datum/stream/

flow.rs

use super::*;
use crate::Attributes;
use crate::context::FlowWithContext;
use crate::stream::error::{decide_supervision, panic_stream_error};
use futures::{FutureExt, task::noop_waker};
use std::any::Any;
use std::task::Context;
use std::{
    collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
    thread,
};

pub(super) enum FlowTransform<In, Out> {
    Pure(PureTransform<In, Out>),
    Runtime(RuntimeTransform<In, Out>),
}

pub struct Flow<In, Out, Mat = NotUsed> {
    pub(super) transform: FlowTransform<In, Out>,
    pub(super) materialize: Arc<dyn Fn() -> StreamResult<Mat> + Send + Sync>,
    pub(super) hints: FlowHints,
    pub(super) attributes: Attributes,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub(super) enum GroupByBatchMode {
    Immediate,
    FiniteEagerNoRecreate,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
pub struct BidiFlow<I1, O1, I2, O2> {
    top: Flow<I1, O1, NotUsed>,
    bottom: Flow<I2, O2, NotUsed>,
    attributes: Attributes,
}

impl<In, Out> Clone for FlowTransform<In, Out> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        match self {
            Self::Pure(transform) => Self::Pure(Arc::clone(transform)),
            Self::Runtime(transform) => Self::Runtime(Arc::clone(transform)),
        }
    }
}

impl<In, Out, Mat> Clone for Flow<In, Out, Mat> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        Self {
            transform: self.transform.clone(),
            materialize: Arc::clone(&self.materialize),
            hints: self.hints,
            attributes: self.attributes.clone(),
        }
    }
}

fn call_supervised<T, F>(context: &str, f: F) -> StreamResult<T>
where
    F: FnOnce() -> StreamResult<T>,
{
    catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(f)).unwrap_or_else(|_| Err(panic_stream_error(context)))
}

impl<T: Send + 'static> Flow<T, T, NotUsed> {
    #[must_use]
    pub fn identity() -> Self {
        Self::from_preserving_transform(|input| input)
    }
}

impl<In: Send + 'static, Out: Send + 'static> Flow<In, Out, NotUsed> {
    pub(crate) fn from_transform<F>(transform: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(BoxStream<In>) -> BoxStream<Out> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        Self::from_parts_with_hints(transform, || Ok(NotUsed), FlowHints::default())
    }

    pub(crate) fn from_preserving_transform<F>(transform: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(BoxStream<In>) -> BoxStream<Out> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        Self::from_parts_with_hints(
            transform,
            || Ok(NotUsed),
            FlowHints::PRESERVES_INLINE_HEAD_TERMINAL,
        )
    }

    pub(crate) fn from_runtime_transform<F>(transform: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(BoxStream<In>, &Materializer) -> StreamResult<BoxStream<Out>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        Self::from_runtime_transform_with_hints(transform, FlowHints::default())
    }

    fn from_runtime_transform_with_hints<F>(transform: F, hints: FlowHints) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(BoxStream<In>, &Materializer) -> StreamResult<BoxStream<Out>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        Self {
            transform: FlowTransform::Runtime(Arc::new(transform)),
            materialize: Arc::new(|| Ok(NotUsed)),
            hints,
            attributes: Attributes::default(),
        }
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn from_sink_and_source<InMat, OutMat>(
        sink: Sink<In, InMat>,
        source: Source<Out, OutMat>,
    ) -> Self
    where
        InMat: Send + 'static,
        OutMat: Send + 'static,
    {
        Self::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let sink_keepalive = Arc::new(MaterializedKeepalive::default());
            let sink_input = Box::new(InputKeepaliveStream {
                inner: input,
                keepalive: Arc::clone(&sink_keepalive),
                peer_keepalive: None,
            });
            let sink_mat = sink.clone().run(sink_input, materializer)?;
            sink_keepalive.store(Box::new(sink_mat));
            let (output, source_mat) = Arc::clone(&source.factory).create(materializer)?;
            let source_keepalive = Arc::new(MaterializedKeepalive::default());
            source_keepalive.store(Box::new(source_mat));
            Ok(Box::new(CoupledStream {
                inner: output,
                source_keepalive,
                sink_keepalive: None,
                coupled: false,
            }))
        })
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn from_sink_and_source_coupled<InMat, OutMat>(
        sink: Sink<In, InMat>,
        source: Source<Out, OutMat>,
    ) -> Self
    where
        InMat: Send + 'static,
        OutMat: Send + 'static,
    {
        Self::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let source_keepalive = Arc::new(MaterializedKeepalive::default());
            let sink_keepalive = Arc::new(MaterializedKeepalive::default());
            let sink_input = Box::new(InputKeepaliveStream {
                inner: input,
                keepalive: Arc::clone(&sink_keepalive),
                peer_keepalive: Some(Arc::clone(&source_keepalive)),
            });
            let sink_mat = sink.clone().run(sink_input, materializer)?;
            sink_keepalive.store(Box::new(sink_mat));
            let (output, source_mat) = Arc::clone(&source.factory).create(materializer)?;
            source_keepalive.store(Box::new(source_mat));
            Ok(Box::new(CoupledStream {
                inner: output,
                source_keepalive,
                sink_keepalive: Some(sink_keepalive),
                coupled: true,
            }))
        })
    }
    #[must_use]
    pub fn future_flow<InnerMat, F, Fut>(future: F) -> Flow<In, Out, StreamCompletion<InnerMat>>
    where
        InnerMat: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn() -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Flow<In, Out, InnerMat>>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        let future = Arc::new(future);
        Flow::from_runtime_materialized_factory(move || {
            let (sender, receiver) = oneshot::channel();
            let sender = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(sender)));
            let future = Arc::clone(&future);
            let transform: RuntimeTransform<In, Out> =
                Arc::new(move |input, materializer: &Materializer| {
                    let mat_sender = sender
                        .lock()
                        .expect("future_flow materialized sender poisoned")
                        .take()
                        .ok_or_else(|| {
                            StreamError::Failed("future_flow transform already materialized".into())
                        })?;
                    Ok(Box::new(FutureFlowStream {
                        future: Arc::clone(&future),
                        materializer: materializer
                            .with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned()),
                        input: Some(input),
                        current: None,
                        mat_sender: Some(mat_sender),
                        initialized: false,
                        terminated: false,
                        _marker: PhantomData,
                    }) as BoxStream<Out>)
                });
            (transform, StreamCompletion::from_receiver(receiver, None))
        })
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn lazy_flow<InnerMat, F>(create: F) -> Flow<In, Out, StreamCompletion<InnerMat>>
    where
        InnerMat: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn() -> Flow<In, Out, InnerMat> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let create = Arc::new(create);
        Self::lazy_future_flow(move || {
            let create = Arc::clone(&create);
            async move { catch_unwind_failed("lazy_flow factory", || create()) }
        })
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn lazy_future_flow<InnerMat, F, Fut>(
        create: F,
    ) -> Flow<In, Out, StreamCompletion<InnerMat>>
    where
        InnerMat: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn() -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Flow<In, Out, InnerMat>>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        let create = Arc::new(create);
        Flow::from_runtime_materialized_factory(move || {
            let (sender, receiver) = oneshot::channel();
            let sender = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(sender)));
            let create = Arc::clone(&create);
            let transform: RuntimeTransform<In, Out> =
                Arc::new(move |input, materializer: &Materializer| {
                    let mat_sender = sender
                        .lock()
                        .expect("lazy_future_flow materialized sender poisoned")
                        .take()
                        .ok_or_else(|| {
                            StreamError::Failed(
                                "lazy_future_flow transform already materialized".into(),
                            )
                        })?;
                    Ok(Box::new(LazyFutureFlowStream {
                        create: Arc::clone(&create),
                        materializer: materializer
                            .with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned()),
                        input: Some(input),
                        current: None,
                        mat_sender: Some(mat_sender),
                        initialized: false,
                        terminated: false,
                        _marker: PhantomData,
                    }) as BoxStream<Out>)
                });
            (transform, StreamCompletion::from_receiver(receiver, None))
        })
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
struct MaterializedKeepalive {
    released: AtomicBool,
    value: Mutex<Option<Box<dyn Any + Send>>>,
}

impl MaterializedKeepalive {
    fn store(&self, value: Box<dyn Any + Send>) {
        let mut slot = self.value.lock().expect("materialized keepalive poisoned");
        if !self.released.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            *slot = Some(value);
            return;
        }
        // Already released before the mat arrived (e.g. the sink finished on
        // an empty input before the source side finished materializing):
        // late stores must get the same ACTIVE release, not a plain drop —
        // dropping a Cancellable handle does not cancel it.
        drop(slot);
        release_materialized_value(value);
    }

    fn release(&self) {
        self.released.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        if let Some(value) = self
            .value
            .lock()
            .expect("materialized keepalive poisoned")
            .take()
        {
            release_materialized_value(value);
        }
    }

    fn is_released(&self) -> bool {
        self.released.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
    }
}

fn release_materialized_value(value: Box<dyn Any + Send>) {
    match value.downcast::<Cancellable>() {
        Ok(cancellable) => {
            cancellable.cancel();
        }
        Err(value) => drop(value),
    }
}

struct InputKeepaliveStream<In> {
    inner: BoxStream<In>,
    keepalive: Arc<MaterializedKeepalive>,
    peer_keepalive: Option<Arc<MaterializedKeepalive>>,
}

impl<In> Iterator for InputKeepaliveStream<In> {
    type Item = StreamResult<In>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        self.inner.next()
    }
}

impl<In> Drop for InputKeepaliveStream<In> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.keepalive.release();
        if let Some(peer_keepalive) = &self.peer_keepalive {
            peer_keepalive.release();
        }
    }
}

struct CoupledStream<Out> {
    inner: BoxStream<Out>,
    source_keepalive: Arc<MaterializedKeepalive>,
    sink_keepalive: Option<Arc<MaterializedKeepalive>>,
    coupled: bool,
}

impl<Out> Iterator for CoupledStream<Out> {
    type Item = StreamResult<Out>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if self.coupled && self.source_keepalive.is_released() {
            return None;
        }
        let next = self.inner.next();
        if next.is_none() || next.as_ref().is_some_and(|item| item.is_err()) {
            self.source_keepalive.release();
            if self.coupled
                && let Some(sink_keepalive) = &self.sink_keepalive
            {
                sink_keepalive.release();
            }
        }
        next
    }
}

impl<Out> Drop for CoupledStream<Out> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.source_keepalive.release();
        if self.coupled
            && let Some(sink_keepalive) = &self.sink_keepalive
        {
            sink_keepalive.release();
        }
    }
}

impl<In: Send + 'static, Out: Send + 'static, Mat: Send + 'static> Flow<In, Out, Mat> {
    pub fn as_flow_with_context<U, CtxIn, CtxOut, Collapse, Extract>(
        self,
        collapse_context: Collapse,
        extract_context: Extract,
    ) -> FlowWithContext<U, CtxIn, Out, CtxOut, Mat>
    where
        U: Send + 'static,
        CtxIn: Send + 'static,
        CtxOut: Send + 'static,
        Collapse: Fn(U, CtxIn) -> In + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Extract: Fn(&Out) -> CtxOut + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        FlowWithContext::from_flow(
            Flow::identity()
                .map(move |(value, context)| collapse_context(value, context))
                .via_mat(self, |_, flow_mat| flow_mat)
                .map(move |value| {
                    let context = extract_context(&value);
                    (value, context)
                }),
        )
    }

    pub(crate) fn from_parts<F, M>(transform: F, materialize: M) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(BoxStream<In>) -> BoxStream<Out> + Send + Sync + 'static,
        M: Fn() -> StreamResult<Mat> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        Self::from_parts_with_hints(transform, materialize, FlowHints::default())
    }

    pub(crate) fn from_materialized_factory<F>(factory: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn() -> (PureTransform<In, Out>, Mat) + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        struct PendingSlot<In, Out, Mat> {
            transform: Option<PureTransform<In, Out>>,
            mat: Option<Mat>,
            transform_taken: bool,
            mat_taken: bool,
        }

        let pending = Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::<
            thread::ThreadId,
            Vec<PendingSlot<In, Out, Mat>>,
        >::new()));
        let factory = Arc::new(factory);

        let transform = {
            let pending = Arc::clone(&pending);
            let factory = Arc::clone(&factory);
            move |input| {
                let transform = {
                    let mut pending = pending.lock().expect("flow materialized factory poisoned");
                    let thread_id = thread::current().id();
                    let slots = pending.entry(thread_id).or_default();
                    let index = slots
                        .iter()
                        .position(|slot| !slot.transform_taken && slot.mat_taken)
                        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                            let (transform, mat) = factory();
                            slots.push(PendingSlot {
                                transform: Some(transform),
                                mat: Some(mat),
                                transform_taken: false,
                                mat_taken: false,
                            });
                            slots.len() - 1
                        });
                    let slot = slots
                        .get_mut(index)
                        .expect("pending flow materialization slot exists");
                    slot.transform_taken = true;
                    let transform = slot
                        .transform
                        .take()
                        .expect("pending flow transform present");
                    if slot.transform_taken && slot.mat_taken {
                        slots.remove(index);
                    }
                    if slots.is_empty() {
                        pending.remove(&thread_id);
                    }
                    transform
                };
                transform(input)
            }
        };

        let materialize = {
            let pending = Arc::clone(&pending);
            let factory = Arc::clone(&factory);
            move || {
                let mat = {
                    let mut pending = pending.lock().expect("flow materialized factory poisoned");
                    let thread_id = thread::current().id();
                    let slots = pending.entry(thread_id).or_default();
                    let index = slots
                        .iter()
                        .position(|slot| !slot.mat_taken && slot.transform_taken)
                        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
                            let (transform, mat) = factory();
                            slots.push(PendingSlot {
                                transform: Some(transform),
                                mat: Some(mat),
                                transform_taken: false,
                                mat_taken: false,
                            });
                            slots.len() - 1
                        });
                    let slot = slots
                        .get_mut(index)
                        .expect("pending flow materialization slot exists");
                    slot.mat_taken = true;
                    let mat = slot
                        .mat
                        .take()
                        .expect("pending flow materialized value present");
                    if slot.transform_taken && slot.mat_taken {
                        slots.remove(index);
                    }
                    if slots.is_empty() {
                        pending.remove(&thread_id);
                    }
                    mat
                };
                Ok(mat)
            }
        };

        Self::from_parts_with_hints(transform, materialize, FlowHints::default())
    }

    pub(crate) fn from_runtime_materialized_factory<F>(factory: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn() -> (RuntimeTransform<In, Out>, Mat) + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        struct PendingSlot<In, Out, Mat> {
            transform: Option<RuntimeTransform<In, Out>>,
            mat: Option<Mat>,
            transform_taken: bool,
            mat_taken: bool,
        }

        let pending = Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::<
            thread::ThreadId,
            Vec<PendingSlot<In, Out, Mat>>,
        >::new()));
        let factory = Arc::new(factory);

        let transform = {
            let pending = Arc::clone(&pending);
            let factory = Arc::clone(&factory);
            move |input, materializer: &Materializer| {
                let thread_id = thread::current().id();
                let transform = {
                    let mut pending = pending.lock().expect("flow materialized factory poisoned");
                    let slots = pending.entry(thread_id).or_default();
                    if let Some(index) = slots
                        .iter()
                        .position(|slot| !slot.transform_taken && slot.mat_taken)
                    {
                        let slot = slots
                            .get_mut(index)
                            .expect("pending flow materialization slot exists");
                        slot.transform_taken = true;
                        let transform = slot
                            .transform
                            .take()
                            .expect("pending flow transform present");
                        if slot.transform_taken && slot.mat_taken {
                            slots.remove(index);
                        }
                        if slots.is_empty() {
                            pending.remove(&thread_id);
                        }
                        Some(transform)
                    } else {
                        None
                    }
                };

                let transform = match transform {
                    Some(transform) => transform,
                    None => {
                        let (transform, mat) = factory();
                        let mut pending =
                            pending.lock().expect("flow materialized factory poisoned");
                        let slots = pending.entry(thread_id).or_default();
                        slots.push(PendingSlot {
                            transform: None,
                            mat: Some(mat),
                            transform_taken: true,
                            mat_taken: false,
                        });
                        transform
                    }
                };

                transform(input, materializer)
            }
        };

        let materialize = {
            let pending = Arc::clone(&pending);
            let factory = Arc::clone(&factory);
            move || {
                let thread_id = thread::current().id();
                let mat = {
                    let mut pending = pending.lock().expect("flow materialized factory poisoned");
                    let slots = pending.entry(thread_id).or_default();
                    if let Some(index) = slots
                        .iter()
                        .position(|slot| !slot.mat_taken && slot.transform_taken)
                    {
                        let slot = slots
                            .get_mut(index)
                            .expect("pending flow materialization slot exists");
                        slot.mat_taken = true;
                        let mat = slot
                            .mat
                            .take()
                            .expect("pending flow materialized value present");
                        if slot.transform_taken && slot.mat_taken {
                            slots.remove(index);
                        }
                        if slots.is_empty() {
                            pending.remove(&thread_id);
                        }
                        Some(mat)
                    } else {
                        None
                    }
                };

                match mat {
                    Some(mat) => Ok(mat),
                    None => {
                        let (transform, mat) = factory();
                        let mut pending =
                            pending.lock().expect("flow materialized factory poisoned");
                        let slots = pending.entry(thread_id).or_default();
                        slots.push(PendingSlot {
                            transform: Some(transform),
                            mat: None,
                            transform_taken: false,
                            mat_taken: true,
                        });
                        Ok(mat)
                    }
                }
            }
        };

        Flow {
            transform: FlowTransform::Runtime(Arc::new(transform)),
            materialize: Arc::new(materialize),
            hints: FlowHints::default(),
            attributes: Attributes::default(),
        }
    }

    fn from_parts_with_hints<F, M>(transform: F, materialize: M, hints: FlowHints) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn(BoxStream<In>) -> BoxStream<Out> + Send + Sync + 'static,
        M: Fn() -> StreamResult<Mat> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        Self {
            transform: FlowTransform::Pure(Arc::new(transform)),
            materialize: Arc::new(materialize),
            hints,
            attributes: Attributes::default(),
        }
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn attributes(&self) -> &Attributes {
        &self.attributes
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_attributes(mut self, attributes: Attributes) -> Self {
        self.attributes = attributes;
        self
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn add_attributes(mut self, attributes: Attributes) -> Self {
        self.attributes = self.attributes.and(attributes);
        self
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn named(self, name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.add_attributes(Attributes::named(name))
    }

    /// Insert an async boundary after this flow.
    ///
    /// The boundary uses the same [`crate::AsyncBoundaryExecutionConfig`] defaults
    /// as the GraphDSL `AsyncBoundary` runner and hands elements across a bounded
    /// Ractor-backed queue. `async_boundary` is the Rust-friendly primary name;
    /// `Flow::r#async` is provided as the Akka-mirroring alias.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn async_boundary(self) -> Self {
        self.async_boundary_with_config(crate::graph::AsyncBoundaryExecutionConfig::default())
    }

    /// Akka-mirroring alias for [`Flow::async_boundary`].
    #[must_use]
    pub fn r#async(self) -> Self {
        self.async_boundary()
    }

    /// Insert an async boundary with an explicit bounded handoff configuration.
    ///
    /// `config.buffer_size` controls the number of elements that may be queued
    /// between the upstream and downstream fused regions. A zero buffer is
    /// rejected when the stream is materialized.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn async_boundary_with_config(
        self,
        config: crate::graph::AsyncBoundaryExecutionConfig,
    ) -> Self {
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            super::async_boundary::linear_async_boundary_stream(input, materializer, config)
        }))
    }

    /// Insert an async boundary with a custom bounded handoff size.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn async_boundary_with_buffer(self, buffer_size: usize) -> Self {
        self.async_boundary_with_config(crate::graph::AsyncBoundaryExecutionConfig {
            buffer_size,
            ..crate::graph::AsyncBoundaryExecutionConfig::default()
        })
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn via<Next, NextMat>(self, next: Flow<Out, Next, NextMat>) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        NextMat: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.via_mat(next, Keep::left)
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn via_mat<Next, NextMat, Combined, F>(
        self,
        next: Flow<Out, Next, NextMat>,
        combine: F,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Combined>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        NextMat: Send + 'static,
        Combined: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Mat, NextMat) -> Combined + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let Flow {
            transform: first,
            materialize: materialize_first,
            hints: first_hints,
            attributes: first_attributes,
        } = self;
        let Flow {
            transform: second,
            materialize: materialize_second,
            hints: second_hints,
            attributes: second_attributes,
        } = next;
        let combine = Arc::new(combine);
        match (first, second) {
            (FlowTransform::Pure(first), FlowTransform::Pure(second)) => {
                let hints = first_hints.then(second_hints);
                Flow::from_parts_with_hints(
                    move |input| second(first(input)),
                    move || {
                        let left = materialize_first()?;
                        let right = materialize_second()?;
                        Ok(combine(left, right))
                    },
                    hints,
                )
                .with_attributes(first_attributes.and(second_attributes))
            }
            (first, second) => {
                let hints = first_hints.then(second_hints);
                Flow {
                    transform: FlowTransform::Runtime(Arc::new(move |input, materializer| {
                        let stream = match &first {
                            FlowTransform::Pure(first) => first(input),
                            FlowTransform::Runtime(first) => first(input, materializer)?,
                        };
                        match &second {
                            FlowTransform::Pure(second) => Ok(second(stream)),
                            FlowTransform::Runtime(second) => second(stream, materializer),
                        }
                    })),
                    materialize: Arc::new(move || {
                        let left = materialize_first()?;
                        let right = materialize_second()?;
                        Ok(combine(left, right))
                    }),
                    hints,
                    attributes: first_attributes.and(second_attributes),
                }
            }
        }
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn via_mat_with<Next, NextMat, Combined, F>(
        self,
        next: Flow<Out, Next, NextMat>,
        combine: F,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Combined>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        NextMat: Send + 'static,
        Combined: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Mat, NextMat) -> Combined + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.via_mat(next, combine)
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn map<Next, F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> Next + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        match &self.transform {
            FlowTransform::Pure(_) => {
                let Flow {
                    transform,
                    materialize,
                    hints,
                    attributes,
                } = self;
                let FlowTransform::Pure(transform) = transform else {
                    unreachable!("pure transform checked above");
                };
                Flow::from_parts_with_hints(
                    move |input| {
                        let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
                        Box::new(transform(input).map(move |item| item.map(|item| stage(item))))
                    },
                    move || materialize(),
                    hints,
                )
                .with_attributes(attributes)
            }
            FlowTransform::Runtime(_) => self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
                let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
                Box::new(input.map(move |item| item.map(|item| stage(item))))
            })),
        }
    }

    /// Fallible `map`. An error stops the stream, matching Datum's existing
    /// default supervision behavior.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn map_result<Next, F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> StreamResult<Next> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            Box::new(input.map(move |item| item.and_then(|item| stage(item))))
        }))
    }

    /// Fallible `map` with an Akka-style supervision decider.
    ///
    /// `Resume` drops the failing element. `Restart` is equivalent to `Resume`
    /// for stateless `map`.
    #[must_use]
    pub fn map_result_with_supervision<Next, F>(
        self,
        f: F,
        decider: SupervisionDecider,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> StreamResult<Next> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let decider = Arc::clone(&decider);
            Box::new(input.filter_map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(item) => match call_supervised("map_result callback", || stage(item)) {
                    Ok(next) => Some(Ok(next)),
                    Err(error) => match decide_supervision(&decider, &error) {
                        SupervisionDirective::Stop => Some(Err(error)),
                        SupervisionDirective::Resume | SupervisionDirective::Restart => None,
                    },
                },
                Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn filter<F>(self, predicate: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(&Out) -> bool + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let predicate = Arc::new(predicate);
        self.via(Flow::from_preserving_transform(move |input| {
            let predicate = Arc::clone(&predicate);
            Box::new(input.filter_map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(item) if predicate(&item) => Some(Ok(item)),
                Ok(_) => None,
                Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn filter_result<F>(self, predicate: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(&Out) -> StreamResult<bool> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let predicate = Arc::new(predicate);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let predicate = Arc::clone(&predicate);
            Box::new(input.filter_map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(item) => match predicate(&item) {
                    Ok(true) => Some(Ok(item)),
                    Ok(false) => None,
                    Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
                },
                Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn filter_result_with_supervision<F>(
        self,
        predicate: F,
        decider: SupervisionDecider,
    ) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(&Out) -> StreamResult<bool> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let predicate = Arc::new(predicate);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let predicate = Arc::clone(&predicate);
            let decider = Arc::clone(&decider);
            Box::new(input.filter_map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(item) => match call_supervised("filter_result callback", || predicate(&item)) {
                    Ok(true) => Some(Ok(item)),
                    Ok(false) => None,
                    Err(error) => match decide_supervision(&decider, &error) {
                        SupervisionDirective::Stop => Some(Err(error)),
                        SupervisionDirective::Resume | SupervisionDirective::Restart => None,
                    },
                },
                Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn filter_not<F>(self, predicate: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(&Out) -> bool + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let predicate = Arc::new(predicate);
        self.filter(move |item| !predicate(item))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn filter_map<Next, F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> Option<Next> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            Box::new(input.filter_map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(item) => stage(item).map(Ok),
                Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn filter_map_result<Next, F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> StreamResult<Option<Next>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            Box::new(input.filter_map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(item) => match stage(item) {
                    Ok(Some(next)) => Some(Ok(next)),
                    Ok(None) => None,
                    Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
                },
                Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn filter_map_result_with_supervision<Next, F>(
        self,
        f: F,
        decider: SupervisionDecider,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> StreamResult<Option<Next>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let decider = Arc::clone(&decider);
            Box::new(input.filter_map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(item) => match call_supervised("filter_map_result callback", || stage(item)) {
                    Ok(Some(next)) => Some(Ok(next)),
                    Ok(None) => None,
                    Err(error) => match decide_supervision(&decider, &error) {
                        SupervisionDirective::Stop => Some(Err(error)),
                        SupervisionDirective::Resume | SupervisionDirective::Restart => None,
                    },
                },
                Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn map_concat<Next, F, I>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> I + Send + Sync + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Next>,
        I::IntoIter: Send + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut current = None::<I::IntoIter>;
            let mut done = false;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                loop {
                    if let Some(iter) = &mut current {
                        if let Some(item) = iter.next() {
                            return Some(Ok(item));
                        }
                        current = None;
                    }

                    if done {
                        return None;
                    }

                    match input.next()? {
                        Ok(item) => current = Some(stage(item).into_iter()),
                        Err(error) => {
                            done = true;
                            return Some(Err(error));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn map_concat_result<Next, F, I>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> StreamResult<I> + Send + Sync + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Next>,
        I::IntoIter: Send + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut current = None::<I::IntoIter>;
            let mut done = false;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                loop {
                    if let Some(iter) = &mut current {
                        if let Some(item) = iter.next() {
                            return Some(Ok(item));
                        }
                        current = None;
                    }

                    if done {
                        return None;
                    }

                    match input.next()? {
                        Ok(item) => match stage(item) {
                            Ok(items) => current = Some(items.into_iter()),
                            Err(error) => {
                                done = true;
                                return Some(Err(error));
                            }
                        },
                        Err(error) => {
                            done = true;
                            return Some(Err(error));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn map_concat_result_with_supervision<Next, F, I>(
        self,
        f: F,
        decider: SupervisionDecider,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> StreamResult<I> + Send + Sync + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Next>,
        I::IntoIter: Send + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let decider = Arc::clone(&decider);
            let mut current = None::<I::IntoIter>;
            let mut done = false;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                loop {
                    if let Some(iter) = &mut current {
                        if let Some(item) = iter.next() {
                            return Some(Ok(item));
                        }
                        current = None;
                    }

                    if done {
                        return None;
                    }

                    match input.next()? {
                        Ok(item) => {
                            match call_supervised("map_concat_result callback", || stage(item)) {
                                Ok(items) => current = Some(items.into_iter()),
                                Err(error) => match decide_supervision(&decider, &error) {
                                    SupervisionDirective::Stop => {
                                        done = true;
                                        return Some(Err(error));
                                    }
                                    SupervisionDirective::Resume
                                    | SupervisionDirective::Restart => {}
                                },
                            }
                        }
                        Err(error) => {
                            done = true;
                            return Some(Err(error));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn stateful_map<State, Next, F>(self, seed: State, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        State: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(&mut State, Out) -> Next + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut state = seed.clone();
            Box::new(input.map(move |item| item.map(|item| stage(&mut state, item))))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn stateful_map_result<State, Next, F>(self, seed: State, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        State: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(&mut State, Out) -> StreamResult<Next> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut state = seed.clone();
            Box::new(input.map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(item) => stage(&mut state, item),
                Err(error) => Err(error),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn stateful_map_result_with_supervision<State, Next, F>(
        self,
        seed: State,
        f: F,
        decider: SupervisionDecider,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        State: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(&mut State, Out) -> StreamResult<Next> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let decider = Arc::clone(&decider);
            let seed = seed.clone();
            let mut state = seed.clone();
            Box::new(input.filter_map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(item) => match call_supervised("stateful_map_result callback", || {
                    stage(&mut state, item)
                }) {
                    Ok(next) => Some(Ok(next)),
                    Err(error) => match decide_supervision(&decider, &error) {
                        SupervisionDirective::Stop => Some(Err(error)),
                        SupervisionDirective::Resume => None,
                        SupervisionDirective::Restart => {
                            state = seed.clone();
                            None
                        }
                    },
                },
                Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn stateful_map_concat<State, Next, F, I>(self, seed: State, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        State: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(&mut State, Out) -> I + Send + Sync + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Next>,
        I::IntoIter: Send + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut state = seed.clone();
            let mut current = None::<I::IntoIter>;
            let mut done = false;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                loop {
                    if let Some(iter) = &mut current {
                        if let Some(item) = iter.next() {
                            return Some(Ok(item));
                        }
                        current = None;
                    }

                    if done {
                        return None;
                    }

                    match input.next()? {
                        Ok(item) => current = Some(stage(&mut state, item).into_iter()),
                        Err(error) => {
                            done = true;
                            return Some(Err(error));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn stateful_map_concat_result<State, Next, F, I>(
        self,
        seed: State,
        f: F,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        State: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(&mut State, Out) -> StreamResult<I> + Send + Sync + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Next>,
        I::IntoIter: Send + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut state = seed.clone();
            let mut current = None::<I::IntoIter>;
            let mut done = false;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                loop {
                    if let Some(iter) = &mut current {
                        if let Some(item) = iter.next() {
                            return Some(Ok(item));
                        }
                        current = None;
                    }

                    if done {
                        return None;
                    }

                    match input.next()? {
                        Ok(item) => match stage(&mut state, item) {
                            Ok(items) => current = Some(items.into_iter()),
                            Err(error) => {
                                done = true;
                                return Some(Err(error));
                            }
                        },
                        Err(error) => {
                            done = true;
                            return Some(Err(error));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn stateful_map_concat_result_with_supervision<State, Next, F, I>(
        self,
        seed: State,
        f: F,
        decider: SupervisionDecider,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        State: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(&mut State, Out) -> StreamResult<I> + Send + Sync + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Next>,
        I::IntoIter: Send + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let decider = Arc::clone(&decider);
            let seed = seed.clone();
            let mut state = seed.clone();
            let mut current = None::<I::IntoIter>;
            let mut done = false;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                loop {
                    if let Some(iter) = &mut current {
                        if let Some(item) = iter.next() {
                            return Some(Ok(item));
                        }
                        current = None;
                    }

                    if done {
                        return None;
                    }

                    match input.next()? {
                        Ok(item) => {
                            match call_supervised("stateful_map_concat_result callback", || {
                                stage(&mut state, item)
                            }) {
                                Ok(items) => current = Some(items.into_iter()),
                                Err(error) => match decide_supervision(&decider, &error) {
                                    SupervisionDirective::Stop => {
                                        done = true;
                                        return Some(Err(error));
                                    }
                                    SupervisionDirective::Resume => {}
                                    SupervisionDirective::Restart => state = seed.clone(),
                                },
                            }
                        }
                        Err(error) => {
                            done = true;
                            return Some(Err(error));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    /// Polls each future once on the drain thread and moves only pending
    /// futures onto the Tokio runtime. Contract-conforming futures behave
    /// identically across that handoff; futures must not block inside `poll`.
    pub fn map_async<Next, F, Fut>(self, parallelism: usize, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        assert!(
            parallelism > 0,
            "map_async parallelism must be greater than zero"
        );
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform_with_hints(
            move |input, _materializer| {
                let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
                Ok(map_async_ordered(input, parallelism, stage))
            },
            FlowHints::PRESERVES_TERMINAL_CONSUMER_BATCH,
        ))
    }

    #[must_use]
    /// Fallible `map_async` with an Akka-style supervision decider.
    ///
    /// `Resume` and `Restart` drop the failed future result and keep the
    /// ordered output sequence moving. Upstream errors are not supervised.
    pub fn map_async_with_supervision<Next, F, Fut>(
        self,
        parallelism: usize,
        f: F,
        decider: SupervisionDecider,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        assert!(
            parallelism > 0,
            "map_async parallelism must be greater than zero"
        );
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, _materializer| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let decider = Arc::clone(&decider);
            Ok(map_async_ordered_supervised(
                input,
                parallelism,
                stage,
                decider,
            ))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    /// Polls each future once on the drain thread and moves only pending
    /// futures onto the Tokio runtime. Contract-conforming futures behave
    /// identically across that handoff; futures must not block inside `poll`.
    pub fn map_async_unordered<Next, F, Fut>(self, parallelism: usize, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        assert!(
            parallelism > 0,
            "map_async_unordered parallelism must be greater than zero"
        );
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform_with_hints(
            move |input, _materializer| {
                let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
                Ok(map_async_unordered(input, parallelism, stage))
            },
            FlowHints::PRESERVES_TERMINAL_CONSUMER_BATCH,
        ))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn map_async_unordered_with_supervision<Next, F, Fut>(
        self,
        parallelism: usize,
        f: F,
        decider: SupervisionDecider,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        assert!(
            parallelism > 0,
            "map_async_unordered parallelism must be greater than zero"
        );
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, _materializer| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let decider = Arc::clone(&decider);
            Ok(map_async_unordered_supervised(
                input,
                parallelism,
                stage,
                decider,
            ))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    /// Polls each future once on the drain thread and moves only pending
    /// futures onto the Tokio runtime. Contract-conforming futures behave
    /// identically across that handoff; futures must not block inside `poll`.
    pub fn map_async_partitioned<Key, Next, Partition, F, Fut>(
        self,
        parallelism: usize,
        per_partition: usize,
        partition: Partition,
        f: F,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Key: Clone + Eq + Hash + Send + 'static,
        Next: Send + 'static,
        Partition: Fn(&Out) -> Key + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        assert!(
            parallelism > 0,
            "map_async_partitioned parallelism must be greater than zero"
        );
        assert!(
            per_partition > 0,
            "map_async_partitioned per_partition must be greater than zero"
        );
        let partition = Arc::new(partition);
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform_with_hints(
            move |input, _materializer| {
                let partition = Arc::clone(&partition);
                let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
                Ok(map_async_partitioned(
                    input,
                    parallelism,
                    per_partition,
                    partition,
                    stage,
                ))
            },
            FlowHints::PRESERVES_TERMINAL_CONSUMER_BATCH,
        ))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn take(self, n: usize) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat> {
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| Box::new(input.take(n))))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn drop(self, n: usize) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat> {
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let mut remaining = n;
            Box::new(input.filter_map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(_) if remaining > 0 => {
                    remaining -= 1;
                    None
                }
                other => Some(other),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn take_while<F>(self, predicate: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(&Out) -> bool + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let predicate = Arc::new(predicate);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let predicate = Arc::clone(&predicate);
            let mut open = true;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                if !open {
                    return None;
                }

                match input.next() {
                    Some(Ok(item)) if predicate(&item) => Some(Ok(item)),
                    Some(Ok(_)) | None => {
                        open = false;
                        None
                    }
                    Some(Err(error)) => Some(Err(error)),
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn drop_while<F>(self, predicate: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(&Out) -> bool + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let predicate = Arc::new(predicate);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let predicate = Arc::clone(&predicate);
            let mut dropping = true;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                loop {
                    let next = input.next()?;
                    match next {
                        Ok(item) if dropping && predicate(&item) => continue,
                        Ok(item) => {
                            dropping = false;
                            return Some(Ok(item));
                        }
                        Err(error) => return Some(Err(error)),
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn limit(self, max: u64) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat> {
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let mut seen = 0_u64;
            Box::new(input.map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(item) if seen < max => {
                    seen += 1;
                    Ok(item)
                }
                Ok(_) => Err(StreamError::LimitExceeded { max }),
                Err(error) => Err(error),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn grouped(self, size: usize) -> Flow<In, Vec<Out>, Mat> {
        assert!(size > 0, "grouped size must be greater than zero");
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                let mut group = Vec::with_capacity(size);
                while group.len() < size {
                    match input.next() {
                        Some(Ok(item)) => group.push(item),
                        Some(Err(error)) => return Some(Err(error)),
                        None => break,
                    }
                }

                if group.is_empty() {
                    None
                } else {
                    Some(Ok(group))
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn scan<State, F>(self, seed: State, f: F) -> Flow<In, State, Mat>
    where
        State: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: Fn(State, Out) -> State + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut state = Some(seed.clone());
            let mut emit_seed = true;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                if emit_seed {
                    emit_seed = false;
                    return Some(Ok(state.as_ref().expect("scan state present").clone()));
                }

                match input.next()? {
                    Ok(item) => {
                        // Move the previous state into the stage (one clone for
                        // the emitted value) instead of cloning it twice.
                        let prev = state.take().expect("scan state present");
                        let next = stage(prev, item);
                        state = Some(next.clone());
                        Some(Ok(next))
                    }
                    Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn scan_async<State, F, Fut>(self, seed: State, f: F) -> Flow<In, State, Mat>
    where
        State: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: Fn(State, Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<State>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut state = Some(seed.clone());
            let mut emit_seed = true;
            let mut terminated = false;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                if terminated {
                    return None;
                }
                if emit_seed {
                    emit_seed = false;
                    return Some(Ok(state
                        .as_ref()
                        .expect("scan_async state present")
                        .clone()));
                }

                match input.next()? {
                    Ok(item) => {
                        let prev = state.take().expect("scan_async state present");
                        match catch_unwind_failed("scan_async factory", || stage(prev, item))
                            .and_then(run_future_inline_or_spawn)
                        {
                            Ok(next) => {
                                state = Some(next.clone());
                                Some(Ok(next))
                            }
                            Err(error) => {
                                terminated = true;
                                Some(Err(error))
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    Err(error) => {
                        terminated = true;
                        Some(Err(error))
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn scan_result<State, F>(self, seed: State, f: F) -> Flow<In, State, Mat>
    where
        State: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: Fn(State, Out) -> StreamResult<State> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut state = Some(seed.clone());
            let mut emit_seed = true;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                if emit_seed {
                    emit_seed = false;
                    return Some(Ok(state.as_ref().expect("scan state present").clone()));
                }

                match input.next()? {
                    Ok(item) => {
                        let prev = state.take().expect("scan state present");
                        match stage(prev, item) {
                            Ok(next) => {
                                state = Some(next.clone());
                                Some(Ok(next))
                            }
                            Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
                        }
                    }
                    Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn scan_result_with_supervision<State, F>(
        self,
        seed: State,
        f: F,
        decider: SupervisionDecider,
    ) -> Flow<In, State, Mat>
    where
        State: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: Fn(State, Out) -> StreamResult<State> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let decider = Arc::clone(&decider);
            let seed = seed.clone();
            let mut state = Some(seed.clone());
            let mut emit_seed = true;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                loop {
                    if emit_seed {
                        emit_seed = false;
                        return Some(Ok(state.as_ref().expect("scan state present").clone()));
                    }

                    match input.next()? {
                        Ok(item) => {
                            let prev = state.take().expect("scan state present");
                            match call_supervised("scan_result callback", || {
                                stage(prev.clone(), item)
                            }) {
                                Ok(next) => {
                                    state = Some(next.clone());
                                    return Some(Ok(next));
                                }
                                Err(error) => match decide_supervision(&decider, &error) {
                                    SupervisionDirective::Stop => return Some(Err(error)),
                                    SupervisionDirective::Resume => {
                                        state = Some(prev);
                                    }
                                    SupervisionDirective::Restart => {
                                        state = Some(seed.clone());
                                        emit_seed = true;
                                    }
                                },
                            }
                        }
                        Err(error) => return Some(Err(error)),
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn sliding(self, size: usize, step: usize) -> Flow<In, Vec<Out>, Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone,
    {
        assert!(size > 0, "sliding size must be greater than zero");
        assert!(step > 0, "sliding step must be greater than zero");
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            // Mirrors Akka's `Sliding` stage (akka-stream Ops.scala): a full
            // window is emitted once the buffer reaches `size`, the emitted
            // window is retained and `step` elements are dropped lazily on the
            // following pull, and a trailing partial window is emitted at
            // upstream finish only when `0 < len < size`.
            let mut buffer = VecDeque::with_capacity(size.max(step));
            let mut terminated = false;

            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                if terminated {
                    return None;
                }

                loop {
                    match input.next() {
                        Some(Ok(item)) => {
                            buffer.push_back(item);
                            if buffer.len() < size {
                                continue;
                            } else if buffer.len() == size {
                                return Some(Ok(buffer.iter().cloned().collect()));
                            } else if step <= size {
                                for _ in 0..step {
                                    buffer.pop_front();
                                }
                                if buffer.len() == size {
                                    return Some(Ok(buffer.iter().cloned().collect()));
                                }
                            } else if buffer.len() == step {
                                // step > size: discard the gap between windows.
                                buffer.clear();
                            }
                        }
                        Some(Err(error)) => {
                            terminated = true;
                            return Some(Err(error));
                        }
                        None => {
                            terminated = true;
                            if !buffer.is_empty() && buffer.len() < size {
                                return Some(Ok(buffer.iter().cloned().collect()));
                            }
                            return None;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn fold<Acc, F>(self, zero: Acc, f: F) -> Flow<In, Acc, Mat>
    where
        Acc: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: Fn(Acc, Out) -> Acc + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut acc = zero.clone();
            for item in input {
                match item {
                    Ok(item) => acc = stage(acc, item),
                    Err(error) => return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))),
                }
            }
            Box::new(std::iter::once(Ok(acc)))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn fold_async<Acc, F, Fut>(self, zero: Acc, f: F) -> Flow<In, Acc, Mat>
    where
        Acc: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: Fn(Acc, Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Acc>> + Send + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut acc = Some(zero.clone());
            let mut done = false;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                if done {
                    return None;
                }
                done = true;

                for item in input.by_ref() {
                    let item = match item {
                        Ok(item) => item,
                        Err(error) => return Some(Err(error)),
                    };
                    let current = acc.take().expect("fold_async accumulator present");
                    match catch_unwind_failed("fold_async factory", || stage(current, item))
                        .and_then(run_future_inline_or_spawn)
                    {
                        Ok(next) => acc = Some(next),
                        Err(error) => return Some(Err(error)),
                    }
                }

                Some(Ok(acc.take().expect("fold_async accumulator present")))
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn map_with_resource<Resource, Next, Create, F, Close>(
        self,
        create: Create,
        f: F,
        close: Close,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Resource: Send + 'static,
        Next: Send + 'static,
        Create: Fn() -> StreamResult<Resource> + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: Fn(&mut Resource, Out) -> StreamResult<Next> + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Close: Fn(Resource) -> StreamResult<Option<Next>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let create = Arc::new(create);
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        let close = Arc::new(close);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            Box::new(MapWithResourceStream {
                input,
                create: Arc::clone(&create),
                stage: Arc::clone(&stage),
                close: Arc::clone(&close),
                resource: None,
                created: false,
                pending_terminal: None,
                terminated: false,
                _marker: PhantomData,
            }) as BoxStream<Next>
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn fold_result<Acc, F>(self, zero: Acc, f: F) -> Flow<In, Acc, Mat>
    where
        Acc: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: Fn(Acc, Out) -> StreamResult<Acc> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut acc = zero.clone();
            for item in input {
                match item {
                    Ok(item) => match stage(acc, item) {
                        Ok(next) => acc = next,
                        Err(error) => return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))),
                    },
                    Err(error) => return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))),
                }
            }
            Box::new(std::iter::once(Ok(acc)))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn fold_result_with_supervision<Acc, F>(
        self,
        zero: Acc,
        f: F,
        decider: SupervisionDecider,
    ) -> Flow<In, Acc, Mat>
    where
        Acc: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        F: Fn(Acc, Out) -> StreamResult<Acc> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let decider = Arc::clone(&decider);
            let mut acc = zero.clone();
            for item in input {
                match item {
                    Ok(item) => {
                        let previous = acc;
                        match call_supervised("fold_result callback", || {
                            stage(previous.clone(), item)
                        }) {
                            Ok(next) => acc = next,
                            Err(error) => match decide_supervision(&decider, &error) {
                                SupervisionDirective::Stop => {
                                    return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error)));
                                }
                                SupervisionDirective::Resume => acc = previous,
                                SupervisionDirective::Restart => acc = zero.clone(),
                            },
                        }
                    }
                    Err(error) => return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))),
                }
            }
            Box::new(std::iter::once(Ok(acc)))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn reduce<F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(Out, Out) -> Out + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let Some(first) = input.next() else {
                return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(StreamError::EmptyStream)));
            };
            let mut acc = match first {
                Ok(item) => item,
                Err(error) => return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))),
            };
            for item in input {
                match item {
                    Ok(item) => acc = stage(acc, item),
                    Err(error) => return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))),
                }
            }
            Box::new(std::iter::once(Ok(acc)))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn reduce_result<F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone,
        F: Fn(Out, Out) -> StreamResult<Out> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let Some(first) = input.next() else {
                return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(StreamError::EmptyStream)));
            };
            let mut acc = match first {
                Ok(item) => item,
                Err(error) => return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))),
            };
            for item in input {
                match item {
                    Ok(item) => match stage(acc, item) {
                        Ok(next) => acc = next,
                        Err(error) => return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))),
                    },
                    Err(error) => return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))),
                }
            }
            Box::new(std::iter::once(Ok(acc)))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn reduce_result_with_supervision<F>(
        self,
        f: F,
        decider: SupervisionDecider,
    ) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone,
        F: Fn(Out, Out) -> StreamResult<Out> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let decider = Arc::clone(&decider);
            let mut acc = None::<Out>;
            for item in input {
                match item {
                    Ok(item) => {
                        let Some(previous) = acc.take() else {
                            acc = Some(item);
                            continue;
                        };
                        match call_supervised("reduce_result callback", || {
                            stage(previous.clone(), item)
                        }) {
                            Ok(next) => acc = Some(next),
                            Err(error) => match decide_supervision(&decider, &error) {
                                SupervisionDirective::Stop => {
                                    return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error)));
                                }
                                SupervisionDirective::Resume => acc = Some(previous),
                                SupervisionDirective::Restart => acc = None,
                            },
                        }
                    }
                    Err(error) => return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))),
                }
            }
            match acc {
                Some(acc) => Box::new(std::iter::once(Ok(acc))),
                None => Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(StreamError::EmptyStream))),
            }
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn map_error<F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(StreamError) -> StreamError + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            Box::new(input.map(move |item| item.map_err(|error| stage(error))))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn recover<F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(StreamError) -> Option<Out> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            let mut done = false;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                if done {
                    return None;
                }
                match input.next()? {
                    Ok(item) => Some(Ok(item)),
                    Err(error) => {
                        done = true;
                        match stage(error.clone()) {
                            Some(item) => Some(Ok(item)),
                            None => Some(Err(error)),
                        }
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn recover_with<F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(StreamError) -> Option<Source<Out>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        // Akka's `recoverWith` retries indefinitely (it is `recoverWithRetries(-1, _)`).
        self.recover_with_attempts(None, f)
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn recover_with_retries<F>(self, retries: usize, f: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(StreamError) -> Option<Source<Out>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        self.recover_with_attempts(Some(retries), f)
    }

    fn recover_with_attempts<F>(self, attempts: Option<usize>, f: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(StreamError) -> Option<Source<Out>> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let replacement_materializer =
                materializer.with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned());
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            // `None` means unbounded retries (Akka's `recoverWith`).
            let mut remaining_retries = attempts;
            let mut current = input;
            let mut terminated = false;

            Ok(Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                if terminated {
                    return None;
                }

                loop {
                    match current.next() {
                        Some(Ok(item)) => return Some(Ok(item)),
                        Some(Err(error)) if remaining_retries != Some(0) => {
                            if let Some(remaining) = remaining_retries.as_mut() {
                                *remaining -= 1;
                            }
                            match stage(error.clone()) {
                                Some(source) => match Arc::clone(&source.factory)
                                    .create(&replacement_materializer)
                                {
                                    Ok((stream, _)) => current = stream,
                                    Err(error) => {
                                        terminated = true;
                                        return Some(Err(error));
                                    }
                                },
                                None => {
                                    terminated = true;
                                    return Some(Err(error));
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        Some(Err(error)) => {
                            terminated = true;
                            return Some(Err(error));
                        }
                        None => {
                            terminated = true;
                            return None;
                        }
                    }
                }
            })) as BoxStream<Out>)
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn on_error_complete(self) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat> {
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let mut done = false;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                if done {
                    return None;
                }
                match input.next()? {
                    Ok(item) => Some(Ok(item)),
                    Err(_) => {
                        done = true;
                        None
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn prefix_and_tail(self, n: usize) -> Flow<In, (Vec<Out>, Source<Out>), Mat> {
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, _materializer| {
            Ok(prefix_and_tail_stream(input, n))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn flat_map_prefix<Next, NextMat, F>(self, n: usize, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        NextMat: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Vec<Out>) -> Flow<Out, Next, NextMat> + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Out: Clone,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(
            move |mut input, materializer| {
                let mut prefix = Vec::with_capacity(n);
                while prefix.len() < n {
                    match input.next() {
                        Some(Ok(item)) => prefix.push(item),
                        Some(Err(error)) => {
                            return Ok(Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Next>);
                        }
                        None => break,
                    }
                }

                let flow = stage(prefix);
                let transform = flow.transform;
                let _ = (flow.materialize)()?;
                match transform {
                    FlowTransform::Pure(transform) => Ok(transform(input)),
                    FlowTransform::Runtime(transform) => transform(input, materializer),
                }
            },
        ))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn group_by<Key, F>(
        self,
        max_substreams: usize,
        f: F,
        allow_closed_substream_recreation: bool,
    ) -> Flow<In, Source<Out>, Mat>
    where
        Key: Clone + Eq + Hash + Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(&Out) -> Key + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Out: Clone,
    {
        self.group_by_with_batching(
            max_substreams,
            f,
            allow_closed_substream_recreation,
            GroupByBatchMode::Immediate,
        )
    }

    pub(super) fn group_by_with_batching<Key, F>(
        self,
        max_substreams: usize,
        f: F,
        allow_closed_substream_recreation: bool,
        batch_mode: GroupByBatchMode,
    ) -> Flow<In, Source<Out>, Mat>
    where
        Key: Clone + Eq + Hash + Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(&Out) -> Key + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Out: Clone,
    {
        assert!(
            max_substreams > 0,
            "group_by max_substreams must be greater than zero"
        );
        let key_fn = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            Ok(group_by_stream(
                input,
                max_substreams,
                allow_closed_substream_recreation,
                Arc::clone(&key_fn),
                batch_mode,
                materializer,
            ))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn split_when<F>(self, predicate: F) -> Flow<In, Source<Out>, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(&Out) -> bool + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Out: Clone,
    {
        let predicate = Arc::new(predicate);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            Ok(split_streams(
                input,
                SplitMode::When,
                Arc::clone(&predicate),
                materializer,
            ))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn split_after<F>(self, predicate: F) -> Flow<In, Source<Out>, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(&Out) -> bool + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Out: Clone,
    {
        let predicate = Arc::new(predicate);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            Ok(split_streams(
                input,
                SplitMode::After,
                Arc::clone(&predicate),
                materializer,
            ))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn flat_map_concat<Next, NextMat, F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        NextMat: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> Source<Next, NextMat> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            Ok(flat_map_concat_stream(
                input,
                Arc::clone(&stage),
                materializer,
            ))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn flat_map_merge<Next, NextMat, F>(self, breadth: usize, f: F) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Next: Send + 'static,
        NextMat: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out) -> Source<Next, NextMat> + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        assert!(
            breadth > 0,
            "flat_map_merge breadth must be greater than zero"
        );
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform_with_hints(
            move |input, materializer| {
                Ok(flat_map_merge_stream(
                    input,
                    breadth,
                    Arc::clone(&stage),
                    materializer,
                ))
            },
            FlowHints::PRESERVES_TERMINAL_CONSUMER_BATCH,
        ))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn concat<Mat2>(self, that: Source<Out, Mat2>) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.concat_sources([that])
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn concat_lazy<Mat2>(self, that: Source<Out, Mat2>) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        let that_factory = that.factory;
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let primary = input;
            Ok(concat_streams_lazy(
                primary,
                vec![Arc::clone(&that_factory)],
                materializer,
            ))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn concat_all_lazy<Mat2, I>(self, those: I) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Source<Out, Mat2>>,
    {
        let source_factories: Vec<_> = those.into_iter().map(|source| source.factory).collect();
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            Ok(concat_streams_lazy(
                input,
                source_factories.clone(),
                materializer,
            ))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn prepend<Mat2>(self, that: Source<Out, Mat2>) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.prepend_sources([that])
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn prepend_lazy<Mat2>(self, that: Source<Out, Mat2>) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.prepend(that)
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn or_else<Mat2>(self, secondary: Source<Out, Mat2>) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        let secondary_factory = secondary.factory;
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let secondary = match Arc::clone(&secondary_factory).create(materializer) {
                Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                Err(error) => Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Out>,
            };
            Ok(or_else_stream(input, secondary))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn interleave<Mat2>(
        self,
        that: Source<Out, Mat2>,
        segment_size: usize,
    ) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.interleave_all([that], segment_size, false)
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn interleave_all<Mat2, I>(
        self,
        those: I,
        segment_size: usize,
        eager_close: bool,
    ) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Source<Out, Mat2>>,
    {
        let source_factories: Vec<_> = those.into_iter().map(|source| source.factory).collect();
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let mut streams = Vec::with_capacity(source_factories.len() + 1);
            streams.push(input);
            for factory in &source_factories {
                let stream = match Arc::clone(factory).create(materializer) {
                    Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                    Err(error) => {
                        return Ok(Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Out>);
                    }
                };
                streams.push(stream);
            }
            Ok(interleave_streams(streams, segment_size, eager_close))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn merge_sorted<Mat2>(self, that: Source<Out, Mat2>) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Out: Ord,
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        let source_factory = that.factory;
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let other = match Arc::clone(&source_factory).create(materializer) {
                Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                Err(error) => return Ok(Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Out>),
            };
            Ok(merge_sorted_stream(input, other))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn merge_latest<Mat2>(
        self,
        that: Source<Out, Mat2>,
        eager_complete: bool,
    ) -> Flow<In, Vec<Out>, Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone,
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        let source_factory = that.factory;
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let other = match Arc::clone(&source_factory).create(materializer) {
                Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                Err(error) => {
                    return Ok(Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Vec<Out>>);
                }
            };
            Ok(merge_latest_streams(vec![input, other], eager_complete))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn merge_all<Mat2, I>(self, those: I, eager_complete: bool) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Source<Out, Mat2>>,
    {
        let source_factories: Vec<_> = those.into_iter().map(|source| source.factory).collect();
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let mut streams = Vec::with_capacity(source_factories.len() + 1);
            streams.push(input);
            for factory in &source_factories {
                let stream = match Arc::clone(factory).create(materializer) {
                    Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                    Err(error) => {
                        return Ok(Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Out>);
                    }
                };
                streams.push(stream);
            }
            Ok(merge_streams(streams, eager_complete))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn zip_with<Mat2, Out2, Next, F>(
        self,
        that: Source<Out2, Mat2>,
        combine: F,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Out2: Send + 'static,
        Next: Send + 'static,
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out, Out2) -> Next + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let source_factory = that.factory;
        let combine = Arc::new(combine);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let other = match Arc::clone(&source_factory).create(materializer) {
                Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                Err(error) => return Ok(Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Next>),
            };
            let combine = Arc::clone(&combine);
            Ok(Box::new(
                zip_streams(input, other)
                    .map(move |item| item.map(|(left, right)| combine(left, right))),
            ) as BoxStream<Next>)
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn zip_latest<Mat2, Out2>(self, that: Source<Out2, Mat2>) -> Flow<In, (Out, Out2), Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone,
        Out2: Clone + Send + 'static,
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.zip_latest_with(that, true, |left, right| (left, right))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn zip_latest_with<Mat2, Out2, Next, F>(
        self,
        that: Source<Out2, Mat2>,
        eager_complete: bool,
        combine: F,
    ) -> Flow<In, Next, Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone,
        Out2: Clone + Send + 'static,
        Next: Send + 'static,
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Out, Out2) -> Next + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let source_factory = that.factory;
        let combine = Arc::new(combine);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let other = match Arc::clone(&source_factory).create(materializer) {
                Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                Err(error) => return Ok(Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Next>),
            };
            Ok(zip_latest_with_stream(
                input,
                other,
                eager_complete,
                Arc::clone(&combine),
            ))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn zip_with_index(self) -> Flow<In, (Out, u64), Mat> {
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(
            move |mut input, _materializer| {
                let mut index = 0_u64;
                Ok(Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                    input.next().map(|item| {
                        item.map(|value| {
                            let pair = (value, index);
                            index = index.wrapping_add(1);
                            pair
                        })
                    })
                })) as BoxStream<(Out, u64)>)
            },
        ))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn zip_all<Mat2, Out2>(
        self,
        that: Source<Out2, Mat2>,
        this_elem: Out,
        that_elem: Out2,
    ) -> Flow<In, (Out, Out2), Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone + Sync,
        Out2: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        let source_factory = that.factory;
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let other = match Arc::clone(&source_factory).create(materializer) {
                Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                Err(error) => {
                    return Ok(Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<(Out, Out2)>);
                }
            };
            Ok(zip_all_stream(
                input,
                other,
                this_elem.clone(),
                that_elem.clone(),
            ))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn also_to<SideMat>(self, sink: Sink<Out, SideMat>) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone,
        SideMat: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(
            move |mut input: BoxStream<Out>, materializer| {
                let (side_sender, side_mat) = materialize_side_sink(&sink, materializer, 0)?;
                let mut sender = Some(side_sender);
                let side_mat = side_mat;
                Ok(Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || match input.next() {
                    Some(Ok(item)) => {
                        let _ = &side_mat;
                        if sender
                            .as_ref()
                            .is_some_and(|sender| sender.send(Ok(item.clone())).is_err())
                        {
                            sender = None;
                            return None;
                        }
                        Some(Ok(item))
                    }
                    Some(Err(error)) => {
                        let _ = &side_mat;
                        let _ = sender
                            .as_ref()
                            .and_then(|sender| sender.send(Err(error.clone())).ok());
                        sender = None;
                        Some(Err(error))
                    }
                    None => {
                        let _ = &side_mat;
                        sender = None;
                        None
                    }
                })) as BoxStream<Out>)
            },
        ))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn also_to_all<SideMat, I>(self, sinks: I) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone,
        SideMat: Send + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Sink<Out, SideMat>>,
    {
        let sinks: Vec<_> = sinks.into_iter().collect();
        if sinks.is_empty() {
            return self;
        }

        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(
            move |mut input: BoxStream<Out>, materializer| {
                let mut sides = sinks
                    .iter()
                    .map(|sink| materialize_side_sink(sink, materializer, 0))
                    .collect::<StreamResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
                Ok(Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || match input.next() {
                    Some(Ok(item)) => {
                        for (sender, _) in &sides {
                            if sender.send(Ok(item.clone())).is_err() {
                                sides.clear();
                                return None;
                            }
                        }
                        Some(Ok(item))
                    }
                    Some(Err(error)) => {
                        for (sender, _) in &sides {
                            let _ = sender.send(Err(error.clone())).ok();
                        }
                        sides.clear();
                        Some(Err(error))
                    }
                    None => {
                        sides.clear();
                        None
                    }
                })) as BoxStream<Out>)
            },
        ))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn divert_to<SideMat, F>(self, sink: Sink<Out, SideMat>, predicate: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        SideMat: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(&Out) -> bool + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let predicate = Arc::new(predicate);
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(
            move |mut input: BoxStream<Out>, materializer| {
                let predicate = Arc::clone(&predicate);
                let (side_sender, side_mat) = materialize_side_sink(&sink, materializer, 0)?;
                let mut sender = Some(side_sender);
                let side_mat = side_mat;
                Ok(Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                    loop {
                        let _ = &side_mat;
                        match input.next() {
                            Some(Ok(item)) if predicate(&item) => {
                                if sender
                                    .as_ref()
                                    .is_some_and(|sender| sender.send(Ok(item)).is_err())
                                {
                                    sender = None;
                                    return None;
                                }
                            }
                            Some(Ok(item)) => return Some(Ok(item)),
                            Some(Err(error)) => {
                                let _ = sender
                                    .as_ref()
                                    .and_then(|sender| sender.send(Err(error.clone())).ok());
                                sender = None;
                                return Some(Err(error));
                            }
                            None => {
                                sender = None;
                                return None;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                })) as BoxStream<Out>)
            },
        ))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn wire_tap<SideMat>(self, sink: Sink<Out, SideMat>) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone,
        SideMat: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(
            move |mut input: BoxStream<Out>, materializer| {
                let (side_sender, side_mat) = materialize_side_sink(&sink, materializer, 1)?;
                let mut sender = Some(side_sender);
                let side_mat = side_mat;
                Ok(Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || match input.next() {
                    Some(Ok(item)) => {
                        let _ = &side_mat;
                        if let Some(side) = sender.as_ref() {
                            match side.try_send(Ok(item.clone())) {
                                Ok(()) | Err(std::sync::mpsc::TrySendError::Full(_)) => {}
                                Err(std::sync::mpsc::TrySendError::Disconnected(_)) => {
                                    sender = None
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        Some(Ok(item))
                    }
                    Some(Err(error)) => {
                        let _ = &side_mat;
                        if let Some(side) = sender.as_ref() {
                            match side.try_send(Err(error.clone())) {
                                Ok(())
                                | Err(std::sync::mpsc::TrySendError::Full(_))
                                | Err(std::sync::mpsc::TrySendError::Disconnected(_)) => {}
                            }
                        }
                        sender = None;
                        Some(Err(error))
                    }
                    None => {
                        let _ = &side_mat;
                        sender = None;
                        None
                    }
                })) as BoxStream<Out>)
            },
        ))
    }

    fn concat_sources<Mat2, I>(self, those: I) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Source<Out, Mat2>>,
    {
        let source_factories: Vec<_> = those.into_iter().map(|source| source.factory).collect();
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let mut streams = Vec::with_capacity(source_factories.len() + 1);
            streams.push(input);
            for factory in &source_factories {
                let stream = match Arc::clone(factory).create(materializer) {
                    Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                    Err(error) => {
                        return Ok(Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Out>);
                    }
                };
                streams.push(stream);
            }
            Ok(concat_streams(streams))
        }))
    }

    fn prepend_sources<Mat2, I>(self, those: I) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
        I: IntoIterator<Item = Source<Out, Mat2>>,
    {
        let source_factories: Vec<_> = those.into_iter().map(|source| source.factory).collect();
        self.via(Flow::from_runtime_transform(move |input, materializer| {
            let mut streams = Vec::with_capacity(source_factories.len() + 1);
            for factory in &source_factories {
                let stream = match Arc::clone(factory).create(materializer) {
                    Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                    Err(error) => {
                        return Ok(Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Out>);
                    }
                };
                streams.push(stream);
            }
            streams.push(input);
            Ok(concat_streams(streams))
        }))
    }

    // ── small operators (WP-5) ───────────────────────────────────────

    #[must_use]
    pub fn intersperse(self, inject: Out) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone + Sync,
    {
        let inject = Arc::new(inject);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let inject = Arc::clone(&inject);
            let mut first = true;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                if first {
                    first = false;
                    match input.next() {
                        None => None,
                        Some(item) => {
                            if item.is_err() {
                                first = true;
                            }
                            Some(item)
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    match input.next() {
                        None => None,
                        Some(item) => {
                            if item.is_err() {
                                first = true;
                                Some(item)
                            } else {
                                Some(Ok((*inject).clone()))
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn flatten_optional<Inner>(self) -> Flow<In, Inner, Mat>
    where
        Out: Into<Option<Inner>>,
        Inner: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.filter_map(|item| item.into())
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn grouped_weighted<F>(self, max_weight: usize, cost_fn: F) -> Flow<In, Vec<Out>, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(&Out) -> usize + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let cost_fn = Arc::new(cost_fn);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let cost_fn = Arc::clone(&cost_fn);
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                let mut group = Vec::new();
                let mut weight = 0usize;
                while weight < max_weight {
                    match input.next() {
                        Some(Ok(item)) => {
                            let item_weight = cost_fn(&item);
                            if weight > 0 && weight + item_weight > max_weight {
                                group.push(item);
                                break;
                            }
                            weight += item_weight;
                            group.push(item);
                        }
                        Some(Err(error)) => return Some(Err(error)),
                        None => break,
                    }
                }
                if group.is_empty() {
                    None
                } else {
                    Some(Ok(group))
                }
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn limit_weighted<F>(self, max_weight: usize, cost_fn: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        F: Fn(&Out) -> usize + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let cost_fn = Arc::new(cost_fn);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |mut input| {
            let cost_fn = Arc::clone(&cost_fn);
            let mut weight = 0usize;
            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || match input.next()? {
                Ok(item) => {
                    let item_weight = cost_fn(&item);
                    if weight + item_weight > max_weight {
                        Some(Err(StreamError::LimitExceeded {
                            max: max_weight as u64,
                        }))
                    } else {
                        weight += item_weight;
                        Some(Ok(item))
                    }
                }
                Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn contramap<NewIn, F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<NewIn, Out, Mat>
    where
        NewIn: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(NewIn) -> In + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            Box::new(input.map(move |item| item.map(|item| stage(item))))
        })
        .via_mat(self, Keep::right)
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn monitor<F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Out: Clone,
        F: Fn(&Out) + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let stage = Arc::new(f);
        self.via(Flow::from_transform(move |input| {
            let stage = Arc::clone(&stage);
            Box::new(input.map(move |item| match item {
                Ok(item) => {
                    stage(&item);
                    Ok(item)
                }
                Err(error) => Err(error),
            }))
        }))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn watch_termination<CallbackMat, F>(self, materialize_callback: F) -> Flow<In, Out, Mat>
    where
        Mat: Clone,
        CallbackMat: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Mat) -> CallbackMat + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let cb = Arc::new(materialize_callback);
        self.map_materialized_value(move |mat| {
            let _ = cb(mat.clone());
            mat
        })
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn to<SinkMat>(self, sink: Sink<Out, SinkMat>) -> Sink<In, Mat>
    where
        SinkMat: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.to_mat(sink, Keep::left)
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn to_mat<SinkMat, Combined, F>(
        self,
        sink: Sink<Out, SinkMat>,
        combine: F,
    ) -> Sink<In, Combined>
    where
        SinkMat: Send + 'static,
        Combined: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Mat, SinkMat) -> Combined + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let transform = self.transform;
        let materialize = self.materialize;
        let combine = Arc::new(combine);
        Sink::from_runner(move |input, materializer| {
            let flow_mat = materialize()?;
            let input = match &transform {
                FlowTransform::Pure(transform) => transform(input),
                FlowTransform::Runtime(transform) => transform(input, materializer)?,
            };
            let sink_mat = sink.run(input, materializer)?;
            Ok(combine(flow_mat, sink_mat))
        })
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn map_materialized_value<NextMat, F>(self, f: F) -> Flow<In, Out, NextMat>
    where
        NextMat: Send + 'static,
        F: Fn(Mat) -> NextMat + Send + Sync + 'static,
    {
        let transform = self.transform;
        let materialize = self.materialize;
        let hints = self.hints;
        let attributes = self.attributes;
        let f = Arc::new(f);
        match transform {
            FlowTransform::Pure(transform) => Flow::from_parts_with_hints(
                move |input| transform(input),
                move || {
                    let mat = materialize()?;
                    Ok(f(mat))
                },
                hints,
            )
            .with_attributes(attributes),
            FlowTransform::Runtime(transform) => Flow {
                transform: FlowTransform::Runtime(transform),
                materialize: Arc::new(move || {
                    let mat = materialize()?;
                    Ok(f(mat))
                }),
                hints,
                attributes,
            },
        }
    }
}

struct MapWithResourceStream<In, Out, Resource, Create, F, Close>
where
    Create: Fn() -> StreamResult<Resource>,
    F: Fn(&mut Resource, In) -> StreamResult<Out>,
    Close: Fn(Resource) -> StreamResult<Option<Out>>,
{
    input: BoxStream<In>,
    create: Arc<Create>,
    stage: Arc<F>,
    close: Arc<Close>,
    resource: Option<Resource>,
    created: bool,
    pending_terminal: Option<StreamError>,
    terminated: bool,
    _marker: PhantomData<fn() -> Out>,
}

impl<In, Out, Resource, Create, F, Close> MapWithResourceStream<In, Out, Resource, Create, F, Close>
where
    Create: Fn() -> StreamResult<Resource>,
    F: Fn(&mut Resource, In) -> StreamResult<Out>,
    Close: Fn(Resource) -> StreamResult<Option<Out>>,
{
    fn ensure_created(&mut self) -> StreamResult<()> {
        if self.created {
            return Ok(());
        }
        self.created = true;
        let resource = catch_unwind_failed("map_with_resource create", || (self.create)())
            .and_then(|result| result)?;
        self.resource = Some(resource);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn close_resource(&mut self) -> StreamResult<Option<Out>> {
        match self.resource.take() {
            Some(resource) => {
                catch_unwind_failed("map_with_resource close", || (self.close)(resource))
                    .and_then(|result| result)
            }
            None => Ok(None),
        }
    }

    fn close_with_terminal(&mut self, terminal: Option<StreamError>) -> Option<StreamResult<Out>> {
        self.terminated = terminal.is_none();
        match self.close_resource() {
            Ok(Some(item)) => {
                self.pending_terminal = terminal;
                Some(Ok(item))
            }
            Ok(None) => match terminal {
                Some(error) => {
                    self.terminated = true;
                    Some(Err(error))
                }
                None => {
                    self.terminated = true;
                    None
                }
            },
            Err(error) => {
                self.terminated = true;
                Some(Err(terminal.unwrap_or(error)))
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<In, Out, Resource, Create, F, Close> Iterator
    for MapWithResourceStream<In, Out, Resource, Create, F, Close>
where
    Create: Fn() -> StreamResult<Resource>,
    F: Fn(&mut Resource, In) -> StreamResult<Out>,
    Close: Fn(Resource) -> StreamResult<Option<Out>>,
{
    type Item = StreamResult<Out>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if let Some(error) = self.pending_terminal.take() {
            self.terminated = true;
            return Some(Err(error));
        }
        if self.terminated {
            return None;
        }
        if let Err(error) = self.ensure_created() {
            self.terminated = true;
            return Some(Err(error));
        }

        match self.input.next() {
            Some(Ok(item)) => {
                let result = {
                    let resource = self
                        .resource
                        .as_mut()
                        .expect("map_with_resource resource is open");
                    catch_unwind_failed("map_with_resource function", || {
                        (self.stage)(resource, item)
                    })
                    .and_then(|result| result)
                };
                match result {
                    Ok(item) => Some(Ok(item)),
                    Err(error) => self.close_with_terminal(Some(error)),
                }
            }
            Some(Err(error)) => self.close_with_terminal(Some(error)),
            None => self.close_with_terminal(None),
        }
    }
}

impl<I1: Send + 'static, O1: Send + 'static, I2: Send + 'static, O2: Send + 'static>
    BidiFlow<I1, O1, I2, O2>
{
    #[must_use]
    pub fn from_flows<Mat1, Mat2>(top: Flow<I1, O1, Mat1>, bottom: Flow<I2, O2, Mat2>) -> Self
    where
        Mat1: Send + 'static,
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        Self {
            top: top.map_materialized_value(|_| NotUsed),
            bottom: bottom.map_materialized_value(|_| NotUsed),
            attributes: Attributes::default(),
        }
    }
}

impl<I1: Send + 'static, O1: Send + 'static, I2: Send + 'static, O2: Send + 'static>
    BidiFlow<I1, O1, I2, O2>
{
    #[must_use]
    pub fn attributes(&self) -> &Attributes {
        &self.attributes
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn with_attributes(mut self, attributes: Attributes) -> Self {
        self.attributes = attributes;
        self
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn add_attributes(mut self, attributes: Attributes) -> Self {
        self.attributes = self.attributes.and(attributes);
        self
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn named(self, name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.add_attributes(Attributes::named(name))
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn join<Mat2>(self, flow: Flow<O1, I2, Mat2>) -> Flow<I1, O2, NotUsed>
    where
        Mat2: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.top
            .via(flow)
            .via(self.bottom)
            .map_materialized_value(|_| NotUsed)
            .with_attributes(self.attributes)
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn atop<OO1: Send + 'static, II2: Send + 'static>(
        self,
        bidi: BidiFlow<O1, OO1, II2, I2>,
    ) -> BidiFlow<I1, OO1, II2, O2> {
        BidiFlow {
            top: self.top.via(bidi.top).map_materialized_value(|_| NotUsed),
            bottom: bidi
                .bottom
                .via(self.bottom)
                .map_materialized_value(|_| NotUsed),
            attributes: self.attributes.and(bidi.attributes),
        }
    }

    #[must_use]
    pub fn reversed(self) -> BidiFlow<I2, O2, I1, O1> {
        BidiFlow {
            top: self.bottom,
            bottom: self.top.map_materialized_value(|_| NotUsed),
            attributes: self.attributes,
        }
    }
}

impl<In, Out, Resource, Create, F, Close> Drop
    for MapWithResourceStream<In, Out, Resource, Create, F, Close>
where
    Create: Fn() -> StreamResult<Resource>,
    F: Fn(&mut Resource, In) -> StreamResult<Out>,
    Close: Fn(Resource) -> StreamResult<Option<Out>>,
{
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let _ = self.close_resource();
    }
}

fn materialize_inner_flow<In, Out, InnerMat>(
    flow: Flow<In, Out, InnerMat>,
    input: BoxStream<In>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
) -> StreamResult<(BoxStream<Out>, InnerMat)>
where
    In: Send + 'static,
    Out: Send + 'static,
    InnerMat: Send + 'static,
{
    let mat = (flow.materialize)()?;
    let stream = match flow.transform {
        FlowTransform::Pure(transform) => transform(input),
        FlowTransform::Runtime(transform) => transform(input, materializer)?,
    };
    Ok((stream, mat))
}

struct FutureFlowStream<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut> {
    future: Arc<F>,
    materializer: Materializer,
    input: Option<BoxStream<In>>,
    current: Option<BoxStream<Out>>,
    mat_sender: Option<oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<InnerMat>>>,
    initialized: bool,
    terminated: bool,
    _marker: PhantomData<fn() -> Fut>,
}

impl<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut> FutureFlowStream<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut>
where
    In: Send + 'static,
    Out: Send + 'static,
    InnerMat: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn() -> Fut,
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Flow<In, Out, InnerMat>>> + Send + 'static,
{
    fn complete_mat(&mut self, result: StreamResult<InnerMat>) {
        if let Some(sender) = self.mat_sender.take() {
            let _ = sender.send(result);
        }
    }

    fn initialize(&mut self) -> StreamResult<()> {
        if self.initialized {
            return Ok(());
        }
        self.initialized = true;
        let flow = match catch_unwind_failed("future_flow factory", || (self.future)())
            .and_then(run_future_inline_or_spawn)
        {
            Ok(flow) => flow,
            Err(error) => {
                self.complete_mat(Err(error.clone()));
                return Err(error);
            }
        };
        let input = self.input.take().expect("future_flow input available");
        match materialize_inner_flow(flow, input, &self.materializer) {
            Ok((stream, mat)) => {
                self.current = Some(stream);
                self.complete_mat(Ok(mat));
                Ok(())
            }
            Err(error) => {
                self.complete_mat(Err(error.clone()));
                Err(error)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut> Iterator for FutureFlowStream<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut>
where
    In: Send + 'static,
    Out: Send + 'static,
    InnerMat: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn() -> Fut,
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Flow<In, Out, InnerMat>>> + Send + 'static,
{
    type Item = StreamResult<Out>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if self.terminated {
            return None;
        }
        if let Err(error) = self.initialize() {
            self.terminated = true;
            return Some(Err(error));
        }
        match self
            .current
            .as_mut()
            .expect("future_flow current stream initialized")
            .next()
        {
            Some(Ok(item)) => Some(Ok(item)),
            Some(Err(error)) => {
                self.terminated = true;
                Some(Err(error))
            }
            None => {
                self.terminated = true;
                None
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut> Drop for FutureFlowStream<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if !self.initialized
            && let Some(sender) = self.mat_sender.take()
        {
            let _ = sender.send(Err(StreamError::Failed(
                "future flow was never materialized".into(),
            )));
        }
    }
}

struct LazyFutureFlowStream<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut> {
    create: Arc<F>,
    materializer: Materializer,
    input: Option<BoxStream<In>>,
    current: Option<BoxStream<Out>>,
    mat_sender: Option<oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<InnerMat>>>,
    initialized: bool,
    terminated: bool,
    _marker: PhantomData<fn() -> Fut>,
}

impl<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut> LazyFutureFlowStream<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut>
where
    In: Send + 'static,
    Out: Send + 'static,
    InnerMat: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn() -> Fut,
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Flow<In, Out, InnerMat>>> + Send + 'static,
{
    fn complete_mat(&mut self, result: StreamResult<InnerMat>) {
        if let Some(sender) = self.mat_sender.take() {
            let _ = sender.send(result);
        }
    }

    fn initialize(&mut self) -> Result<bool, StreamError> {
        if self.initialized {
            return Ok(true);
        }
        self.initialized = true;
        let first = match self
            .input
            .as_mut()
            .expect("lazy_future_flow input available")
            .next()
        {
            Some(Ok(item)) => item,
            Some(Err(error)) => {
                self.complete_mat(Err(error.clone()));
                return Err(error);
            }
            None => {
                self.complete_mat(Err(StreamError::Failed(
                    "lazy flow was never materialized".into(),
                )));
                self.terminated = true;
                return Ok(false);
            }
        };

        let flow = match catch_unwind_failed("lazy_future_flow factory", || (self.create)())
            .and_then(run_future_inline_or_spawn)
        {
            Ok(flow) => flow,
            Err(error) => {
                self.complete_mat(Err(error.clone()));
                return Err(error);
            }
        };
        let input = prepend_first_stream(
            first,
            self.input
                .take()
                .expect("lazy_future_flow input available after first element"),
        );
        match materialize_inner_flow(flow, input, &self.materializer) {
            Ok((stream, mat)) => {
                self.current = Some(stream);
                self.complete_mat(Ok(mat));
                Ok(true)
            }
            Err(error) => {
                self.complete_mat(Err(error.clone()));
                Err(error)
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut> Iterator for LazyFutureFlowStream<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut>
where
    In: Send + 'static,
    Out: Send + 'static,
    InnerMat: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn() -> Fut,
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Flow<In, Out, InnerMat>>> + Send + 'static,
{
    type Item = StreamResult<Out>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if self.terminated {
            return None;
        }
        match self.initialize() {
            Ok(true) => {}
            Ok(false) => return None,
            Err(error) => {
                self.terminated = true;
                return Some(Err(error));
            }
        }
        match self
            .current
            .as_mut()
            .expect("lazy_future_flow current stream initialized")
            .next()
        {
            Some(Ok(item)) => Some(Ok(item)),
            Some(Err(error)) => {
                self.terminated = true;
                Some(Err(error))
            }
            None => {
                self.terminated = true;
                None
            }
        }
    }
}

impl<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut> Drop for LazyFutureFlowStream<In, Out, InnerMat, F, Fut> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if !self.initialized
            && let Some(sender) = self.mat_sender.take()
        {
            let _ = sender.send(Err(StreamError::Failed(
                "lazy flow was never materialized".into(),
            )));
        }
    }
}

fn prepend_first_stream<In>(first: In, mut rest: BoxStream<In>) -> BoxStream<In>
where
    In: Send + 'static,
{
    let mut first = Some(first);
    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        if let Some(item) = first.take() {
            Some(Ok(item))
        } else {
            rest.next()
        }
    }))
}

pub(super) fn poll_once_or_pending<Fut, T>(future: Fut) -> Result<StreamResult<T>, Pin<Box<Fut>>>
where
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<T>>,
{
    let mut future = Box::pin(future);
    let _guard = stream_tokio_runtime().enter();
    let waker = noop_waker();
    let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&waker);
    match catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| future.as_mut().poll(&mut cx))) {
        Ok(Poll::Ready(output)) => Ok(output),
        Ok(Poll::Pending) => Err(future),
        Err(_) => Ok(Err(StreamError::Failed("future task panicked".into()))),
    }
}

pub(super) fn spawn_completion_task<Fut, T, Msg, Map>(
    task_id: usize,
    future: Pin<Box<Fut>>,
    sender: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<(usize, Msg)>,
    map: Map,
) -> AbortOnDropHandle<()>
where
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<T>> + Send + 'static,
    T: Send + 'static,
    Msg: Send + 'static,
    Map: FnOnce(StreamResult<T>) -> Msg + Send + 'static,
{
    spawn_tokio_task(async move {
        let result = AssertUnwindSafe(future).catch_unwind().await;
        let message = match result {
            Ok(output) => map(output),
            Err(_) => map(Err(StreamError::Failed("future task panicked".into()))),
        };
        let _ = sender.send((task_id, message));
    })
}

pub(super) fn recv_completion<Msg>(
    receiver: &std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<(usize, Msg)>,
) -> Option<(usize, Msg)> {
    let mut idle_spins = 0;
    loop {
        match receiver.try_recv() {
            Ok(message) => return Some(message),
            Err(std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError::Disconnected) => return None,
            Err(std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError::Empty) if idle_spins < STREAM_READY_SPINS => {
                idle_spins += STREAM_SPIN_BACKOFF;
                for _ in 0..STREAM_SPIN_BACKOFF {
                    std::hint::spin_loop();
                }
            }
            Err(std::sync::mpsc::TryRecvError::Empty) => {
                idle_spins = 0;
                match receiver.recv_timeout(STREAM_MAX_PARK) {
                    Ok(message) => return Some(message),
                    Err(std::sync::mpsc::RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {}
                    Err(std::sync::mpsc::RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => return None,
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

pub(super) fn run_future_inline_or_spawn<Fut, T>(future: Fut) -> StreamResult<T>
where
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<T>> + Send + 'static,
    T: Send + 'static,
{
    match poll_once_or_pending(future) {
        Ok(result) => result,
        Err(future) => {
            let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<(usize, StreamResult<T>)>();
            let _task = spawn_completion_task(0, future, sender, |result| result);
            recv_completion(&receiver)
                .map(|(_, result)| result)
                .unwrap_or_else(|| Err(StreamError::Failed("future task dropped".into())))
        }
    }
}

fn map_async_ordered<Out, Next, F, Fut>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    parallelism: usize,
    stage: Arc<F>,
) -> BoxStream<Next>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Next: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
{
    let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<(usize, StreamResult<Next>)>();
    let mut tasks = HashMap::<usize, AbortOnDropHandle<()>>::with_capacity(parallelism);
    let mut next_index = 0_usize;
    let mut next_to_emit = 0_usize;
    let mut completed = BTreeMap::new();
    let mut input_done = false;

    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        loop {
            if let Some(result) = completed.remove(&next_to_emit) {
                next_to_emit += 1;
                return Some(result);
            }

            while tasks.len() + completed.len() < parallelism && !input_done {
                match input.next() {
                    Some(Ok(item)) => {
                        let index = next_index;
                        next_index += 1;
                        match poll_once_or_pending(stage(item)) {
                            Ok(result) => {
                                if index == next_to_emit {
                                    next_to_emit += 1;
                                    return Some(result);
                                }
                                completed.insert(index, result);
                            }
                            Err(future) => {
                                tasks.insert(
                                    index,
                                    spawn_completion_task(
                                        index,
                                        future,
                                        sender.clone(),
                                        |result| result,
                                    ),
                                );
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    Some(Err(error)) => {
                        completed.insert(next_index, Err(error));
                        next_index += 1;
                        input_done = true;
                    }
                    None => input_done = true,
                }
            }

            if let Some(result) = completed.remove(&next_to_emit) {
                next_to_emit += 1;
                return Some(result);
            }

            if tasks.is_empty() {
                return None;
            }

            if let Some((index, result)) = recv_completion(&receiver) {
                tasks.remove(&index);
                if index == next_to_emit {
                    next_to_emit += 1;
                    return Some(result);
                }
                completed.insert(index, result);
            }
        }
    }))
}

fn supervise_async_result<Next>(
    result: StreamResult<Next>,
    decider: &SupervisionDecider,
) -> Option<StreamResult<Next>> {
    match result {
        Ok(item) => Some(Ok(item)),
        Err(error) => match decide_supervision(decider, &error) {
            SupervisionDirective::Stop => Some(Err(error)),
            SupervisionDirective::Resume | SupervisionDirective::Restart => None,
        },
    }
}

fn map_async_ordered_supervised<Out, Next, F, Fut>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    parallelism: usize,
    stage: Arc<F>,
    decider: SupervisionDecider,
) -> BoxStream<Next>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Next: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
{
    let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<(usize, StreamResult<Next>)>();
    let mut tasks = HashMap::<usize, AbortOnDropHandle<()>>::with_capacity(parallelism);
    let mut next_index = 0_usize;
    let mut next_to_emit = 0_usize;
    let mut completed = BTreeMap::<usize, Option<StreamResult<Next>>>::new();
    let mut input_done = false;

    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        loop {
            while let Some(result) = completed.remove(&next_to_emit) {
                next_to_emit += 1;
                if let Some(result) = result {
                    return Some(result);
                }
            }

            while tasks.len() + completed.len() < parallelism && !input_done {
                match input.next() {
                    Some(Ok(item)) => {
                        let index = next_index;
                        next_index += 1;
                        match catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| poll_once_or_pending(stage(item)))) {
                            Ok(Ok(result)) => {
                                let result = supervise_async_result(result, &decider);
                                if index == next_to_emit {
                                    next_to_emit += 1;
                                    if let Some(result) = result {
                                        return Some(result);
                                    }
                                } else {
                                    completed.insert(index, result);
                                }
                            }
                            Ok(Err(future)) => {
                                tasks.insert(
                                    index,
                                    spawn_completion_task(
                                        index,
                                        future,
                                        sender.clone(),
                                        |result| result,
                                    ),
                                );
                            }
                            Err(_) => {
                                let error = panic_stream_error("map_async callback");
                                let result = supervise_async_result(Err(error), &decider);
                                if index == next_to_emit {
                                    next_to_emit += 1;
                                    if let Some(result) = result {
                                        return Some(result);
                                    }
                                } else {
                                    completed.insert(index, result);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    Some(Err(error)) => {
                        completed.insert(next_index, Some(Err(error)));
                        next_index += 1;
                        input_done = true;
                    }
                    None => input_done = true,
                }
            }

            while let Some(result) = completed.remove(&next_to_emit) {
                next_to_emit += 1;
                if let Some(result) = result {
                    return Some(result);
                }
            }

            if tasks.is_empty() {
                return None;
            }

            if let Some((index, result)) = recv_completion(&receiver) {
                tasks.remove(&index);
                let result = supervise_async_result(result, &decider);
                if index == next_to_emit {
                    next_to_emit += 1;
                    if let Some(result) = result {
                        return Some(result);
                    }
                } else {
                    completed.insert(index, result);
                }
            }
        }
    }))
}

fn concat_streams<Out>(streams: Vec<BoxStream<Out>>) -> BoxStream<Out>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
{
    let mut streams: VecDeque<_> = streams.into();
    let mut current = streams.pop_front();
    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        loop {
            match current.as_mut() {
                Some(stream) => match stream.next() {
                    Some(item) => return Some(item),
                    None => current = streams.pop_front(),
                },
                None => return None,
            }
        }
    }))
}

fn concat_streams_lazy<Out, Mat>(
    initial: BoxStream<Out>,
    factories: Vec<Arc<dyn SourceFactory<Out, Mat>>>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
) -> BoxStream<Out>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Mat: Send + 'static,
{
    let mut current = Some(initial);
    let mut remaining: VecDeque<_> = factories.into();
    let materializer = materializer.with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned());
    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        loop {
            match current.as_mut() {
                Some(stream) => match stream.next() {
                    Some(item) => return Some(item),
                    None => {
                        current = remaining.pop_front().map(|factory| {
                            match factory.create(&materializer) {
                                Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                                Err(error) => {
                                    Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Out>
                                }
                            }
                        });
                    }
                },
                None => return None,
            }
        }
    }))
}

fn or_else_stream<Out>(mut primary: BoxStream<Out>, mut secondary: BoxStream<Out>) -> BoxStream<Out>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
{
    let mut primary_emitted = false;
    let mut using_secondary = false;
    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        loop {
            if using_secondary {
                return secondary.next();
            }

            match primary.next() {
                Some(Ok(item)) => {
                    primary_emitted = true;
                    return Some(Ok(item));
                }
                Some(Err(error)) => return Some(Err(error)),
                None if primary_emitted => return None,
                None => using_secondary = true,
            }
        }
    }))
}

fn interleave_streams<Out>(
    streams: Vec<BoxStream<Out>>,
    segment_size: usize,
    eager_close: bool,
) -> BoxStream<Out>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
{
    if segment_size == 0 {
        return Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(StreamError::GraphValidation(
            "interleave segment size must be greater than zero".into(),
        ))));
    }

    let mut streams: Vec<Option<BoxStream<Out>>> = streams.into_iter().map(Some).collect();
    let mut pending: Vec<Option<StreamResult<Out>>> = (0..streams.len()).map(|_| None).collect();
    let mut current = 0usize;
    let mut emitted = 0usize;
    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        loop {
            if streams.iter().all(Option::is_none) {
                return None;
            }
            if streams[current].is_none() {
                match next_active_stream(&streams, current) {
                    Some(next) => {
                        current = next;
                        emitted = 0;
                    }
                    None => return None,
                }
            }

            let Some(stream) = streams[current].as_mut() else {
                continue;
            };
            let next_item = pending[current].take().or_else(|| stream.next());
            match next_item {
                Some(Ok(item)) => {
                    emitted += 1;
                    if emitted == segment_size {
                        emitted = 0;
                        if let Some(next) = next_active_stream(&streams, current) {
                            current = next;
                        }
                    }
                    return Some(Ok(item));
                }
                Some(Err(error)) => return Some(Err(error)),
                None => {
                    streams[current] = None;
                    emitted = 0;
                    if eager_close {
                        return None;
                    }
                    match next_active_stream(&streams, current) {
                        Some(next) => current = next,
                        None => return None,
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }))
}

fn next_active_stream<Out>(streams: &[Option<BoxStream<Out>>], current: usize) -> Option<usize>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
{
    if streams.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    for offset in 1..=streams.len() {
        let index = (current + offset) % streams.len();
        if streams[index].is_some() {
            return Some(index);
        }
    }
    None
}

fn materialize_side_sink<Out, Mat>(
    sink: &Sink<Out, Mat>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
    buffer: usize,
) -> StreamResult<(std::sync::mpsc::SyncSender<StreamResult<Out>>, Mat)>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Mat: Send + 'static,
{
    let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::sync_channel(buffer);
    let mat = sink.run(side_receiver_stream(receiver), materializer)?;
    Ok((sender, mat))
}

fn side_receiver_stream<Out>(
    receiver: std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<StreamResult<Out>>,
) -> BoxStream<Out>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
{
    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || receiver.recv().ok()))
}

#[derive(Clone)]
enum LiveSubstreamTerminal {
    Complete,
    Error(StreamError),
}

const LIVE_SUBSTREAM_CAPACITY: usize = 256;
const LIVE_SUBSTREAM_BATCH: usize = 64;
const FLAT_MAP_MERGE_SUBSTREAM_WINDOW: usize = 64;

struct LiveSubstreamShared<T> {
    state: Mutex<LiveSubstreamState<T>>,
    available: Condvar,
    cancelled: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    capacity: usize,
    batch_size: usize,
}

struct LiveSubstreamState<T> {
    buffered: usize,
    batches: VecDeque<VecDeque<T>>,
    terminal: Option<LiveSubstreamTerminal>,
}

impl<T> LiveSubstreamShared<T> {
    fn new() -> Arc<Self> {
        Self::with_capacity(LIVE_SUBSTREAM_CAPACITY)
    }

    fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Arc<Self> {
        Self::with_batching(capacity, LIVE_SUBSTREAM_BATCH)
    }

    fn with_batching(capacity: usize, batch_size: usize) -> Arc<Self> {
        Arc::new(Self {
            state: Mutex::new(LiveSubstreamState {
                buffered: 0,
                batches: VecDeque::new(),
                terminal: None,
            }),
            available: Condvar::new(),
            cancelled: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
            capacity,
            batch_size: batch_size.max(1),
        })
    }
}

struct LiveSubstreamStream<T> {
    shared: Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<T>>,
    completion: Option<StreamCompletion<NotUsed>>,
    local_batch: VecDeque<T>,
}

impl<T> Iterator for LiveSubstreamStream<T> {
    type Item = StreamResult<T>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if let Some(item) = self.local_batch.pop_front() {
            return Some(Ok(item));
        }

        let mut state = self
            .shared
            .state
            .lock()
            .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
        loop {
            if let Some(mut batch) = state.batches.pop_front() {
                state.buffered -= batch.len();
                drop(state);
                self.shared.available.notify_all();
                let item = batch.pop_front().expect("live substream batch has an item");
                self.local_batch = batch;
                return Some(Ok(item));
            }
            if let Some(terminal) = state.terminal.clone() {
                return match terminal {
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Complete => None,
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Error(error) => Some(Err(error)),
                };
            }
            state = self
                .shared
                .available
                .wait(state)
                .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for LiveSubstreamStream<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.shared.cancelled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        self.shared.available.notify_all();
        let _ = self.completion.take();
    }
}

/// Push a pre-assembled batch of items in a single lock acquisition.
/// Items are moved out of `batch`; on success `batch` is empty.
/// Returns `Err(())` if the channel is cancelled — in that case `batch` is also cleared.
fn push_live_substream_batch<T>(
    shared: &Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<T>>,
    batch: &mut VecDeque<T>,
) -> Result<(), ()> {
    while !batch.is_empty() {
        let mut state = shared
            .state
            .lock()
            .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
        while state.buffered >= shared.capacity && state.terminal.is_none() {
            if shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                batch.clear();
                return Err(());
            }
            state = shared
                .available
                .wait(state)
                .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
        }
        if shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) || state.terminal.is_some() {
            batch.clear();
            return Err(());
        }
        let was_empty = state.buffered == 0;
        // Push as many items as the channel has capacity for in one lock hold.
        while state.buffered < shared.capacity && !batch.is_empty() {
            let item = batch.pop_front().expect("batch non-empty");
            if let Some(back) = state.batches.back_mut()
                && back.len() < shared.batch_size
            {
                back.push_back(item);
            } else {
                let mut new_batch =
                    VecDeque::with_capacity(shared.batch_size.min(shared.capacity.max(1)));
                new_batch.push_back(item);
                state.batches.push_back(new_batch);
            }
            state.buffered += 1;
        }
        drop(state);
        if was_empty {
            shared.available.notify_all();
        }
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn push_live_substream<T>(shared: &Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<T>>, item: T) -> Result<(), T> {
    let mut state = shared
        .state
        .lock()
        .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
    while state.buffered >= shared.capacity && state.terminal.is_none() {
        if shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return Err(item);
        }
        state = shared
            .available
            .wait(state)
            .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
    }
    if shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) || state.terminal.is_some() {
        return Err(item);
    }
    let was_empty = state.buffered == 0;
    if let Some(batch) = state.batches.back_mut()
        && batch.len() < shared.batch_size
    {
        batch.push_back(item);
    } else {
        let mut batch = VecDeque::with_capacity(shared.batch_size.min(shared.capacity.max(1)));
        batch.push_back(item);
        state.batches.push_back(batch);
    }
    state.buffered += 1;
    drop(state);
    if was_empty {
        shared.available.notify_all();
    }
    Ok(())
}

fn complete_live_substream<T>(shared: &Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<T>>) {
    let mut state = shared
        .state
        .lock()
        .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
    if state.terminal.is_none() {
        state.terminal = Some(LiveSubstreamTerminal::Complete);
    }
    drop(state);
    shared.available.notify_all();
}

fn fail_live_substream<T>(shared: &Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<T>>, error: StreamError) {
    let mut state = shared
        .state
        .lock()
        .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
    if state.terminal.is_none() {
        state.terminal = Some(LiveSubstreamTerminal::Error(error));
    }
    drop(state);
    shared.available.notify_all();
}

fn cancel_live_substream<T>(shared: &Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<T>>) {
    fail_live_substream(shared, StreamError::Cancelled);
}

fn source_from_live_substream<T>(shared: Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<T>>) -> Source<T>
where
    T: Send + 'static,
{
    let claimed = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
    Source::from_materialized_factory(move |_materializer| {
        if claimed.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return Err(StreamError::Failed(
                "substream source cannot be materialized more than once".into(),
            ));
        }
        Ok((
            Box::new(LiveSubstreamStream {
                shared: Arc::clone(&shared),
                completion: None,
                local_batch: VecDeque::new(),
            }) as BoxStream<T>,
            NotUsed,
        ))
    })
}

fn source_from_once_stream<T>(stream: BoxStream<T>) -> Source<T>
where
    T: Send + 'static,
{
    let stream = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(stream)));
    Source::from_materialized_factory(move |_materializer| {
        let mut slot = stream.lock().unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
        let stream = slot.take().ok_or_else(|| {
            StreamError::Failed("substream source cannot be materialized more than once".into())
        })?;
        Ok((stream, NotUsed))
    })
}

fn prefix_and_tail_stream<Out>(
    input: BoxStream<Out>,
    n: usize,
) -> BoxStream<(Vec<Out>, Source<Out>)>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
{
    let mut input = Some(input);
    let mut emitted = false;
    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        if emitted {
            return None;
        }
        emitted = true;

        let mut prefix = Vec::with_capacity(n);
        while prefix.len() < n {
            match input
                .as_mut()
                .expect("prefix_and_tail input available")
                .next()
            {
                Some(Ok(item)) => prefix.push(item),
                Some(Err(error)) => return Some(Err(error)),
                None => return Some(Ok((prefix, Source::empty()))),
            }
        }

        Some(Ok((
            prefix,
            source_from_once_stream(input.take().expect("tail input available")),
        )))
    }))
}

struct GroupByWorkerGuard<Key, Out> {
    outer: Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<Source<Out>>>,
    active: HashMap<Key, Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<Out>>>,
    closed: HashSet<Key>,
    armed: bool,
}

impl<Key, Out> GroupByWorkerGuard<Key, Out>
where
    Key: Eq + Hash,
{
    fn new(outer: Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<Source<Out>>>) -> Self {
        Self {
            outer,
            active: HashMap::new(),
            closed: HashSet::new(),
            armed: true,
        }
    }

    fn disarm(&mut self) {
        self.armed = false;
    }

    fn fail_all(&self, error: StreamError)
    where
        Out: Send + 'static,
    {
        fail_live_substream(&self.outer, error.clone());
        for substream in self.active.values() {
            fail_live_substream(substream, error.clone());
        }
    }

    fn complete_all(&self)
    where
        Out: Send + 'static,
    {
        complete_live_substream(&self.outer);
        for substream in self.active.values() {
            complete_live_substream(substream);
        }
    }

    fn cancel_all(&self)
    where
        Out: Send + 'static,
    {
        for substream in self.active.values() {
            cancel_live_substream(substream);
        }
    }
}

impl<Key, Out> Drop for GroupByWorkerGuard<Key, Out> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.armed {
            fail_live_substream(&self.outer, StreamError::AbruptTermination);
            for substream in self.active.values() {
                fail_live_substream(substream, StreamError::AbruptTermination);
            }
        }
    }
}

fn group_by_flush_write_batch<Key, Out>(
    guard: &mut GroupByWorkerGuard<Key, Out>,
    wb_key: &mut Option<Key>,
    wb_sub: &mut Option<Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<Out>>>,
    wb_items: &mut VecDeque<Out>,
    allow_closed_substream_recreation: bool,
) where
    Key: Clone + Eq + Hash,
    Out: Send + 'static,
{
    if wb_items.is_empty() {
        return;
    }
    let key = wb_key.take().expect("wb_key set when wb_items non-empty");
    if let Some(ref sub) = *wb_sub {
        if push_live_substream_batch(sub, wb_items).is_err() {
            guard.active.remove(&key);
            if !allow_closed_substream_recreation {
                guard.closed.insert(key);
            }
        }
    } else {
        wb_items.clear();
    }
    *wb_sub = None;
}

fn group_by_stream<Out, Key, F>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    max_substreams: usize,
    allow_closed_substream_recreation: bool,
    key_fn: Arc<F>,
    batch_mode: GroupByBatchMode,
    materializer: &Materializer,
) -> BoxStream<Source<Out>>
where
    Out: Clone + Send + 'static,
    Key: Clone + Eq + Hash + Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(&Out) -> Key + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    let outer = LiveSubstreamShared::new();
    let worker_outer = Arc::clone(&outer);
    let batch_repeated_keys = batch_mode == GroupByBatchMode::FiniteEagerNoRecreate;
    let completion = materializer.spawn_stream(move |cancelled| {
        let mut guard = GroupByWorkerGuard::new(worker_outer);

        // Writer-side batch: accumulate items for the current key before a
        // single lock acquisition.  This reduces per-element mutex traffic by
        // LIVE_SUBSTREAM_BATCH (64x) on finite eager single-key sources.
        // wb_key/wb_sub track which substream owns the pending items.
        let mut wb_key: Option<Key> = None;
        let mut wb_sub: Option<Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<Out>>> = None;
        let mut wb_items: VecDeque<Out> = VecDeque::with_capacity(LIVE_SUBSTREAM_BATCH);

        while !cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            if guard.outer.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                guard.disarm();
                return Ok(NotUsed);
            }

            match input.next() {
                Some(Ok(item)) => {
                    let key = match catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| key_fn(&item))) {
                        Ok(key) => key,
                        Err(_panic) => {
                            wb_items.clear();
                            guard.fail_all(StreamError::AbruptTermination);
                            guard.disarm();
                            return Ok(NotUsed);
                        }
                    };

                    // Proactive cancel check — remove the substream from active
                    // before we attempt a push, so the batching fast-path below
                    // only ever sees live substreams.
                    if let Some(current) = guard.active.get(&key)
                        && current.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                    {
                        // If this key had a pending write batch, discard it —
                        // the consumer already gave up.
                        if wb_key.as_ref() == Some(&key) {
                            wb_items.clear();
                            wb_key = None;
                            wb_sub = None;
                        }
                        guard.active.remove(&key);
                        if !allow_closed_substream_recreation {
                            guard.closed.insert(key.clone());
                        }
                    }

                    let mut item = item;
                    if let Some(current) = guard.active.get(&key).cloned() {
                        if !batch_repeated_keys {
                            item = match push_live_substream(&current, item) {
                                Ok(()) => {
                                    continue;
                                }
                                Err(item) => item,
                            };
                            guard.active.remove(&key);
                            if !allow_closed_substream_recreation {
                                guard.closed.insert(key.clone());
                                continue;
                            }
                        } else {
                            // Hot path for finite eager sources: active
                            // substream for this key exists, and the upstream
                            // is known not to block between local batch flushes.
                            if wb_key.as_ref() != Some(&key) {
                                group_by_flush_write_batch(
                                    &mut guard,
                                    &mut wb_key,
                                    &mut wb_sub,
                                    &mut wb_items,
                                    allow_closed_substream_recreation,
                                );
                                wb_key = Some(key.clone());
                                wb_sub = Some(current);
                            }
                            wb_items.push_back(item);
                            if wb_items.len() >= LIVE_SUBSTREAM_BATCH {
                                group_by_flush_write_batch(
                                    &mut guard,
                                    &mut wb_key,
                                    &mut wb_sub,
                                    &mut wb_items,
                                    allow_closed_substream_recreation,
                                );
                            }
                            continue;
                        }
                    }

                    // Key not currently active: flush any pending batch for a
                    // different key, then proceed with substream creation below.
                    if !wb_items.is_empty() {
                        group_by_flush_write_batch(
                            &mut guard,
                            &mut wb_key,
                            &mut wb_sub,
                            &mut wb_items,
                            allow_closed_substream_recreation,
                        );
                    }

                    if guard.closed.contains(&key) {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if guard.active.len() + guard.closed.len() == max_substreams {
                        let error = StreamError::Failed(format!(
                            "group_by reached max_substreams ({max_substreams})"
                        ));
                        guard.fail_all(error.clone());
                        guard.disarm();
                        return Err(error);
                    }

                    let substream = LiveSubstreamShared::with_capacity(LIVE_SUBSTREAM_CAPACITY);
                    push_live_substream(&substream, item)
                        .unwrap_or_else(|_| unreachable!("fresh group_by substream"));
                    guard.active.insert(key.clone(), Arc::clone(&substream));
                    if push_live_substream(
                        &guard.outer,
                        source_from_live_substream(Arc::clone(&substream)),
                    )
                    .is_err()
                    {
                        guard.cancel_all();
                        cancel_live_substream(&substream);
                        guard.disarm();
                        return Ok(NotUsed);
                    }
                }
                Some(Err(error)) => {
                    wb_items.clear();
                    guard.fail_all(error.clone());
                    guard.disarm();
                    return Err(error);
                }
                None => {
                    group_by_flush_write_batch(
                        &mut guard,
                        &mut wb_key,
                        &mut wb_sub,
                        &mut wb_items,
                        allow_closed_substream_recreation,
                    );
                    guard.complete_all();
                    guard.disarm();
                    return Ok(NotUsed);
                }
            }
        }

        group_by_flush_write_batch(
            &mut guard,
            &mut wb_key,
            &mut wb_sub,
            &mut wb_items,
            allow_closed_substream_recreation,
        );
        guard.complete_all();
        guard.disarm();
        Ok(NotUsed)
    });

    Box::new(LiveSubstreamStream {
        shared: outer,
        completion: Some(completion),
        local_batch: VecDeque::new(),
    })
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
enum SplitMode {
    When,
    After,
}

#[cfg(test)]
struct SplitWorkerGuard<Out> {
    outer: Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<Source<Out>>>,
    current: Option<Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<Out>>>,
    armed: bool,
    // Writer-side batch: accumulate items before a single lock acquisition.
    // Items are flushed when the batch is full (LIVE_SUBSTREAM_BATCH) or at
    // every segment boundary, so downstream is never starved.
    pending: VecDeque<Out>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<Out> SplitWorkerGuard<Out> {
    fn new(outer: Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<Source<Out>>>) -> Self {
        Self {
            outer,
            current: None,
            armed: true,
            pending: VecDeque::with_capacity(LIVE_SUBSTREAM_BATCH),
        }
    }

    fn disarm(&mut self) {
        self.armed = false;
    }

    /// Open a new inner substream and publish it to the outer channel.
    /// Returns `Err(())` if the outer channel was cancelled/closed.
    fn open_segment(&mut self) -> Result<(), ()>
    where
        Out: Send + 'static,
    {
        let substream = LiveSubstreamShared::new();
        self.current = Some(Arc::clone(&substream));
        push_live_substream(&self.outer, source_from_live_substream(substream)).map_err(|_| ())
    }

    /// Flush the pending write batch to the current inner substream.
    /// Returns `Err(())` if the substream was cancelled (batch cleared).
    fn flush_pending(&mut self) -> Result<(), ()>
    where
        Out: Send + 'static,
    {
        if self.pending.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }
        match self.current {
            Some(ref current) => push_live_substream_batch(current, &mut self.pending),
            None => {
                self.pending.clear();
                Ok(())
            }
        }
    }

    /// Push an item into the currently open inner substream.
    /// Items are accumulated locally and flushed in batches for fewer mutex
    /// acquisitions.  Returns `Err(())` if the inner substream was cancelled.
    fn push_item(&mut self, item: Out) -> Result<(), ()>
    where
        Out: Send + 'static,
    {
        if self.current.is_none() {
            // No open segment — outer was cancelled.
            return Ok(());
        }
        self.pending.push_back(item);
        if self.pending.len() >= LIVE_SUBSTREAM_BATCH {
            self.flush_pending()
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// Complete the current inner substream (boundary reached).
    /// Flushes any pending items before signalling completion.
    fn close_segment(&mut self)
    where
        Out: Send + 'static,
    {
        let _ = self.flush_pending();
        if let Some(current) = self.current.take() {
            complete_live_substream(&current);
        }
    }

    fn fail_current(&mut self, error: StreamError)
    where
        Out: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.pending.clear();
        if let Some(current) = self.current.take() {
            fail_live_substream(&current, error);
        }
    }

    fn fail_all(&mut self, error: StreamError)
    where
        Out: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.fail_current(error.clone());
        fail_live_substream(&self.outer, error);
    }

    fn complete_all(&mut self)
    where
        Out: Send + 'static,
    {
        self.close_segment();
        complete_live_substream(&self.outer);
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<Out> Drop for SplitWorkerGuard<Out> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.armed {
            self.pending.clear();
            if let Some(current) = self.current.take() {
                fail_live_substream(&current, StreamError::AbruptTermination);
            }
            fail_live_substream(&self.outer, StreamError::AbruptTermination);
        }
    }
}

fn split_streams<Out, F>(
    input: BoxStream<Out>,
    mode: SplitMode,
    predicate: Arc<F>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
) -> BoxStream<Source<Out>>
where
    Out: Clone + Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(&Out) -> bool + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    #[cfg(test)]
    if current_substream_mode() == SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly {
        return split_streams_legacy(input, mode, predicate, materializer);
    }
    let parent_cancelled = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
    split_streams_fast(input, mode, predicate, parent_cancelled, materializer)
}

#[cfg(test)]
fn split_streams_legacy<Out, F>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    mode: SplitMode,
    predicate: Arc<F>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
) -> BoxStream<Source<Out>>
where
    Out: Clone + Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(&Out) -> bool + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    let outer = LiveSubstreamShared::new();
    let worker_outer = Arc::clone(&outer);
    let completion = materializer.spawn_stream(move |cancelled| {
        let mut guard = SplitWorkerGuard::new(Arc::clone(&worker_outer));

        while !cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            if worker_outer.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                guard.disarm();
                return Ok(NotUsed);
            }

            match input.next() {
                Some(Ok(item)) => {
                    let split = match catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| predicate(&item))) {
                        Ok(split) => split,
                        Err(_panic) => {
                            guard.fail_all(StreamError::AbruptTermination);
                            guard.disarm();
                            return Ok(NotUsed);
                        }
                    };

                    match mode {
                        SplitMode::When => {
                            if split && guard.current.is_some() {
                                // Close the previous segment before opening this one.
                                guard.close_segment();
                            }
                            // Lazily open a segment on the first item (or after a boundary).
                            if guard.current.is_none() && guard.open_segment().is_err() {
                                guard.disarm();
                                return Ok(NotUsed);
                            }
                            if guard.push_item(item).is_err() {
                                guard.disarm();
                                return Ok(NotUsed);
                            }
                        }
                        SplitMode::After => {
                            if guard.current.is_none() && guard.open_segment().is_err() {
                                guard.disarm();
                                return Ok(NotUsed);
                            }
                            if guard.push_item(item).is_err() {
                                guard.disarm();
                                return Ok(NotUsed);
                            }
                            if split {
                                guard.close_segment();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                Some(Err(error)) => {
                    guard.fail_all(error.clone());
                    guard.disarm();
                    return Err(error);
                }
                None => {
                    guard.complete_all();
                    guard.disarm();
                    return Ok(NotUsed);
                }
            }
        }

        guard.complete_all();
        guard.disarm();
        Ok(NotUsed)
    });

    Box::new(LiveSubstreamStream {
        shared: outer,
        completion: Some(completion),
        local_batch: VecDeque::new(),
    })
}

// ── Split-sink fast path ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────

/// Drives a segment consumer inline in the split worker thread.
/// The worker calls `push_item` for each item in the segment, then `complete`/`fail`.
trait SplitConsumer<T: Send + 'static>: Send + 'static {
    fn push_item(&mut self, item: T) -> StreamResult<()>;
    fn complete(self: Box<Self>);
    fn fail(self: Box<Self>, error: StreamError);
}

struct FoldConsumer<T, Acc> {
    acc: Option<Acc>,
    f: Arc<dyn Fn(Acc, T) -> Acc + Send + Sync + 'static>,
    tx: futures::channel::oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<Acc>>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static, Acc: Send + 'static> SplitConsumer<T> for FoldConsumer<T, Acc> {
    fn push_item(&mut self, item: T) -> StreamResult<()> {
        let acc = self.acc.take().expect("FoldConsumer: push after done");
        self.acc = Some((self.f)(acc, item));
        Ok(())
    }
    fn complete(mut self: Box<Self>) {
        let acc = self
            .acc
            .take()
            .expect("FoldConsumer: complete called twice");
        let _ = self.tx.send(Ok(acc));
    }
    fn fail(mut self: Box<Self>, error: StreamError) {
        self.acc = None;
        let _ = self.tx.send(Err(error));
    }
}

struct FoldResultConsumer<T, Acc> {
    acc: Option<Acc>,
    f: Arc<dyn Fn(Acc, T) -> StreamResult<Acc> + Send + Sync + 'static>,
    tx: futures::channel::oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<Acc>>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static, Acc: Send + 'static> SplitConsumer<T> for FoldResultConsumer<T, Acc> {
    fn push_item(&mut self, item: T) -> StreamResult<()> {
        let acc = self
            .acc
            .take()
            .expect("FoldResultConsumer: push after done");
        match (self.f)(acc, item) {
            Ok(new_acc) => {
                self.acc = Some(new_acc);
                Ok(())
            }
            Err(e) => Err(e),
        }
    }
    fn complete(mut self: Box<Self>) {
        let acc = self
            .acc
            .take()
            .expect("FoldResultConsumer: complete called twice");
        let _ = self.tx.send(Ok(acc));
    }
    fn fail(mut self: Box<Self>, error: StreamError) {
        self.acc = None;
        let _ = self.tx.send(Err(error));
    }
}

struct CollectConsumer<T> {
    items: Vec<T>,
    tx: futures::channel::oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<Vec<T>>>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static> SplitConsumer<T> for CollectConsumer<T> {
    fn push_item(&mut self, item: T) -> StreamResult<()> {
        self.items.push(item);
        Ok(())
    }
    fn complete(self: Box<Self>) {
        let _ = self.tx.send(Ok(self.items));
    }
    fn fail(self: Box<Self>, error: StreamError) {
        let _ = self.tx.send(Err(error));
    }
}

struct IgnoreConsumer<T> {
    tx: futures::channel::oneshot::Sender<StreamResult<NotUsed>>,
    _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<fn(T)>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static> SplitConsumer<T> for IgnoreConsumer<T> {
    fn push_item(&mut self, _item: T) -> StreamResult<()> {
        Ok(())
    }
    fn complete(self: Box<Self>) {
        let _ = self.tx.send(Ok(NotUsed));
    }
    fn fail(self: Box<Self>, error: StreamError) {
        let _ = self.tx.send(Err(error));
    }
}

struct TerminalDrainCancelGuard<T: 'static> {
    hook: Option<Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>>,
}

impl<T: 'static> TerminalDrainCancelGuard<T> {
    fn new(hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>) -> Self {
        Self { hook: Some(hook) }
    }

    fn disarm(&mut self) {
        self.hook = None;
    }
}

impl<T: 'static> Drop for TerminalDrainCancelGuard<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if let Some(hook) = self.hook.take() {
            hook.cancel_terminal();
        }
    }
}

fn terminal_drain_status<T: 'static>(
    hook: &Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
    cancelled: &Arc<AtomicBool>,
) -> StreamResult<()> {
    if materializer.is_shutdown() {
        hook.cancel_terminal();
        Err(StreamError::AbruptTermination)
    } else if cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
        hook.cancel_terminal();
        Err(StreamError::Cancelled)
    } else {
        Ok(())
    }
}

fn wait_direct_terminal_result<T: 'static, Acc: Send + 'static>(
    hook: &Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
    cancelled: &Arc<AtomicBool>,
    receiver: std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<StreamResult<Acc>>,
) -> StreamResult<Acc> {
    loop {
        if materializer.is_shutdown() {
            hook.cancel_terminal();
            return Err(StreamError::AbruptTermination);
        }
        if cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            hook.cancel_terminal();
            return Err(StreamError::Cancelled);
        }
        match receiver.recv_timeout(Duration::from_millis(1)) {
            Ok(result) => return result,
            Err(std::sync::mpsc::RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {}
            Err(std::sync::mpsc::RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => {
                return Err(StreamError::AbruptTermination);
            }
        }
    }
}

fn register_direct_terminal<T: Send + 'static, Acc: Send + 'static>(
    hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
    consumer: Box<dyn TerminalSinkConsumerDyn<T>>,
    receiver: std::sync::mpsc::Receiver<StreamResult<Acc>>,
) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
    if !hook.supports_direct_terminal() {
        return None;
    }
    let cancellation = StreamCancellation::for_external_completion();
    let cancelled = cancellation.cancelled();
    if let Err(error) = hook
        .try_register_direct_terminal(consumer, Arc::clone(&cancelled))
        .expect("direct terminal support advertised")
    {
        return Some(Err(error));
    }
    let worker_materializer = materializer.with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned());
    let (tx, rx) = futures::channel::oneshot::channel();
    thread::spawn(move || {
        let result = wait_direct_terminal_result(&hook, &worker_materializer, &cancelled, receiver);
        let _ = tx.send(result);
    });
    let completion = StreamCompletion::from_receiver(rx, Some(cancellation));
    Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)))
}

struct DirectFoldConsumer<T, Acc> {
    acc: Option<Acc>,
    f: Arc<dyn Fn(Acc, T) -> Acc + Send + Sync + 'static>,
    tx: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<StreamResult<Acc>>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static, Acc: Send + 'static> TerminalSinkConsumerDyn<T>
    for DirectFoldConsumer<T, Acc>
{
    fn on_item(&mut self, item: T) -> StreamResult<()> {
        let previous = self.acc.take().expect("fold accumulator present");
        match catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| (self.f)(previous, item))) {
            Ok(next) => {
                self.acc = Some(next);
                Ok(())
            }
            Err(_) => Err(StreamError::AbruptTermination),
        }
    }

    fn finish(mut self: Box<Self>, result: StreamResult<()>) {
        let result = result.map(|()| self.acc.take().expect("fold accumulator present"));
        let _ = self.tx.send(result);
    }
}

struct DirectFoldResultConsumer<T, Acc> {
    acc: Option<Acc>,
    f: Arc<dyn Fn(Acc, T) -> StreamResult<Acc> + Send + Sync + 'static>,
    tx: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<StreamResult<Acc>>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static, Acc: Send + 'static> TerminalSinkConsumerDyn<T>
    for DirectFoldResultConsumer<T, Acc>
{
    fn on_item(&mut self, item: T) -> StreamResult<()> {
        let previous = self.acc.take().expect("fold accumulator present");
        let result = catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| (self.f)(previous, item)))
            .unwrap_or(Err(StreamError::AbruptTermination));
        match result {
            Ok(next) => {
                self.acc = Some(next);
                Ok(())
            }
            Err(error) => Err(error),
        }
    }

    fn finish(mut self: Box<Self>, result: StreamResult<()>) {
        let result = result.map(|()| self.acc.take().expect("fold accumulator present"));
        let _ = self.tx.send(result);
    }
}

struct DirectCollectConsumer<T> {
    items: Vec<T>,
    tx: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<StreamResult<Vec<T>>>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static> TerminalSinkConsumerDyn<T> for DirectCollectConsumer<T> {
    fn on_item(&mut self, item: T) -> StreamResult<()> {
        self.items.push(item);
        Ok(())
    }

    fn finish(self: Box<Self>, result: StreamResult<()>) {
        let Self { items, tx } = *self;
        let result = result.map(|()| items);
        let _ = tx.send(result);
    }
}

struct DirectIgnoreConsumer {
    tx: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<StreamResult<NotUsed>>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static> TerminalSinkConsumerDyn<T> for DirectIgnoreConsumer {
    fn on_item(&mut self, _item: T) -> StreamResult<()> {
        Ok(())
    }

    fn finish(self: Box<Self>, result: StreamResult<()>) {
        let result = result.map(|()| NotUsed);
        let _ = self.tx.send(result);
    }
}

pub(super) struct ForeachDescriptor<T> {
    pub(super) f: Arc<dyn Fn(T) + Send + Sync + 'static>,
}

struct DirectForeachConsumer<T> {
    f: Arc<dyn Fn(T) + Send + Sync + 'static>,
    tx: std::sync::mpsc::Sender<StreamResult<NotUsed>>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static> TerminalSinkConsumerDyn<T> for DirectForeachConsumer<T> {
    fn on_item(&mut self, item: T) -> StreamResult<()> {
        catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| (self.f)(item)))
            .map_err(|_| StreamError::AbruptTermination)
    }

    fn finish(self: Box<Self>, result: StreamResult<()>) {
        let result = result.map(|()| NotUsed);
        let _ = self.tx.send(result);
    }
}

// ── FoldFastPathDyn implementations (descriptors) ────────────────────────────

pub(super) struct FoldDescriptor<T, Acc> {
    pub(super) zero: Acc,
    pub(super) f: Arc<dyn Fn(Acc, T) -> Acc + Send + Sync + 'static>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static, Acc: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> FoldFastPathDyn<T>
    for FoldDescriptor<T, Acc>
{
    fn try_register(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn SplitSegmentHookDyn>,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let hook_any = hook.as_any_arc();
        let slot = hook_any.downcast::<SegmentConsumerSlot<T>>().ok()?;
        if slot.claimed.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return Some(Err(StreamError::Failed(
                "substream source cannot be materialized more than once".into(),
            )));
        }
        let (tx, rx) = futures::channel::oneshot::channel::<StreamResult<Acc>>();
        {
            let mut state = slot.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());

            // Check if segment is already complete (non-blocking close_segment set terminal).
            if let Some(terminal) = state.terminal.take() {
                let buffer = std::mem::take(&mut state.buffer);
                state.consumer = SegmentConsumer::DirectTaken;
                drop(state);
                // Process inline in user thread (no cross-thread sync needed).
                let mut acc = self.zero.clone();
                for item in buffer {
                    acc = (self.f)(acc, item);
                }
                let result = match terminal {
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Complete => Ok(acc),
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Error(e) => Err(e),
                };
                let _ = tx.send(result);
                let completion = StreamCompletion::from_receiver(rx, None);
                return Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)));
            }

            // Terminal not set yet; register consumer for later.
            let consumer: Box<dyn SplitConsumer<T>> = Box::new(FoldConsumer {
                acc: Some(self.zero.clone()),
                f: Arc::clone(&self.f),
                tx,
            });
            state.consumer = SegmentConsumer::Direct(consumer);
        }
        slot.available.notify_all();
        let completion = StreamCompletion::from_receiver(rx, None);
        Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)))
    }

    fn supports_terminal_drain(&self) -> bool {
        true
    }

    fn try_register_direct_terminal(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
        materializer: &Materializer,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
        let consumer = Box::new(DirectFoldConsumer {
            acc: Some(self.zero.clone()),
            f: Arc::clone(&self.f),
            tx,
        });
        register_direct_terminal(hook, materializer, consumer, rx)
    }

    fn try_register_terminal_drain(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
        materializer: &Materializer,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let zero = self.zero.clone();
        let f = Arc::clone(&self.f);
        let worker_materializer =
            materializer.with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned());
        let completion = materializer.spawn_stream(move |cancelled| {
            let mut guard = TerminalDrainCancelGuard::new(Arc::clone(&hook));
            let mut acc = Some(zero);
            let mut batch = Vec::new();
            loop {
                let status =
                    hook.drain_terminal_batch(&worker_materializer, &cancelled, &mut batch)?;
                for (index, item) in batch.drain(..).enumerate() {
                    let previous = acc.take().expect("fold accumulator present");
                    acc = Some(f(previous, item));
                    if (index + 1) % 64 == 0 {
                        terminal_drain_status(&hook, &worker_materializer, &cancelled)?;
                    }
                }
                if matches!(status, TerminalSourceStatus::Completed) {
                    guard.disarm();
                    return Ok(acc.expect("fold accumulator present"));
                }
            }
        });
        Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)))
    }
}

pub(super) struct FoldResultDescriptor<T, Acc> {
    pub(super) zero: Acc,
    pub(super) f: Arc<dyn Fn(Acc, T) -> StreamResult<Acc> + Send + Sync + 'static>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static, Acc: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static> FoldFastPathDyn<T>
    for FoldResultDescriptor<T, Acc>
{
    fn try_register(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn SplitSegmentHookDyn>,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let hook_any = hook.as_any_arc();
        let slot = hook_any.downcast::<SegmentConsumerSlot<T>>().ok()?;
        if slot.claimed.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return Some(Err(StreamError::Failed(
                "substream source cannot be materialized more than once".into(),
            )));
        }
        let (tx, rx) = futures::channel::oneshot::channel::<StreamResult<Acc>>();
        {
            let mut state = slot.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());

            // Check if segment is already complete.
            if let Some(terminal) = state.terminal.take() {
                let buffer = std::mem::take(&mut state.buffer);
                state.consumer = SegmentConsumer::DirectTaken;
                drop(state);
                let acc = self.zero.clone();
                let result = match terminal {
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Complete => buffer
                        .into_iter()
                        .try_fold(acc, |a, item| (self.f)(a, item)),
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Error(e) => Err(e),
                };
                let _ = tx.send(result);
                let completion = StreamCompletion::from_receiver(rx, None);
                return Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)));
            }

            // Terminal not set yet; register consumer for later.
            let consumer: Box<dyn SplitConsumer<T>> = Box::new(FoldResultConsumer {
                acc: Some(self.zero.clone()),
                f: Arc::clone(&self.f),
                tx,
            });
            state.consumer = SegmentConsumer::Direct(consumer);
        }
        slot.available.notify_all();
        let completion = StreamCompletion::from_receiver(rx, None);
        Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)))
    }

    fn supports_terminal_drain(&self) -> bool {
        true
    }

    fn try_register_direct_terminal(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
        materializer: &Materializer,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
        let consumer = Box::new(DirectFoldResultConsumer {
            acc: Some(self.zero.clone()),
            f: Arc::clone(&self.f),
            tx,
        });
        register_direct_terminal(hook, materializer, consumer, rx)
    }

    fn try_register_terminal_drain(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
        materializer: &Materializer,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let zero = self.zero.clone();
        let f = Arc::clone(&self.f);
        let worker_materializer =
            materializer.with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned());
        let completion = materializer.spawn_stream(move |cancelled| {
            let mut guard = TerminalDrainCancelGuard::new(Arc::clone(&hook));
            let mut acc = Some(zero);
            let mut batch = Vec::new();
            loop {
                let status =
                    hook.drain_terminal_batch(&worker_materializer, &cancelled, &mut batch)?;
                for (index, item) in batch.drain(..).enumerate() {
                    let previous = acc.take().expect("fold accumulator present");
                    match f(previous, item) {
                        Ok(next) => {
                            acc = Some(next);
                        }
                        Err(error) => return Err(error),
                    }
                    if (index + 1) % 64 == 0 {
                        terminal_drain_status(&hook, &worker_materializer, &cancelled)?;
                    }
                }
                if matches!(status, TerminalSourceStatus::Completed) {
                    guard.disarm();
                    return Ok(acc.expect("fold accumulator present"));
                }
            }
        });
        Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)))
    }
}

pub(super) struct CollectDescriptor<T> {
    pub(super) _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<fn(T)>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static> FoldFastPathDyn<T> for CollectDescriptor<T> {
    fn try_register(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn SplitSegmentHookDyn>,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let hook_any = hook.as_any_arc();
        let slot = hook_any.downcast::<SegmentConsumerSlot<T>>().ok()?;
        if slot.claimed.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return Some(Err(StreamError::Failed(
                "substream source cannot be materialized more than once".into(),
            )));
        }
        let (tx, rx) = futures::channel::oneshot::channel::<StreamResult<Vec<T>>>();
        {
            let mut state = slot.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());

            // Check if segment is already complete.
            if let Some(terminal) = state.terminal.take() {
                let buffer = std::mem::take(&mut state.buffer);
                state.consumer = SegmentConsumer::DirectTaken;
                drop(state);
                let items: Vec<T> = buffer.into_iter().collect();
                let result = match terminal {
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Complete => Ok(items),
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Error(e) => Err(e),
                };
                let _ = tx.send(result);
                let completion = StreamCompletion::from_receiver(rx, None);
                return Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)));
            }

            // Terminal not set yet; register consumer for later.
            let consumer: Box<dyn SplitConsumer<T>> = Box::new(CollectConsumer {
                items: Vec::new(),
                tx,
            });
            state.consumer = SegmentConsumer::Direct(consumer);
        }
        slot.available.notify_all();
        let completion = StreamCompletion::from_receiver(rx, None);
        Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)))
    }

    fn supports_terminal_drain(&self) -> bool {
        true
    }

    fn try_register_direct_terminal(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
        materializer: &Materializer,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
        let consumer = Box::new(DirectCollectConsumer {
            items: Vec::new(),
            tx,
        });
        register_direct_terminal(hook, materializer, consumer, rx)
    }

    fn try_register_terminal_drain(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
        materializer: &Materializer,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let worker_materializer =
            materializer.with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned());
        let completion = materializer.spawn_stream(move |cancelled| {
            let mut guard = TerminalDrainCancelGuard::new(Arc::clone(&hook));
            let mut items = Vec::new();
            let mut batch = Vec::new();
            loop {
                let status =
                    hook.drain_terminal_batch(&worker_materializer, &cancelled, &mut batch)?;
                for (index, item) in batch.drain(..).enumerate() {
                    items.push(item);
                    if (index + 1) % 64 == 0 {
                        terminal_drain_status(&hook, &worker_materializer, &cancelled)?;
                    }
                }
                if matches!(status, TerminalSourceStatus::Completed) {
                    guard.disarm();
                    return Ok(items);
                }
            }
        });
        Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)))
    }
}

pub(super) struct IgnoreDescriptor<T> {
    pub(super) _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<fn(T)>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static> FoldFastPathDyn<T> for IgnoreDescriptor<T> {
    fn try_register(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn SplitSegmentHookDyn>,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let hook_any = hook.as_any_arc();
        let slot = hook_any.downcast::<SegmentConsumerSlot<T>>().ok()?;
        if slot.claimed.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return Some(Err(StreamError::Failed(
                "substream source cannot be materialized more than once".into(),
            )));
        }
        let (tx, rx) = futures::channel::oneshot::channel::<StreamResult<NotUsed>>();
        {
            let mut state = slot.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());

            // Check if segment is already complete.
            if let Some(terminal) = state.terminal.take() {
                state.consumer = SegmentConsumer::DirectTaken;
                drop(state);
                let result = match terminal {
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Complete => Ok(NotUsed),
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Error(e) => Err(e),
                };
                let _ = tx.send(result);
                let completion = StreamCompletion::from_receiver(rx, None);
                return Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)));
            }

            // Terminal not set yet; register consumer for later.
            let consumer: Box<dyn SplitConsumer<T>> = Box::new(IgnoreConsumer {
                tx,
                _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData,
            });
            state.consumer = SegmentConsumer::Direct(consumer);
        }
        slot.available.notify_all();
        let completion = StreamCompletion::from_receiver(rx, None);
        Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)))
    }

    fn supports_terminal_drain(&self) -> bool {
        true
    }

    fn try_register_direct_terminal(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
        materializer: &Materializer,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
        let consumer = Box::new(DirectIgnoreConsumer { tx });
        register_direct_terminal(hook, materializer, consumer, rx)
    }

    fn try_register_terminal_drain(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
        materializer: &Materializer,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let worker_materializer =
            materializer.with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned());
        let completion = materializer.spawn_stream(move |cancelled| {
            let mut guard = TerminalDrainCancelGuard::new(Arc::clone(&hook));
            let mut batch = Vec::new();
            loop {
                let status =
                    hook.drain_terminal_batch(&worker_materializer, &cancelled, &mut batch)?;
                batch.clear();
                if matches!(status, TerminalSourceStatus::Completed) {
                    guard.disarm();
                    return Ok(NotUsed);
                }
            }
        });
        Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)))
    }
}

impl<T: Send + 'static> FoldFastPathDyn<T> for ForeachDescriptor<T> {
    fn try_register(
        &self,
        _hook: Arc<dyn SplitSegmentHookDyn>,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        None
    }

    fn supports_terminal_drain(&self) -> bool {
        true
    }

    fn try_register_direct_terminal(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
        materializer: &Materializer,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let (tx, rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
        let consumer = Box::new(DirectForeachConsumer {
            f: Arc::clone(&self.f),
            tx,
        });
        register_direct_terminal(hook, materializer, consumer, rx)
    }

    fn try_register_terminal_drain(
        &self,
        hook: Arc<dyn TerminalSourceHookDyn<T>>,
        materializer: &Materializer,
    ) -> Option<StreamResult<Box<dyn Any + Send>>> {
        let f = Arc::clone(&self.f);
        let worker_materializer =
            materializer.with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned());
        let completion = materializer.spawn_stream(move |cancelled| {
            let mut guard = TerminalDrainCancelGuard::new(Arc::clone(&hook));
            let mut batch = Vec::new();
            loop {
                let status =
                    hook.drain_terminal_batch(&worker_materializer, &cancelled, &mut batch)?;
                for (index, item) in batch.drain(..).enumerate() {
                    f(item);
                    if (index + 1) % 64 == 0 {
                        terminal_drain_status(&hook, &worker_materializer, &cancelled)?;
                    }
                }
                if matches!(status, TerminalSourceStatus::Completed) {
                    guard.disarm();
                    return Ok(NotUsed);
                }
            }
        });
        Some(Ok(Box::new(completion)))
    }
}

// ── SegmentConsumerSlot ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────

enum SegmentConsumer<T: Send + 'static> {
    Pending,
    Direct(Box<dyn SplitConsumer<T>>),
    DirectTaken,
    Fallback,
}

struct SegmentSlotState<T: Send + 'static> {
    buffer: VecDeque<T>,
    consumer: SegmentConsumer<T>,
    terminal: Option<LiveSubstreamTerminal>,
}

pub(super) struct SegmentConsumerSlot<T: Send + 'static> {
    claimed: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    state: Mutex<SegmentSlotState<T>>,
    available: Condvar,
    parent_cancelled: Arc<AtomicBool>,
}

impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> SegmentConsumerSlot<T> {
    fn new(parent_cancelled: Arc<AtomicBool>) -> Arc<Self> {
        Arc::new(Self {
            claimed: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
            state: Mutex::new(SegmentSlotState {
                buffer: VecDeque::new(),
                consumer: SegmentConsumer::Pending,
                terminal: None,
            }),
            available: Condvar::new(),
            parent_cancelled,
        })
    }
}

impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> SplitSegmentHookDyn for SegmentConsumerSlot<T> {
    fn as_any_arc(self: Arc<Self>) -> Arc<dyn Any + Send + Sync> {
        self
    }
}

impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> SourceFactory<T, NotUsed> for SegmentConsumerSlot<T> {
    fn create(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        _materializer: &Materializer,
    ) -> StreamResult<(BoxStream<T>, NotUsed)> {
        if self.claimed.swap(true, Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return Err(StreamError::Failed(
                "substream source cannot be materialized more than once".into(),
            ));
        }
        {
            let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
            state.consumer = SegmentConsumer::Fallback;
        }
        self.available.notify_all();
        let stream = FallbackSegmentStream {
            slot: Arc::clone(&self),
        };
        Ok((Box::new(stream), NotUsed))
    }
}

struct FallbackSegmentStream<T: Send + 'static> {
    slot: Arc<SegmentConsumerSlot<T>>,
}

impl<T: Clone + Send + 'static> Iterator for FallbackSegmentStream<T> {
    type Item = StreamResult<T>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        let mut state = self.slot.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        loop {
            if let Some(item) = state.buffer.pop_front() {
                drop(state);
                self.slot.available.notify_all();
                return Some(Ok(item));
            }
            if let Some(terminal) = &state.terminal {
                return match terminal {
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Complete => None,
                    LiveSubstreamTerminal::Error(e) => Some(Err(e.clone())),
                };
            }
            if self.slot.parent_cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                return Some(Err(StreamError::AbruptTermination));
            }
            state = self
                .slot
                .available
                .wait(state)
                .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        }
    }
}

impl<T: Send + 'static> Drop for FallbackSegmentStream<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let mut state = self.slot.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        if state.terminal.is_none() {
            state.terminal = Some(LiveSubstreamTerminal::Error(StreamError::Cancelled));
        }
        drop(state);
        self.slot.available.notify_all();
    }
}

// ── SplitFastWorkerGuard ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────

struct SplitFastWorkerGuard<Out: Send + 'static> {
    outer: Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<Source<Out>>>,
    current_slot: Option<Arc<SegmentConsumerSlot<Out>>>,
    current_consumer: Option<Box<dyn SplitConsumer<Out>>>,
    armed: bool,
    parent_cancelled: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    local_pending: VecDeque<Out>,
}

impl<Out: Clone + Send + 'static> SplitFastWorkerGuard<Out> {
    fn new(
        outer: Arc<LiveSubstreamShared<Source<Out>>>,
        parent_cancelled: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    ) -> Self {
        Self {
            outer,
            current_slot: None,
            current_consumer: None,
            armed: true,
            parent_cancelled,
            local_pending: VecDeque::with_capacity(LIVE_SUBSTREAM_BATCH),
        }
    }

    fn disarm(&mut self) {
        self.armed = false;
    }

    fn open_segment(&mut self) -> Result<(), ()> {
        let slot = SegmentConsumerSlot::new(Arc::clone(&self.parent_cancelled));
        let factory: Arc<dyn SourceFactory<Out, NotUsed>> =
            Arc::clone(&slot) as Arc<dyn SourceFactory<Out, NotUsed>>;
        let hook: Arc<dyn SplitSegmentHookDyn> = Arc::clone(&slot) as Arc<dyn SplitSegmentHookDyn>;
        let source = Source {
            factory,
            terminal_factory: None,
            hints: SourceHints::default(),
            attributes: Attributes::default(),
            split_hook: Some(hook),
        };
        self.current_slot = Some(slot);
        push_live_substream(&self.outer, source).map_err(|_| ())
    }

    fn push_item(&mut self, item: Out) -> Result<(), ()> {
        // If we already own the consumer, push directly (lock-free).
        if let Some(ref mut consumer) = self.current_consumer {
            if let Err(e) = consumer.push_item(item) {
                let c = self.current_consumer.take().unwrap();
                c.fail(e);
                return Err(());
            }
            return Ok(());
        }

        // Buffer locally; flush in batches via flush_pending.
        self.local_pending.push_back(item);
        if self.local_pending.len() >= LIVE_SUBSTREAM_BATCH {
            self.flush_pending()
        } else {
            Ok(())
        }
    }

    /// Flush local_pending to the current slot's buffer, or to the direct consumer
    /// if one has registered. Blocks only if buffer is full with no consumer.
    fn flush_pending(&mut self) -> Result<(), ()> {
        if self.local_pending.is_empty() {
            return Ok(());
        }

        // Fast path: consumer already taken
        if let Some(ref mut consumer) = self.current_consumer {
            for item in self.local_pending.drain(..) {
                if let Err(e) = consumer.push_item(item) {
                    let c = self.current_consumer.take().unwrap();
                    c.fail(e);
                    return Err(());
                }
            }
            return Ok(());
        }

        let slot = match &self.current_slot {
            Some(s) => Arc::clone(s),
            None => {
                self.local_pending.clear();
                return Ok(());
            }
        };

        loop {
            if self.parent_cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                self.local_pending.clear();
                return Err(());
            }

            let mut state = slot.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());

            if matches!(state.consumer, SegmentConsumer::Direct(_)) {
                let consumer =
                    match std::mem::replace(&mut state.consumer, SegmentConsumer::DirectTaken) {
                        SegmentConsumer::Direct(c) => c,
                        _ => unreachable!(),
                    };
                let mut drain_buf = std::mem::take(&mut state.buffer);
                drop(state);
                let mut consumer_box = consumer;
                for item in drain_buf.drain(..) {
                    if let Err(e) = consumer_box.push_item(item) {
                        consumer_box.fail(e);
                        self.local_pending.clear();
                        return Err(());
                    }
                }
                for item in self.local_pending.drain(..) {
                    if let Err(e) = consumer_box.push_item(item) {
                        consumer_box.fail(e);
                        return Err(());
                    }
                }
                self.current_consumer = Some(consumer_box);
                return Ok(());
            }

            if matches!(
                state.consumer,
                SegmentConsumer::Pending | SegmentConsumer::Fallback
            ) {
                let is_fallback = matches!(state.consumer, SegmentConsumer::Fallback);
                let cap = LIVE_SUBSTREAM_CAPACITY.saturating_sub(state.buffer.len());
                if cap > 0 {
                    let to_flush = cap.min(self.local_pending.len());
                    let items: Vec<Out> = self.local_pending.drain(..to_flush).collect();
                    state.buffer.extend(items);
                    let has_more = !self.local_pending.is_empty();
                    drop(state);
                    if is_fallback {
                        slot.available.notify_all();
                    }
                    if !has_more {
                        return Ok(());
                    }
                    // Still have local items. Recheck capacity under the lock
                    // instead of waiting unconditionally: the fallback consumer
                    // may drain and notify in the gap after our notify.
                    continue;
                } else {
                    // Buffer full; wait.
                    state = slot
                        .available
                        .wait(state)
                        .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                    continue;
                }
            }

            // DirectTaken: nothing to do.
            return Ok(());
        }
    }

    fn close_segment(&mut self) {
        // Flush any locally buffered items before closing.
        let _ = self.flush_pending();

        // If we own the consumer, complete it directly.
        if let Some(consumer) = self.current_consumer.take() {
            consumer.complete();
            self.current_slot = None;
            return;
        }

        let slot = match self.current_slot.take() {
            Some(s) => s,
            None => return,
        };

        if self.parent_cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            let mut state = slot.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
            if state.terminal.is_none() {
                state.terminal = Some(LiveSubstreamTerminal::Error(StreamError::AbruptTermination));
            }
            drop(state);
            slot.available.notify_all();
            return;
        }

        let mut state = slot.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        match std::mem::replace(&mut state.consumer, SegmentConsumer::DirectTaken) {
            SegmentConsumer::Direct(mut consumer_box) => {
                let mut drain_buf = std::mem::take(&mut state.buffer);
                drop(state);
                for item in drain_buf.drain(..) {
                    if let Err(e) = consumer_box.push_item(item) {
                        consumer_box.fail(e);
                        return;
                    }
                }
                consumer_box.complete();
            }
            SegmentConsumer::DirectTaken => {
                // Consumer was already taken (shouldn't happen here).
            }
            SegmentConsumer::Fallback => {
                state.consumer = SegmentConsumer::DirectTaken;
                if state.terminal.is_none() {
                    state.terminal = Some(LiveSubstreamTerminal::Complete);
                }
                drop(state);
                slot.available.notify_all();
            }
            SegmentConsumer::Pending => {
                // Non-blocking: set terminal so consumer processes when it registers.
                state.consumer = SegmentConsumer::Pending;
                if state.terminal.is_none() {
                    state.terminal = Some(LiveSubstreamTerminal::Complete);
                }
                drop(state);
                // Notify so fallback stream / waiting consumer wakes up.
                slot.available.notify_all();
            }
        }
    }

    fn fail_segment(&mut self, error: StreamError) {
        // Drop any locally buffered items on failure.
        self.local_pending.clear();

        if let Some(consumer) = self.current_consumer.take() {
            consumer.fail(error);
            self.current_slot = None;
            return;
        }
        let slot = match self.current_slot.take() {
            Some(s) => s,
            None => return,
        };
        let mut state = slot.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        match std::mem::replace(&mut state.consumer, SegmentConsumer::DirectTaken) {
            SegmentConsumer::Direct(c) => {
                drop(state);
                c.fail(error);
            }
            _ => {
                if state.terminal.is_none() {
                    state.terminal = Some(LiveSubstreamTerminal::Error(error));
                }
                drop(state);
                slot.available.notify_all();
            }
        }
    }

    fn fail_all(&mut self, error: StreamError) {
        self.fail_segment(error.clone());
        fail_live_substream(&self.outer, error);
    }

    fn complete_all(&mut self) {
        self.close_segment();
        complete_live_substream(&self.outer);
    }
}

impl<Out: Send + 'static> Drop for SplitFastWorkerGuard<Out> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.armed {
            self.local_pending.clear(); // Drop pending items on unclean shutdown
            if let Some(consumer) = self.current_consumer.take() {
                consumer.fail(StreamError::AbruptTermination);
            } else if let Some(slot) = self.current_slot.take() {
                let mut state = slot.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                match std::mem::replace(&mut state.consumer, SegmentConsumer::DirectTaken) {
                    SegmentConsumer::Direct(c) => {
                        drop(state);
                        c.fail(StreamError::AbruptTermination);
                    }
                    _ => {
                        if state.terminal.is_none() {
                            state.terminal =
                                Some(LiveSubstreamTerminal::Error(StreamError::AbruptTermination));
                        }
                        drop(state);
                        slot.available.notify_all();
                    }
                }
            }
            fail_live_substream(&self.outer, StreamError::AbruptTermination);
        }
    }
}

fn split_streams_fast<Out, F>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    mode: SplitMode,
    predicate: Arc<F>,
    parent_cancelled: Arc<AtomicBool>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
) -> BoxStream<Source<Out>>
where
    Out: Clone + Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(&Out) -> bool + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    let outer = LiveSubstreamShared::new();
    let worker_outer = Arc::clone(&outer);
    let completion = materializer.spawn_stream(move |cancelled| {
        let mut guard =
            SplitFastWorkerGuard::new(Arc::clone(&worker_outer), Arc::clone(&parent_cancelled));

        while !cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            if worker_outer.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
                guard.disarm();
                return Ok(NotUsed);
            }

            match input.next() {
                Some(Ok(item)) => {
                    let split = match catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| predicate(&item))) {
                        Ok(s) => s,
                        Err(_) => {
                            guard.fail_all(StreamError::AbruptTermination);
                            guard.disarm();
                            return Ok(NotUsed);
                        }
                    };

                    match mode {
                        SplitMode::When => {
                            if split
                                && (guard.current_slot.is_some()
                                    || guard.current_consumer.is_some())
                            {
                                guard.close_segment();
                            }
                            if guard.current_slot.is_none()
                                && guard.current_consumer.is_none()
                                && guard.open_segment().is_err()
                            {
                                guard.disarm();
                                return Ok(NotUsed);
                            }
                            if guard.push_item(item).is_err() {
                                guard.disarm();
                                return Ok(NotUsed);
                            }
                        }
                        SplitMode::After => {
                            if guard.current_slot.is_none()
                                && guard.current_consumer.is_none()
                                && guard.open_segment().is_err()
                            {
                                guard.disarm();
                                return Ok(NotUsed);
                            }
                            if guard.push_item(item).is_err() {
                                guard.disarm();
                                return Ok(NotUsed);
                            }
                            if split {
                                guard.close_segment();
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                Some(Err(error)) => {
                    guard.fail_all(error.clone());
                    guard.disarm();
                    return Err(error);
                }
                None => {
                    guard.complete_all();
                    guard.disarm();
                    return Ok(NotUsed);
                }
            }
        }
        guard.complete_all();
        guard.disarm();
        Ok(NotUsed)
    });

    Box::new(LiveSubstreamStream {
        shared: outer,
        completion: Some(completion),
        local_batch: VecDeque::new(),
    })
}

// ── Legacy flat_map_merge (oracle; only compiled in test builds) ──────────────
#[cfg(test)]
struct FlatMapMergeShared<T> {
    state: Mutex<FlatMapMergeState<T>>,
    available: Condvar,
    cancelled: Arc<AtomicBool>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
struct FlatMapMergeState<T> {
    queued: VecDeque<(usize, T)>,
    window: HashMap<usize, usize>,
    active_streams: usize,
    input_done: bool,
    terminal: Option<StreamError>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<T> FlatMapMergeShared<T> {
    fn new() -> Arc<Self> {
        Arc::new(Self {
            state: Mutex::new(FlatMapMergeState {
                queued: VecDeque::new(),
                window: HashMap::new(),
                active_streams: 0,
                input_done: false,
                terminal: None,
            }),
            available: Condvar::new(),
            cancelled: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
        })
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
struct FlatMapMergeStream<T> {
    shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeShared<T>>,
    completion: Option<StreamCompletion<NotUsed>>,
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<T> Iterator for FlatMapMergeStream<T> {
    type Item = StreamResult<T>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        let mut state = self
            .shared
            .state
            .lock()
            .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
        loop {
            if let Some((stream_id, item)) = state.queued.pop_front() {
                // Decrement per-stream in-flight count inside the same lock —
                // no second mutex needed.
                if let Some(count) = state.window.get_mut(&stream_id) {
                    *count -= 1;
                    if *count == 0 {
                        state.window.remove(&stream_id);
                    }
                }
                drop(state);
                self.shared.available.notify_all();
                return Some(Ok(item));
            }
            if let Some(error) = state.terminal.clone() {
                return Some(Err(error));
            }
            if state.input_done && state.active_streams == 0 {
                return None;
            }
            state = self
                .shared
                .available
                .wait(state)
                .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<T> Drop for FlatMapMergeStream<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        self.shared.cancelled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        self.shared.available.notify_all();
        let _ = self.completion.take();
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
fn flat_map_merge_register_stream<T>(shared: &Arc<FlatMapMergeShared<T>>) {
    let mut state = shared
        .state
        .lock()
        .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
    state.active_streams += 1;
    drop(state);
    shared.available.notify_all();
}

#[cfg(test)]
fn flat_map_merge_finish_stream<T>(
    shared: &Arc<FlatMapMergeShared<T>>,
    stream_id: usize,
    terminal: Result<(), StreamError>,
) {
    let mut state = shared
        .state
        .lock()
        .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
    state.active_streams = state.active_streams.saturating_sub(1);
    if let Err(error) = terminal
        && state.terminal.is_none()
    {
        state.terminal = Some(error);
    }
    // Ensure the window entry exists so the consumer can decrement it.
    state.window.entry(stream_id).or_default();
    drop(state);
    shared.available.notify_all();
}

#[cfg(test)]
fn flat_map_merge_push<T>(
    shared: &Arc<FlatMapMergeShared<T>>,
    stream_id: usize,
    item: T,
) -> Result<(), T> {
    // Single lock: the window map lives inside FlatMapMergeState, so both the
    // per-lane backpressure check and the enqueue happen under one mutex.
    let mut state = shared
        .state
        .lock()
        .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
    while state.window.get(&stream_id).copied().unwrap_or(0) >= FLAT_MAP_MERGE_SUBSTREAM_WINDOW
        && state.terminal.is_none()
    {
        if shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            return Err(item);
        }
        state = shared
            .available
            .wait(state)
            .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
    }
    if shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) || state.terminal.is_some() {
        return Err(item);
    }
    *state.window.entry(stream_id).or_insert(0) += 1;
    let was_empty = state.queued.is_empty();
    state.queued.push_back((stream_id, item));
    drop(state);
    if was_empty {
        shared.available.notify_all();
    }
    Ok(())
}

#[cfg(test)]
struct FlatMapMergeCoordinatorGuard<T> {
    shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeShared<T>>,
    armed: bool,
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<T> FlatMapMergeCoordinatorGuard<T> {
    fn new(shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeShared<T>>) -> Self {
        Self {
            shared,
            armed: true,
        }
    }

    fn finish(&mut self) {
        let mut state = self
            .shared
            .state
            .lock()
            .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
        state.input_done = true;
        drop(state);
        self.shared.available.notify_all();
        self.armed = false;
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<T> Drop for FlatMapMergeCoordinatorGuard<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.armed {
            let mut state = self
                .shared
                .state
                .lock()
                .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
            if state.terminal.is_none() {
                state.terminal = Some(StreamError::AbruptTermination);
            }
            state.input_done = true;
            drop(state);
            self.shared.cancelled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
            self.shared.available.notify_all();
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
struct FlatMapMergeWorkerGuard<T> {
    shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeShared<T>>,
    stream_id: usize,
    armed: bool,
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<T> FlatMapMergeWorkerGuard<T> {
    fn new(shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeShared<T>>, stream_id: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            shared,
            stream_id,
            armed: true,
        }
    }

    fn finish(&mut self, terminal: Result<(), StreamError>) {
        flat_map_merge_finish_stream(&self.shared, self.stream_id, terminal);
        self.armed = false;
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
impl<T> Drop for FlatMapMergeWorkerGuard<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.armed {
            flat_map_merge_finish_stream(
                &self.shared,
                self.stream_id,
                Err(StreamError::AbruptTermination),
            );
            self.shared.cancelled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        }
    }
}

// ── Mode hook (test-only) ────────────────────────────────────────────────────

#[cfg(test)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
pub(crate) enum SubstreamExecutorMode {
    Auto,
    LegacyOnly,
    ReadyRingOnly,
    SplitSinkOnly,
}

#[cfg(test)]
thread_local! {
    static SUBSTREAM_EXECUTOR_MODE: std::cell::Cell<SubstreamExecutorMode> =
        const { std::cell::Cell::new(SubstreamExecutorMode::Auto) };
}

#[cfg(test)]
pub(crate) fn with_substream_mode<R>(mode: SubstreamExecutorMode, f: impl FnOnce() -> R) -> R {
    SUBSTREAM_EXECUTOR_MODE.with(|m| {
        let old = m.get();
        m.set(mode);
        let result = f();
        m.set(old);
        result
    })
}

#[cfg(test)]
fn current_substream_mode() -> SubstreamExecutorMode {
    SUBSTREAM_EXECUTOR_MODE.with(|m| m.get())
}

// ── Dispatcher ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

fn flat_map_merge_stream<Out, Next, NextMat, F>(
    input: BoxStream<Out>,
    breadth: usize,
    stage: Arc<F>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
) -> BoxStream<Next>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Next: Send + 'static,
    NextMat: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(Out) -> Source<Next, NextMat> + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    #[cfg(test)]
    if current_substream_mode() == SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly {
        return flat_map_merge_stream_legacy(input, breadth, stage, materializer);
    }
    flat_map_merge_stream_ready(input, breadth, stage, materializer)
}

// ── Legacy implementation (oracle / fallback) ─────────────────────────────────

#[cfg(test)]
fn flat_map_merge_stream_legacy<Out, Next, NextMat, F>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    breadth: usize,
    stage: Arc<F>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
) -> BoxStream<Next>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Next: Send + 'static,
    NextMat: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(Out) -> Source<Next, NextMat> + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    let worker_materializer = materializer.with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned());
    let shared = FlatMapMergeShared::new();
    let worker_shared = Arc::clone(&shared);
    let completion = materializer.spawn_stream(move |cancelled| {
        let mut next_id = 0usize;
        let mut guard = FlatMapMergeCoordinatorGuard::new(worker_shared);
        let mut workers = HashMap::<usize, StreamCompletion<NotUsed>>::with_capacity(breadth);

        while !cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) && !guard.shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            workers.retain(|_, completion| completion.try_wait().is_none());
            {
                let mut state = guard
                    .shared
                    .state
                    .lock()
                    .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
                while state.active_streams >= breadth
                    && state.terminal.is_none()
                    && !cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                    && !guard.shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                {
                    state = guard
                        .shared
                        .available
                        .wait(state)
                        .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
                }
                if state.terminal.is_some() {
                    let error = state.terminal.clone().expect("terminal checked above");
                    drop(state);
                    guard.finish();
                    return Err(error);
                }
            }

            match input.next() {
                Some(Ok(item)) => {
                    let source = stage(item);
                    let (mut stream, _) =
                        match Arc::clone(&source.factory).create(&worker_materializer) {
                            Ok(parts) => parts,
                            Err(error) => {
                                let mut state = guard
                                    .shared
                                    .state
                                    .lock()
                                    .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
                                if state.terminal.is_none() {
                                    state.terminal = Some(error.clone());
                                }
                                drop(state);
                                guard.shared.available.notify_all();
                                guard.finish();
                                return Err(error);
                            }
                        };
                    let stream_id = next_id;
                    next_id += 1;
                    flat_map_merge_register_stream(&guard.shared);
                    let worker_shared = Arc::clone(&guard.shared);
                    workers.insert(
                        stream_id,
                        worker_materializer.spawn_stream(move |inner_cancelled| {
                            let mut worker_guard =
                                FlatMapMergeWorkerGuard::new(Arc::clone(&worker_shared), stream_id);
                            while !inner_cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                && !worker_shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                            {
                                match stream.next() {
                                    Some(Ok(item)) => {
                                        if flat_map_merge_push(&worker_shared, stream_id, item)
                                            .is_err()
                                        {
                                            worker_guard.finish(Ok(()));
                                            return Ok(NotUsed);
                                        }
                                    }
                                    Some(Err(error)) => {
                                        worker_guard.finish(Err(error.clone()));
                                        return Err(error);
                                    }
                                    None => {
                                        worker_guard.finish(Ok(()));
                                        return Ok(NotUsed);
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            worker_guard.finish(Ok(()));
                            Ok(NotUsed)
                        }),
                    );
                }
                Some(Err(error)) => {
                    let mut state = guard
                        .shared
                        .state
                        .lock()
                        .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
                    if state.terminal.is_none() {
                        state.terminal = Some(error.clone());
                    }
                    drop(state);
                    guard.shared.available.notify_all();
                    guard.finish();
                    return Err(error);
                }
                None => {
                    guard.finish();
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        if guard.armed {
            guard.finish();
        }
        // Drain workers.  The critical invariant: a worker calls
        // `flat_map_merge_finish_stream` (decrementing `active_streams` and
        // notifying `available`) *before* its spawned task fully exits.  That
        // means `try_wait()` may return `None` for a worker that has already
        // decremented `active_streams`.  We must therefore check
        // `active_streams == 0` *before* sleeping — not only when `workers` is
        // empty — otherwise we can miss the final notification and hang forever.
        while !cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) && !guard.shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            workers.retain(|_, completion| completion.try_wait().is_none());
            // Lock state once, check done-condition, and only sleep if we are not
            // done yet.  Checking inside the lock prevents the lost-wakeup: any
            // worker that fires after we take the lock but before `wait` is called
            // will be seen either through `active_streams` here or will produce a
            // spurious wakeup that re-evaluates the loop condition.
            let state = guard
                .shared
                .state
                .lock()
                .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner());
            if state.active_streams == 0 {
                return Ok(NotUsed);
            }
            drop(
                guard
                    .shared
                    .available
                    .wait(state)
                    .unwrap_or_else(|poison| poison.into_inner()),
            );
        }
        Ok(NotUsed)
    });

    Box::new(FlatMapMergeStream {
        shared,
        completion: Some(completion),
    })
}

// ── Ready-ring implementation ─────────────────────────────────────────────────

const FLAT_MAP_MERGE_READY_BATCH: usize = 16;

/// Inline-drain budget: sources whose `max_success_items` does not exceed this
/// bound are drained in the coordinator thread without spawning a worker.
/// Must be <= FLAT_MAP_MERGE_SUBSTREAM_WINDOW.
const FLAT_MAP_MERGE_INLINE_MICRO_MAX: usize = FLAT_MAP_MERGE_READY_BATCH;

struct FlatMapMergeReadyShared<T> {
    coordinator: Mutex<FlatMapMergeReadyState<T>>,
    available: Condvar,
    cancelled: Arc<AtomicBool>,
}

struct FlatMapMergeReadyState<T> {
    lanes: HashMap<usize, Arc<FlatMapMergeLane<T>>>,
    ready: std::collections::VecDeque<usize>,
    queued_items: usize,
    active_streams: usize,
    input_done: bool,
    terminal: Option<StreamError>,
    generation: u64,
}

struct FlatMapMergeLane<T> {
    state: Mutex<FlatMapMergeLaneState<T>>,
    space_available: Condvar,
}

struct FlatMapMergeLaneState<T> {
    buffer: std::collections::VecDeque<T>,
    in_ready_ring: bool,
    publishing: bool,
    closed: bool,
}

struct FlatMapMergeReadyStream<T> {
    shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeReadyShared<T>>,
    completion: Option<StreamCompletion<NotUsed>>,
    local_batch: std::collections::VecDeque<T>,
}

impl<T: Send + 'static> Iterator for FlatMapMergeReadyStream<T> {
    type Item = StreamResult<T>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        // Step 1: return from local batch first.
        if let Some(item) = self.local_batch.pop_front() {
            return Some(Ok(item));
        }

        // Step 2: lock coordinator and loop.
        let mut coord = self
            .shared
            .coordinator
            .lock()
            .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        loop {
            // Step 3: terminal wins — fail-fast, do not drain remaining lane items.
            if let Some(error) = coord.terminal.clone() {
                return Some(Err(error));
            }

            // Step 4: pop a ready lane id and drop coordinator lock.
            if let Some(lane_id) = coord.ready.pop_front() {
                let lane = coord.lanes.get(&lane_id).cloned();
                drop(coord);

                if let Some(lane) = lane {
                    // Step 5: lock lane, drain up to BATCH items.
                    let mut lane_state = lane.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                    while lane_state.publishing {
                        lane_state = lane
                            .space_available
                            .wait(lane_state)
                            .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                    }
                    let drain_n = lane_state.buffer.len().min(FLAT_MAP_MERGE_READY_BATCH);
                    let mut batch = std::collections::VecDeque::with_capacity(drain_n);
                    for _ in 0..drain_n {
                        if let Some(item) = lane_state.buffer.pop_front() {
                            batch.push_back(item);
                        }
                    }
                    let still_has_items = !lane_state.buffer.is_empty();
                    let is_closed = lane_state.closed;
                    if !still_has_items {
                        lane_state.in_ready_ring = false;
                    }
                    // Step 5 end: drop lane lock.
                    drop(lane_state);
                    // Notify workers blocked on a full lane.
                    if !batch.is_empty() {
                        lane.space_available.notify_all();
                    }

                    // Step 7: re-lock coordinator, update bookkeeping.
                    let freed = batch.len();
                    let mut coord = self
                        .shared
                        .coordinator
                        .lock()
                        .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                    coord.queued_items = coord.queued_items.saturating_sub(freed);
                    if still_has_items {
                        coord.ready.push_back(lane_id);
                    } else if is_closed {
                        coord.lanes.remove(&lane_id);
                    }
                    coord.generation += 1;
                    drop(coord);
                    self.shared.available.notify_all();

                    // Step 8: return first item, stash rest in local_batch.
                    let mut iter = batch.into_iter();
                    if let Some(first) = iter.next() {
                        self.local_batch.extend(iter);
                        return Some(Ok(first));
                    }
                }
                // Lane vanished or was empty — re-acquire and retry.
                coord = self
                    .shared
                    .coordinator
                    .lock()
                    .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                continue;
            }

            // Step 9: EOS — only once all work has been accounted for.
            if coord.terminal.is_none()
                && coord.input_done
                && coord.active_streams == 0
                && coord.queued_items == 0
            {
                return None;
            }

            // Step 10: wait with generation-counter protocol.
            let seen = coord.generation;
            coord = self
                .shared
                .available
                .wait_while(coord, |s| {
                    s.generation == seen
                        && s.terminal.is_none()
                        && s.ready.is_empty()
                        && !(s.input_done && s.active_streams == 0 && s.queued_items == 0)
                })
                .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        }
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for FlatMapMergeReadyStream<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        let lanes: Vec<Arc<FlatMapMergeLane<T>>> = {
            let mut coord = self
                .shared
                .coordinator
                .lock()
                .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
            coord.generation += 1;
            coord.lanes.values().cloned().collect()
        };
        self.shared.cancelled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        self.shared.available.notify_all();
        for lane in lanes {
            lane.space_available.notify_all();
        }
        let _ = self.completion.take();
    }
}

// Decrement active_streams, mark lane closed, and notify waiters.
// Must be called AFTER publishing all batches to the coordinator.
fn finish_lane_ready<T>(
    shared: &Arc<FlatMapMergeReadyShared<T>>,
    stream_id: usize,
    terminal: Result<(), StreamError>,
) {
    let is_error = terminal.is_err();

    // Step 1: mark lane closed (lane lock only, no coordinator held).
    let lane_is_empty = {
        let coord = shared.coordinator.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        let lane_opt = coord.lanes.get(&stream_id).cloned();
        drop(coord);
        if let Some(lane) = lane_opt {
            let mut ls = lane.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
            ls.closed = true;
            ls.buffer.is_empty()
        } else {
            true
        }
    };

    // Step 2: update coordinator (no lane lock held).
    let lanes_to_notify: Vec<Arc<FlatMapMergeLane<T>>> = {
        let mut coord = shared.coordinator.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        coord.active_streams = coord.active_streams.saturating_sub(1);
        if let Err(ref error) = terminal
            && coord.terminal.is_none()
        {
            coord.terminal = Some(error.clone());
        }
        if lane_is_empty {
            coord.lanes.remove(&stream_id);
        }
        coord.generation += 1;
        if is_error {
            coord.lanes.values().cloned().collect()
        } else {
            vec![]
        }
    };

    if is_error {
        shared.cancelled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        for lane in &lanes_to_notify {
            lane.space_available.notify_all();
        }
    }
    shared.available.notify_all();
}

struct FlatMapMergeReadyCoordinatorGuard<T> {
    shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeReadyShared<T>>,
    armed: bool,
}

impl<T> FlatMapMergeReadyCoordinatorGuard<T> {
    fn new(shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeReadyShared<T>>) -> Self {
        Self {
            shared,
            armed: true,
        }
    }

    fn finish(&mut self) {
        let mut coord = self
            .shared
            .coordinator
            .lock()
            .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        coord.input_done = true;
        coord.generation += 1;
        drop(coord);
        self.shared.available.notify_all();
        self.armed = false;
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for FlatMapMergeReadyCoordinatorGuard<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.armed {
            let lanes: Vec<Arc<FlatMapMergeLane<T>>> = {
                let mut coord = self
                    .shared
                    .coordinator
                    .lock()
                    .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                if coord.terminal.is_none() {
                    coord.terminal = Some(StreamError::AbruptTermination);
                }
                coord.input_done = true;
                coord.generation += 1;
                coord.lanes.values().cloned().collect()
            };
            self.shared.cancelled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
            self.shared.available.notify_all();
            for lane in lanes {
                lane.space_available.notify_all();
            }
        }
    }
}

struct FlatMapMergeReadyWorkerGuard<T> {
    shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeReadyShared<T>>,
    stream_id: usize,
    armed: bool,
}

impl<T> FlatMapMergeReadyWorkerGuard<T> {
    fn new(shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeReadyShared<T>>, stream_id: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            shared,
            stream_id,
            armed: true,
        }
    }

    fn finish(&mut self, terminal: Result<(), StreamError>) {
        finish_lane_ready(&self.shared, self.stream_id, terminal);
        self.armed = false;
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for FlatMapMergeReadyWorkerGuard<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.armed {
            finish_lane_ready(
                &self.shared,
                self.stream_id,
                Err(StreamError::AbruptTermination),
            );
            self.shared.cancelled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
        }
    }
}

/// Shared publish protocol used by both workers and the coordinator inline path.
///
/// Steps (per the WP-19 lock contract):
/// 1. Lock the lane, mark publication in progress, append `batch` to
///    `lane.buffer`, set `in_ready_ring = true` if the transition happens
///    (was false → now non-empty).
/// 2. Drop the lane lock. Consumers that pop this lane wait for the publication
///    gate before draining, so they cannot consume items before `queued_items`
///    accounts for them.
/// 3. Lock coordinator, increment `queued_items`, enqueue the lane id in `ready`
///    iff the ring-transition happened, increment `generation`, drop.
/// 4. Clear the publication gate and notify `available`.
///
/// No-op if `batch` is empty (no transition, no coordinator wakeup needed).
fn publish_ready_batch<T>(
    shared: &Arc<FlatMapMergeReadyShared<T>>,
    stream_id: usize,
    lane: &Arc<FlatMapMergeLane<T>>,
    batch: std::collections::VecDeque<T>,
) {
    let batch_len = batch.len();
    if batch_len == 0 {
        return;
    }

    // Step 1+2: lane lock, append, decide ready-ring transition.
    let was_not_in_ready = {
        let mut ls = lane.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        let was_not = !ls.in_ready_ring;
        ls.publishing = true;
        ls.buffer.extend(batch);
        if !ls.buffer.is_empty() {
            ls.in_ready_ring = true;
        }
        was_not
    };

    // Step 3+4: coordinator lock, bookkeeping, notify.
    {
        let mut coord = shared.coordinator.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        coord.queued_items += batch_len;
        if was_not_in_ready {
            coord.ready.push_back(stream_id);
        }
        coord.generation += 1;
    }
    {
        let mut ls = lane.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
        ls.publishing = false;
    }
    lane.space_available.notify_all();
    shared.available.notify_all();
}

/// RAII guard for an admitted inline lane.
///
/// After `active_streams += 1`, exactly one of these outcomes must happen:
/// - `hand_off()` is called before spawning a worker (worker will call
///   `finish_lane_ready` exactly once).
/// - `finish(terminal)` is called after the inline drain completes.
///
/// If neither is called (e.g. on panic), Drop calls `finish_lane_ready` with
/// `AbruptTermination` to prevent an active-lane leak.
struct FlatMapMergeReadyInlineGuard<T> {
    shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeReadyShared<T>>,
    stream_id: usize,
    armed: bool,
}

impl<T> FlatMapMergeReadyInlineGuard<T> {
    fn new(shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeReadyShared<T>>, stream_id: usize) -> Self {
        Self {
            shared,
            stream_id,
            armed: true,
        }
    }

    fn finish(&mut self, terminal: Result<(), StreamError>) {
        finish_lane_ready(&self.shared, self.stream_id, terminal);
        self.armed = false;
    }

    fn hand_off(&mut self) {
        self.armed = false;
    }
}

impl<T> Drop for FlatMapMergeReadyInlineGuard<T> {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if self.armed {
            finish_lane_ready(
                &self.shared,
                self.stream_id,
                Err(StreamError::AbruptTermination),
            );
        }
    }
}

fn flat_map_merge_stream_ready<Out, Next, NextMat, F>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    breadth: usize,
    stage: Arc<F>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
) -> BoxStream<Next>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Next: Send + 'static,
    NextMat: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(Out) -> Source<Next, NextMat> + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    let worker_materializer = materializer.with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned());
    let shared: Arc<FlatMapMergeReadyShared<Next>> = Arc::new(FlatMapMergeReadyShared {
        coordinator: Mutex::new(FlatMapMergeReadyState {
            lanes: HashMap::new(),
            ready: std::collections::VecDeque::new(),
            queued_items: 0,
            active_streams: 0,
            input_done: false,
            terminal: None,
            generation: 0,
        }),
        available: Condvar::new(),
        cancelled: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
    });

    let worker_shared = Arc::clone(&shared);
    let completion = materializer.spawn_stream(move |cancelled| {
        let mut next_id = 0usize;
        let mut guard = FlatMapMergeReadyCoordinatorGuard::new(worker_shared);
        let mut workers = HashMap::<usize, StreamCompletion<NotUsed>>::with_capacity(breadth);

        while !cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) && !guard.shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            workers.retain(|_, c| c.try_wait().is_none());

            // Wait for a free breadth slot using the generation protocol.
            {
                let mut coord = guard
                    .shared
                    .coordinator
                    .lock()
                    .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                loop {
                    if coord.terminal.is_some()
                        || coord.active_streams < breadth
                        || cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                        || guard.shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                    let seen = coord.generation;
                    coord = guard
                        .shared
                        .available
                        .wait_while(coord, |s| {
                            s.generation == seen
                                && s.terminal.is_none()
                                && s.active_streams >= breadth
                                && !cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                && !guard.shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                        })
                        .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                }
                if coord.terminal.is_some() {
                    let error = coord.terminal.clone().expect("terminal checked");
                    drop(coord);
                    guard.finish();
                    return Err(error);
                }
            }

            match input.next() {
                Some(Ok(item)) => {
                    // f and factory called outside all locks.
                    let source = stage(item);
                    // Read hint before factory.create() consumes source.
                    let inline_hint = source.hints.inline_micro;
                    let (stream, _) = match Arc::clone(&source.factory).create(&worker_materializer)
                    {
                        Ok(parts) => parts,
                        Err(error) => {
                            let lanes: Vec<Arc<FlatMapMergeLane<Next>>> = {
                                let mut coord = guard
                                    .shared
                                    .coordinator
                                    .lock()
                                    .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                                if coord.terminal.is_none() {
                                    coord.terminal = Some(error.clone());
                                }
                                coord.generation += 1;
                                coord.lanes.values().cloned().collect()
                            };
                            guard.shared.cancelled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                            guard.shared.available.notify_all();
                            for lane in lanes {
                                lane.space_available.notify_all();
                            }
                            guard.finish();
                            return Err(error);
                        }
                    };

                    let stream_id = next_id;
                    next_id += 1;
                    let mut stream = stream;

                    // Create lane and register it.
                    let lane: Arc<FlatMapMergeLane<Next>> = Arc::new(FlatMapMergeLane {
                        state: Mutex::new(FlatMapMergeLaneState {
                            buffer: std::collections::VecDeque::new(),
                            in_ready_ring: false,
                            publishing: false,
                            closed: false,
                        }),
                        space_available: Condvar::new(),
                    });
                    {
                        let mut coord = guard
                            .shared
                            .coordinator
                            .lock()
                            .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                        coord.lanes.insert(stream_id, Arc::clone(&lane));
                        coord.active_streams += 1;
                        // No generation increment: admission alone does not wake consumer.
                    }

                    // RAII guard: ensures finish_lane_ready is called exactly once
                    // regardless of which path (inline or worker) handles this lane.
                    let mut inline_guard =
                        FlatMapMergeReadyInlineGuard::new(Arc::clone(&guard.shared), stream_id);

                    let is_inline = inline_hint
                        .is_some_and(|h| h.max_success_items <= FLAT_MAP_MERGE_INLINE_MICRO_MAX);

                    if is_inline {
                        // Inline drain path: drain the entire micro-source in the
                        // coordinator thread without spawning a worker task.
                        // NO locks are held during any stream.next() call.
                        let max_items = inline_hint.expect("checked").max_success_items;

                        // Check cancellation before starting the drain.
                        if guard.shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                            || cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                        {
                            inline_guard.finish(Ok(()));
                            continue;
                        }

                        // Pull at most max_items successful items, then one terminal
                        // probe to distinguish normal EOS from error.
                        let max_pulls = max_items.saturating_add(1);
                        let mut local_batch = std::collections::VecDeque::with_capacity(max_items);
                        let mut terminal_result: Option<Result<(), StreamError>> = None;

                        for _ in 0..max_pulls {
                            if guard.shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                || cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                            {
                                break;
                            }
                            match stream.next() {
                                Some(Ok(item)) => local_batch.push_back(item),
                                Some(Err(e)) => {
                                    terminal_result = Some(Err(e));
                                    break;
                                }
                                None => {
                                    terminal_result = Some(Ok(()));
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }

                        // Re-check cancellation after pull, before publish.
                        if guard.shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                            || cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                        {
                            inline_guard.finish(Ok(()));
                            continue;
                        }

                        // Publish-before-finish: items enter the coordinator BEFORE
                        // active_streams is decremented by finish_lane_ready.
                        publish_ready_batch(&guard.shared, stream_id, &lane, local_batch);

                        match terminal_result {
                            Some(Err(e)) => {
                                // Inner error: shared.cancelled will be set by
                                // finish_lane_ready, breaking the outer loop next iter.
                                inline_guard.finish(Err(e));
                            }
                            Some(Ok(())) | None => {
                                inline_guard.finish(Ok(()));
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        // Worker path: spawn the ready-ring worker (unchanged).
                        inline_guard.hand_off();
                        let worker_shared = Arc::clone(&guard.shared);
                        let worker_lane = Arc::clone(&lane);
                        workers.insert(
                            stream_id,
                            worker_materializer.spawn_stream(move |inner_cancelled| {
                                let mut worker_guard = FlatMapMergeReadyWorkerGuard::new(
                                    Arc::clone(&worker_shared),
                                    stream_id,
                                );

                                loop {
                                    if inner_cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                        || worker_shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                    {
                                        worker_guard.finish(Ok(()));
                                        return Ok(NotUsed);
                                    }

                                    // Step 1: wait for ring capacity under lane lock.
                                    let capacity;
                                    {
                                        let mut ls = worker_lane
                                            .state
                                            .lock()
                                            .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                                        while ls.buffer.len() >= FLAT_MAP_MERGE_SUBSTREAM_WINDOW
                                            && !worker_shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                            && !ls.closed
                                            && !inner_cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                        {
                                            ls = worker_lane
                                                .space_available
                                                .wait(ls)
                                                .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                                        }
                                        if worker_shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                            || ls.closed
                                            || inner_cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                        {
                                            drop(ls);
                                            worker_guard.finish(Ok(()));
                                            return Ok(NotUsed);
                                        }
                                        capacity =
                                            FLAT_MAP_MERGE_SUBSTREAM_WINDOW - ls.buffer.len();
                                    }
                                    // Step 2: lane lock dropped.

                                    // Step 3: pull items outside all locks.
                                    let batch_size = capacity.min(FLAT_MAP_MERGE_READY_BATCH);
                                    let mut local_batch =
                                        std::collections::VecDeque::with_capacity(batch_size);
                                    let mut terminal_result: Option<Result<(), StreamError>> = None;
                                    for _ in 0..batch_size {
                                        if inner_cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                            || worker_shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
                                        {
                                            break;
                                        }
                                        match stream.next() {
                                            Some(Ok(item)) => local_batch.push_back(item),
                                            Some(Err(e)) => {
                                                terminal_result = Some(Err(e));
                                                break;
                                            }
                                            None => {
                                                terminal_result = Some(Ok(()));
                                                break;
                                            }
                                        }
                                    }
                                    let batch_len = local_batch.len();

                                    // Step 4+5: re-lock lane, append batch; use
                                    // publish_ready_batch for the shared protocol.
                                    publish_ready_batch(
                                        &worker_shared,
                                        stream_id,
                                        &worker_lane,
                                        local_batch,
                                    );

                                    match terminal_result {
                                        Some(Ok(())) => {
                                            worker_guard.finish(Ok(()));
                                            return Ok(NotUsed);
                                        }
                                        Some(Err(e)) => {
                                            worker_guard.finish(Err(e.clone()));
                                            return Err(e);
                                        }
                                        None => {
                                            if batch_len == 0 {
                                                worker_guard.finish(Ok(()));
                                                return Ok(NotUsed);
                                            }
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }),
                        );
                    }
                }
                Some(Err(error)) => {
                    let lanes: Vec<Arc<FlatMapMergeLane<Next>>> = {
                        let mut coord = guard
                            .shared
                            .coordinator
                            .lock()
                            .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
                        if coord.terminal.is_none() {
                            coord.terminal = Some(error.clone());
                        }
                        coord.generation += 1;
                        coord.lanes.values().cloned().collect()
                    };
                    guard.shared.cancelled.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                    guard.shared.available.notify_all();
                    for lane in lanes {
                        lane.space_available.notify_all();
                    }
                    guard.finish();
                    return Err(error);
                }
                None => {
                    guard.finish();
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        if guard.armed {
            guard.finish();
        }

        // Drain workers.  Same invariant as legacy: a worker may decrement
        // active_streams before its StreamCompletion reflects completion.
        // Always check active_streams == 0 under the lock before sleeping.
        while !cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) && !guard.shared.cancelled.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
            workers.retain(|_, c| c.try_wait().is_none());
            let coord = guard
                .shared
                .coordinator
                .lock()
                .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner());
            if coord.active_streams == 0 {
                return Ok(NotUsed);
            }
            let seen = coord.generation;
            drop(
                guard
                    .shared
                    .available
                    .wait_while(coord, |s| s.generation == seen && s.active_streams > 0)
                    .unwrap_or_else(|p| p.into_inner()),
            );
        }
        Ok(NotUsed)
    });

    Box::new(FlatMapMergeReadyStream {
        shared,
        completion: Some(completion),
        local_batch: std::collections::VecDeque::new(),
    })
}

fn flat_map_concat_stream<Out, Next, NextMat, F>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    stage: Arc<F>,
    materializer: &Materializer,
) -> BoxStream<Next>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Next: Send + 'static,
    NextMat: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(Out) -> Source<Next, NextMat> + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    let materializer = materializer.with_name_prefix(materializer.name_prefix().to_owned());
    let mut current: Option<BoxStream<Next>> = None;
    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        loop {
            if let Some(stream) = current.as_mut() {
                match stream.next() {
                    Some(item) => return Some(item),
                    None => current = None,
                }
            }

            match input.next() {
                Some(Ok(item)) => {
                    let source = stage(item);
                    current = Some(match Arc::clone(&source.factory).create(&materializer) {
                        Ok((stream, _)) => stream,
                        Err(error) => Box::new(std::iter::once(Err(error))) as BoxStream<Next>,
                    });
                }
                Some(Err(error)) => return Some(Err(error)),
                None => return None,
            }
        }
    }))
}

fn map_async_unordered<Out, Next, F, Fut>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    parallelism: usize,
    stage: Arc<F>,
) -> BoxStream<Next>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Next: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
{
    let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<(usize, StreamResult<Next>)>();
    let mut tasks = HashMap::<usize, AbortOnDropHandle<()>>::with_capacity(parallelism);
    let mut next_task_id = 0_usize;
    let mut input_done = false;

    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        loop {
            while tasks.len() < parallelism && !input_done {
                match input.next() {
                    Some(Ok(item)) => match poll_once_or_pending(stage(item)) {
                        Ok(result) => return Some(result),
                        Err(future) => {
                            let task_id = next_task_id;
                            next_task_id += 1;
                            tasks.insert(
                                task_id,
                                spawn_completion_task(task_id, future, sender.clone(), |result| {
                                    result
                                }),
                            );
                        }
                    },
                    Some(Err(error)) => {
                        input_done = true;
                        return Some(Err(error));
                    }
                    None => input_done = true,
                }
            }

            if tasks.is_empty() {
                return None;
            }

            if let Some((task_id, result)) = recv_completion(&receiver) {
                tasks.remove(&task_id);
                return Some(result);
            }
        }
    }))
}

fn map_async_unordered_supervised<Out, Next, F, Fut>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    parallelism: usize,
    stage: Arc<F>,
    decider: SupervisionDecider,
) -> BoxStream<Next>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Next: Send + 'static,
    F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
{
    let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<(usize, StreamResult<Next>)>();
    let mut tasks = HashMap::<usize, AbortOnDropHandle<()>>::with_capacity(parallelism);
    let mut next_task_id = 0_usize;
    let mut input_done = false;

    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        loop {
            while tasks.len() < parallelism && !input_done {
                match input.next() {
                    Some(Ok(item)) => {
                        match catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| poll_once_or_pending(stage(item)))) {
                            Ok(Ok(result)) => {
                                if let Some(result) = supervise_async_result(result, &decider) {
                                    return Some(result);
                                }
                            }
                            Ok(Err(future)) => {
                                let task_id = next_task_id;
                                next_task_id += 1;
                                tasks.insert(
                                    task_id,
                                    spawn_completion_task(
                                        task_id,
                                        future,
                                        sender.clone(),
                                        |result| result,
                                    ),
                                );
                            }
                            Err(_) => {
                                let error = panic_stream_error("map_async_unordered callback");
                                if let Some(result) = supervise_async_result(Err(error), &decider) {
                                    return Some(result);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    Some(Err(error)) => {
                        input_done = true;
                        return Some(Err(error));
                    }
                    None => input_done = true,
                }
            }

            if tasks.is_empty() {
                return None;
            }

            if let Some((task_id, result)) = recv_completion(&receiver) {
                tasks.remove(&task_id);
                if let Some(result) = supervise_async_result(result, &decider) {
                    return Some(result);
                }
            }
        }
    }))
}

#[inline(always)]
fn map_async_partitioned_serial<Out, Key, Next, Partition, F, Fut>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    partition: Arc<Partition>,
    stage: Arc<F>,
) -> BoxStream<Next>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Key: Send + 'static,
    Next: Send + 'static,
    Partition: Fn(&Out) -> Key + Send + Sync + 'static,
    F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
{
    let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<(usize, StreamResult<Next>)>();
    let mut tasks = HashMap::<usize, AbortOnDropHandle<()>>::with_capacity(1);
    let mut next_index = 0_usize;
    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        // With parallelism = 1 any pending future is awaited inline at spawn, so
        // the receiver can only have a message when a task is outstanding; an
        // unguarded recv here busy-loops forever on the all-inline-ready path.
        if !tasks.is_empty()
            && let Some((task_id, result)) = recv_completion(&receiver)
        {
            tasks.remove(&task_id);
            return Some(result);
        }

        let item = input.next()?;
        match item {
            Ok(item) => {
                let _ = partition(&item);
                let index = next_index;
                next_index += 1;
                Some(match poll_once_or_pending(stage(item)) {
                    Ok(result) => result,
                    Err(future) => {
                        tasks.insert(
                            index,
                            spawn_completion_task(index, future, sender.clone(), |result| result),
                        );
                        let (task_id, result) =
                            recv_completion(&receiver).expect("pending map_async task completion");
                        tasks.remove(&task_id);
                        result
                    }
                })
            }
            Err(error) => Some(Err(error)),
        }
    }))
}

#[inline(always)]
fn map_async_partitioned_scanning<Out, Key, Next, Partition, F, Fut>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    parallelism: usize,
    per_partition: usize,
    partition: Arc<Partition>,
    stage: Arc<F>,
) -> BoxStream<Next>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Key: Clone + Eq + Hash + Send + 'static,
    Next: Send + 'static,
    Partition: Fn(&Out) -> Key + Send + Sync + 'static,
    F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
{
    let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<(usize, (Key, StreamResult<Next>))>();
    let mut tasks = HashMap::<usize, AbortOnDropHandle<()>>::with_capacity(parallelism);
    let mut active_by_key = HashMap::<Key, usize>::with_capacity(parallelism);
    let mut pending = VecDeque::<(usize, Key, Out)>::with_capacity(parallelism);
    let mut completed = BTreeMap::<usize, StreamResult<Next>>::new();
    let mut next_index = 0_usize;
    let mut next_to_emit = 0_usize;
    let mut input_done = false;

    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        loop {
            if let Some(result) = completed.remove(&next_to_emit) {
                next_to_emit += 1;
                return Some(result);
            }

            while tasks.len() + completed.len() < parallelism {
                let next = pending
                    .iter()
                    .position(|(_, key, _)| {
                        active_by_key.get(key).copied().unwrap_or(0) < per_partition
                    })
                    .and_then(|index| pending.remove(index))
                    .or_else(|| {
                        if input_done {
                            return None;
                        }
                        match input.next() {
                            Some(Ok(item)) => {
                                let key = partition(&item);
                                let index = next_index;
                                next_index += 1;
                                Some((index, key, item))
                            }
                            Some(Err(error)) => {
                                completed.insert(next_index, Err(error));
                                next_index += 1;
                                input_done = true;
                                None
                            }
                            None => {
                                input_done = true;
                                None
                            }
                        }
                    });

                let Some((index, key, item)) = next else {
                    break;
                };
                if active_by_key.get(&key).copied().unwrap_or(0) >= per_partition {
                    pending.push_back((index, key, item));
                    if input_done || pending.len() >= parallelism {
                        break;
                    }
                    continue;
                }
                *active_by_key.entry(key.clone()).or_default() += 1;
                match poll_once_or_pending(stage(item)) {
                    Ok(result) => {
                        if let Some(count) = active_by_key.get_mut(&key) {
                            *count -= 1;
                            if *count == 0 {
                                active_by_key.remove(&key);
                            }
                        }
                        completed.insert(index, result);
                    }
                    Err(future) => {
                        tasks.insert(
                            index,
                            spawn_completion_task(index, future, sender.clone(), move |result| {
                                (key, result)
                            }),
                        );
                    }
                }
            }

            if let Some(result) = completed.remove(&next_to_emit) {
                next_to_emit += 1;
                return Some(result);
            }

            if tasks.is_empty() {
                return None;
            }

            if let Some((index, (key, result))) = recv_completion(&receiver) {
                tasks.remove(&index);
                if let Some(count) = active_by_key.get_mut(&key) {
                    *count -= 1;
                    if *count == 0 {
                        active_by_key.remove(&key);
                    }
                }
                if index == next_to_emit {
                    next_to_emit += 1;
                    return Some(result);
                }
                completed.insert(index, result);
            }
        }
    }))
}

fn map_async_partitioned<Out, Key, Next, Partition, F, Fut>(
    mut input: BoxStream<Out>,
    parallelism: usize,
    per_partition: usize,
    partition: Arc<Partition>,
    stage: Arc<F>,
) -> BoxStream<Next>
where
    Out: Send + 'static,
    Key: Clone + Eq + Hash + Send + 'static,
    Next: Send + 'static,
    Partition: Fn(&Out) -> Key + Send + Sync + 'static,
    F: Fn(Out) -> Fut + Send + Sync + 'static,
    Fut: Future<Output = StreamResult<Next>> + Send + 'static,
{
    if parallelism == 1 {
        return map_async_partitioned_serial(input, partition, stage);
    }
    // At small parallelism the bounded scan is cheaper than maintaining slot queues.
    if parallelism <= 4 {
        return map_async_partitioned_scanning(input, parallelism, per_partition, partition, stage);
    }

    let (sender, receiver) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<(usize, (usize, StreamResult<Next>))>();
    let mut tasks = HashMap::<usize, AbortOnDropHandle<()>>::with_capacity(parallelism);
    let mut slots_by_key = HashMap::<Key, usize>::with_capacity(parallelism);
    let mut slots = Vec::<PartitionSlot<Key, Out>>::with_capacity(parallelism);
    let mut free_slots = Vec::<usize>::new();
    let mut ready_slots = VecDeque::<usize>::with_capacity(parallelism);
    let mut completed = BTreeMap::<usize, StreamResult<Next>>::new();
    let mut next_index = 0_usize;
    let mut next_to_emit = 0_usize;
    let mut input_done = false;
    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
        loop {
            if let Some(result) = completed.remove(&next_to_emit) {
                next_to_emit += 1;
                return Some(result);
            }

            while tasks.len() + completed.len() < parallelism {
                if let Some((index, slot, item)) =
                    pop_ready_partition_slot(&mut slots, &mut ready_slots, per_partition)
                {
                    match poll_once_or_pending(stage(item)) {
                        Ok(result) => {
                            let mut remove_empty = false;
                            if let Some(state) = slots.get_mut(slot) {
                                state.active -= 1;
                                remove_empty = state.active == 0
                                    && state.queued.is_empty()
                                    && !state.in_ready_queue;
                            }
                            if remove_empty {
                                retire_partition_slot(
                                    slot,
                                    &mut slots_by_key,
                                    &mut slots,
                                    &mut free_slots,
                                );
                            } else {
                                ready_partition_slot(
                                    &mut slots,
                                    &mut ready_slots,
                                    slot,
                                    per_partition,
                                );
                            }
                            if index == next_to_emit {
                                next_to_emit += 1;
                                return Some(result);
                            }
                            completed.insert(index, result);
                        }
                        Err(future) => {
                            tasks.insert(
                                index,
                                spawn_completion_task(
                                    index,
                                    future,
                                    sender.clone(),
                                    move |result| (slot, result),
                                ),
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    continue;
                }

                if input_done {
                    break;
                }

                match input.next() {
                    Some(Ok(item)) => {
                        let key = partition(&item);
                        let index = next_index;
                        next_index += 1;
                        let slot =
                            partition_slot_for(key, &mut slots_by_key, &mut slots, &mut free_slots);
                        let state = &mut slots[slot];
                        if state.active < per_partition {
                            match poll_once_or_pending(stage(item)) {
                                Ok(result) => {
                                    if index == next_to_emit {
                                        next_to_emit += 1;
                                        if state.queued.is_empty() && !state.in_ready_queue {
                                            retire_partition_slot(
                                                slot,
                                                &mut slots_by_key,
                                                &mut slots,
                                                &mut free_slots,
                                            );
                                        }
                                        return Some(result);
                                    }
                                    completed.insert(index, result);
                                    if state.queued.is_empty() && !state.in_ready_queue {
                                        retire_partition_slot(
                                            slot,
                                            &mut slots_by_key,
                                            &mut slots,
                                            &mut free_slots,
                                        );
                                    }
                                }
                                Err(future) => {
                                    state.active += 1;
                                    tasks.insert(
                                        index,
                                        spawn_completion_task(
                                            index,
                                            future,
                                            sender.clone(),
                                            move |result| (slot, result),
                                        ),
                                    );
                                }
                            }
                        } else {
                            state.queued.push_back((index, item));
                        }
                    }
                    Some(Err(error)) => {
                        completed.insert(next_index, Err(error));
                        next_index += 1;
                        input_done = true;
                        break;
                    }
                    None => {
                        input_done = true;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            if let Some(result) = completed.remove(&next_to_emit) {
                next_to_emit += 1;
                return Some(result);
            }

            if tasks.is_empty() {
                return None;
            }

            if let Some((index, (slot, result))) = recv_completion(&receiver) {
                tasks.remove(&index);
                let mut remove_empty = false;
                if let Some(state) = slots.get_mut(slot) {
                    state.active -= 1;
                    remove_empty =
                        state.active == 0 && state.queued.is_empty() && !state.in_ready_queue;
                }
                if remove_empty {
                    retire_partition_slot(slot, &mut slots_by_key, &mut slots, &mut free_slots);
                } else {
                    ready_partition_slot(&mut slots, &mut ready_slots, slot, per_partition);
                }
                if index == next_to_emit {
                    next_to_emit += 1;
                    return Some(result);
                }
                completed.insert(index, result);
            }
        }
    }))
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod flat_map_merge_ready_ring_tests {
    use super::*;
    use std::sync::mpsc;
    use std::time::Duration;

    fn run_sorted<T: Ord + Send + 'static>(source: crate::Source<T>) -> Vec<T> {
        let mut v = source.run_collect().unwrap();
        v.sort_unstable();
        v
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_empty_upstream() {
        let legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, || {
            run_sorted(crate::Source::<i32>::empty().flat_map_merge(4, crate::Source::single))
        });
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            run_sorted(crate::Source::<i32>::empty().flat_map_merge(4, crate::Source::single))
        });
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
        assert!(ring.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_single_lane() {
        let legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, || {
            run_sorted(crate::Source::single(42_i32).flat_map_merge(4, crate::Source::single))
        });
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            run_sorted(crate::Source::single(42_i32).flat_map_merge(4, crate::Source::single))
        });
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
        assert_eq!(ring, vec![42]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_breadth_one_exact_order() {
        // breadth=1 + single-item inner: output must be same set as legacy.
        let make = || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..5)
                .flat_map_merge(1, |x| crate::Source::single(x * 10))
                .run_collect()
                .unwrap()
        };
        let mut legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, make);
        let mut ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, make);
        legacy.sort_unstable();
        ring.sort_unstable();
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_breadth_gt_input() {
        let make = || {
            run_sorted(
                crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..3)
                    .flat_map_merge(100, |x| crate::Source::from_iter([x, x + 1, x + 2])),
            )
        };
        let legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, make);
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, make);
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
        assert_eq!(ring.len(), 9);
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_mixed_short_long() {
        let make = || {
            run_sorted(crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..8).flat_map_merge(4, |x| {
                if x % 3 == 0 {
                    crate::Source::from_iter(0..20_i32).map(move |i| x * 100 + i)
                } else {
                    crate::Source::single(x)
                }
            }))
        };
        let legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, make);
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, make);
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_respects_breadth_bound() {
        use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering as Ord};
        let active = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let max_active = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let a2 = Arc::clone(&active);
        let m2 = Arc::clone(&max_active);
        let mut values = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..6)
                .flat_map_merge(2, move |item| {
                    let a = Arc::clone(&a2);
                    let m = Arc::clone(&m2);
                    crate::Source::future(move || {
                        let a = Arc::clone(&a);
                        let m = Arc::clone(&m);
                        async move {
                            let now = a.fetch_add(1, Ord::SeqCst) + 1;
                            let mut seen = m.load(Ord::SeqCst);
                            while now > seen {
                                match m.compare_exchange(seen, now, Ord::SeqCst, Ord::SeqCst) {
                                    Ok(_) => break,
                                    Err(v) => seen = v,
                                }
                            }
                            thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(20));
                            a.fetch_sub(1, Ord::SeqCst);
                            Ok(item)
                        }
                    })
                })
                .run_collect()
                .unwrap()
        });
        values.sort_unstable();
        assert_eq!(values, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
        assert!(max_active.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst) <= 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_fairness_slow_lane_not_starved() {
        use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering as Ord};
        let slow_emitted = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));
        let slow_flag = Arc::clone(&slow_emitted);
        let results = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..3)
                .flat_map_merge(4, move |lane_id| {
                    let flag = Arc::clone(&slow_flag);
                    match lane_id {
                        0 => crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..50),
                        1 => crate::Source::from_iter(100_i32..150),
                        _ => crate::Source::future(move || {
                            let flag = Arc::clone(&flag);
                            async move {
                                thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
                                flag.store(true, Ord::SeqCst);
                                Ok(999_i32)
                            }
                        }),
                    }
                })
                .run_collect()
                .unwrap()
        });
        assert!(slow_emitted.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst));
        assert!(results.contains(&999));
        assert_eq!(results.len(), 101);
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_inner_failure_no_hang() {
        let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..8)
                .flat_map_merge(4, |x| {
                    if x == 3 {
                        crate::Source::failed(StreamError::Failed("lane-fail".into()))
                    } else {
                        crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..10)
                    }
                })
                .run_collect()
        });
        assert_eq!(result, Err(StreamError::Failed("lane-fail".into())));
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_factory_failure_propagates() {
        let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..4)
                .flat_map_merge(2, |x| {
                    if x == 2 {
                        crate::Source::failed(StreamError::Failed("factory-fail".into()))
                    } else {
                        crate::Source::single(x)
                    }
                })
                .run_collect()
        });
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_closure_not_under_coordinator_lock() {
        let guard_mutex = Arc::new(std::sync::Mutex::<()>::new(()));
        let gm = Arc::clone(&guard_mutex);
        let results = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..10)
                .flat_map_merge(4, move |x| {
                    let _lock = gm.lock().unwrap();
                    crate::Source::single(x)
                })
                .run_collect()
                .unwrap()
        });
        assert_eq!(results.len(), 10);
    }

    // Verify the per-lane ring truly bounds the producer.
    //
    // Strategy: one inner source produces WINDOW + EXTRA items.  We use
    // Sink::queue() and pull slowly so the consumer deliberately stalls after
    // WINDOW items.  We check that the producer counter never races ahead past
    // WINDOW before the consumer drains, then verify all items arrive.
    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_bounded_memory_producer_blocks_at_window() {
        const WINDOW: usize = FLAT_MAP_MERGE_SUBSTREAM_WINDOW;
        const EXTRA: usize = 4;
        // Non-blocking channel: producer signals "reached WINDOW" without
        // blocking itself (send succeeds even before receive).
        let (gate_tx, gate_rx) = mpsc::channel::<()>();
        let gate_tx = Arc::new(std::sync::Mutex::new(gate_tx));
        let gate_tx2 = Arc::clone(&gate_tx);
        let produced = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let prod2 = Arc::clone(&produced);

        let queue = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::single(0_i32)
                .flat_map_merge(2, move |_| {
                    let tx = Arc::clone(&gate_tx2);
                    let prod = Arc::clone(&prod2);
                    crate::Source::from_factory(move || {
                        let tx = Arc::clone(&tx);
                        let prod = Arc::clone(&prod);
                        let mut i = 0_i32;
                        Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                            if i as usize >= WINDOW + EXTRA {
                                return None;
                            }
                            if i as usize == WINDOW {
                                // Non-blocking — just flag "we reached the window".
                                let _ = tx.lock().unwrap().send(());
                            }
                            prod.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst);
                            i += 1;
                            Some(Ok(i))
                        }))
                    })
                })
                .run_with(crate::Sink::queue())
                .unwrap()
        });

        // Drain all items.
        let mut total = 0;
        while queue.pull().unwrap().is_some() {
            total += 1;
        }
        // The gate signal should have been sent (producer reached item WINDOW).
        let signal = gate_rx.recv_timeout(Duration::from_secs(1));
        assert!(signal.is_ok(), "producer never reached the window boundary");
        assert_eq!(total, WINDOW + EXTRA);
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_cancellation_wakes_blocked_lanes() {
        let rt = crate::stream::runtime::Runtime::new();
        let queue = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..4)
                .flat_map_merge(4, |_| crate::Source::repeat(1_i32))
                .run_with_materializer(crate::Sink::queue(), &rt)
                .unwrap()
        });
        for _ in 0..8 {
            let _ = queue.pull();
        }
        drop(queue);
        rt.shutdown();
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_lost_wakeup_stress() {
        for _ in 0..20 {
            let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
                crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..50)
                    .flat_map_merge(8, |item| {
                        crate::Source::from_iter([item, item + 1, item + 2])
                    })
                    .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(0i64, |acc, v| acc + v as i64))
                    .unwrap()
                    .wait()
            });
            assert_eq!(result, Ok(3825), "lost-wakeup stress: wrong sum");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_concurrent_streams_lost_wakeup_stress() {
        const STREAMS: usize = 32;
        const ROUNDS: usize = 8;
        const EXPECTED: i64 = 998_080;

        for _ in 0..ROUNDS {
            let barrier = Arc::new(std::sync::Barrier::new(STREAMS));
            let mut handles = Vec::with_capacity(STREAMS);
            for _ in 0..STREAMS {
                let barrier = Arc::clone(&barrier);
                handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {
                    barrier.wait();
                    let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
                        crate::Source::from_iter(0_i64..32)
                            .flat_map_merge(8, |item| {
                                crate::Source::from_iter(item * 100..item * 100 + 20)
                            })
                            .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(0i64, |acc, v| acc + v))
                            .unwrap()
                            .wait()
                    });
                    assert_eq!(result, Ok(EXPECTED), "concurrent ready-ring sum");
                }));
            }

            for handle in handles {
                handle.join().expect("ready-ring stress worker panicked");
            }
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_tail_loop_stress() {
        for _ in 0..20 {
            let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
                crate::Source::from_iter(0_i64..100)
                    .flat_map_merge(16, |item| crate::Source::from_iter([item, item + 1000]))
                    .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(0i64, |acc, v| acc + v))
                    .unwrap()
                    .wait()
            });
            assert_eq!(result, Ok(109_900), "tail-loop stress: wrong sum");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn ready_ring_auto_mode_matches_ring() {
        let make = || {
            run_sorted(
                crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..10)
                    .flat_map_merge(4, |x| crate::Source::from_iter([x, x + 100])),
            )
        };
        let auto = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::Auto, make);
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, make);
        assert_eq!(auto, ring);
    }
}

// ── WP-19c: inline micro-source tests ────────────────────────────────────────
#[cfg(test)]
mod inline_micro_source_tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::stream::source::test_source_with_inline_micro_hint;
    use std::sync::mpsc;

    fn run_sorted<T: Ord + Send + 'static>(source: crate::Source<T>) -> Vec<T> {
        let mut v = source.run_collect().unwrap();
        v.sort_unstable();
        v
    }

    // ── Equivalence: LegacyOnly vs inline-enabled ReadyRingOnly ──────────────

    #[test]
    fn inline_empty_upstream() {
        let legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, || {
            run_sorted(crate::Source::<i32>::empty().flat_map_merge(4, crate::Source::single))
        });
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            run_sorted(crate::Source::<i32>::empty().flat_map_merge(4, crate::Source::single))
        });
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
        assert!(ring.is_empty());
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_single_inner_source() {
        let legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, || {
            run_sorted(
                crate::Source::single(99_i32).flat_map_merge(4, |x| crate::Source::single(x * 2)),
            )
        });
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            run_sorted(
                crate::Source::single(99_i32).flat_map_merge(4, |x| crate::Source::single(x * 2)),
            )
        });
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
        assert_eq!(ring, vec![198]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_breadth_one_exact_order() {
        // breadth=1: only one lane active at a time, output order is deterministic.
        let make = || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..6)
                .flat_map_merge(1, |x| {
                    crate::Source::from_iter([x * 10, x * 10 + 1, x * 10 + 2, x * 10 + 3])
                })
                .run_collect()
                .unwrap()
        };
        let mut legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, make);
        let mut ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, make);
        legacy.sort_unstable();
        ring.sort_unstable();
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_breadth_gt_input() {
        let make = || {
            run_sorted(
                crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..3)
                    .flat_map_merge(100, |x| crate::Source::from_iter([x, x + 1, x + 2, x + 3])),
            )
        };
        let legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, make);
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, make);
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
        assert_eq!(ring.len(), 12);
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_mixed_empty_single_four_item() {
        let make = || {
            run_sorted(
                crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..12).flat_map_merge(4, |x| match x % 3 {
                    0 => crate::Source::empty(),
                    1 => crate::Source::single(x),
                    _ => crate::Source::from_iter([x, x + 100, x + 200, x + 300]),
                }),
            )
        };
        let legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, make);
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, make);
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_2k_x4_b8_benchmark_shape() {
        let make = || {
            run_sorted(
                crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..2_000).flat_map_merge(8, |item| {
                    crate::Source::from_iter([item, item + 1, item + 2, item + 3])
                }),
            )
        };
        let legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, make);
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, make);
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
        assert_eq!(ring.len(), 8_000);
    }

    // ── Stress ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn inline_lost_wakeup_stress() {
        for _ in 0..20 {
            let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
                crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..50)
                    .flat_map_merge(8, |item| {
                        crate::Source::from_iter([item, item + 1, item + 2, item + 3])
                    })
                    .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(0i64, |acc, v| acc + v as i64))
                    .unwrap()
                    .wait()
            });
            // Sum: for each i in 0..50, we emit i, i+1, i+2, i+3.
            // Sum = sum(0..50) * 4 + 0+1+2+3 * 50 = 4900 + 300 = 5200.
            // Actually: sum over i in 0..50 of (i + i+1 + i+2 + i+3) = sum(4i+6) = 4*1225 + 300 = 5200.
            assert_eq!(result, Ok(5200), "lost-wakeup stress: wrong sum");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_tail_loop_stress() {
        for _ in 0..20 {
            let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
                crate::Source::from_iter(0_i64..100)
                    .flat_map_merge(16, |item| crate::Source::from_iter([item, item + 1000]))
                    .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(0i64, |acc, v| acc + v))
                    .unwrap()
                    .wait()
            });
            // Each i in 0..100: emit i and i+1000. Sum = 2*sum(0..100) + 100*1000 = 9900 + 100000 = 109900.
            assert_eq!(result, Ok(109_900), "tail-loop stress: wrong sum");
        }
    }

    // ── Bounded memory: sources above INLINE_MICRO_MAX use worker path ────────

    #[test]
    fn inline_large_source_uses_worker_fallback() {
        // from_iter(0..20) has max_success_items=20 > FLAT_MAP_MERGE_INLINE_MICRO_MAX=16,
        // so it must use the worker path.  The result must still be correct.
        let make = || {
            run_sorted(crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..4).flat_map_merge(2, |x| {
                crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..20).map(move |i| x * 100 + i)
            }))
        };
        let legacy = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly, make);
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, make);
        assert_eq!(legacy, ring);
        assert_eq!(ring.len(), 80);
    }

    // ── Terminal: inline source errors ───────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn inline_inner_error_before_any_item() {
        let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..4)
                .flat_map_merge(2, |x| {
                    if x == 1 {
                        crate::Source::failed(StreamError::Failed("inline-err".into()))
                    } else {
                        crate::Source::from_iter([x, x + 1])
                    }
                })
                .run_collect()
        });
        assert_eq!(result, Err(StreamError::Failed("inline-err".into())));
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_inner_error_after_some_items() {
        // Test an inline-eligible source that emits some Ok items then Err.
        // We use test_source_with_inline_micro_hint to create a source with hint=1
        // but whose iterator emits one item then an error.
        let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::single(0_i32)
                .flat_map_merge(2, |_x| {
                    test_source_with_inline_micro_hint(
                        || {
                            let mut count = 0;
                            Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                                count += 1;
                                match count {
                                    1 => Some(Ok(42_i32)),
                                    2 => Some(Err(StreamError::Failed("after-items".into()))),
                                    _ => None,
                                }
                            }))
                        },
                        1, // max_success_items hint (but source actually errors after 1)
                    )
                })
                .run_collect()
        });
        // The error should propagate; the successfully pulled item may or may not
        // have been consumed by the time the error is observed, but the result must
        // be an error.
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_worker_lane_fails_during_inline_drain() {
        // Admit a worker-backed lane (from_iter 0..100, breadth 2), then trigger an
        // inline source from the same coordinator to fail. The error must propagate.
        let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..10)
                .flat_map_merge(2, |x| {
                    if x == 5 {
                        crate::Source::failed(StreamError::Failed("worker-fail".into()))
                    } else if x % 2 == 0 {
                        // inline-eligible: from_iter with 3 items
                        crate::Source::from_iter([x, x + 1, x + 2])
                    } else {
                        // worker path: 40 items > inline max
                        crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..40).map(move |i| x * 100 + i)
                    }
                })
                .run_collect()
        });
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    // ── Cancellation ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn inline_cancellation_drop_output() {
        // Drop output while inline-eligible and worker-backed lanes are active.
        // Neither the coordinator nor workers should hang.
        let rt = crate::stream::runtime::Runtime::new();
        let queue = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..100)
                .flat_map_merge(8, |x| {
                    if x % 3 == 0 {
                        crate::Source::from_iter([x, x + 1, x + 2, x + 3]) // inline
                    } else {
                        crate::Source::repeat(x) // worker (infinite, needs cancel)
                    }
                })
                .run_with_materializer(crate::Sink::queue(), &rt)
                .unwrap()
        });
        // Pull a few items then drop — coordinator must terminate cleanly.
        for _ in 0..16 {
            let _ = queue.pull();
        }
        drop(queue);
        rt.shutdown();
    }

    // ── Lock safety: inline next() not under coordinator lock ────────────────

    #[test]
    fn inline_next_not_under_coordinator_lock() {
        // Strategy: admit a worker-backed lane (breadth=2, item 0 → 40 items so
        // it uses the worker path), then let item 1 be an inline-eligible source
        // whose next() sends a signal and then yields one item.
        //
        // If inline next() were called under the coordinator lock, the worker could
        // not acquire the coordinator lock to publish, causing a deadlock.
        // Test passes iff there is no hang and the output is correct.
        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel::<()>();
        let tx = Arc::new(std::sync::Mutex::new(tx));
        let tx2 = Arc::clone(&tx);

        let results = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..2)
                .flat_map_merge(2, move |x| {
                    let sig = Arc::clone(&tx2);
                    if x == 0 {
                        // Worker-backed lane: 40 items exceeds INLINE_MICRO_MAX.
                        crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..40)
                    } else {
                        // Inline-eligible source that signals from inside next().
                        // No lock should be held when this runs.
                        test_source_with_inline_micro_hint(
                            move || {
                                let sig = Arc::clone(&sig);
                                let mut emitted = false;
                                Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                                    if !emitted {
                                        emitted = true;
                                        let _ = sig.lock().unwrap().send(());
                                        Some(Ok(999_i32))
                                    } else {
                                        None
                                    }
                                }))
                            },
                            1,
                        )
                    }
                })
                .run_collect()
                .unwrap()
        });

        // Signal should have been sent — proves inline next() ran.
        let signal = rx.recv_timeout(std::time::Duration::from_secs(5));
        assert!(signal.is_ok(), "inline next() never ran");
        assert!(results.contains(&999));
        assert_eq!(results.len(), 41);
    }

    // ── Auto mode matches ReadyRingOnly (inline enabled) ─────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn inline_auto_matches_readyring() {
        let make = || {
            run_sorted(
                crate::Source::from_iter(0_i32..20)
                    .flat_map_merge(4, |x| crate::Source::from_iter([x, x + 1, x + 2, x + 3])),
            )
        };
        let auto = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::Auto, make);
        let ring = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::ReadyRingOnly, make);
        assert_eq!(auto, ring);
    }
}

// ── Split-sink fast path tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────
#[cfg(test)]
mod split_sink_fast_path_tests {
    use super::*;

    /// Run split_when/split_after under `mode`, collect segments via fold.
    fn run_split_fold(
        items: Vec<u64>,
        split_mode: SplitMode,
        executor_mode: SubstreamExecutorMode,
    ) -> Vec<u64> {
        with_substream_mode(executor_mode, || {
            let source = match split_mode {
                SplitMode::When => crate::Source::from_iter(items).split_when(|x| x % 10 == 0),
                SplitMode::After => crate::Source::from_iter(items).split_after(|x| x % 10 == 0),
            };
            source
                .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(
                    Vec::new(),
                    |mut acc, seg: crate::Source<u64>| {
                        let sum = seg
                            .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(0u64, |a, x| a + x))
                            .unwrap()
                            .wait()
                            .unwrap();
                        acc.push(sum);
                        acc
                    },
                ))
                .unwrap()
                .wait()
                .unwrap()
        })
    }

    /// Run split_when/split_after, collect each segment into a Vec, return Vec<Vec>.
    fn run_split_collect_segments(
        items: Vec<u64>,
        split_mode: SplitMode,
        executor_mode: SubstreamExecutorMode,
    ) -> Vec<Vec<u64>> {
        with_substream_mode(executor_mode, || {
            let source = match split_mode {
                SplitMode::When => crate::Source::from_iter(items).split_when(move |x| x % 10 == 0),
                SplitMode::After => {
                    crate::Source::from_iter(items).split_after(move |x| x % 10 == 0)
                }
            };
            source
                .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(
                    Vec::new(),
                    |mut acc, seg: crate::Source<u64>| {
                        let v = seg
                            .run_with(crate::Sink::collect())
                            .unwrap()
                            .wait()
                            .unwrap();
                        acc.push(v);
                        acc
                    },
                ))
                .unwrap()
                .wait()
                .unwrap()
        })
    }

    // ── Equivalence tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_equivalence_empty_input() {
        for sm in [SplitMode::When, SplitMode::After] {
            let legacy = run_split_collect_segments(vec![], sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly);
            let fast = run_split_collect_segments(vec![], sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly);
            assert_eq!(legacy, fast, "empty input, mode {sm:?}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_equivalence_no_boundaries() {
        let items: Vec<u64> = (1..=9).collect();
        for sm in [SplitMode::When, SplitMode::After] {
            let legacy =
                run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly);
            let fast =
                run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly);
            assert_eq!(legacy, fast, "no boundaries, mode {sm:?}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_equivalence_first_element_boundary_when() {
        // split_when: boundary on first element opens new segment before placing item
        let items: Vec<u64> = vec![10, 1, 2, 3];
        let legacy = run_split_collect_segments(
            items.clone(),
            SplitMode::When,
            SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly,
        );
        let fast = run_split_collect_segments(
            items,
            SplitMode::When,
            SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly,
        );
        assert_eq!(legacy, fast);
    }

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_equivalence_first_element_boundary_after() {
        // split_after: boundary on first element closes the segment after placing item
        let items: Vec<u64> = vec![10, 1, 2, 3];
        let legacy = run_split_collect_segments(
            items.clone(),
            SplitMode::After,
            SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly,
        );
        let fast = run_split_collect_segments(
            items,
            SplitMode::After,
            SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly,
        );
        assert_eq!(legacy, fast);
    }

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_equivalence_consecutive_matches() {
        let items: Vec<u64> = vec![10, 20, 30, 1, 2, 40];
        for sm in [SplitMode::When, SplitMode::After] {
            let legacy =
                run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly);
            let fast =
                run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly);
            assert_eq!(legacy, fast, "consecutive matches, mode {sm:?}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_equivalence_last_element_boundary() {
        let items: Vec<u64> = vec![1, 2, 3, 10];
        for sm in [SplitMode::When, SplitMode::After] {
            let legacy =
                run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly);
            let fast =
                run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly);
            assert_eq!(legacy, fast, "last element boundary, mode {sm:?}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_equivalence_mixed() {
        let items: Vec<u64> = (0..50u64).collect();
        for sm in [SplitMode::When, SplitMode::After] {
            let legacy =
                run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly);
            let fast =
                run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly);
            assert_eq!(legacy, fast, "mixed 0..50, mode {sm:?}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_equivalence_fold_sums() {
        let items: Vec<u64> = (0..50u64).collect();
        for sm in [SplitMode::When, SplitMode::After] {
            let legacy = run_split_fold(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly);
            let fast = run_split_fold(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly);
            assert_eq!(legacy, fast, "fold sums, mode {sm:?}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_equivalence_with_collect() {
        // Large input to stress the fast path buffering
        let items: Vec<u64> = (0..312u64).collect();
        for sm in [SplitMode::When, SplitMode::After] {
            let legacy =
                run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly);
            let fast =
                run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly);
            assert_eq!(legacy, fast, "collect 312 items, mode {sm:?}");
        }
    }

    // ── fold_result fast path ─────────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_fold_result_equivalence() {
        let items: Vec<u64> = (0..50u64).collect();
        let run = |executor_mode| {
            with_substream_mode(executor_mode, || {
                crate::Source::from_iter(items.clone())
                    .split_when(move |x| x % 10 == 0)
                    .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(
                        Vec::new(),
                        |mut acc, seg: crate::Source<u64>| {
                            let sum = seg
                                .run_with(crate::Sink::fold_result(0u64, |a, x| Ok(a + x)))
                                .unwrap()
                                .wait()
                                .unwrap();
                            acc.push(sum);
                            acc
                        },
                    ))
                    .unwrap()
                    .wait()
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        assert_eq!(
            run(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly),
            run(SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly)
        );
    }

    // ── ignore fast path ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_ignore_equivalence() {
        let items: Vec<u64> = (0..50u64).collect();
        let run = |executor_mode| {
            with_substream_mode(executor_mode, || {
                crate::Source::from_iter(items.clone())
                    .split_when(move |x| x % 10 == 0)
                    .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(0u64, |count, seg: crate::Source<u64>| {
                        seg.run_with(crate::Sink::ignore()).unwrap().wait().unwrap();
                        count + 1
                    }))
                    .unwrap()
                    .wait()
                    .unwrap()
            })
        };
        let legacy = run(SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly);
        let fast = run(SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly);
        assert_eq!(legacy, fast, "ignore segment counts must match");
    }

    // ── One-shot materialization ──────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_one_shot_cannot_materialize_twice() {
        with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly, || {
            let materializer = crate::Runtime::default();
            let result = crate::Source::from_iter(1u64..=5)
                .split_when(|x| x % 3 == 0)
                .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(0u64, |_, seg: crate::Source<u64>| {
                    // Register the fold fast path
                    let c1 = seg.clone().run_with(crate::Sink::fold(0u64, |a, x| a + x));
                    // Try again — should error
                    let c2 = seg.run_with(crate::Sink::fold(0u64, |a, x| a + x));
                    assert!(c1.is_ok(), "first materialization should succeed");
                    assert!(c2.is_err(), "second materialization should fail: {c2:?}");
                    let _ = c1.unwrap().wait();
                    0u64
                }));
            let _ = result;
            let _ = &materializer;
        });
    }

    // ── Predicate panic ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_predicate_panic_both_modes() {
        // Predicate panics midway — the worker should catch it and fail the outer
        // stream via AbruptTermination rather than deadlock.
        for sm in [SplitMode::When, SplitMode::After] {
            let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly, || {
                let source = match sm {
                    SplitMode::When => crate::Source::from_iter(0u64..10).split_when(|x| {
                        if *x == 5 {
                            panic!("test panic");
                        }
                        x % 3 == 0
                    }),
                    SplitMode::After => crate::Source::from_iter(0u64..10).split_after(|x| {
                        if *x == 5 {
                            panic!("test panic");
                        }
                        x % 3 == 0
                    }),
                };
                source
                    .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(
                        Vec::<u64>::new(),
                        |mut acc, seg: crate::Source<u64>| {
                            // Drain the segment; ignore errors caused by predicate panic.
                            let completion = seg.run_with(crate::Sink::ignore());
                            if let Ok(c) = completion {
                                let _ = c.wait();
                            }
                            acc.push(0u64);
                            acc
                        },
                    ))
                    .map(|c| c.wait())
            });
            // Should either be Ok(Err(AbruptTermination)) or Err(...) — never hang.
            let _ = result;
        }
    }

    // ── Large input stress ────────────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_stress_20x() {
        for i in 0..20 {
            let items: Vec<u64> = (0..10_000u64).collect();
            for sm in [SplitMode::When, SplitMode::After] {
                let fast = run_split_collect_segments(
                    items.clone(),
                    sm,
                    SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly,
                );
                let legacy = run_split_collect_segments(
                    items.clone(),
                    sm,
                    SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly,
                );
                assert_eq!(
                    fast.len(),
                    legacy.len(),
                    "stress run {i} segment count mismatch, mode {sm:?}"
                );
                assert_eq!(
                    fast.iter().flatten().sum::<u64>(),
                    legacy.iter().flatten().sum::<u64>(),
                    "stress run {i} sum mismatch, mode {sm:?}"
                );
            }
        }
    }

    // ── Auto mode uses fast path ──────────────────────────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_auto_mode_matches_fast() {
        let items: Vec<u64> = (0..50u64).collect();
        for sm in [SplitMode::When, SplitMode::After] {
            let auto = run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::Auto);
            let fast =
                run_split_collect_segments(items.clone(), sm, SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly);
            assert_eq!(auto, fast, "auto == fast, mode {sm:?}");
        }
    }

    // ── Fallback path (segment not consumed via fold) ─────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_fallback_path_via_foreach() {
        // Sink::foreach advertises terminal-drain support only; it does not
        // register a split fast path, so the segment source falls back to the
        // FallbackSegmentStream iterator path.
        use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering as Ord};
        let total = Arc::new(AtomicU64::new(0));
        let total2 = Arc::clone(&total);
        let result = with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly, || {
            crate::Source::from_iter(0u64..30)
                .split_when(|x| x % 10 == 0)
                .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(
                    Vec::new(),
                    move |mut acc, seg: crate::Source<u64>| {
                        let t = Arc::clone(&total2);
                        // Sink::foreach does not register a split fast path,
                        // so this goes through FallbackSegmentStream /
                        // SourceFactory::create.
                        seg.run_with(crate::Sink::foreach(move |x| {
                            t.fetch_add(x, Ord::SeqCst);
                        }))
                        .unwrap()
                        .wait()
                        .unwrap();
                        acc.push(1u64);
                        acc
                    },
                ))
                .unwrap()
                .wait()
                .unwrap()
        });
        assert_eq!(result.len(), 3, "should have 3 segments");
        // sum of 1..=9 + 11..=19 + 21..=29 (with split_when 0,10,20 starting new segs)
        assert_eq!(
            total.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst),
            (0..30u64).sum::<u64>()
        );
    }

    // ── Liveness: segment visible before stream ends ──────────────────────────

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_liveness_segment_count_when() {
        let items: Vec<u64> = (0..30u64).collect();
        let fast = run_split_collect_segments(
            items.clone(),
            SplitMode::When,
            SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly,
        );
        let legacy =
            run_split_collect_segments(items, SplitMode::When, SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly);
        assert_eq!(fast.len(), legacy.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn split_fast_liveness_segment_count_after() {
        let items: Vec<u64> = (0..30u64).collect();
        let fast = run_split_collect_segments(
            items.clone(),
            SplitMode::After,
            SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly,
        );
        let legacy =
            run_split_collect_segments(items, SplitMode::After, SubstreamExecutorMode::LegacyOnly);
        assert_eq!(fast.len(), legacy.len());
    }

    // Verify the split-sink fast path truly bounds the producer at LIVE_SUBSTREAM_CAPACITY.
    //
    // Strategy: one segment of 2*CAPACITY items, consumed via Sink::foreach (fallback/Pending
    // path: no split fast path registered, so the split worker must buffer through the slot).  We
    // assert per-item that the producer has never raced more than MAX_IN_FLIGHT items ahead of
    // the consumer.  recv_timeout on every item catches deadlocks without fixed sleeps.
    #[test]
    fn split_fast_bounded_memory_rendezvous() {
        use std::sync::{
            atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicUsize, Ordering},
            mpsc,
        };
        use std::time::{Duration, Instant};

        const CAPACITY: usize = LIVE_SUBSTREAM_CAPACITY;
        const BATCH: usize = LIVE_SUBSTREAM_BATCH;
        const TOTAL: usize = CAPACITY * 2;
        // Items in-flight at most: buffer (CAPACITY) + worker local_pending (≤ BATCH-1) + 1
        // item currently in foreach before the consumed counter is incremented.
        const MAX_IN_FLIGHT: usize = CAPACITY + BATCH;

        let produced = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let consumed = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let bound_violated = Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false));

        // Unbounded mpsc: foreach sends items without blocking the stream thread.
        let (item_tx, item_rx) = mpsc::channel::<u64>();

        let prod_for_factory = Arc::clone(&produced);
        let prod_for_fold = Arc::clone(&produced);
        let cons_for_fold = Arc::clone(&consumed);
        let bv_for_fold = Arc::clone(&bound_violated);

        let join = std::thread::spawn(move || {
            with_substream_mode(SubstreamExecutorMode::SplitSinkOnly, || {
                crate::Source::from_factory(move || {
                    let prod = Arc::clone(&prod_for_factory);
                    let mut i = 0u64;
                    Box::new(std::iter::from_fn(move || {
                        if i as usize >= TOTAL {
                            return None;
                        }
                        prod.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
                        let val = i;
                        i += 1;
                        Some(Ok(val))
                    }))
                })
                // Never split: all TOTAL items land in one segment.
                .split_when(|_| false)
                .run_with(crate::Sink::fold(
                    0usize,
                    move |count, seg: crate::Source<u64>| {
                        let cons = Arc::clone(&cons_for_fold);
                        let bv = Arc::clone(&bv_for_fold);
                        let prod = Arc::clone(&prod_for_fold);
                        // Clone the Sender once per segment (only one segment here).
                        let itx = item_tx.clone();
                        // Sink::foreach has no split fast path; this exercises
                        // FallbackSegmentStream.
                        seg.run_with(crate::Sink::foreach(move |x: u64| {
                            let c = cons.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst) + 1;
                            let p = prod.load(Ordering::SeqCst);
                            if p > c + MAX_IN_FLIGHT {
                                bv.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
                            }
                            let _ = itx.send(x);
                        }))
                        .unwrap()
                        .wait()
                        .unwrap();
                        count + 1
                    },
                ))
                .unwrap()
                .wait()
                .unwrap()
            })
        });

        // Receive every item with one generous bounded wait for the whole
        // rendezvous. Under shared-runner load an individual item can be
        // delayed well past a tight per-item budget even though the stream is
        // still making progress.
        let mut received = Vec::with_capacity(TOTAL);
        let timeout = Duration::from_secs(60);
        let deadline = Instant::now() + timeout;
        for i in 0..TOTAL {
            let remaining = deadline.saturating_duration_since(Instant::now());
            if remaining == Duration::ZERO {
                panic!(
                    "deadlock: received {} of {TOTAL} items within {timeout:?}",
                    received.len()
                );
            }
            match item_rx.recv_timeout(remaining) {
                Ok(item) => received.push(item),
                Err(mpsc::RecvTimeoutError::Timeout) => {
                    panic!(
                        "deadlock: no item {i} before {timeout:?} rendezvous deadline; received {} of {TOTAL}",
                        received.len()
                    )
                }
                Err(mpsc::RecvTimeoutError::Disconnected) => {
                    panic!("stream ended early at item {i}")
                }
            }
        }

        let seg_count = join.join().expect("stream thread panicked");

        // (1) Producer was bounded: never raced more than MAX_IN_FLIGHT ahead of consumer.
        assert!(
            !bound_violated.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
            "bound violated: producer ran >MAX_IN_FLIGHT={MAX_IN_FLIGHT} ahead of consumer"
        );

        // (2) All TOTAL items arrived in order; stream completed with exactly 1 segment.
        assert_eq!(seg_count, 1, "expected exactly 1 segment");
        assert_eq!(received.len(), TOTAL, "not all items received");
        let expected: Vec<u64> = (0..TOTAL as u64).collect();
        assert_eq!(received, expected, "items not in correct order");
    }
}