datafusion_physical_plan/

memory.rs

// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

//! Execution plan for reading in-memory batches of data

use std::any::Any;
use std::fmt;
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::task::{Context, Poll};

use crate::coop::cooperative;
use crate::execution_plan::{Boundedness, EmissionType, SchedulingType};
use crate::metrics::{BaselineMetrics, ExecutionPlanMetricsSet, MetricsSet};
use crate::{
    ChildrenPropertiesMode, DisplayAs, DisplayFormatType, ExecutionPlan, Partitioning,
    PlanProperties, RecordBatchStream, ReplaceChildrenOptions, SendableRecordBatchStream,
};

use arrow::array::RecordBatch;
use arrow::datatypes::SchemaRef;
use datafusion_common::tree_node::TreeNodeRecursion;
use datafusion_common::{Result, assert_eq_or_internal_err, assert_or_internal_err};
use datafusion_execution::TaskContext;
use datafusion_execution::memory_pool::MemoryReservation;
use datafusion_physical_expr::{EquivalenceProperties, PhysicalExpr};

use datafusion_physical_expr_common::sort_expr::PhysicalSortExpr;
use futures::Stream;
use parking_lot::RwLock;

/// Iterator over batches
pub struct MemoryStream {
    /// Vector of record batches
    data: Vec<RecordBatch>,
    /// Optional memory reservation bound to the data, freed on drop
    reservation: Option<MemoryReservation>,
    /// Schema representing the data
    schema: SchemaRef,
    /// Optional projection for which columns to load
    projection: Option<Vec<usize>>,
    /// Index into the data
    index: usize,
    /// The remaining number of rows to return. If None, all rows are returned
    fetch: Option<usize>,
}

impl MemoryStream {
    /// Create an iterator for a vector of record batches
    pub fn try_new(
        data: Vec<RecordBatch>,
        schema: SchemaRef,
        projection: Option<Vec<usize>>,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        Ok(Self {
            data,
            reservation: None,
            schema,
            projection,
            index: 0,
            fetch: None,
        })
    }

    /// Set the memory reservation for the data
    pub fn with_reservation(mut self, reservation: MemoryReservation) -> Self {
        self.reservation = Some(reservation);
        self
    }

    /// Set the number of rows to produce
    pub fn with_fetch(mut self, fetch: Option<usize>) -> Self {
        self.fetch = fetch;
        self
    }
}

impl Stream for MemoryStream {
    type Item = Result<RecordBatch>;

    fn poll_next(
        mut self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
        _: &mut Context<'_>,
    ) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
        if self.index >= self.data.len() {
            return Poll::Ready(None);
        }
        self.index += 1;
        let batch = &self.data[self.index - 1];
        // return just the columns requested
        let batch = match self.projection.as_ref() {
            Some(columns) => batch.project(columns)?,
            None => batch.clone(),
        };

        // MemoryStream advertises `self.schema`, therefore emitted RecordBatches
        // must conform to it when batches were provided with stricter nested types
        // (e.g. MemTable accepts stricter batches via Schema::contains).
        let batch = if batch.schema().as_ref() != self.schema.as_ref()
            && self.schema.contains(batch.schema().as_ref())
        {
            datafusion_common::nested_struct::adapt_batch_to_schema(batch, &self.schema)?
        } else {
            batch
        };

        let Some(&fetch) = self.fetch.as_ref() else {
            return Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(batch)));
        };
        if fetch == 0 {
            return Poll::Ready(None);
        }

        let batch = if batch.num_rows() > fetch {
            batch.slice(0, fetch)
        } else {
            batch
        };
        self.fetch = Some(fetch - batch.num_rows());
        Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(batch)))
    }

    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
        (self.data.len(), Some(self.data.len()))
    }
}

impl RecordBatchStream for MemoryStream {
    /// Get the schema
    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
        Arc::clone(&self.schema)
    }
}

pub trait LazyBatchGenerator: Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display {
    /// Returns the generator as [`Any`] so that it can be
    /// downcast to a specific implementation.
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;

    fn boundedness(&self) -> Boundedness {
        Boundedness::Bounded
    }

    /// Generate the next batch, return `None` when no more batches are available
    fn generate_next_batch(&mut self) -> Result<Option<RecordBatch>>;

    /// Returns a new instance with the state reset.
    fn reset_state(&self) -> Arc<RwLock<dyn LazyBatchGenerator>>;
}

/// Execution plan for lazy in-memory batches of data
///
/// This plan generates output batches lazily, it doesn't have to buffer all batches
/// in memory up front (compared to `MemorySourceConfig`), thus consuming constant memory.
pub struct LazyMemoryExec {
    /// Schema representing the data
    schema: SchemaRef,
    /// Optional projection for which columns to load
    projection: Option<Vec<usize>>,
    /// Functions to generate batches for each partition
    batch_generators: Vec<Arc<RwLock<dyn LazyBatchGenerator>>>,
    /// Plan properties cache storing equivalence properties, partitioning, and execution mode
    cache: Arc<PlanProperties>,
    /// Execution metrics
    metrics: ExecutionPlanMetricsSet,
}

impl LazyMemoryExec {
    /// Create a new lazy memory execution plan
    pub fn try_new(
        schema: SchemaRef,
        generators: Vec<Arc<RwLock<dyn LazyBatchGenerator>>>,
    ) -> Result<Self> {
        let boundedness = generators
            .iter()
            .map(|g| g.read().boundedness())
            .reduce(|acc, b| match acc {
                Boundedness::Bounded => b,
                Boundedness::Unbounded {
                    requires_infinite_memory,
                } => {
                    let acc_infinite_memory = requires_infinite_memory;
                    match b {
                        Boundedness::Bounded => acc,
                        Boundedness::Unbounded {
                            requires_infinite_memory,
                        } => Boundedness::Unbounded {
                            requires_infinite_memory: requires_infinite_memory
                                || acc_infinite_memory,
                        },
                    }
                }
            })
            .unwrap_or(Boundedness::Bounded);

        let cache = PlanProperties::new(
            EquivalenceProperties::new(Arc::clone(&schema)),
            Partitioning::RoundRobinBatch(generators.len()),
            EmissionType::Incremental,
            boundedness,
        )
        .with_scheduling_type(SchedulingType::Cooperative)
        .into();

        Ok(Self {
            schema,
            projection: None,
            batch_generators: generators,
            cache,
            metrics: ExecutionPlanMetricsSet::new(),
        })
    }

    pub fn with_projection(mut self, projection: Option<Vec<usize>>) -> Self {
        match projection.as_ref() {
            Some(columns) => {
                let projected = Arc::new(self.schema.project(columns).unwrap());
                Arc::make_mut(&mut self.cache).set_eq_properties(
                    EquivalenceProperties::new(Arc::clone(&projected)),
                );
                self.schema = projected;
                self.projection = projection;
                self
            }
            _ => self,
        }
    }

    pub fn try_set_partitioning(&mut self, partitioning: Partitioning) -> Result<()> {
        let partition_count = partitioning.partition_count();
        let generator_count = self.batch_generators.len();
        assert_eq_or_internal_err!(
            partition_count,
            generator_count,
            "Partition count must match generator count: {} != {}",
            partition_count,
            generator_count
        );
        Arc::make_mut(&mut self.cache).partitioning = partitioning;
        Ok(())
    }

    pub fn add_ordering(&mut self, ordering: impl IntoIterator<Item = PhysicalSortExpr>) {
        Arc::make_mut(&mut self.cache)
            .eq_properties
            .add_orderings(std::iter::once(ordering));
    }

    /// Get the batch generators
    pub fn generators(&self) -> &Vec<Arc<RwLock<dyn LazyBatchGenerator>>> {
        &self.batch_generators
    }
}

impl fmt::Debug for LazyMemoryExec {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("LazyMemoryExec")
            .field("schema", &self.schema)
            .field("batch_generators", &self.batch_generators)
            .finish()
    }
}

impl DisplayAs for LazyMemoryExec {
    fn fmt_as(&self, t: DisplayFormatType, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
        match t {
            DisplayFormatType::Default | DisplayFormatType::Verbose => {
                write!(
                    f,
                    "LazyMemoryExec: partitions={}, batch_generators=[{}]",
                    self.batch_generators.len(),
                    self.batch_generators
                        .iter()
                        .map(|g| g.read().to_string())
                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                        .join(", ")
                )
            }
            DisplayFormatType::TreeRender => {
                //TODO: remove batch_size, add one line per generator
                writeln!(
                    f,
                    "batch_generators={}",
                    self.batch_generators
                        .iter()
                        .map(|g| g.read().to_string())
                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
                        .join(", ")
                )?;
                Ok(())
            }
        }
    }
}

impl ExecutionPlan for LazyMemoryExec {
    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
        "LazyMemoryExec"
    }

    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
        Arc::clone(&self.schema)
    }

    fn properties(&self) -> &Arc<PlanProperties> {
        &self.cache
    }

    fn children(&self) -> Vec<&Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>> {
        vec![]
    }

    fn apply_expressions(
        &self,
        _f: &mut dyn FnMut(&Arc<dyn PhysicalExpr>) -> Result<TreeNodeRecursion>,
    ) -> Result<TreeNodeRecursion> {
        Ok(TreeNodeRecursion::Continue)
    }

    fn replace_children(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        children: Vec<Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>>,
        _: ReplaceChildrenOptions,
    ) -> Result<Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>> {
        assert_or_internal_err!(
            children.is_empty(),
            "Children cannot be replaced in LazyMemoryExec"
        );
        Ok(self)
    }

    fn with_new_children(
        self: Arc<Self>,
        children: Vec<Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>>,
    ) -> Result<Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>> {
        self.replace_children(
            children,
            ReplaceChildrenOptions::new(ChildrenPropertiesMode::Recompute),
        )
    }

    fn execute(
        &self,
        partition: usize,
        _context: Arc<TaskContext>,
    ) -> Result<SendableRecordBatchStream> {
        assert_or_internal_err!(
            partition < self.batch_generators.len(),
            "Invalid partition {} for LazyMemoryExec with {} partitions",
            partition,
            self.batch_generators.len()
        );

        let baseline_metrics = BaselineMetrics::new(&self.metrics, partition);

        // Create a fresh generator via reset_state() so that each execute()
        // call produces an independent stream starting from the beginning.
        let generator = self.batch_generators[partition].read().reset_state();

        let stream = LazyMemoryStream {
            schema: Arc::clone(&self.schema),
            projection: self.projection.clone(),
            generator,
            baseline_metrics,
        };
        Ok(Box::pin(cooperative(stream)))
    }

    fn metrics(&self) -> Option<MetricsSet> {
        Some(self.metrics.clone_inner())
    }

    fn reset_state(self: Arc<Self>) -> Result<Arc<dyn ExecutionPlan>> {
        let generators = self
            .generators()
            .iter()
            .map(|g| g.read().reset_state())
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        Ok(Arc::new(LazyMemoryExec {
            schema: Arc::clone(&self.schema),
            batch_generators: generators,
            cache: Arc::clone(&self.cache),
            metrics: ExecutionPlanMetricsSet::new(),
            projection: self.projection.clone(),
        }))
    }
}

/// Stream that generates record batches on demand
pub struct LazyMemoryStream {
    schema: SchemaRef,
    /// Optional projection for which columns to load
    projection: Option<Vec<usize>>,
    /// Generator to produce batches
    ///
    /// Note: Idiomatically, DataFusion uses plan-time parallelism - each stream
    /// should have a unique `LazyBatchGenerator`. Use RepartitionExec or
    /// construct multiple `LazyMemoryStream`s during planning to enable
    /// parallel execution.
    /// Sharing generators between streams should be used with caution.
    generator: Arc<RwLock<dyn LazyBatchGenerator>>,
    /// Execution metrics
    baseline_metrics: BaselineMetrics,
}

impl Stream for LazyMemoryStream {
    type Item = Result<RecordBatch>;

    fn poll_next(
        self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>,
        _: &mut Context<'_>,
    ) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
        let _timer_guard = self.baseline_metrics.elapsed_compute().timer();
        let batch = self.generator.write().generate_next_batch();

        let poll = match batch {
            Ok(Some(batch)) => {
                // return just the columns requested
                let batch = match self.projection.as_ref() {
                    Some(columns) => batch.project(columns)?,
                    None => batch,
                };
                Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(batch)))
            }
            Ok(None) => Poll::Ready(None),
            Err(e) => Poll::Ready(Some(Err(e))),
        };

        self.baseline_metrics.record_poll(poll)
    }
}

impl RecordBatchStream for LazyMemoryStream {
    fn schema(&self) -> SchemaRef {
        Arc::clone(&self.schema)
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod lazy_memory_tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::common::collect;
    use arrow::array::Int64Array;
    use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Schema};
    use futures::StreamExt;

    #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
    struct TestGenerator {
        counter: i64,
        max_batches: i64,
        batch_size: usize,
        schema: SchemaRef,
    }

    impl fmt::Display for TestGenerator {
        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
            write!(
                f,
                "TestGenerator: counter={}, max_batches={}, batch_size={}",
                self.counter, self.max_batches, self.batch_size
            )
        }
    }

    impl LazyBatchGenerator for TestGenerator {
        fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
            self
        }

        fn generate_next_batch(&mut self) -> Result<Option<RecordBatch>> {
            if self.counter >= self.max_batches {
                return Ok(None);
            }

            let array = Int64Array::from_iter_values(
                (self.counter * self.batch_size as i64)
                    ..(self.counter * self.batch_size as i64 + self.batch_size as i64),
            );
            self.counter += 1;
            Ok(Some(RecordBatch::try_new(
                Arc::clone(&self.schema),
                vec![Arc::new(array)],
            )?))
        }

        fn reset_state(&self) -> Arc<RwLock<dyn LazyBatchGenerator>> {
            Arc::new(RwLock::new(TestGenerator {
                counter: 0,
                max_batches: self.max_batches,
                batch_size: self.batch_size,
                schema: Arc::clone(&self.schema),
            }))
        }
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_lazy_memory_exec() -> Result<()> {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new("a", DataType::Int64, false)]));
        let generator = TestGenerator {
            counter: 0,
            max_batches: 3,
            batch_size: 2,
            schema: Arc::clone(&schema),
        };

        let exec =
            LazyMemoryExec::try_new(schema, vec![Arc::new(RwLock::new(generator))])?;

        // Test schema
        assert_eq!(exec.schema().fields().len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(exec.schema().field(0).name(), "a");

        // Test execution
        let stream = exec.execute(0, Arc::new(TaskContext::default()))?;
        let batches: Vec<_> = stream.collect::<Vec<_>>().await;

        assert_eq!(batches.len(), 3);

        // Verify batch contents
        let batch0 = batches[0].as_ref().unwrap();
        let array0 = batch0
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<Int64Array>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(array0.values(), &[0, 1]);

        let batch1 = batches[1].as_ref().unwrap();
        let array1 = batch1
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<Int64Array>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(array1.values(), &[2, 3]);

        let batch2 = batches[2].as_ref().unwrap();
        let array2 = batch2
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<Int64Array>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(array2.values(), &[4, 5]);

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Verify that calling execute(0) twice on the same LazyMemoryExec
    /// produces independent streams with the same data.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_lazy_memory_exec_multiple_executions_are_independent() -> Result<()> {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new("a", DataType::Int64, false)]));
        let generator = TestGenerator {
            counter: 0,
            max_batches: 3,
            batch_size: 2,
            schema: Arc::clone(&schema),
        };

        let exec =
            LazyMemoryExec::try_new(schema, vec![Arc::new(RwLock::new(generator))])?;
        let task_ctx = Arc::new(TaskContext::default());

        // First execution — consume all batches
        let batches_1 = collect(exec.execute(0, Arc::clone(&task_ctx))?).await?;
        let total_rows_1: usize = batches_1.iter().map(|b| b.num_rows()).sum();
        assert_eq!(total_rows_1, 6);

        // Second execution — should produce the same data, not continue
        // from where the first execution left off
        let batches_2 = collect(exec.execute(0, Arc::clone(&task_ctx))?).await?;
        let total_rows_2: usize = batches_2.iter().map(|b| b.num_rows()).sum();
        assert_eq!(total_rows_2, 6);

        // Verify contents are identical
        for (b1, b2) in batches_1.iter().zip(batches_2.iter()) {
            assert_eq!(b1, b2);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_lazy_memory_exec_invalid_partition() -> Result<()> {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new("a", DataType::Int64, false)]));
        let generator = TestGenerator {
            counter: 0,
            max_batches: 1,
            batch_size: 1,
            schema: Arc::clone(&schema),
        };

        let exec =
            LazyMemoryExec::try_new(schema, vec![Arc::new(RwLock::new(generator))])?;

        // Test invalid partition
        let result = exec.execute(1, Arc::new(TaskContext::default()));

        // partition is 0-indexed, so there only should be partition 0
        assert!(matches!(
            result,
            Err(e) if e.to_string().contains("Invalid partition 1 for LazyMemoryExec with 1 partitions")
        ));

        Ok(())
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_generate_series_metrics_integration() -> Result<()> {
        // Test LazyMemoryExec metrics with different configurations
        let test_cases = vec![
            (10, 2, 10),    // 10 rows, batch size 2, expected 10 rows
            (100, 10, 100), // 100 rows, batch size 10, expected 100 rows
            (5, 1, 5),      // 5 rows, batch size 1, expected 5 rows
        ];

        for (total_rows, batch_size, expected_rows) in test_cases {
            let schema =
                Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new("a", DataType::Int64, false)]));
            let generator = TestGenerator {
                counter: 0,
                max_batches: (total_rows + batch_size - 1) / batch_size, // ceiling division
                batch_size: batch_size as usize,
                schema: Arc::clone(&schema),
            };

            let exec =
                LazyMemoryExec::try_new(schema, vec![Arc::new(RwLock::new(generator))])?;
            let task_ctx = Arc::new(TaskContext::default());

            let stream = exec.execute(0, task_ctx)?;
            let batches = collect(stream).await?;

            // Verify metrics exist with actual expected numbers
            let metrics = exec.metrics().unwrap();

            // Count actual rows returned
            let actual_rows: usize = batches.iter().map(|b| b.num_rows()).sum();
            assert_eq!(actual_rows, expected_rows);

            // Verify metrics match actual output
            assert_eq!(metrics.output_rows().unwrap(), expected_rows);
            assert!(metrics.elapsed_compute().unwrap() > 0);
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_lazy_memory_exec_reset_state() -> Result<()> {
        let schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new("a", DataType::Int64, false)]));
        let generator = TestGenerator {
            counter: 0,
            max_batches: 3,
            batch_size: 2,
            schema: Arc::clone(&schema),
        };

        let exec = Arc::new(LazyMemoryExec::try_new(
            schema,
            vec![Arc::new(RwLock::new(generator))],
        )?);
        let stream = exec.execute(0, Arc::new(TaskContext::default()))?;
        let batches = collect(stream).await?;

        let exec_reset = exec.reset_state()?;
        let stream = exec_reset.execute(0, Arc::new(TaskContext::default()))?;
        let batches_reset = collect(stream).await?;

        // if the reset_state is not correct, the batches_reset will be empty
        assert_eq!(batches, batches_reset);

        Ok(())
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_memory_stream_emitted_batch_matches_declared_schema() -> Result<()> {
        use arrow::array::{ArrayRef, BooleanArray, StructArray};
        use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Fields, Schema};
        use futures::StreamExt;

        // Declared schema expects nullable struct field colA
        let declared_fields =
            Fields::from(vec![Field::new("colA", DataType::Boolean, true)]);
        let declared_schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "b",
            DataType::Struct(declared_fields),
            false,
        )]));

        // Runtime batch has stricter non-nullable struct field colA
        let source_fields =
            Fields::from(vec![Field::new("colA", DataType::Boolean, false)]);
        let source_schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "b",
            DataType::Struct(source_fields.clone()),
            false,
        )]));

        let struct_array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(StructArray::new(
            source_fields,
            vec![Arc::new(BooleanArray::from(vec![true, false]))],
            None,
        ));
        let stricter_batch = RecordBatch::try_new(source_schema, vec![struct_array])?;

        let mut stream = MemoryStream::try_new(
            vec![stricter_batch],
            Arc::clone(&declared_schema),
            None,
        )?;

        assert_eq!(stream.schema(), declared_schema);

        let emitted_batch = stream.next().await.unwrap()?;
        assert_eq!(emitted_batch.schema(), declared_schema);

        let struct_col = emitted_batch
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<StructArray>()
            .unwrap();
        assert!(struct_col.fields()[0].is_nullable());
        let bool_child = struct_col
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<BooleanArray>()
            .unwrap();
        assert!(bool_child.value(0));
        assert!(!bool_child.value(1));

        Ok(())
    }

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_memory_stream_emitted_batch_matches_declared_schema_with_projection()
    -> Result<()> {
        use arrow::array::{ArrayRef, BooleanArray, Int32Array, StructArray};
        use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Fields, Schema};
        use futures::StreamExt;

        // Declared full schema: col a (Int32), col b (Struct<colA: nullable Boolean>)
        let declared_fields =
            Fields::from(vec![Field::new("colA", DataType::Boolean, true)]);
        let full_declared_schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("a", DataType::Int32, false),
            Field::new("b", DataType::Struct(declared_fields), false),
        ]));

        // Projected schema for column "b" (projection = [1])
        let projected_schema = Arc::new(full_declared_schema.project(&[1])?);

        // Runtime batch has stricter struct
        let source_fields =
            Fields::from(vec![Field::new("colA", DataType::Boolean, false)]);
        let source_schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![
            Field::new("a", DataType::Int32, false),
            Field::new("b", DataType::Struct(source_fields.clone()), false),
        ]));

        let struct_array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(StructArray::new(
            source_fields,
            vec![Arc::new(BooleanArray::from(vec![true, false]))],
            None,
        ));
        let stricter_batch = RecordBatch::try_new(
            source_schema,
            vec![Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![10, 20])), struct_array],
        )?;

        let mut stream = MemoryStream::try_new(
            vec![stricter_batch],
            Arc::clone(&projected_schema),
            Some(vec![1]),
        )?;

        assert_eq!(stream.schema(), projected_schema);

        let emitted_batch = stream.next().await.unwrap()?;
        assert_eq!(emitted_batch.schema(), projected_schema);
        assert_eq!(emitted_batch.num_columns(), 1);

        let struct_col = emitted_batch
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<StructArray>()
            .unwrap();
        assert!(struct_col.fields()[0].is_nullable());
        let bool_child = struct_col
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<BooleanArray>()
            .unwrap();
        assert!(bool_child.value(0));
        assert!(!bool_child.value(1));

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Regression for the Union reconstruction path at the `MemoryStream`
    /// producer boundary: a declared nullable Union child vs a stricter
    /// non-nullable runtime child.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_memory_stream_emitted_batch_matches_declared_schema_union() -> Result<()>
    {
        use arrow::array::{Array, ArrayRef, Float64Array, Int32Array, UnionArray};
        use arrow::buffer::ScalarBuffer;
        use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Schema, UnionFields, UnionMode};
        use futures::StreamExt;

        let declared_union_fields = UnionFields::try_new(
            vec![0_i8, 1],
            vec![
                Field::new("i", DataType::Int32, true),
                Field::new("f", DataType::Float64, true),
            ],
        )?;
        let declared_schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "u",
            DataType::Union(declared_union_fields, UnionMode::Dense),
            false,
        )]));

        let source_union_fields = UnionFields::try_new(
            vec![0_i8, 1],
            vec![
                Field::new("i", DataType::Int32, false),
                Field::new("f", DataType::Float64, false),
            ],
        )?;
        let source_schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![Field::new(
            "u",
            DataType::Union(source_union_fields.clone(), UnionMode::Dense),
            false,
        )]));

        let type_ids = ScalarBuffer::from(vec![0_i8, 1, 0]);
        let offsets = ScalarBuffer::from(vec![0_i32, 0, 1]);
        let union_array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(UnionArray::try_new(
            source_union_fields,
            type_ids,
            Some(offsets),
            vec![
                Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![10, 20])),
                Arc::new(Float64Array::from(vec![1.5])),
            ],
        )?);
        let stricter_batch = RecordBatch::try_new(source_schema, vec![union_array])?;

        assert!(declared_schema.contains(stricter_batch.schema().as_ref()));

        let mut stream = MemoryStream::try_new(
            vec![stricter_batch],
            Arc::clone(&declared_schema),
            None,
        )?;

        assert_eq!(stream.schema(), declared_schema);

        let emitted_batch = stream.next().await.unwrap()?;
        assert_eq!(emitted_batch.schema(), stream.schema());
        assert_eq!(emitted_batch.schema(), declared_schema);

        let union_col = emitted_batch
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<UnionArray>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(union_col.len(), 3);
        assert_eq!(union_col.type_id(0), 0);
        assert_eq!(union_col.type_id(1), 1);
        assert_eq!(union_col.type_id(2), 0);
        let i_child = union_col
            .child(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<Int32Array>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(i_child.values(), &[10, 20]);

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Regression for a contained `Map<.., Struct>` whose runtime nested field
    /// is non-nullable while the declared nested field is nullable.
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_memory_stream_emitted_batch_matches_declared_schema_map_of_struct()
    -> Result<()> {
        use arrow::array::{
            Array, ArrayRef, Int32Array, MapArray, StringArray, StructArray,
        };
        use arrow::buffer::OffsetBuffer;
        use arrow::datatypes::{DataType, Field, Fields, Schema};
        use futures::StreamExt;

        fn map_field(value_child_nullable: bool) -> Field {
            let value_struct = DataType::Struct(Fields::from(vec![Field::new(
                "v",
                DataType::Int32,
                value_child_nullable,
            )]));
            let entries = Field::new(
                "entries",
                DataType::Struct(Fields::from(vec![
                    Field::new("keys", DataType::Utf8, false),
                    Field::new("values", value_struct, true),
                ])),
                false,
            );
            Field::new("m", DataType::Map(Arc::new(entries), false), true)
        }

        let declared_schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![map_field(true)]));
        let source_schema = Arc::new(Schema::new(vec![map_field(false)]));

        let value_fields = Fields::from(vec![Field::new("v", DataType::Int32, false)]);
        let values_struct = StructArray::new(
            value_fields,
            vec![Arc::new(Int32Array::from(vec![1, 2, 3])) as ArrayRef],
            None,
        );
        let entries = StructArray::new(
            Fields::from(vec![
                Field::new("keys", DataType::Utf8, false),
                Field::new("values", values_struct.data_type().clone(), true),
            ]),
            vec![
                Arc::new(StringArray::from(vec!["a", "b", "c"])) as ArrayRef,
                Arc::new(values_struct) as ArrayRef,
            ],
            None,
        );
        let DataType::Map(source_entries_field, _) = source_schema.field(0).data_type()
        else {
            unreachable!("map field")
        };
        let map_array: ArrayRef = Arc::new(MapArray::try_new(
            Arc::clone(source_entries_field),
            OffsetBuffer::new(vec![0, 2, 3].into()),
            entries,
            None,
            false,
        )?);
        let stricter_batch = RecordBatch::try_new(source_schema, vec![map_array])?;

        // The stricter batch is accepted by `MemTable::try_new`-style checks.
        assert!(declared_schema.contains(stricter_batch.schema().as_ref()));

        let mut stream = MemoryStream::try_new(
            vec![stricter_batch],
            Arc::clone(&declared_schema),
            None,
        )?;

        assert_eq!(stream.schema(), declared_schema);

        let emitted_batch = stream.next().await.unwrap()?;
        assert_eq!(emitted_batch.schema(), stream.schema());
        assert_eq!(emitted_batch.schema(), declared_schema);

        let map_col = emitted_batch
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<MapArray>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(map_col.len(), 2);
        let values = map_col
            .values()
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<StructArray>()
            .unwrap();
        assert!(values.fields()[0].is_nullable());
        let ints = values
            .column(0)
            .as_any()
            .downcast_ref::<Int32Array>()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(ints.values(), &[1, 2, 3]);

        Ok(())
    }
}