A scalar carrying a conjugation and a real modulus, spanning the three scalar families
numerical linear algebra cares about: real fields, dual numbers (forward-mode AD), and complex.
A value with a real modulus and real scaling: the bridge that lets generic code treat a real
(f64) and a complex (Complex<f64>) uniformly for norm work.
A normed scalar: a field element that also carries a real modulus — the bound for normed
linear algebra (norms, orthogonalization, singular values) over either real or complex scalars.
An analytic real scalar: commutative-ring arithmetic plus the elementary
functions, constants, ordering, rounding, and exceptional-value predicates of
the real numbers — without field invertibility.
Scalar sits in the real tower between Real and
RealField: it adds division to Real but, unlike a field, does not
require a total inverse. That is deliberate, so that Dual qualifies — its ε
component is a zero divisor, so it has division yet is not a field. The
deep_causality_calculus crate writes its differentiation and integration operators against
Scalar, so a single model evaluates at f64 (the value) and at Dual (the derivative).