// Handles an array definition.  The array must not yet exist, and the name may not overlap
    /// function or variable names.
    fn dim_array(&mut self, context: &mut Context, span: &DimArrayISpan) -> Result<()> {
        let mut ds = Vec::with_capacity(span.dimensions);
        for _ in 0..span.dimensions {
            let (i, pos) = context.value_stack.pop_integer_with_pos();
            if i <= 0 {
                return new_syntax_error(pos, "Dimensions in DIM array must be positive");
            }
            ds.push(i as usize);
        }
        if span.shared {
            self.symbols.dim_shared_array(span.name.clone(), span.subtype, ds);
        } else {
            self.symbols.dim_array(span.name.clone(), span.subtype, ds);
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Consumes any pending signals so that they don't interfere with an upcoming execution.
    pub fn drain_signals(&mut self) {
        while self.signals_chan.1.try_recv().is_ok() {
            // Do nothing.
        }
    }

    /// Tells the machine to stop execution at the next statement boundary.
    fn end(&mut self, context: &mut Context, has_code: bool) -> Result<InternalStopReason> {
        let code = if has_code {
            let (code, code_pos) = context.value_stack.pop_integer_with_pos();
            if code < 0 {
                return new_syntax_error(
                    code_pos,
                    "Exit code must be a positive integer".to_owned(),
                );
            }
            if code >= 128 {
                return new_syntax_error(
                    code_pos,
                    "Exit code cannot be larger than 127".to_owned(),
                );
            }
            code as u8
        } else {
            0
        };
        Ok(InternalStopReason::Exited(code))
    }

    /// Handles a unary logical operator that cannot fail.
    fn exec_logical_op1<F: Fn(bool) -> bool>(context: &mut Context, op: F, pos: LineCol) {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_boolean();
        context.value_stack.push_boolean(op(rhs), pos);
    }

    /// Handles a binary logical operator that cannot fail.
    fn exec_logical_op2<F: Fn(bool, bool) -> bool>(context: &mut Context, op: F, pos: LineCol) {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_boolean();
        let lhs = context.value_stack.pop_boolean();
        context.value_stack.push_boolean(op(lhs, rhs), pos);
    }

    /// Handles a unary bitwise operator that cannot fail.
    fn exec_bitwise_op1<F: Fn(i32) -> i32>(context: &mut Context, op: F, pos: LineCol) {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
        context.value_stack.push_integer(op(rhs), pos);
    }

    /// Handles a binary bitwise operator that cannot fail.
    fn exec_bitwise_op2<F: Fn(i32, i32) -> i32>(context: &mut Context, op: F, pos: LineCol) {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
        let lhs = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
        context.value_stack.push_integer(op(lhs, rhs), pos);
    }

    /// Handles a binary bitwise operator that can fail.
    fn exec_bitwise_op2_err<F: Fn(i32, i32) -> value::Result<i32>>(
        context: &mut Context,
        op: F,
        pos: LineCol,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
        let lhs = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
        let result = op(lhs, rhs).map_err(|e| Error::from_value_error(e, pos))?;
        context.value_stack.push_integer(result, pos);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Handles a binary equality operator for booleans that cannot fail.
    fn exec_equality_boolean_op2<F: Fn(bool, bool) -> bool>(
        context: &mut Context,
        op: F,
        pos: LineCol,
    ) {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_boolean();
        let lhs = context.value_stack.pop_boolean();
        context.value_stack.push_boolean(op(lhs, rhs), pos);
    }

    /// Handles a binary equality operator for doubles that cannot fail.
    fn exec_equality_double_op2<F: Fn(f64, f64) -> bool>(
        context: &mut Context,
        op: F,
        pos: LineCol,
    ) {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_double();
        let lhs = context.value_stack.pop_double();
        context.value_stack.push_boolean(op(lhs, rhs), pos);
    }

    /// Handles a binary equality operator for integers that cannot fail.
    fn exec_equality_integer_op2<F: Fn(i32, i32) -> bool>(
        context: &mut Context,
        op: F,
        pos: LineCol,
    ) {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
        let lhs = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
        context.value_stack.push_boolean(op(lhs, rhs), pos);
    }

    /// Handles a binary equality operator for strings that cannot fail.
    fn exec_equality_string_op2<F: Fn(&str, &str) -> bool>(
        context: &mut Context,
        op: F,
        pos: LineCol,
    ) {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_string();
        let lhs = context.value_stack.pop_string();
        context.value_stack.push_boolean(op(&lhs, &rhs), pos);
    }

    /// Handles a unary arithmetic operator for doubles that cannot fail.
    fn exec_arithmetic_double_op1<F: Fn(f64) -> f64>(context: &mut Context, op: F, pos: LineCol) {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_double();
        context.value_stack.push_double(op(rhs), pos);
    }

    /// Handles a binary arithmetic operator for doubles that cannot fail.
    fn exec_arithmetic_double_op2<F: Fn(f64, f64) -> f64>(
        context: &mut Context,
        op: F,
        pos: LineCol,
    ) {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_double();
        let lhs = context.value_stack.pop_double();
        context.value_stack.push_double(op(lhs, rhs), pos);
    }

    /// Handles a unary arithmetic operator for doubles that can fail.
    fn exec_arithmetic_integer_op1<F: Fn(i32) -> value::Result<i32>>(
        context: &mut Context,
        op: F,
        pos: LineCol,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
        let result = op(rhs).map_err(|e| Error::from_value_error(e, pos))?;
        context.value_stack.push_integer(result, pos);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Handles a binary arithmetic operator for doubles that can fail.
    fn exec_arithmetic_integer_op2<F: Fn(i32, i32) -> value::Result<i32>>(
        context: &mut Context,
        op: F,
        pos: LineCol,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
        let lhs = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
        let result = op(lhs, rhs).map_err(|e| Error::from_value_error(e, pos))?;
        context.value_stack.push_integer(result, pos);
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Handles a binary arithmetic operator for doubles that cannot fail.
    fn exec_arithmetic_string_op2<F: Fn(&str, &str) -> String>(
        context: &mut Context,
        op: F,
        pos: LineCol,
    ) {
        let rhs = context.value_stack.pop_string();
        let lhs = context.value_stack.pop_string();
        context.value_stack.push_string(op(&lhs, &rhs), pos);
    }

    /// Evaluates the subscripts of an array reference.
    fn get_array_args(&self, context: &mut Context, nargs: usize) -> Result<Vec<i32>> {
        let mut subscripts = Vec::with_capacity(nargs);
        for _ in 0..nargs {
            let i = context.value_stack.pop_integer();
            subscripts.push(i);
        }
        Ok(subscripts)
    }

    /// Evaluates a function call specified by `fref` and arguments `args` on the function `f`.
    async fn do_function_call(
        &mut self,
        context: &mut Context,
        return_type: ExprType,
        fref_pos: LineCol,
        nargs: usize,
        f: Rc<dyn Callable>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let metadata = f.metadata();
        debug_assert_eq!(return_type, metadata.return_type().unwrap());

        let scope = Scope::new(&mut context.value_stack, nargs, fref_pos);
        f.exec(scope, self).await?;
        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
            match context.value_stack.top() {
                Some((value, _pos)) => {
                    debug_assert_eq!(
                        return_type,
                        value.as_exprtype(),
                        "Value returned by function is incompatible with its type definition",
                    )
                }
                None => unreachable!("Functions must return one value"),
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Handles an array reference.
    fn array_ref(
        &mut self,
        context: &mut Context,
        key: &SymbolKey,
        vref_pos: LineCol,
        nargs: usize,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let subscripts = self.get_array_args(context, nargs)?;
        match self.symbols.load(key) {
            Some(Symbol::Array(array)) => {
                let value = array
                    .index(&subscripts)
                    .cloned()
                    .map_err(|e| Error::from_value_error(e, vref_pos))?;
                context.value_stack.push((value, vref_pos));
                Ok(())
            }
            Some(_) => unreachable!("Array type checking has been done at compile time"),
            None => Err(Error::EvalError(vref_pos, format!("{} is not defined", key))),
        }
    }

    /// Handles a function call.
    async fn function_call(
        &mut self,
        context: &mut Context,
        callable: Rc<dyn Callable>,
        name: &SymbolKey,
        return_type: ExprType,
        fref_pos: LineCol,
        nargs: usize,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        if !callable.metadata().is_function() {
            return Err(Error::EvalError(
                fref_pos,
                format!("{} is not an array nor a function", callable.metadata().name()),
            ));
        }
        if callable.metadata().is_argless() {
            self.argless_function_call(context, name, return_type, fref_pos, callable).await
        } else {
            self.do_function_call(context, return_type, fref_pos, nargs, callable).await
        }
    }

    /// Evaluates a call to an argless function.
    async fn argless_function_call(
        &mut self,
        context: &mut Context,
        fname: &SymbolKey,
        ftype: ExprType,
        fpos: LineCol,
        f: Rc<dyn Callable>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        let scope = Scope::new(&mut context.value_stack, 0, fpos);
        f.exec(scope, self).await?;
        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
            match context.value_stack.top() {
                Some((value, _pos)) => {
                    let fref_checker = VarRef::new(fname.to_string(), Some(ftype));
                    debug_assert!(
                        fref_checker.accepts(value.as_exprtype()),
                        "Value returned by function is incompatible with its type definition",
                    )
                }
                None => unreachable!("Functions must return one value"),
            }
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Loads the value of a symbol.
    fn load(&self, key: &SymbolKey, pos: LineCol) -> Result<&Value> {
        match self.symbols.load(key) {
            Some(Symbol::Variable(v)) => Ok(v),
            Some(_) => unreachable!("Variable type checking has been done at compile time"),
            None => new_syntax_error(pos, format!("Undefined symbol {}", key)),
        }
    }

    /// Executes as many instructions as possible from `instrs`, starting at `context.pc`, until an
    /// instruction asks to stop or execution reaches the end of the program.
    fn exec_until_stop(
        &mut self,
        context: &mut Context,
        instrs: &[Instruction],
    ) -> Result<InternalStopReason> {
        while context.pc < instrs.len() {
            let instr = &instrs[context.pc];
            match instr {
                Instruction::LogicalAnd(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_logical_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs && rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LogicalOr(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_logical_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs || rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LogicalXor(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_logical_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs ^ rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LogicalNot(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_logical_op1(context, |rhs| !rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::BitwiseAnd(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_bitwise_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs & rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::BitwiseOr(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_bitwise_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs | rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::BitwiseXor(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_bitwise_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs ^ rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::BitwiseNot(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_bitwise_op1(context, |rhs| !rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::ShiftLeft(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_bitwise_op2_err(context, value::bitwise_shl, *pos)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::ShiftRight(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_bitwise_op2_err(context, value::bitwise_shr, *pos)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::EqualBooleans(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_boolean_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs == rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::NotEqualBooleans(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_boolean_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs != rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::EqualDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs == rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::NotEqualDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs != rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LessDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs < rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LessEqualDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs <= rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::GreaterDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs > rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::GreaterEqualDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs >= rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::EqualIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_integer_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs == rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::NotEqualIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_integer_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs != rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LessIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_integer_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs < rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LessEqualIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_integer_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs <= rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::GreaterIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_integer_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs > rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::GreaterEqualIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_integer_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs >= rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::EqualStrings(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_string_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs == rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::NotEqualStrings(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_string_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs != rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LessStrings(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_string_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs < rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LessEqualStrings(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_string_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs <= rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::GreaterStrings(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_string_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs > rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::GreaterEqualStrings(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_equality_string_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs >= rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::AddDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs + rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::SubtractDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs - rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::MultiplyDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs * rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::DivideDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs / rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::ModuloDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs % rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::PowerDoubles(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_double_op2(context, |lhs, rhs| lhs.powf(rhs), *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::NegateDouble(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_double_op1(context, |rhs| -rhs, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::AddIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_integer_op2(context, value::add_integer, *pos)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::SubtractIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_integer_op2(context, value::sub_integer, *pos)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::MultiplyIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_integer_op2(context, value::mul_integer, *pos)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::DivideIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_integer_op2(context, value::div_integer, *pos)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::ModuloIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_integer_op2(context, value::modulo_integer, *pos)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::PowerIntegers(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_integer_op2(context, value::pow_integer, *pos)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::NegateInteger(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_integer_op1(context, value::neg_integer, *pos)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::ConcatStrings(pos) => {
                    Machine::exec_arithmetic_string_op2(
                        context,
                        |lhs, rhs| lhs.to_owned() + rhs,
                        *pos,
                    );
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::Assign(key) => {
                    let (value, _pos) = context.value_stack.pop().unwrap();
                    self.symbols.assign(key, value);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::ArrayAssignment(name, vref_pos, nargs) => {
                    self.assign_array(context, name, *vref_pos, *nargs)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::ArrayLoad(name, pos, nargs) => {
                    self.array_ref(context, name, *pos, *nargs)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::BuiltinCall(span) => {
                    return Ok(InternalStopReason::Upcall(UpcallData {
                        index: span.upcall_index,
                        name: span.name.clone(),
                        return_type: None,
                        pos: span.name_pos,
                        nargs: span.nargs,
                    }));
                }

                Instruction::Call(span) => {
                    context.addr_stack.push(context.pc + 1);
                    context.pc = span.addr;
                }

                Instruction::DoubleToInteger => {
                    let (d, pos) = context.value_stack.pop_double_with_pos();
                    let i = double_to_integer(d.round())
                        .map_err(|e| Error::from_value_error(e, pos))?;
                    context.value_stack.push_integer(i, pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::FunctionCall(span) => {
                    return Ok(InternalStopReason::Upcall(UpcallData {
                        index: span.upcall_index,
                        name: span.name.clone(),
                        return_type: Some(span.return_type),
                        pos: span.name_pos,
                        nargs: span.nargs,
                    }));
                }

                Instruction::Dim(span) => {
                    if span.shared {
                        self.symbols.dim_shared(span.name.clone(), span.vtype);
                    } else {
                        self.symbols.dim(span.name.clone(), span.vtype);
                    }
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::DimArray(span) => {
                    self.dim_array(context, span)?;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::End(has_code) => {
                    context.pc += 1;
                    return self.end(context, *has_code);
                }

                Instruction::EnterScope => {
                    self.symbols.enter_scope();
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::IntegerToDouble => {
                    let (i, pos) = context.value_stack.pop_integer_with_pos();
                    context.value_stack.push_double(i as f64, pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::Jump(span) => {
                    let old_pc = context.pc;
                    context.pc = span.addr;
                    if span.addr <= old_pc {
                        return Ok(InternalStopReason::CheckStop);
                    }
                }

                Instruction::JumpIfDefined(span) => {
                    if self.symbols.load(&span.var).is_some() {
                        let old_pc = context.pc;
                        context.pc = span.addr;
                        if span.addr <= old_pc {
                            return Ok(InternalStopReason::CheckStop);
                        }
                    } else {
                        context.pc += 1;
                    }
                }

                Instruction::JumpIfTrue(addr) => {
                    let cond = context.value_stack.pop_boolean();
                    if cond {
                        let old_pc = context.pc;
                        context.pc = *addr;
                        if *addr <= old_pc {
                            return Ok(InternalStopReason::CheckStop);
                        }
                    } else {
                        context.pc += 1;
                    }
                }

                Instruction::JumpIfNotTrue(addr) => {
                    let cond = context.value_stack.pop_boolean();
                    if cond {
                        context.pc += 1;
                    } else {
                        let old_pc = context.pc;
                        context.pc = *addr;
                        if *addr <= old_pc {
                            return Ok(InternalStopReason::CheckStop);
                        }
                    }
                }

                Instruction::LeaveScope => {
                    self.symbols.leave_scope();
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LoadBoolean(key, pos) => {
                    let b = match self.load(key, *pos)? {
                        Value::Boolean(b) => b,
                        _ => unreachable!("Types are validated at compilation time"),
                    };
                    context.value_stack.push_boolean(*b, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LoadDouble(key, pos) => {
                    let d = match self.load(key, *pos)? {
                        Value::Double(d) => d,
                        _ => unreachable!("Types are validated at compilation time"),
                    };
                    context.value_stack.push_double(*d, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LoadInteger(key, pos) => {
                    let i = match self.load(key, *pos)? {
                        Value::Integer(i) => i,
                        _ => unreachable!("Types are validated at compilation time"),
                    };
                    context.value_stack.push_integer(*i, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LoadString(key, pos) => {
                    let s = match self.load(key, *pos)? {
                        Value::Text(s) => s,
                        _ => unreachable!("Types are validated at compilation time"),
                    };
                    context.value_stack.push_string(s.clone(), *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::LoadRef(key, etype, pos) => {
                    context.value_stack.push_varref(key.to_string(), *etype, *pos);
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::Nop => {
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::PushBoolean(value, pos) => {
                    context.value_stack.push((Value::Boolean(*value), *pos));
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::PushDouble(value, pos) => {
                    context.value_stack.push((Value::Double(*value), *pos));
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::PushInteger(value, pos) => {
                    context.value_stack.push((Value::Integer(*value), *pos));
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::PushString(value, pos) => {
                    context.value_stack.push((Value::Text(value.clone()), *pos));
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::Return(pos) => match context.addr_stack.pop() {
                    Some(addr) => {
                        context.pc = addr;
                        return Ok(InternalStopReason::CheckStop);
                    }
                    None => return new_syntax_error(*pos, "No address to return to".to_owned()),
                },

                Instruction::SetErrorHandler(span) => {
                    context.err_handler = *span;
                    context.pc += 1;
                }

                Instruction::Unset(span) => {
                    self.symbols
                        .unset(&span.name)
                        .expect("Should only unset variables that were set");
                    context.pc += 1;
                }
            }
        }

        Ok(InternalStopReason::Eof)
    }

    /// Handles the given error `e` according to the current error handler previously set by
    /// `ON ERROR`.  If the error can be handled gracefully, returns `Ok`; otherwise, returns the
    /// input error unmodified.
    fn handle_error(
        &mut self,
        instrs: &[Instruction],
        context: &mut Context,
        e: Error,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        if !e.is_catchable() {
            return Err(e);
        }

        self.last_error = Some(format!("{}", e));

        match context.err_handler {
            ErrorHandlerISpan::Jump(addr) => {
                context.pc = addr;
                Ok(())
            }
            ErrorHandlerISpan::None => Err(e),
            ErrorHandlerISpan::ResumeNext => {
                if instrs[context.pc].is_statement() {
                    context.pc += 1;
                } else {
                    loop {
                        context.pc += 1;
                        if context.pc >= instrs.len() {
                            break;
                        } else if instrs[context.pc].is_statement() {
                            context.pc += 1;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
                Ok(())
            }
        }
    }

    /// Executes the instructions given in `instr`.
    ///
    /// This is a helper to `exec`, which prepares the machine with the program's data upfront.
    async fn exec_with_data(
        &mut self,
        upcalls: &[Rc<dyn Callable>],
        instrs: &[Instruction],
    ) -> Result<StopReason> {
        let mut context = Context::default();
        while context.pc < instrs.len() {
            match self.exec_until_stop(&mut context, instrs) {
                Ok(InternalStopReason::CheckStop) => {
                    if self.should_stop().await {
                        return Ok(StopReason::Break);
                    }
                }

                Ok(InternalStopReason::Upcall(data)) => {
                    let upcall = upcalls[data.index].clone();

                    let result;
                    if let Some(return_type) = data.return_type {
                        result = self
                            .function_call(
                                &mut context,
                                upcall,
                                &data.name,
                                return_type,
                                data.pos,
                                data.nargs,
                            )
                            .await;
                    } else {
                        result =
                            self.builtin_call(&mut context, upcall, data.pos, data.nargs).await;
                    }
                    match result {
                        Ok(()) => context.pc += 1,
                        Err(e) => self.handle_error(instrs, &mut context, e)?,
                    }
                }

                Ok(InternalStopReason::Eof) => {
                    return Ok(StopReason::Eof);
                }

                Ok(InternalStopReason::Exited(code)) => {
                    return Ok(StopReason::Exited(code));
                }

                Err(e) => self.handle_error(instrs, &mut context, e)?,
            }
        }
        Ok(StopReason::Eof)
    }

    /// Executes a program extracted from the `input` readable.
    ///
    /// Note that this does not consume `self`.  As a result, it is possible to execute multiple
    /// different programs on the same machine, all sharing state.
    pub async fn exec(&mut self, input: &mut dyn io::Read) -> Result<StopReason> {
        let image = compiler::compile(input, &self.symbols)?;

        let upcalls = image
            .upcalls
            .iter()
            .map(|key| match self.symbols.load(key) {
                Some(Symbol::Callable(c)) => c.clone(),
                _ => panic!("Builtin existence and type checking happen at compile time"),
            })
            .collect::<Vec<Rc<dyn Callable>>>();

        assert!(self.data.is_empty());
        self.data = image.data;
        let result = self.exec_with_data(&upcalls, &image.instrs).await;
        self.data.clear();
        result
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::testutils::*;
    use futures_lite::future::block_on;
    use std::cell::RefCell;
    use std::rc::Rc;

    /// A clearable that tracks whether it has been called.
    struct MockClearable {
        cleared: Rc<RefCell<bool>>,
    }

    impl Clearable for MockClearable {
        fn reset_state(&self, syms: &mut Symbols) {
            // Make sure we can see the symbols before they are cleared.
            assert!(syms.get_var(&VarRef::new("a", Some(ExprType::Boolean))).is_ok());
            assert!(syms.get_var(&VarRef::new("b", Some(ExprType::Integer))).is_ok());

            *self.cleared.borrow_mut() = true;
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_stack_len() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([(Value::Integer(3), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 })]);
        assert_eq!(1, stack.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_stack_push_pop() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([]);
        stack.push((Value::Integer(9), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }));
        assert_eq!(Some((Value::Integer(9), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 })), stack.pop());
        assert_eq!(None, stack.pop());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_stack_pop_types() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([
            (Value::Boolean(false), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Double(1.2), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Integer(2), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Text("foo".to_owned()), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::VarRef("FOO".to_owned(), ExprType::Integer), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
        ]);
        assert_eq!(("FOO".to_owned(), ExprType::Integer), stack.pop_varref());
        assert_eq!("foo", stack.pop_string());
        assert_eq!(2, stack.pop_integer());
        assert_eq!(1.2, stack.pop_double());
        assert!(!stack.pop_boolean());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_stack_pop_types_with_pos() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([
            (Value::Boolean(false), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Double(1.2), LineCol { line: 3, col: 4 }),
            (Value::Integer(2), LineCol { line: 5, col: 6 }),
            (Value::Text("foo".to_owned()), LineCol { line: 7, col: 8 }),
            (Value::VarRef("FOO".to_owned(), ExprType::Integer), LineCol { line: 9, col: 10 }),
        ]);
        assert_eq!(
            ("FOO".to_owned(), ExprType::Integer, LineCol { line: 9, col: 10 }),
            stack.pop_varref_with_pos()
        );
        assert_eq!(("foo".to_owned(), LineCol { line: 7, col: 8 }), stack.pop_string_with_pos());
        assert_eq!((2, LineCol { line: 5, col: 6 }), stack.pop_integer_with_pos());
        assert_eq!((1.2, LineCol { line: 3, col: 4 }), stack.pop_double_with_pos());
        assert_eq!((false, LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }), stack.pop_boolean_with_pos());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_stack_push_types() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([]);
        stack.push_boolean(false, LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 });
        stack.push_double(1.2, LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 });
        stack.push_integer(2, LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 });
        stack.push_string("foo".to_owned(), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 });
        stack.push_varref("FOO".to_owned(), ExprType::Integer, LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 });

        let exp_values = vec![
            (Value::Boolean(false), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Double(1.2), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Integer(2), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Text("foo".to_owned()), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::VarRef("FOO".to_owned(), ExprType::Integer), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
        ];
        assert_eq!(exp_values, stack.values);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_and_stack_empty() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([]);
        let scope = Scope::new(&mut stack, 0, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 });
        drop(scope);
        assert_eq!(0, stack.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_no_args() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([(Value::Integer(3), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 })]);
        let scope = Scope::new(&mut stack, 0, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 });
        drop(scope);
        assert_eq!(1, stack.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_pop_remaining_on_drop() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([
            (Value::Integer(3), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Integer(1), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Integer(2), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Integer(4), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
        ]);
        let mut scope = Scope::new(&mut stack, 3, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 });
        assert_eq!(3, scope.nargs());
        assert_eq!(4, scope.pop_integer());
        assert_eq!(2, scope.nargs());
        assert_eq!(2, scope.pop_integer());
        assert_eq!(1, scope.nargs());
        drop(scope);
        assert_eq!(1, stack.len());
        assert_eq!((Value::Integer(3), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }), stack.pop().unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_pop_types() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([
            (Value::Boolean(false), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Double(1.2), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Integer(2), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Text("foo".to_owned()), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::VarRef("FOO".to_owned(), ExprType::Integer), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
        ]);
        let mut scope = Scope::new(&mut stack, 5, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 });
        assert_eq!(("FOO".to_owned(), ExprType::Integer), scope.pop_varref());
        assert_eq!("foo", scope.pop_string());
        assert_eq!(2, scope.pop_integer());
        assert_eq!(1.2, scope.pop_double());
        assert!(!scope.pop_boolean());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_pop_types_with_pos() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([
            (Value::Boolean(false), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }),
            (Value::Double(1.2), LineCol { line: 3, col: 4 }),
            (Value::Integer(2), LineCol { line: 5, col: 6 }),
            (Value::Text("foo".to_owned()), LineCol { line: 7, col: 8 }),
            (Value::VarRef("FOO".to_owned(), ExprType::Integer), LineCol { line: 9, col: 10 }),
        ]);
        let mut scope = Scope::new(&mut stack, 5, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 });
        assert_eq!(
            ("FOO".to_owned(), ExprType::Integer, LineCol { line: 9, col: 10 }),
            scope.pop_varref_with_pos()
        );
        assert_eq!(("foo".to_owned(), LineCol { line: 7, col: 8 }), scope.pop_string_with_pos());
        assert_eq!((2, LineCol { line: 5, col: 6 }), scope.pop_integer_with_pos());
        assert_eq!((1.2, LineCol { line: 3, col: 4 }), scope.pop_double_with_pos());
        assert_eq!((false, LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }), scope.pop_boolean_with_pos());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_return_any() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([(Value::Boolean(false), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 })]);
        let scope = Scope::new(&mut stack, 0, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 });
        assert!(scope.return_any(Value::Boolean(true)).is_ok());
        assert_eq!((true, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 }), stack.pop_boolean_with_pos());
        assert_eq!((false, LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }), stack.pop_boolean_with_pos());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_return_boolean() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([(Value::Boolean(false), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 })]);
        let scope = Scope::new(&mut stack, 0, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 });
        assert!(scope.return_boolean(true).is_ok());
        assert_eq!((true, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 }), stack.pop_boolean_with_pos());
        assert_eq!((false, LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }), stack.pop_boolean_with_pos());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_return_double() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([(Value::Boolean(false), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 })]);
        let scope = Scope::new(&mut stack, 0, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 });
        assert!(scope.return_double(4.5).is_ok());
        assert_eq!((4.5, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 }), stack.pop_double_with_pos());
        assert_eq!((false, LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }), stack.pop_boolean_with_pos());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_return_integer() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([(Value::Boolean(false), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 })]);
        let scope = Scope::new(&mut stack, 0, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 });
        assert!(scope.return_integer(7).is_ok());
        assert_eq!((7, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 }), stack.pop_integer_with_pos());
        assert_eq!((false, LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }), stack.pop_boolean_with_pos());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_scope_return_string() {
        let mut stack = Stack::from([(Value::Boolean(false), LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 })]);
        let scope = Scope::new(&mut stack, 0, LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 });
        assert!(scope.return_string("foo").is_ok());
        assert_eq!(("foo".to_owned(), LineCol { line: 50, col: 60 }), stack.pop_string_with_pos());
        assert_eq!((false, LineCol { line: 1, col: 2 }), stack.pop_boolean_with_pos());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_clear() {
        let mut machine = Machine::default();

        let cleared = Rc::from(RefCell::from(false));
        let clearable = Box::from(MockClearable { cleared: cleared.clone() });
        machine.add_clearable(clearable);

        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Eof,
            block_on(machine.exec(&mut b"a = TRUE: b = 1".as_ref())).expect("Execution failed")
        );
        match machine.get_symbols().get_auto("a") {
            Some(Symbol::Variable(Value::Boolean(_))) => (),
            e => panic!("a is not a bool: {:?}", e),
        }
        match machine.get_symbols().get_auto("b") {
            Some(Symbol::Variable(Value::Integer(_))) => (),
            e => panic!("A is not an integer: {:?}", e),
        }
        assert!(!*cleared.borrow());
        machine.clear();
        assert!(machine.get_symbols().get_auto("a").is_none());
        assert!(machine.get_symbols().get_auto("b").is_none());
        assert!(*cleared.borrow());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_data() {
        let captured_data = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        let mut machine = Machine::default();
        machine.add_callable(GetDataCommand::new(captured_data.clone()));

        assert!(machine.get_data().is_empty());

        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Eof,
            block_on(machine.exec(&mut b"DATA 3: GETDATA".as_ref())).unwrap()
        );
        assert!(machine.get_data().is_empty());
        assert_eq!(&[Some(Value::Integer(3))], captured_data.borrow().as_slice());

        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Eof,
            block_on(
                machine.exec(
                    &mut b"
                        GETDATA
                        IF FALSE THEN: DATA 5: ELSE: DATA 6: END IF
                        WHILE FALSE: DATA 1: WEND
                        FOR i = 0 TO 0: DATA 0: NEXT
                    "
                    .as_ref()
                )
            )
            .unwrap()
        );
        assert!(machine.get_data().is_empty());
        assert_eq!(
            &[
                Some(Value::Integer(5)),
                Some(Value::Integer(6)),
                Some(Value::Integer(1)),
                Some(Value::Integer(0))
            ],
            captured_data.borrow().as_slice()
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_get_data_is_empty_after_execution() {
        let mut machine = Machine::default();

        assert_eq!(StopReason::Eof, block_on(machine.exec(&mut b"DATA 3".as_ref())).unwrap());
        assert!(machine.get_data().is_empty());

        block_on(machine.exec(&mut b"DATA 3: abc".as_ref())).unwrap_err();
        assert!(machine.get_data().is_empty());

        block_on(machine.exec(&mut b"DATA 3: GOTO @foo".as_ref())).unwrap_err();
        assert!(machine.get_data().is_empty());
    }

    /// Runs the `input` code on a new test machine.
    ///
    /// `golden_in` is the sequence of values to yield by `IN`.
    /// `expected_out` is updated with the sequence of calls to `OUT`.
    fn run(
        input: &str,
        golden_in: &'static [&'static str],
        captured_out: Rc<RefCell<Vec<String>>>,
    ) -> Result<StopReason> {
        let mut machine = Machine::default();
        machine.add_callable(ArglessFunction::new(Value::Integer(1234)));
        machine.add_callable(ClearCommand::new());
        machine.add_callable(CountFunction::new());
        machine.add_callable(LastErrorFunction::new());
        machine.add_callable(InCommand::new(Box::from(RefCell::from(golden_in.iter()))));
        machine.add_callable(OutCommand::new(captured_out.clone()));
        machine.add_callable(OutfFunction::new(captured_out));
        machine.add_callable(RaiseCommand::new());
        machine.add_callable(RaisefFunction::new());
        machine.add_callable(SumFunction::new());
        machine.add_callable(TypeCheckFunction::new(Value::Integer(5)));
        block_on(machine.exec(&mut input.as_bytes()))
    }

    /// Runs the `input` code on a new test machine and verifies its output.
    ///
    /// `golden_in` is the sequence of values to yield by `IN`.
    /// `expected_out` is the sequence of expected calls to `OUT`.
    fn do_ok_test(
        input: &str,
        golden_in: &'static [&'static str],
        expected_out: &'static [&'static str],
    ) {
        let captured_out = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Eof,
            run(input, golden_in, captured_out.clone()).expect("Execution failed")
        );
        assert_eq!(expected_out, captured_out.borrow().as_slice());
    }

    /// Runs the `input` code on a new test machine and verifies that it fails with `expected_err`.
    ///
    /// Given that the code has side-effects until it fails, this follows the same process as
    /// `do_ok_test` regarding `golden_in` and `expected_out`.
    fn do_error_test(
        input: &str,
        golden_in: &'static [&'static str],
        expected_out: &'static [&'static str],
        expected_err: &str,
    ) {
        let captured_out = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        let err = run(input, golden_in, captured_out.clone()).expect_err("Execution did not fail");
        assert_eq!(expected_err, format!("{}", err));
        assert_eq!(expected_out, captured_out.borrow().as_slice());
    }

    /// Runs the `input` code on a new machine and verifies that it fails with `expected_err`.
    ///
    /// This is a syntactic wrapper over `do_error_test` to simplify those tests that are not
    /// expected to request any input nor generate any output.
    fn do_simple_error_test(input: &str, expected_err: &str) {
        do_error_test(input, &[], &[], expected_err);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_assignment_ok() {
        do_ok_test("DIM a(3)\na(1) = 5 + 1\nOUT a(0); a(1); a(2)", &[], &["0 6 0"]);
        do_ok_test("DIM a(3) AS STRING\na$(1) = \"x\"\nOUT a(0); a(1); a$(2)", &[], &[" x "]);
        do_ok_test(
            "DIM a(3, 8, 2) AS BOOLEAN\na(3 - 3, 2 * 2, 1) = TRUE\nOUT a(0, 4, 1)",
            &[],
            &["TRUE"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_assignment_ok_casting() {
        do_ok_test("DIM a(1)\na(0) = 3.6\nOUT a(0)", &[], &["4"]);
        do_ok_test("DIM a(1) AS INTEGER\na(0) = 3.6\nOUT a(0)", &[], &["4"]);
        do_ok_test("DIM a(1) AS DOUBLE\na(0) = 3\nOUT a(0)", &[], &["3"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_assignment_ok_case_insensitive() {
        do_ok_test("DIM a(3)\nA(1) = 5\na(2) = 1\nOUT A(0); a(1); A(2)", &[], &["0 5 1"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_array_assignment_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("a() = 3\n", "1:1: Undefined symbol a");
        do_simple_error_test("a = 3\na(0) = 3\n", "2:1: Cannot index non-array a");
        do_simple_error_test(
            "DIM a(2)\na() = 3\n",
            "2:1: Cannot index array with 0 subscripts; need 1",
        );
        do_simple_error_test("DIM a(1)\na(-1) = 3\n", "2:1: Subscript -1 cannot be negative");
        do_simple_error_test("DIM a(1, 2)\na(1, TRUE) = 3\n", "2:6: BOOLEAN is not a number");
        do_simple_error_test(
            "DIM a(2)\na$(1) = 3",
            "2:1: Incompatible type annotation in a$ reference",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_assignment_ok_types() {
        do_ok_test("a = TRUE\nOUT a; a?", &[], &["TRUE TRUE"]);
        do_ok_test("a? = FALSE\nOUT a; a?", &[], &["FALSE FALSE"]);

        do_ok_test("a = 3.5\nOUT a; a#", &[], &["3.5 3.5"]);
        do_ok_test("a# = 3.5\nOUT a; a#", &[], &["3.5 3.5"]);

        do_ok_test("a = 3\nOUT a; a%", &[], &["3 3"]);
        do_ok_test("a% = 3\nOUT a; a%", &[], &["3 3"]);

        do_ok_test("a = \"some text\"\nOUT a; a$", &[], &["some text some text"]);
        do_ok_test("a$ = \"some text\"\nOUT a; a$", &[], &["some text some text"]);

        do_ok_test("a = 1\na = a + 1\nOUT a", &[], &["2"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_assignment_ok_casting() {
        do_ok_test("a = 5.2\nOUT a; a#", &[], &["5.2 5.2"]);
        do_ok_test("a% = 5.2\nOUT a; a%", &[], &["5 5"]);

        do_ok_test("a = 3 + 5.2\nOUT a; a#", &[], &["8.2 8.2"]);
        do_ok_test("a = 3.7 + 5.2\nOUT a; a#", &[], &["8.9 8.9"]);

        do_ok_test("a% = 3 + 5.2\nOUT a; a%", &[], &["8 8"]);
        do_ok_test("a% = 3.7 + 5.2\nOUT a; a%", &[], &["9 9"]);

        do_ok_test("a# = 3\nOUT a; a#", &[], &["3 3"]);
        do_ok_test("a# = 2.8 + 3\nOUT a; a#", &[], &["5.8 5.8"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_assignment_ok_case_insensitive() {
        do_ok_test("foo = 32\nOUT FOO", &[], &["32"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_assignment_array_access_with_varref() {
        do_ok_test("DIM a(1)\na(0) = 123\ni = 0\nr = a(i)\nOUT r", &[], &["123"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_assignment_argless_function_call() {
        do_ok_test("a = SUM(3, COUNT, 5)\nOUT a", &[], &["9"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_assignment_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("a =\n", "1:4: Missing expression in assignment");
        do_simple_error_test("a = b\n", "1:5: Undefined symbol b");
        do_simple_error_test(
            "a = 3\na = TRUE\n",
            "2:1: Cannot assign value of type BOOLEAN to variable of type INTEGER",
        );
        do_simple_error_test(
            "a? = 3",
            "1:1: Cannot assign value of type INTEGER to variable of type BOOLEAN",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dim_ok() {
        do_ok_test("DIM foo\nDIM bar AS BOOLEAN\nOUT foo%; bar?", &[], &["0 FALSE"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dim_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("DIM i\nDIM i", "2:5: Cannot define already-defined symbol I");
        do_simple_error_test("DIM i\nDIM I", "2:5: Cannot define already-defined symbol I");
        do_simple_error_test("i = 0\nDIM i", "2:5: Cannot define already-defined symbol I");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dim_array_ok() {
        do_ok_test(
            "DIM foo(3, 4)\nDIM bar(1) AS BOOLEAN\nOUT foo%(2, 2); bar?(0)",
            &[],
            &["0 FALSE"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dim_array_varref_ok() {
        do_ok_test("i = 3\nDIM foo(i)\nOUT foo%(2)", &[], &["0"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_dim_array_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("DIM i()", "1:6: Arrays require at least one dimension");
        do_simple_error_test("DIM i(FALSE)", "1:7: BOOLEAN is not a number");
        do_simple_error_test("DIM i(-3)", "1:7: Dimensions in DIM array must be positive");
        do_simple_error_test("DIM i\nDIM i(3)", "2:5: Cannot define already-defined symbol I");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_end_no_code() {
        let captured_out = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Exited(5),
            run("OUT 1\nEND 5\nOUT 2", &[], captured_out.clone()).expect("Execution failed")
        );
        assert_eq!(&["1"], captured_out.borrow().as_slice());
    }

    fn do_end_with_code_test(code: u8) {
        let captured_out = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Exited(code),
            run(&format!("OUT 1: END {}: OUT 2", code), &[], captured_out.clone())
                .expect("Execution failed")
        );
        assert_eq!(&["1"], captured_out.borrow().as_slice());

        let captured_out = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Exited(code),
            run(&format!("OUT 1: END {}.2: OUT 2", code), &[], captured_out.clone())
                .expect("Execution failed")
        );
        assert_eq!(&["1"], captured_out.borrow().as_slice());
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_end_with_code() {
        do_end_with_code_test(0);
        do_end_with_code_test(1);
        do_end_with_code_test(42);
        do_end_with_code_test(127);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_end_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("END 1, 2", "1:6: Expected newline but found ,");
        do_simple_error_test("END \"b\"", "1:5: STRING is not a number");
        do_simple_error_test("END -3", "1:5: Exit code must be a positive integer");
        do_simple_error_test("END 128", "1:5: Exit code cannot be larger than 127");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_end_if() {
        let captured_out = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        let input = r#"
            IF TRUE THEN
                OUT OUTF(1, 100)
                END
                OUT OUTF(2, 200)
            ELSEIF OUTF(3, 300) = 0 THEN
                OUT OUTF(4, 400)
            ELSE
                OUT OUTF(5, 500)
            END IF
            "#;
        assert_eq!(StopReason::Exited(0), run(input, &[], captured_out.clone()).unwrap());
        assert_eq!(&["100", "1"], captured_out.borrow().as_slice());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_end_for() {
        let captured_out = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        let input = r#"FOR i = 1 TO OUTF(10, i * 100): IF i = 3 THEN: END: END IF: OUT i: NEXT"#;
        assert_eq!(StopReason::Exited(0), run(input, &[], captured_out.clone()).unwrap());
        assert_eq!(&["100", "1", "200", "2", "300"], captured_out.borrow().as_slice());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_end_while() {
        let captured_out = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        let input = r#"i = 1: WHILE i < OUTF(10, i * 100): IF i = 4 THEN: END: END IF: OUT i: i = i + 1: WEND"#;
        assert_eq!(StopReason::Exited(0), run(input, &[], captured_out.clone()).unwrap());
        assert_eq!(&["100", "1", "200", "2", "300", "3", "400"], captured_out.borrow().as_slice());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_end_nested() {
        let captured_out = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Exited(42),
            run(
                "FOR a = 0 TO 10\nOUT a\nIF a = 3 THEN\nEND 42\nOUT \"no\"\nEND IF\nNEXT",
                &[],
                captured_out.clone()
            )
            .expect("Execution failed")
        );
        assert_eq!(&["0", "1", "2", "3"], captured_out.borrow().as_slice());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_end_can_resume() {
        let captured_out = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        let mut machine = Machine::default();
        machine.add_callable(OutCommand::new(captured_out.clone()));
        machine.add_callable(SumFunction::new());

        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Exited(10),
            block_on(machine.exec(&mut "OUT 1\nEND 10\nOUT 2".as_bytes()))
                .expect("Execution failed")
        );
        assert_eq!(&["1"], captured_out.borrow().as_slice());

        captured_out.borrow_mut().clear();
        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Exited(11),
            block_on(machine.exec(&mut "OUT 2\nEND 11\nOUT 3".as_bytes()))
                .expect("Execution failed")
        );
        assert_eq!(&["2"], captured_out.borrow().as_slice());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_signals_stop() {
        let mut machine = Machine::default();
        let signals_tx = machine.get_signals_tx();

        // This is a best-effort test because we are trying to exercise a condition for which we
        // have no synchronization primitives.
        for _ in 0..10 {
            let input = &mut "WHILE TRUE: WEND".as_bytes();
            machine.drain_signals();
            let future = machine.exec(input);

            // There is no guarantee that the tight loop inside the machine is running immediately
            // at this point (particularly because we run with just one thread in this test), thus
            // we may send the signal prematurely.  We would still get a `Break` stop reason because
            // we would detect the signal *before* entering the loop, but that would defeat the
            // purpose of this test.  Give a chance to the machine code to run first and get stuck.
            tokio::task::yield_now().await;

            signals_tx.send(Signal::Break).await.unwrap();
            let result = future.await;
            assert_eq!(StopReason::Break, result.unwrap());
        }
    }

    async fn do_no_check_stop_test(code: &str) {
        let (tx, rx) = async_channel::unbounded();
        let mut machine = Machine::with_signals_chan_and_yield_now_fn((tx.clone(), rx), None);

        tx.send(Signal::Break).await.unwrap();

        let input = &mut code.as_bytes();
        assert_eq!(StopReason::Eof, machine.exec(input).await.unwrap());

        assert_eq!(1, tx.len());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_goto_forward_does_not_check_stop() {
        do_no_check_stop_test("GOTO @after: a = 1: @after").await;
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_if_taken_does_not_check_stop() {
        do_no_check_stop_test("a = 3: IF a = 3 THEN b = 0 ELSE b = 1: a = 7").await;
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_if_not_taken_does_not_check_stop() {
        do_no_check_stop_test("a = 3: IF a = 5 THEN b = 0 ELSE b = 1: a = 7").await;
    }

    async fn do_check_stop_test(code: &str) {
        let (tx, rx) = async_channel::unbounded();
        let mut machine = Machine::with_signals_chan_and_yield_now_fn((tx.clone(), rx), None);

        tx.send(Signal::Break).await.unwrap();

        let input = &mut code.as_bytes();
        assert_eq!(StopReason::Break, machine.exec(input).await.unwrap());

        assert_eq!(0, tx.len());
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn goto_checks_stop() {
        do_check_stop_test("@here: GOTO @here").await;
        do_check_stop_test("@before: a = 1: GOTO @before").await;
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn gosub_checks_stop() {
        do_check_stop_test("GOTO @skip: @sub: a = 1: RETURN: @skip: GOSUB @sub: a = 1").await;
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn do_checks_stop() {
        do_check_stop_test("DO: LOOP").await;
        do_check_stop_test("DO: a = 1: LOOP").await;

        do_check_stop_test("DO UNTIL FALSE: LOOP").await;
        do_check_stop_test("DO UNTIL FALSE: a = 1: LOOP").await;

        do_check_stop_test("DO WHILE TRUE: LOOP").await;
        do_check_stop_test("DO WHILE TRUE: a = 1: LOOP").await;

        do_check_stop_test("DO: LOOP UNTIL FALSE").await;
        do_check_stop_test("DO: a = 1: LOOP UNTIL FALSE").await;

        do_check_stop_test("DO: LOOP WHILE TRUE").await;
        do_check_stop_test("DO: a = 1: LOOP WHILE TRUE").await;
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn for_checks_stop() {
        do_check_stop_test("FOR a = 1 TO 10: NEXT").await;
        do_check_stop_test("FOR a = 1 TO 10: B = 2: NEXT").await;
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn while_checks_stop() {
        do_check_stop_test("WHILE TRUE: WEND").await;
        do_check_stop_test("WHILE TRUE: a = 1: WEND").await;
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_do_infinite_ok() {
        let code = r#"
            IN n
            DO
                IF n = 0 THEN: EXIT DO: END IF
                OUT "n is"; n
                n = n - 1
            LOOP
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["0"], &[]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["3"], &["n is 3", "n is 2", "n is 1"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_do_pre_until_ok() {
        let code = r#"
            IN n
            DO UNTIL n = 0
                OUT "n is"; n
                n = n - 1
            LOOP
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["0"], &[]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["3"], &["n is 3", "n is 2", "n is 1"]);

        do_ok_test("DO UNTIL TRUE\nOUT 1\nLOOP", &[], &[]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_do_pre_while_ok() {
        let code = r#"
            IN n
            DO WHILE n > 0
                OUT "n is"; n
                n = n - 1
            LOOP
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["0"], &[]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["3"], &["n is 3", "n is 2", "n is 1"]);

        do_ok_test("DO WHILE FALSE\nOUT 1\nLOOP", &[], &[]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_do_post_until_ok() {
        let code = r#"
            IN n
            DO
                OUT "n is"; n
                n = n - 1
            LOOP UNTIL n = 0
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["1"], &["n is 1"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["3"], &["n is 3", "n is 2", "n is 1"]);

        do_ok_test("DO\nOUT 1\nLOOP UNTIL TRUE", &[], &["1"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_do_post_while_ok() {
        let code = r#"
            IN n
            DO
                OUT "n is"; n
                n = n - 1
            LOOP WHILE n > 0
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["1"], &["n is 1"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["3"], &["n is 3", "n is 2", "n is 1"]);

        do_ok_test("DO\nOUT 1\nLOOP WHILE FALSE", &[], &["1"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_do_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("DO WHILE 2\nLOOP", "1:10: Expected BOOLEAN but found INTEGER");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_exit_do() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            i = 5
            DO WHILE i > 0
                j = 2
                DO UNTIL j = 0
                    OUT i; j
                    IF i = 3 AND j = 2 THEN: EXIT DO: END IF
                    j = j - 1
                LOOP
                IF i = 2 THEN: EXIT DO: END IF
                i = i - 1
            LOOP
            "#,
            &[],
            &["5 2", "5 1", "4 2", "4 1", "3 2", "2 2", "2 1"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_exit_do_sequential() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            i = 2
            DO WHILE i > 0
                OUT "First"; i
                i = i - 1
            LOOP
            i = 2
            DO WHILE i > 0
                OUT "Second"; i
                i = i - 1
            LOOP
            "#,
            &[],
            &["First 2", "First 1", "Second 2", "Second 1"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_exit_do_nested_indirectly() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            i = 5
            DO WHILE i > 0
                GOSUB @another
                IF i = 2 THEN: EXIT DO: END IF
                i = i - 1
            LOOP
            GOTO @end
            @another
            j = 2
            DO UNTIL j = 0
                OUT i; j
                IF i = 3 AND j = 2 THEN: EXIT DO: END IF
                j = j - 1
            LOOP
            RETURN
            @end
            "#,
            &[],
            &["5 2", "5 1", "4 2", "4 1", "3 2", "2 2", "2 1"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_exit_for() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            FOR i = 1 to 10
                IF i = 5 THEN EXIT FOR
                OUT i
            NEXT
            "#,
            &[],
            &["1", "2", "3", "4"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_exit_do_and_exit_for() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            FOR i = 1 to 10
                j = 5
                DO WHILE j > 0
                    IF j = 2 THEN EXIT DO
                    IF i = 4 THEN EXIT FOR
                    OUT i; j
                    j = j - 1
                LOOP
            NEXT
            "#,
            &[],
            &["1 5", "1 4", "1 3", "2 5", "2 4", "2 3", "3 5", "3 4", "3 3"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_expr_load_not_assigned() {
        do_error_test(
            r#"
            GOTO @skip
            a = 0
            @skip
            OUT "running"
            OUT a + 1
            OUT "not reached"
            "#,
            &[],
            &["running"],
            "6:17: Undefined symbol A",
        )
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_expr_array_load_not_assigned() {
        do_error_test(
            r#"
            GOTO @skip
            DIM a(3)
            @skip
            OUT "running"
            OUT a(0) + 1
            OUT "not reached"
            "#,
            &[],
            &["running"],
            "6:17: A is not defined",
        )
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_if_ok() {
        let code = r#"
            IN n
            IF n = 3 THEN
                OUT "match"
            END IF
            IF n <> 3 THEN
                OUT "no match"
            END IF
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["3"], &["match"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["5"], &["no match"]);

        let code = r#"
            IN n
            IF n = 1 THEN
                OUT "first"
            ELSEIF n = 2 THEN
                OUT "second"
            ELSEIF n = 3 THEN
                OUT "third"
            ELSE
                OUT "fourth"
            END IF
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["1"], &["first"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["2"], &["second"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["3"], &["third"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["4"], &["fourth"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_if_not_executed_on_malformed_branch() {
        let code = r#"
            IN n
            IF n = 3 THEN
                OUT "match"
            ELSEIF "foo" THEN 'Invalid expression type but not evaluated.
                OUT "no match"
            END IF
        "#;
        do_error_test(code, &["5"], &[], "5:20: Expected BOOLEAN but found STRING");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_if_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("IF TRUE THEN END IF", "1:14: END IF without IF");
        do_simple_error_test(
            "IF TRUE THEN\nELSE IF TRUE THEN\nEND IF",
            "2:6: Expecting newline after ELSE",
        );
        do_simple_error_test("IF TRUE\nEND IF\nOUT 3", "1:8: No THEN in IF statement");

        do_simple_error_test("IF 2\nEND IF", "1:5: No THEN in IF statement");
        do_simple_error_test("IF 2 THEN\nEND IF", "1:4: Expected BOOLEAN but found INTEGER");
        do_simple_error_test(
            "IF FALSE THEN\nELSEIF 2 THEN\nEND IF",
            "2:8: Expected BOOLEAN but found INTEGER",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_incrementing() {
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 0 TO 0: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["0"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 0 TO 3: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["0", "1", "2", "3"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 1.3 TO 3: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["1.3", "2.3"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 1.3 TO 3.3: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["1.3", "2.3", "3.3"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 1 TO 3.3: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["1", "2", "3"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 1 TO 3.7: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["1", "2", "3"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a# = 1 TO 2: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["1", "2"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 1.1 TO 2.1: b% = (a * 10): OUT b: NEXT", &[], &["11", "21"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a# = 1.1 TO 2.1: b% = (a * 10): OUT b: NEXT", &[], &["11", "21"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_incrementing_with_step() {
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 0 TO 0 STEP 3: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["0"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 0 TO 2 STEP 3: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["0"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 0 TO 3 STEP 3: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["0", "3"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 0 TO 10 STEP 3: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["0", "3", "6", "9"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 1 TO 2 STEP 0.4: b% = (a * 10): OUT b: NEXT", &[], &["10", "14", "18"]);
        do_ok_test(
            "FOR a# = 1 TO 2 STEP 0.4: b% = (a * 10): OUT b: NEXT",
            &[],
            &["10", "14", "18"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_decrementing_with_step() {
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 0 TO 0 STEP -2: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["0"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 2 TO 0 STEP -2: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["2", "0"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = -2 TO -6 STEP -2: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["-2", "-4", "-6"]);
        do_ok_test("FOR a = 10 TO 1 STEP -2: OUT a: NEXT", &[], &["10", "8", "6", "4", "2"]);
        do_ok_test(
            "FOR a# = 2 TO 1 STEP -0.4: b% = (a * 10): OUT b: NEXT",
            &[],
            &["20", "16", "12"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_doubles_on_integer_iterator() {
        // This tests a corner case where using a DOUBLE step value on a variable that is declared
        // as an INTEGER results in an infinite loop due to rounding.  We could error our in this
        // case (or force the iterator to be a DOUBLE if it is not yet defined), but I'm not yet
        // sure if there would be legitimate reasons for someone to want this.
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            i = 0
            DIM a AS INTEGER
            FOR a = 1.0 TO 2.0 STEP 0.4
                i = i + 1
                IF i = 100 THEN
                    GOTO @out
                END IF
            NEXT
            @out: OUT i
            "#,
            &[],
            &["100"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_already_done() {
        do_ok_test("FOR i = 10 TO 9\nOUT i\nNEXT", &[], &[]);
        do_ok_test("FOR i = 9 TO 10 STEP -1\nOUT i\nNEXT", &[], &[]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_iterator_is_visible_after_next() {
        let code = r#"
            FOR something = 1 TO 10 STEP 8
            NEXT
            OUT something
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["17"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_iterator_can_be_modified() {
        let code = r#"
            FOR something = 1 TO 5
                OUT something
                something = something + 1
            NEXT
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["1", "3", "5"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_for_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("FOR\nNEXT", "1:4: No iterator name in FOR statement");
        do_simple_error_test("FOR a = 1 TO 10\nEND IF", "2:1: END IF without IF");

        do_simple_error_test("FOR i = \"a\" TO 3\nNEXT", "1:13: Cannot <= STRING and INTEGER");
        do_simple_error_test("FOR i = 1 TO \"a\"\nNEXT", "1:11: Cannot <= INTEGER and STRING");

        do_simple_error_test(
            "FOR i = \"b\" TO 7 STEP -8\nNEXT",
            "1:13: Cannot >= STRING and INTEGER",
        );
        do_simple_error_test(
            "FOR i = 1 TO \"b\" STEP -8\nNEXT",
            "1:11: Cannot >= INTEGER and STRING",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_function_call_ok() {
        do_ok_test("x = 3\nOUT SUM(x, Sum%(4, 5), 1, sum())", &[], &["13"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_function_call_argless() {
        do_ok_test("x = FALSE: OUT x: y = ARGLESS: OUT y", &[], &["FALSE", "1234"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_function_call_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("TYPE_CHECK", "1:1: TYPE_CHECK is not a command");
        do_simple_error_test("SUM(3)", "1:1: SUM is not a command");
        do_simple_error_test("OUT CLEAR", "1:5: CLEAR is not an array nor a function");
        do_simple_error_test("OUT CLEAR()", "1:5: CLEAR is not an array nor a function");
        do_simple_error_test("OUT OUT()", "1:5: OUT is not an array nor a function");
        do_simple_error_test("OUT OUT(3)", "1:5: OUT is not an array nor a function");
        do_simple_error_test("OUT SUM?()", "1:5: Incompatible type annotation in SUM? reference");
        do_simple_error_test("OUT TYPE_CHECK()", "1:5: TYPE_CHECK expected no arguments");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gosub_and_return() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
                i = 10
                GOSUB @sub
                GOSUB 20
                GOTO @end
                @sub 20: OUT i: i = i + 1: RETURN
                @end
            "#,
            &[],
            &["10", "11"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gosub_and_return_nested() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
                GOTO @main
                @sub1: OUT 1: GOSUB @sub2: OUT 2: RETURN
                @sub2: OUT 3: RETURN
                @main
                GOSUB @sub1
            "#,
            &[],
            &["1", "3", "2"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gosub_and_return_from_other() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
                GOTO @main
                @sub1: OUT 1: GOTO @sub2: RETURN
                @sub2: OUT 3: RETURN
                @main
                GOSUB @sub1
            "#,
            &[],
            &["1", "3"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gosub_without_return() {
        do_ok_test(r#"GOSUB @sub: @sub: OUT 1"#, &[], &["1"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_gosub_and_return_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("GOSUB @foo", "1:7: Unknown label foo");
        do_simple_error_test("RETURN", "1:1: No address to return to");
        do_simple_error_test("GOTO @foo\n@foo: RETURN", "2:7: No address to return to");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_goto_top_level_go_forward() {
        do_ok_test("OUT 1: GOTO @skip: OUT 2: @skip: OUT 3", &[], &["1", "3"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_goto_top_level_go_backward() {
        do_ok_test(
            "OUT 1: GOTO @skip: @before: OUT 2: GOTO @end: @skip: OUT 3: GOTO @before: @end",
            &[],
            &["1", "3", "2"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_goto_nested_can_go_up() {
        do_ok_test(
            "IF TRUE THEN: FOR i = 1 TO 10: OUT i: GOTO @out: NEXT: OUT 99: @out: OUT 100: END IF",
            &[],
            &["1", "100"],
        );

        do_ok_test(
            "IF TRUE THEN: WHILE TRUE: OUT 1: GOTO @out: WEND: OUT 99: END IF: @out: OUT 100",
            &[],
            &["1", "100"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_goto_nested_can_go_down() {
        do_ok_test(
            "IF TRUE THEN: GOTO @sibling: OUT 1: END IF: IF TRUE THEN: @sibling: OUT 2: END IF",
            &[],
            &["2"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_goto_as_last_statement() {
        let captured_out = Rc::from(RefCell::from(vec![]));
        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Exited(5),
            run(
                "i = 0: @a: IF i = 5 THEN: END i: END IF: i = i + 1: GOTO @a",
                &[],
                captured_out.clone()
            )
            .expect("Execution failed")
        );
        assert!(captured_out.borrow().is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_goto_middle_of_line() {
        do_ok_test("GOTO 20\nOUT 1: 20 OUT 2", &[], &["2"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_goto_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("GOTO 10", "1:6: Unknown label 10");
        do_simple_error_test("GOTO @foo", "1:6: Unknown label foo");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_label_ok() {
        do_ok_test("OUT 1: 10: 20 OUT 2", &[], &["1", "2"]);
        do_ok_test("OUT 1: @foo: OUT 2", &[], &["1", "2"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_label_avoid_redefinition() {
        do_ok_test(
            "i = 0: @x: @y: i = i + 1: IF i = 2 THEN: GOTO @end: END IF: GOTO @x: @end",
            &[],
            &[],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_label_duplicate() {
        do_simple_error_test("@foo: IF TRUE THEN: @foo: END IF", "1:21: Duplicate label foo");
        do_simple_error_test(
            "IF TRUE THEN: @foo: END IF: IF TRUE THEN: @foo: END IF",
            "1:43: Duplicate label foo",
        );

        do_simple_error_test("@foo: @bar: @foo", "1:13: Duplicate label foo");

        do_simple_error_test(
            r#"
            i = 0
            @a
                @b
                    @c
                        i = i + 1
                        IF i = 1 THEN: GOTO @b: END IF
                        @a
                        IF i = 2 THEN: GOTO @c: END IF
                        IF i = 3 THEN: GOTO @out: END IF
            @out
            "#,
            "8:25: Duplicate label a",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_on_error_goto_line() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            ON ERROR GOTO 100
            OUT 1
            OUT RAISEF("internal")
            OUT 2
            100 OUT LAST_ERROR
            "#,
            &[],
            &["1", "4:24: Some internal error"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_on_error_goto_label() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            ON ERROR GOTO @foo
            OUT 1
            OUT RAISEF("internal")
            OUT 2
            @foo
            OUT LAST_ERROR
            "#,
            &[],
            &["1", "4:24: Some internal error"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_on_error_reset() {
        do_error_test(
            r#"
            ON ERROR GOTO @foo
            OUT 1
            OUT RAISEF("internal")
            @foo
            ON ERROR GOTO 0
            OUT 2
            OUT RAISEF("internal")
            "#,
            &[],
            &["1", "2"],
            "8:24: Some internal error",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_on_error_resume_next_line_function_failure() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            ON ERROR RESUME NEXT
            OUT 1
            OUT RAISEF("internal")
            OUT LAST_ERROR
            "#,
            &[],
            &["1", "4:24: Some internal error"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_on_error_resume_next_line_command_failure() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            ON ERROR RESUME NEXT
            OUT 1
            RAISE "internal"
            OUT LAST_ERROR
            "#,
            &[],
            &["1", "4:19: Some internal error"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_on_error_resume_next_statement_function_failure() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            ON ERROR RESUME NEXT
            OUT 1: OUT RAISEF("internal"): OUT LAST_ERROR
            "#,
            &[],
            &["1", "3:31: Some internal error"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_on_error_resume_next_statement_command_failure() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"
            ON ERROR RESUME NEXT
            OUT 1: RAISE "internal": OUT LAST_ERROR
            "#,
            &[],
            &["1", "3:26: Some internal error"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_on_error_types() {
        do_ok_test(
            r#"ON ERROR RESUME NEXT: OUT RAISEF("argument"): OUT LAST_ERROR"#,
            &[],
            &["1:34: Bad argument"],
        );

        do_ok_test(
            r#"ON ERROR RESUME NEXT: OUT RAISEF("eval"): OUT LAST_ERROR"#,
            &[],
            &["1:34: Some eval error"],
        );

        do_ok_test(
            r#"ON ERROR RESUME NEXT: OUT RAISEF("internal"): OUT LAST_ERROR"#,
            &[],
            &["1:34: Some internal error"],
        );

        do_ok_test(
            r#"ON ERROR RESUME NEXT: OUT RAISEF("io"): OUT LAST_ERROR"#,
            &[],
            &["1:34: Some I/O error"],
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_ok() {
        let code = r#"
            IN n
            SELECT CASE n
                CASE 1, 3, 5, 7, 9: OUT "Odd"
                CASE 0, 2, 4, 6, 8: OUT "Even"
                CASE 10 TO 20: OUT "Large"
                CASE IS < 0: OUT "Negative"
                CASE ELSE: OUT "Too large"
            END SELECT
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["3"], &["Odd"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["5"], &["Odd"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["0"], &["Even"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["8"], &["Even"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["10"], &["Large"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["15"], &["Large"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["20"], &["Large"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["-1"], &["Negative"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["21"], &["Too large"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["10000"], &["Too large"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_test_expression_evaluated_only_once() {
        let code = r#"
            SELECT CASE COUNT
                CASE 100: OUT "Not hit"
                CASE 200: OUT "Not hit"
                CASE ELSE: OUT "Giving up"
            END SELECT
            OUT COUNT
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["Giving up", "2"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_test_expression_evaluated_once_even_if_no_cases() {
        let code = r#"
            SELECT CASE COUNT
            END SELECT
            OUT COUNT
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["2"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_test_expression_evaluated_once_even_if_no_matches() {
        let code = r#"
            SELECT CASE COUNT
                CASE 0: OUT "Not hit"
                CASE 3
            END SELECT
            OUT COUNT
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["2"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_strings() {
        let code = r#"
            IN s$
            SELECT CASE s$
                CASE "exact": OUT "Exact match"
                CASE IS > "ZZZ": OUT "IS match"
                CASE "B" TO "Y": OUT "TO match"
            END SELECT
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["exact"], &["Exact match"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["ZZZ"], &[]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["ZZZa"], &["IS match"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["A"], &[]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["B"], &["TO match"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["M"], &["TO match"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["Y"], &["TO match"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["Z"], &[]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_double_to_integer() {
        let code = r#"
            IN n#
            SELECT CASE n#
                CASE 2: OUT "OK 1"
                CASE IS > 5: OUT "OK 2"
            END SELECT
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["1.9"], &[]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["2.0"], &["OK 1"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["2.1"], &[]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["5.0"], &[]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["5.1"], &["OK 2"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_integer_to_double() {
        let code = r#"
            IN n%
            SELECT CASE n%
                CASE 2.0: OUT "OK 1"
                CASE 5.0, -1.0: OUT "OK 2"
                CASE 10.2 TO 11.8: OUT "OK 3"
            END SELECT
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["2"], &["OK 1"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["5"], &["OK 2"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["-1"], &["OK 2"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["10"], &[]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["11"], &["OK 3"]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["12"], &[]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_no_test_var_leaks() {
        let code = r#"
            i = 0
            SELECT CASE 5 + 1
                CASE 6: i = i + 3
            END SELECT

            SELECT CASE TRUE
                CASE TRUE: i = i + 1
            END SELECT
        "#;

        let mut machine = Machine::default();
        assert_eq!(StopReason::Eof, block_on(machine.exec(&mut code.as_bytes())).unwrap());
        assert_eq!(1, machine.get_symbols().locals().len());
        match machine.get_symbols().get_auto("I") {
            Some(Symbol::Variable(Value::Integer(i))) => assert_eq!(4, *i),
            e => panic!("I is not an integer: {:?}", e),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_clear_does_not_cause_internal_error() {
        let code = r#"
            SELECT CASE 4
                CASE 4: CLEAR
            END SELECT
        "#;

        let mut machine = Machine::default();
        machine.add_callable(ClearCommand::new());
        assert_eq!(StopReason::Eof, block_on(machine.exec(&mut code.as_bytes())).unwrap());
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_nested() {
        let code = r#"
            i = 5
            SELECT CASE i
                CASE 5
                    OUT "OK 1"
                    i = 6
                    SELECT CASE i
                        CASE 6
                            OUT "OK 2"
                    END SELECT
                CASE 6
                    OUT "Not OK"
            END SELECT
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["OK 1", "OK 2"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_nested_indirectly() {
        let code = r#"
            i = 5
            SELECT CASE i
                CASE 5
                    OUT "OK 1"
                    GOSUB @another
                CASE 6
                    OUT "Not OK"
            END SELECT
            GOTO @end
            @another
            i = 6
            SELECT CASE i
                CASE 6
                    OUT "OK 2"
            END SELECT
            RETURN
            @end
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["OK 1", "OK 2"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_select_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test(
            "SELECT CASE\nEND SELECT",
            "1:12: No expression in SELECT CASE statement",
        );
        do_simple_error_test("SELECT CASE\nEND IF", "1:1: SELECT without END SELECT");
        do_simple_error_test("\n\n\nSELECT CASE 2\n", "4:1: SELECT without END SELECT");

        do_simple_error_test(
            "SELECT CASE 2\nCASE FALSE\nEND SELECT",
            "2:6: Cannot = INTEGER and BOOLEAN",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_while_ok() {
        let code = r#"
            IN n
            WHILE n > 0
                OUT "n is"; n
                n = n - 1
            WEND
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &["0"], &[]);
        do_ok_test(code, &["3"], &["n is 3", "n is 2", "n is 1"]);

        do_ok_test("WHILE FALSE\nOUT 1\nWEND", &[], &[]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_while_errors() {
        do_simple_error_test("WHILE\nWEND", "1:6: No expression in WHILE statement");
        do_simple_error_test("WHILE\nEND IF", "1:6: No expression in WHILE statement");

        do_simple_error_test("\n\n\nWHILE 2\n", "4:1: WHILE without WEND");
        do_simple_error_test("WHILE 3\nEND", "1:1: WHILE without WEND");
        do_simple_error_test("WHILE 3\nEND IF", "2:1: END IF without IF");
        do_simple_error_test("WHILE 2\nWEND", "1:7: Expected BOOLEAN but found INTEGER");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_misc_comments_and_spaces() {
        let code = r#"
            REM This is the start of the program.

            OUT "Hello" 'Some remark here.

            IF TRUE THEN

                OUT "Bye" 'And another remark here after a blank line.
            END IF
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["Hello", "Bye"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_top_level_syntax_errors_prevent_execution() {
        do_simple_error_test("+ b", "1:1: Unexpected + in statement");
        do_error_test(r#"OUT "a": + b: OUT "b""#, &[], &[], "1:10: Unexpected + in statement");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_inner_level_syntax_errors_prevent_execution() {
        do_simple_error_test("+ b", "1:1: Unexpected + in statement");
        do_error_test(
            r#"OUT "a": IF TRUE THEN: + b: END IF: OUT "b""#,
            &[],
            &[],
            "1:24: Unexpected + in statement",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_top_level_semantic_errors_allow_execution() {
        do_simple_error_test(r#"OUT RAISEF("io")"#, "1:12: Some I/O error");
        do_error_test(r#"OUT "a": OUT RAISEF("io"): OUT "b""#, &[], &["a"], "1:21: Some I/O error");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_top_level_compilation_errors_abort_execution() {
        do_simple_error_test("FOO BAR", "1:1: Undefined symbol FOO");
        do_error_test(r#"OUT "a": FOO BAR: OUT "b""#, &[], &[], "1:10: Undefined symbol FOO");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_inner_level_semantic_errors_allow_execution() {
        do_simple_error_test(r#"IF TRUE THEN: OUT RAISEF("io"): END IF"#, "1:26: Some I/O error");
        do_error_test(
            r#"OUT "a": IF TRUE THEN: OUT RAISEF("io"): END IF: OUT "b""#,
            &[],
            &["a"],
            "1:35: Some I/O error",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_inner_level_compilation_errors_abort_execution() {
        do_simple_error_test(r#"IF TRUE THEN: FOO BAR: END IF"#, "1:15: Undefined symbol FOO");
        do_error_test(
            r#"OUT "a": IF TRUE THEN: FOO BAR: END IF: OUT "b""#,
            &[],
            &[],
            "1:24: Undefined symbol FOO",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_exec_shares_state() {
        let mut machine = Machine::default();
        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Eof,
            block_on(machine.exec(&mut b"a = 10".as_ref())).expect("Execution failed")
        );
        assert_eq!(
            StopReason::Eof,
            block_on(machine.exec(&mut b"b = a".as_ref())).expect("Execution failed")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_default_return_values() {
        let code = r#"
            FUNCTION unannotated: END FUNCTION
            FUNCTION annotated_boolean?: END FUNCTION
            FUNCTION annotated_double#: END FUNCTION
            FUNCTION annotated_integer%: END FUNCTION
            FUNCTION annotated_string$: END FUNCTION
            OUT unannotated; unannotated%
            OUT annotated_boolean; annotated_boolean?
            OUT annotated_double; annotated_double#
            OUT annotated_integer; annotated_integer%
            OUT annotated_string; annotated_string$
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["0 0", "FALSE FALSE", "0 0", "0 0", " "]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_set_return_values() {
        let code = r#"
            FUNCTION unannotated: unannotated = 5: END FUNCTION
            FUNCTION annotated_boolean?: annotated_boolean = TRUE: END FUNCTION
            FUNCTION annotated_double#: annotated_double = 5.3: END FUNCTION
            FUNCTION annotated_integer%: annotated_integer = 8: END FUNCTION
            FUNCTION annotated_string$: annotated_string = "foo": END FUNCTION
            OUT unannotated; unannotated%
            OUT annotated_boolean; annotated_boolean?
            OUT annotated_double; annotated_double#
            OUT annotated_integer; annotated_integer%
            OUT annotated_string; annotated_string$
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["5 5", "TRUE TRUE", "5.3 5.3", "8 8", "foo foo"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_mix_set_return_and_code() {
        let code = r#"
            FUNCTION f
                OUT "before"
                f = 3
                OUT "middle"
                f = 5
                OUT "after"
            END FUNCTION
            OUT f
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["before", "middle", "after", "5"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_return_type_inconsistent() {
        let code = r#"
            FUNCTION f$: f = 3: END FUNCTION
        "#;
        do_error_test(
            code,
            &[],
            &[],
            "2:26: Cannot assign value of type INTEGER to variable of type STRING",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_call_type_inconsistent() {
        let code = r#"
            FUNCTION f$: END FUNCTION
            OUT f%
        "#;
        do_error_test(code, &[], &[], "3:17: Incompatible type annotation in f% reference");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_local_namespace() {
        let code = r#"
            v1 = 3
            FUNCTION f1
                v1 = 5
                v2 = 7
            END FUNCTION
            FUNCTION f2
                v1$ = "foo"
                v2$ = "bar"
            END FUNCTION
            v2 = TRUE
            OUT f1; f2; v1
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["0 0 3"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_global_namespace() {
        let code = r#"
            DIM SHARED v1 AS DOUBLE
            v1 = 8.7
            FUNCTION f1
                v1 = 9.2
            END FUNCTION
            FUNCTION f2#
                f2 = v1 + 1
            END FUNCTION
            OUT f1; f2; v1
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["0 9.7 8.7"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_annotated_argument_types() {
        let code = r#"
            FUNCTION f(b?, d#, i%, s$)
                OUT b; d#; i; s$
            END FUNCTION
            OUT f(TRUE, 1.2, 3, "hi")
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["TRUE 1.2 3 hi", "0"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_as_argument_types() {
        let code = r#"
            FUNCTION f(b AS BOOLEAN, d AS DOUBLE, i AS INTEGER, s AS STRING)
                OUT b?; d; i%; s
            END FUNCTION
            OUT f(TRUE, 1.2, 3, "hi")
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["TRUE 1.2 3 hi", "0"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_argument_evaluation_order() {
        let code = r#"
            DIM SHARED g
            FUNCTION f(x, y)
                g = g + 1
                f = x + y
            END FUNCTION
            g = 0
            OUT f(1, 2); g
            g = 0
            OUT g; f(1, 2)
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["3 0", "1 3"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_recursion() {
        let code = r#"
            DIM SHARED calls
            FUNCTION factorial(n)
                IF n = 1 THEN factorial = 1 ELSE factorial = n * factorial(n - 1)
                calls = calls + 1
            END FUNCTION
            OUT calls; factorial(5)
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["5 120"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_syntax_error() {
        let code = r#"
            FUNCTION foo(n)
                OUT 5
            END FUNCTION
            OUT foo(3, 4)
        "#;
        do_error_test(code, &[], &[], "5:17: FOO expected n%");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_call_as_command() {
        let code = r#"
            FUNCTION f: OUT "foo": END FUNCTION
            f
        "#;
        do_error_test(code, &[], &[], "3:13: F is not a command");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_functions_early_exit() {
        let code = r#"
            FUNCTION maybe_exit(i%)
                maybe_exit = 1
                IF i > 2 THEN EXIT FUNCTION
                maybe_exit = 2
            END FUNCTION
            FOR i = 0 to 5
                OUT maybe_exit(i)
            NEXT
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["2", "2", "2", "1", "1", "1"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_subs_recursion() {
        let code = r#"
            DIM SHARED counter
            SUB count_down(prefix$)
                OUT prefix; counter
                IF counter > 1 THEN
                    counter = counter - 1
                    count_down prefix
                END IF
            END SUB
            counter = 3
            count_down "counter is"
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["counter is 3", "counter is 2", "counter is 1"]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_subs_return_type_not_allowed() {
        let code = r#"
            SUB f$: f = 3: END SUB
        "#;
        do_error_test(
            code,
            &[],
            &[],
            "2:17: SUBs cannot return a value so type annotations are not allowed",
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_subs_call_as_function() {
        let code = r#"
            SUB f: OUT "foo": END SUB
            OUT f
        "#;
        do_error_test(code, &[], &[], "3:17: f is not an array nor a function");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_subs_syntax_error() {
        let code = r#"
            SUB foo(n)
                OUT 5
            END SUB
            foo 3, 4
        "#;
        do_error_test(code, &[], &[], "5:13: FOO expected n%");
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_user_subs_early_exit() {
        let code = r#"
            SUB maybe_exit(i%)
                OUT 1
                IF i > 2 THEN EXIT SUB
                OUT 2
            END SUB
            FOR i = 0 to 5
                maybe_exit(i)
            NEXT
        "#;
        do_ok_test(code, &[], &["1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "2", "1", "1", "1"]);
    }
}