damascene_core/widgets/

text_input.rs

//! Single-line text input widget with selection.
//!
//! `text_input(key, value, selection)` renders a focusable, key-capturing
//! input field with a visible caret and (when non-empty) a tinted
//! selection rectangle behind the selected glyphs. The application
//! owns both the string and the global [`Selection`]; routed events are
//! folded back via [`apply_event`] in the app's `on_event` handler.
//!
//! ```ignore
//! use damascene_core::prelude::*;
//!
//! struct Form {
//!     name: String,
//!     selection: Selection,
//! }
//!
//! impl App for Form {
//!     fn build(&self, _cx: &BuildCx) -> El {
//!         text_input("name", &self.name, &self.selection)
//!     }
//!
//!     fn on_event(&mut self, e: UiEvent, _cx: &EventCx) {
//!         if e.target_key() == Some("name") {
//!             text_input::apply_event(&mut self.name, &mut self.selection, &e, "name");
//!         } else if let Some(selection) = e.selection.clone() {
//!             self.selection = selection;
//!         }
//!     }
//!
//!     fn selection(&self) -> Selection {
//!         self.selection.clone()
//!     }
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! # Dogfood note
//!
//! Composes only the public widget-kit surface. The widget pairs a
//! caret + character/IME path with selection semantics layered on top
//! via [`Selection`] (an app-owned value, not stored in `widget_state`),
//! covering drag-select, shift-extend, replace-on-type, and `Ctrl+A`.
//! See `widget_kit.md`.

// Lock in full per-item documentation for this module (issue #73).
#![warn(missing_docs)]

use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::panic::Location;

use crate::cursor::Cursor;
use crate::event::{LogicalKey, NamedKey, UiEvent, UiEventKind};
use crate::metrics::MetricsRole;
use crate::selection::{Selection, SelectionPoint, SelectionRange};
use crate::style::StyleProfile;
use crate::text::metrics::TextGeometry;
use crate::tokens;
use crate::tree::*;
use crate::widgets::text::text;

/// A `(anchor, head)` byte-index pair representing the selection in a
/// text field. `head` is the caret position; the selection covers
/// `min(anchor, head)..max(anchor, head)`. When `anchor == head` the
/// selection is collapsed and the field shows just a caret.
///
/// Both indices are byte offsets into the source string and are
/// clamped to a UTF-8 grapheme boundary by every method that reads or
/// writes them — callers can safely poke them directly.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct TextSelection {
    /// Byte offset where the selection started (the non-moving end).
    pub anchor: usize,
    /// Byte offset of the caret (the moving end).
    pub head: usize,
}

/// How (or whether) the rendered text should be visually masked. The
/// underlying `value` is always the real string; mask only affects
/// what's painted, what widths are measured against (so caret and
/// selection band line up with the dots), and which pointer column
/// maps to which byte offset.
///
/// The library's [`clipboard_request_for`] also reads this — copy /
/// cut are suppressed for masked fields (a password manager pasted in
/// is fine, but you don't want Ctrl+C to leak the secret to the system
/// clipboard).
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum MaskMode {
    /// No masking — the value renders as typed.
    #[default]
    None,
    /// Every character renders as a bullet (`•`), like
    /// `<input type="password">`.
    Password,
}

const MASK_CHAR: char = '•';

/// Optional configuration for [`text_input_with`] / [`apply_event_with`].
/// The defaults reproduce [`text_input`] / [`apply_event`] verbatim, so
/// callers only set the fields they need.
///
/// Fields mirror the corresponding HTML `<input>` attributes:
/// `placeholder`, `maxlength`, `type=password`. The same value is
/// expected to be available both at build-time (so the placeholder
/// renders, the mask is applied) and at event-time (so `max_length`
/// can clip a paste, and Copy / Cut can be suppressed on a masked
/// field) — that joint availability is why this is a struct the app
/// holds onto rather than chained modifiers on the returned `El`.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
pub struct TextInputOpts<'a> {
    /// Muted hint text shown only while `value` is empty. Visible even
    /// while the field is focused (matches HTML `<input placeholder>`).
    pub placeholder: Option<&'a str>,
    /// Cap on the *character* count of `value` after an edit. Inserts
    /// (typing, paste, IME commit) are truncated so the post-edit
    /// length doesn't exceed this. Existing values longer than the cap
    /// are left alone — the cap only constrains future inserts.
    pub max_length: Option<usize>,
    /// Visual masking of the rendered value. See [`MaskMode`].
    pub mask: MaskMode,
}

impl<'a> TextInputOpts<'a> {
    /// Set the muted hint shown while the value is empty (see
    /// [`TextInputOpts::placeholder`]).
    pub fn placeholder(mut self, p: &'a str) -> Self {
        self.placeholder = Some(p);
        self
    }

    /// Cap the character count of future edits (see
    /// [`TextInputOpts::max_length`]).
    pub fn max_length(mut self, n: usize) -> Self {
        self.max_length = Some(n);
        self
    }

    /// Mask the rendered value as a password field
    /// ([`MaskMode::Password`]).
    pub fn password(mut self) -> Self {
        self.mask = MaskMode::Password;
        self
    }

    fn is_masked(&self) -> bool {
        !matches!(self.mask, MaskMode::None)
    }
}

impl TextSelection {
    /// Collapsed selection at byte offset `head`.
    pub const fn caret(head: usize) -> Self {
        Self { anchor: head, head }
    }

    /// Selection from `anchor` to `head`. Either order is valid; the
    /// widget renders `min..max` as the highlighted band.
    pub const fn range(anchor: usize, head: usize) -> Self {
        Self { anchor, head }
    }

    /// `(min, max)` byte offsets, ordered.
    pub fn ordered(self) -> (usize, usize) {
        (self.anchor.min(self.head), self.anchor.max(self.head))
    }

    /// True when the selection is collapsed (anchor == head).
    pub fn is_collapsed(self) -> bool {
        self.anchor == self.head
    }
}

/// Build a single-line text input. `value` is the string to render
/// and `selection` carries the caret + selection state. Both are
/// owned by the application — pass them in from your state and update
/// them via [`apply_event`] in your event handler.
///
/// # Layout
///
/// The value is rendered as **one shaped text leaf** so cosmic-text
/// applies kerning across the whole string. The caret bar and the
/// selection band sit on top of the text via overlay layout +
/// paint-time `translate`, with offsets derived from `line_width` of
/// the prefix substrings. This means moving the caret never re-shapes
/// the text — characters don't "jitter" left/right as the caret moves.
///
/// # Focus
///
/// The caret bar carries `alpha_follows_focused_ancestor()` so it only
/// paints while the input is focused (and fades in/out via the
/// library's standard focus animation).
///
/// # Selection
///
/// The input participates in the global
/// [`crate::selection::Selection`], reading its caret + selection band
/// through `selection.within(key)`:
///
/// - Selection is in this `key` → render caret at `head.byte` and a
///   band from `min(anchor.byte, head.byte)` to the max.
/// - Selection lives in another key (or is empty) → render no band;
///   caret falls back to byte 0 (still hidden by the focus envelope
///   when the input isn't focused).
///
/// The widget sets `.key(key)` on the returned `El` itself — callers
/// no longer chain `.key(...)` after this builder.
#[track_caller]
pub fn text_input(key: &str, value: &str, selection: &Selection) -> El {
    text_input_with(key, value, selection, TextInputOpts::default())
}

/// Like [`text_input`], but takes an optional [`TextInputOpts`] for
/// placeholder / max-length / password masking. Pass
/// `TextInputOpts::default()` for an output identical to
/// [`text_input`].
#[track_caller]
pub fn text_input_with(
    key: &str,
    value: &str,
    selection: &Selection,
    opts: TextInputOpts<'_>,
) -> El {
    build_text_input(value, selection.within(key), opts).key(key)
}

/// Render the input El given an already-extracted local view. Pure
/// rendering: doesn't touch [`Selection`], doesn't set the El's key.
/// Public callers should go through [`text_input`] /
/// [`text_input_with`] instead.
///
/// `view` is `None` when the active selection lives in a different
/// widget; in that case no caret bar is emitted, so blurring this
/// input doesn't briefly paint a stray caret at byte 0 while the
/// focus envelope fades out.
#[track_caller]
fn build_text_input(value: &str, view: Option<TextSelection>, opts: TextInputOpts<'_>) -> El {
    let selection = view.unwrap_or_default();
    let head = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, selection.head.min(value.len()));
    let anchor = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, selection.anchor.min(value.len()));
    let lo = anchor.min(head);
    let hi = anchor.max(head);
    let line_h = line_height_px();

    // Pick the rendered string. In password mode each scalar of `value`
    // becomes one bullet; widths and indices below all reference this
    // displayed string so the caret and selection band sit under the
    // dots, not under the (invisible) original glyphs.
    let display = display_str(value, opts.mask);

    // Pixel offsets along the same shaped run that paints the input text.
    // Using `TextGeometry::prefix_width` keeps caret / selection placement
    // tied to the text engine instead of remeasuring prefix substrings.
    let geometry = single_line_geometry(&display);
    let to_display = |b: usize| original_to_display_byte(value, b, opts.mask);
    let head_px = geometry.prefix_width(to_display(head));
    let lo_px = geometry.prefix_width(to_display(lo));
    let hi_px = geometry.prefix_width(to_display(hi));

    let mut children: Vec<El> = Vec::with_capacity(4);

    // Selection band paints first (behind text, behind caret). The
    // band is fill-only and inherits its parent input's focus
    // envelope, so `dim_fill` produces the macOS-style muted-when-
    // unfocused color without any per-frame state plumbing here.
    if lo < hi {
        children.push(
            El::new(Kind::Custom("text_input_selection"))
                .style_profile(StyleProfile::Solid)
                .fill(tokens::SELECTION_BG)
                .dim_fill(tokens::SELECTION_BG_UNFOCUSED)
                .radius(2.0)
                .width(Size::Fixed(hi_px - lo_px))
                .height(Size::Fixed(line_h))
                .translate(lo_px, 0.0),
        );
    }

    // Placeholder hint — shown only while the value is empty. Sits at
    // the same origin as the (empty) text leaf, so it visually fills
    // the gap. The caret still paints on top.
    if value.is_empty()
        && let Some(ph) = opts.placeholder
    {
        children.push(
            text(ph)
                .muted()
                .width(Size::Hug)
                .height(Size::Fixed(line_h)),
        );
    }

    // The value (or its mask) as one shaped run. Hug width so the
    // leaf's intrinsic measure is the actual glyph extent.
    children.push(
        text(display.into_owned())
            .width(Size::Hug)
            .height(Size::Fixed(line_h)),
    );

    // Caret bar — emitted only when the selection actually lives in
    // this input. Without that gate, blurring an input by clicking
    // into another would render this input's caret at byte 0 (its
    // `view` defaults when selection moves away) for the duration of
    // the focus-envelope fade-out — a visible "blink at byte 0" the
    // user reads as the caret jumping home before vanishing. The
    // focus envelope's alpha fade still applies on focus *gain*: the
    // caret is in the tree from frame one of focus arrival and fades
    // in as the envelope eases up.
    if view.is_some() {
        children.push(
            caret_bar()
                .translate(head_px, 0.0)
                .alpha_follows_focused_ancestor()
                .blink_when_focused(),
        );
    }

    // Inner container: clips horizontal overflow and applies a
    // horizontal `x_offset` so the caret stays inside the visible
    // viewport. Stateless — `x_offset` is computed each frame from
    // the current `head_px` and the inner's available width.
    //
    // The clip lives on the inner (not the outer) so the outer's
    // focus-ring band, which paints outside the layout rect via
    // `paint_overflow`, isn't scissored. Same pattern as
    // `text_area`'s stage-1 scroll viewport.
    let inner = El::new(Kind::Group)
        .clip()
        .width(Size::Fill(1.0))
        .height(Size::Fill(1.0))
        .layout(move |ctx| {
            // Sticky-right: when the caret would land past the
            // right edge, slide content left so the caret sits at
            // the right edge of the visible area. Otherwise leave
            // it anchored at the left (x_offset = 0). Identical
            // math to `current_x_offset` so the event-time
            // pointer→byte mapping in `apply_event` lands on the
            // same content column the user sees.
            let x_offset = (head_px - ctx.container.w).max(0.0);
            ctx.children
                .iter()
                .map(|c| {
                    let (w, h) = (ctx.measure)(c);
                    // Pick the size the actual layout pass would have
                    // resolved: Fixed/Hug → intrinsic, Fill → fill the
                    // available extent on that axis.
                    let w = match c.width {
                        Size::Fixed(v) => v,
                        // `Ch` is resolved to `Fixed` before layout, so it
                        // can't reach this custom-layout override; fold it in
                        // with the intrinsic arm for exhaustiveness.
                        Size::Hug | Size::Ch(_) => w,
                        Size::Fill(_) => ctx.container.w,
                        Size::Aspect(r) => h * r,
                    };
                    let h = match c.height {
                        Size::Fixed(v) => v,
                        Size::Hug | Size::Ch(_) => h,
                        Size::Fill(_) => ctx.container.h,
                        Size::Aspect(r) => w * r,
                    };
                    // Vertical center inside the inner's content area
                    // — the outer's `Justify::Center` no longer
                    // applies here (layout_override replaces axis
                    // distribution).
                    let y = ctx.container.y + (ctx.container.h - h) * 0.5;
                    Rect::new(ctx.container.x - x_offset, y, w, h)
                })
                .collect()
        })
        .children(children);

    El::new(Kind::Custom("text_input"))
        .at_loc(Location::caller())
        .style_profile(StyleProfile::Surface)
        .metrics_role(MetricsRole::Input)
        .surface_role(SurfaceRole::Input)
        .focusable()
        // The "now editable" affordance on a text input is the ring
        // around the box, not just the caret — keep it on click too.
        .always_show_focus_ring()
        .capture_keys()
        .paint_overflow(Sides::all(tokens::RING_WIDTH))
        .hit_overflow(Sides::all(tokens::HIT_OVERFLOW))
        .cursor(Cursor::Text)
        .fill(tokens::MUTED)
        .stroke(tokens::BORDER)
        .default_radius(tokens::RADIUS_MD)
        .axis(Axis::Overlay)
        .align(Align::Start)
        .justify(Justify::Center)
        .default_width(Size::Fill(1.0))
        .default_height(Size::Fixed(tokens::CONTROL_HEIGHT))
        .default_padding(Sides::xy(tokens::SPACE_3, 0.0))
        .child(inner)
}

fn caret_bar() -> El {
    El::new(Kind::Custom("text_input_caret"))
        .style_profile(StyleProfile::Solid)
        .fill(tokens::FOREGROUND)
        .width(Size::Fixed(2.0))
        .height(Size::Fixed(line_height_px()))
        .radius(1.0)
}

fn line_height_px() -> f32 {
    tokens::TEXT_SM.line_height
}

fn single_line_geometry(value: &str) -> TextGeometry<'_> {
    TextGeometry::new(
        value,
        tokens::TEXT_SM.size,
        FontWeight::Regular,
        false,
        TextWrap::NoWrap,
        None,
    )
}

/// Fold a routed [`UiEvent`] into `value` and `selection`. Returns
/// `true` when either was mutated.
///
/// Handles:
/// - [`UiEventKind::TextInput`] — replace the selection with the
///   composed text (or insert at the caret when collapsed).
/// - [`UiEventKind::KeyDown`] for Backspace, Delete, ArrowLeft,
///   ArrowRight, Home, End. Without Shift the selection collapses and
///   moves; with Shift the head extends and the anchor stays.
/// - [`UiEventKind::KeyDown`] for Ctrl+A — select all.
/// - [`UiEventKind::PointerDown`] — set the caret to the click position
///   and the anchor to the same position. With Shift held, only the
///   head moves (extend selection from the existing anchor).
/// - [`UiEventKind::LongPress`] — select the word at the touch
///   position, matching mobile text-editing conventions.
/// - [`UiEventKind::Drag`] — extend the head to the dragged position;
///   the anchor stays where pointer-down placed it.
/// - [`UiEventKind::Click`] — no-op. The selection was already
///   established by the prior PointerDown / Drag sequence.
///
/// All caret arithmetic respects UTF-8 grapheme boundaries.
///
/// The function operates on the global [`Selection`] through `key`:
/// when an event mutates the input's contents, the result is written
/// back as a single-leaf range under `key`, transferring selection
/// ownership to this input. Pointer events (`PointerDown`/`Drag`/
/// `MiddleClick`/`LongPress`) are self-gated on route — only those the
/// runtime routed to this `key` are handled — so callers may dispatch every
/// input's `apply_event` unconditionally without one widget stealing
/// another's press/drag. Key events flow naturally to whatever widget is
/// focused (and the runtime targets the event accordingly).
pub fn apply_event(
    value: &mut String,
    selection: &mut Selection,
    event: &UiEvent,
    key: &str,
) -> bool {
    apply_event_with(value, selection, event, key, &TextInputOpts::default())
}

/// Like [`apply_event`], but takes a [`TextInputOpts`] so the field
/// honors `max_length` and password-masked pointer hits. Default opts
/// produce identical behavior to [`apply_event`].
pub fn apply_event_with(
    value: &mut String,
    selection: &mut Selection,
    event: &UiEvent,
    key: &str,
    opts: &TextInputOpts<'_>,
) -> bool {
    // Pointer events are routed by the runtime to a concrete target (a
    // press/drag goes to the *pressed* widget). Only handle the ones routed to
    // THIS input, so a press/drag belonging to another widget — e.g. a slider
    // dispatched from the same `on_event` — isn't mis-claimed (the press/drag
    // arms below read `event.target.rect` and would otherwise fold a foreign
    // drag into this input's selection, swallowing it). Mirrors the route gate
    // `slider::apply_event` already applies. Keyboard / text events are
    // focus-routed and handled regardless of route (the focused input claims
    // them — see `apply_event_claims_selection_when_event_routed_from_elsewhere`).
    if matches!(
        event.kind,
        UiEventKind::PointerDown
            | UiEventKind::Drag
            | UiEventKind::MiddleClick
            | UiEventKind::LongPress
    ) && !event.is_route(key)
    {
        return false;
    }
    let mut local = selection.within(key).unwrap_or_default();
    let changed = fold_event_local(value, &mut local, event, opts);
    if changed {
        selection.range = Some(SelectionRange {
            anchor: SelectionPoint::new(key, local.anchor),
            head: SelectionPoint::new(key, local.head),
        });
    }
    changed
}

/// Apply the event to the input's *local* (`TextSelection`) view of
/// its slice. The internal worker behind [`apply_event_with`]; pure
/// in the sense that it doesn't touch [`Selection`].
fn fold_event_local(
    value: &mut String,
    selection: &mut TextSelection,
    event: &UiEvent,
    opts: &TextInputOpts<'_>,
) -> bool {
    selection.anchor = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, selection.anchor.min(value.len()));
    selection.head = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, selection.head.min(value.len()));
    match event.kind {
        UiEventKind::TextInput => {
            let Some(insert) = event.text.as_deref() else {
                return false;
            };
            // winit emits TextInput alongside named-key / shortcut
            // KeyDowns. Two filters protect us:
            //
            // 1. Strip control characters — winit fires "\u{8}" for
            //    Backspace, "\u{7f}" for Delete, "\r"/"\n" for Enter,
            //    "\u{1b}" for Escape, "\t" for Tab. The named-key arm
            //    handles those correctly; we don't want a duplicate
            //    insertion of the control byte.
            //
            // 2. Drop the event when Ctrl-or-Cmd is held (without Alt
            //    — AltGr on Windows is reported as Ctrl+Alt and is a
            //    legitimate text-producing modifier). Ctrl+C / Ctrl+V
            //    etc. emit TextInput("c"/"v") on some platforms; the
            //    clipboard side already handled the KeyDown, and we
            //    don't want the literal letter to land in the field.
            if (event.modifiers.ctrl && !event.modifiers.alt) || event.modifiers.logo {
                return false;
            }
            let filtered: String = insert.chars().filter(|c| !c.is_control()).collect();
            if filtered.is_empty() {
                return false;
            }
            let to_insert = clip_to_max_length(value, *selection, &filtered, opts.max_length);
            if to_insert.is_empty() {
                return false;
            }
            replace_selection(value, selection, &to_insert);
            true
        }
        UiEventKind::MiddleClick => {
            let Some(byte) = caret_byte_at(value, event, opts) else {
                return false;
            };
            *selection = TextSelection::caret(byte);
            if let Some(insert) = event.text.as_deref() {
                replace_selection_with(value, selection, insert, opts);
            }
            true
        }
        UiEventKind::KeyDown => {
            let Some(kp) = event.key_press.as_ref() else {
                return false;
            };
            let mods = kp.modifiers;
            // Ctrl+A: select all. We test for this before modifier-less
            // key arms so the "Character('a')" path doesn't reach
            // KeyDown's no-op fallthrough.
            if mods.ctrl
                && !mods.alt
                && !mods.logo
                && let LogicalKey::Character(c) = &kp.logical
                && c.eq_ignore_ascii_case("a")
            {
                let len = value.len();
                if selection.anchor == 0 && selection.head == len {
                    return false;
                }
                *selection = TextSelection {
                    anchor: 0,
                    head: len,
                };
                return true;
            }
            // Ctrl+W: delete word backward (Emacs / terminal convention).
            // Matched here as a Character keypress so it sits next to the
            // Ctrl+A handling above. Ctrl+Backspace below uses the same
            // delete-word path.
            if mods.ctrl
                && !mods.alt
                && !mods.logo
                && !mods.shift
                && let LogicalKey::Character(c) = &kp.logical
                && c.eq_ignore_ascii_case("w")
            {
                return delete_word_backward(value, selection);
            }
            match kp.logical.named() {
                Some(NamedKey::Escape) => {
                    if selection.is_collapsed() {
                        return false;
                    }
                    selection.anchor = selection.head;
                    true
                }
                Some(NamedKey::Backspace) => {
                    if !selection.is_collapsed() {
                        replace_selection(value, selection, "");
                        return true;
                    }
                    if selection.head == 0 {
                        return false;
                    }
                    if mods.ctrl && !mods.alt && !mods.logo {
                        return delete_word_backward(value, selection);
                    }
                    let prev = prev_char_boundary(value, selection.head);
                    value.replace_range(prev..selection.head, "");
                    selection.head = prev;
                    selection.anchor = prev;
                    true
                }
                Some(NamedKey::Delete) => {
                    if !selection.is_collapsed() {
                        replace_selection(value, selection, "");
                        return true;
                    }
                    if selection.head >= value.len() {
                        return false;
                    }
                    if mods.ctrl && !mods.alt && !mods.logo {
                        return delete_word_forward(value, selection);
                    }
                    let next = next_char_boundary(value, selection.head);
                    value.replace_range(selection.head..next, "");
                    true
                }
                Some(NamedKey::ArrowLeft) => {
                    let target = if selection.is_collapsed() || mods.shift {
                        if selection.head == 0 {
                            return false;
                        }
                        if mods.ctrl && !mods.alt && !mods.logo {
                            crate::selection::prev_word_boundary(value, selection.head)
                        } else {
                            prev_char_boundary(value, selection.head)
                        }
                    } else if mods.ctrl && !mods.alt && !mods.logo {
                        // Ctrl+Left with a non-empty selection: still a
                        // word jump, anchored at the current head.
                        crate::selection::prev_word_boundary(value, selection.head)
                    } else {
                        // Collapse a non-empty selection to its left edge.
                        selection.ordered().0
                    };
                    selection.head = target;
                    if !mods.shift {
                        selection.anchor = target;
                    }
                    true
                }
                Some(NamedKey::ArrowRight) => {
                    let target = if selection.is_collapsed() || mods.shift {
                        if selection.head >= value.len() {
                            return false;
                        }
                        if mods.ctrl && !mods.alt && !mods.logo {
                            crate::selection::next_word_boundary(value, selection.head)
                        } else {
                            next_char_boundary(value, selection.head)
                        }
                    } else if mods.ctrl && !mods.alt && !mods.logo {
                        crate::selection::next_word_boundary(value, selection.head)
                    } else {
                        // Collapse a non-empty selection to its right edge.
                        selection.ordered().1
                    };
                    selection.head = target;
                    if !mods.shift {
                        selection.anchor = target;
                    }
                    true
                }
                Some(NamedKey::Home) => {
                    if selection.head == 0 && (mods.shift || selection.anchor == 0) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    selection.head = 0;
                    if !mods.shift {
                        selection.anchor = 0;
                    }
                    true
                }
                Some(NamedKey::End) => {
                    let end = value.len();
                    if selection.head == end && (mods.shift || selection.anchor == end) {
                        return false;
                    }
                    selection.head = end;
                    if !mods.shift {
                        selection.anchor = end;
                    }
                    true
                }
                _ => false,
            }
        }
        UiEventKind::PointerDown => {
            let (Some((px, _py)), Some(target)) = (event.pointer, event.target.as_ref()) else {
                return false;
            };
            // Account for the inner clip group's horizontal
            // caret-into-view shift: with a long value scrolled
            // past the right edge, the content the user clicks
            // lives at `local_x + x_offset` in content space, not
            // at raw `local_x`.
            let viewport_w = (target.rect.w - 2.0 * tokens::SPACE_3).max(0.0);
            let x_offset = current_x_offset(value, selection.head, viewport_w, opts.mask);
            let local_x = px - target.rect.x - tokens::SPACE_3 + x_offset;
            let pos = caret_from_x(value, local_x, opts.mask);
            // Multi-click: 2 = select word at hit; ≥3 = select all.
            // Modifier-shift extend still wins over multi-click — it
            // reads as "extend whatever I had", and that's what shift-
            // double-click does in browsers. Single-click (and
            // missing/zero count, e.g. synthetic events) keeps the
            // existing set-caret behavior.
            if !event.modifiers.shift {
                match event.click_count {
                    2 => {
                        let (lo, hi) = crate::selection::word_range_at(value, pos);
                        selection.anchor = lo;
                        selection.head = hi;
                        return true;
                    }
                    n if n >= 3 => {
                        selection.anchor = 0;
                        selection.head = value.len();
                        return true;
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
            selection.head = pos;
            if !event.modifiers.shift {
                selection.anchor = pos;
            }
            true
        }
        UiEventKind::LongPress => {
            let (Some((px, _py)), Some(target)) = (event.pointer, event.target.as_ref()) else {
                return false;
            };
            let viewport_w = (target.rect.w - 2.0 * tokens::SPACE_3).max(0.0);
            let x_offset = current_x_offset(value, selection.head, viewport_w, opts.mask);
            let local_x = px - target.rect.x - tokens::SPACE_3 + x_offset;
            let pos = caret_from_x(value, local_x, opts.mask);
            let (lo, hi) = crate::selection::word_range_at(value, pos);
            selection.anchor = lo;
            selection.head = hi;
            true
        }
        UiEventKind::Drag => {
            let (Some((px, _py)), Some(target)) = (event.pointer, event.target.as_ref()) else {
                return false;
            };
            // Same scroll-offset adjustment as the PointerDown
            // path above. The current `selection.head` reflects
            // pre-event state — that's the head the rendered
            // frame used to compute its `x_offset`.
            let viewport_w = (target.rect.w - 2.0 * tokens::SPACE_3).max(0.0);
            let x_offset = current_x_offset(value, selection.head, viewport_w, opts.mask);
            let local_x = px - target.rect.x - tokens::SPACE_3 + x_offset;
            let pos = caret_from_x(value, local_x, opts.mask);
            if !event.modifiers.shift {
                match event.click_count {
                    2 => {
                        extend_word_selection(value, selection, pos);
                        return true;
                    }
                    n if n >= 3 => {
                        selection.anchor = 0;
                        selection.head = value.len();
                        return true;
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }
            }
            selection.head = pos;
            true
        }
        UiEventKind::Click => false,
        _ => false,
    }
}

fn extend_word_selection(value: &str, selection: &mut TextSelection, pos: usize) {
    let (selected_lo, selected_hi) = selection.ordered();
    let (word_lo, word_hi) = crate::selection::word_range_at(value, pos);
    if pos < selected_lo {
        selection.anchor = selected_hi;
        selection.head = word_lo;
    } else {
        selection.anchor = selected_lo;
        selection.head = word_hi;
    }
}

/// The currently-selected substring of `value`. Returns `""` when the
/// selection is collapsed.
pub fn selected_text(value: &str, selection: TextSelection) -> &str {
    let head = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, selection.head.min(value.len()));
    let anchor = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, selection.anchor.min(value.len()));
    &value[anchor.min(head)..anchor.max(head)]
}

/// Delete the run of characters between the caret and the previous
/// word boundary. Used by `Ctrl+Backspace` and `Ctrl+W`. Returns
/// `true` when something was deleted. A non-collapsed selection is
/// deleted whole instead (matching the plain Backspace contract).
pub(crate) fn delete_word_backward(value: &mut String, selection: &mut TextSelection) -> bool {
    if !selection.is_collapsed() {
        replace_selection(value, selection, "");
        return true;
    }
    if selection.head == 0 {
        return false;
    }
    let target = crate::selection::prev_word_boundary(value, selection.head);
    if target == selection.head {
        return false;
    }
    value.replace_range(target..selection.head, "");
    selection.head = target;
    selection.anchor = target;
    true
}

/// Delete the run of characters between the caret and the next word
/// boundary. Used by `Ctrl+Delete`. Returns `true` when something was
/// deleted. A non-collapsed selection is deleted whole instead
/// (matching the plain Delete contract).
pub(crate) fn delete_word_forward(value: &mut String, selection: &mut TextSelection) -> bool {
    if !selection.is_collapsed() {
        replace_selection(value, selection, "");
        return true;
    }
    if selection.head >= value.len() {
        return false;
    }
    let target = crate::selection::next_word_boundary(value, selection.head);
    if target == selection.head {
        return false;
    }
    value.replace_range(selection.head..target, "");
    true
}

/// Replace the selected substring (or insert at the caret when the
/// selection is collapsed) with `replacement`. Updates `selection` to
/// a collapsed caret immediately after the inserted text.
pub fn replace_selection(value: &mut String, selection: &mut TextSelection, replacement: &str) {
    selection.anchor = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, selection.anchor.min(value.len()));
    selection.head = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, selection.head.min(value.len()));
    let (lo, hi) = selection.ordered();
    value.replace_range(lo..hi, replacement);
    let new_caret = lo + replacement.len();
    selection.anchor = new_caret;
    selection.head = new_caret;
}

/// [`replace_selection`] that respects [`TextInputOpts::max_length`]:
/// the replacement is truncated (by character count) so the post-edit
/// `value` doesn't exceed the cap. Use this for paste / drop / IME
/// commit flows where the field has a length cap. Returns the byte
/// length of the actually-inserted text — useful when the caller wants
/// to know whether the input was clipped.
pub fn replace_selection_with(
    value: &mut String,
    selection: &mut TextSelection,
    replacement: &str,
    opts: &TextInputOpts<'_>,
) -> usize {
    let clipped = clip_to_max_length(value, *selection, replacement, opts.max_length);
    let len = clipped.len();
    replace_selection(value, selection, &clipped);
    len
}

/// `(0, value.len())` — the selection that spans the whole field.
pub fn select_all(value: &str) -> TextSelection {
    TextSelection {
        anchor: 0,
        head: value.len(),
    }
}

/// Which clipboard operation a keypress is requesting.
///
/// [`clipboard_request`] just identifies the keystroke; platform
/// clipboard access lives outside `damascene-core`. The turnkey
/// `damascene-winit-wgpu` host handles Ctrl/Cmd+C/X/V and middle-click
/// paste for apps that return their current [`Selection`] from
/// [`crate::event::App::selection`]. Custom hosts or examples that
/// manage their own clipboard can use this enum to dispatch the
/// actual `set_text` / `get_text` call against `arboard`, the web
/// Clipboard API, or another backend.
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ClipboardKind {
    /// `Ctrl+C` / `Cmd+C` — copy the current selection.
    Copy,
    /// `Ctrl+X` / `Cmd+X` — copy the current selection, then delete it.
    Cut,
    /// `Ctrl+V` / `Cmd+V` — replace the selection with clipboard text.
    Paste,
}

/// Detect a clipboard keystroke (Ctrl/Cmd + C/X/V) in `event`.
/// Returns `None` for any other event, including `Ctrl+Shift+C`
/// (browser dev tools convention) and `Ctrl+Alt+V`.
///
/// Apps integrate clipboard by checking this before falling through
/// to [`apply_event`]:
///
/// ```ignore
/// match text_input::clipboard_request(&event) {
///     Some(ClipboardKind::Copy) => { clipboard.set_text(text_input::selected_text(&value, sel)); }
///     Some(ClipboardKind::Cut) => {
///         clipboard.set_text(text_input::selected_text(&value, sel));
///         text_input::replace_selection(&mut value, &mut sel, "");
///     }
///     Some(ClipboardKind::Paste) => {
///         if let Ok(text) = clipboard.get_text() {
///             text_input::replace_selection(&mut value, &mut sel, &text);
///         }
///     }
///     None => { text_input::apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &event, key); }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// # Image paste
///
/// Apps that accept image paste (chat clients, image viewers, paint
/// apps) handle the `Paste` branch themselves and call their
/// clipboard backend's image API before falling through to
/// `get_text`. With `arboard`:
///
/// ```ignore
/// Some(ClipboardKind::Paste) => {
///     if let Ok(img) = clipboard.get_image() {
///         // img.bytes is RGBA8; wrap in `Image::from_rgba8(...)`
///         // and stash on app state for `image()` widget rendering.
///         self.attachments.push(decode_clipboard_image(img));
///     } else if let Ok(text) = clipboard.get_text() {
///         text_input::replace_selection(&mut value, &mut sel, &text);
///     }
/// }
/// ```
///
/// No new damascene API is needed for image paste — the dispatch shape
/// mirrors the text path. File-drop input rides a different channel:
/// see [`crate::UiEventKind::FileDropped`].
pub fn clipboard_request(event: &UiEvent) -> Option<ClipboardKind> {
    clipboard_request_for(event, &TextInputOpts::default())
}

/// Mask-aware variant of [`clipboard_request`]: returns `None` for
/// `Copy` / `Cut` when the field is masked (password mode). Paste is
/// still recognized — pasting *into* a password field is normal.
pub fn clipboard_request_for(event: &UiEvent, opts: &TextInputOpts<'_>) -> Option<ClipboardKind> {
    if event.kind != UiEventKind::KeyDown {
        return None;
    }
    let kp = event.key_press.as_ref()?;
    let mods = kp.modifiers;
    // Reject when Alt or Shift is held — those modifiers select
    // different bindings (browser dev tools, alternative paste, etc.).
    if mods.alt || mods.shift {
        return None;
    }
    let kind = match &kp.logical {
        LogicalKey::Character(c) if mods.ctrl || mods.logo => {
            match c.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
                "c" => ClipboardKind::Copy,
                "x" => ClipboardKind::Cut,
                "v" => ClipboardKind::Paste,
                _ => return None,
            }
        }
        // Android and some desktop keyboards have dedicated semantic
        // clipboard keys, surfaced as named logical keys.
        LogicalKey::Named(named) if !mods.ctrl && !mods.logo => match named {
            NamedKey::Copy => ClipboardKind::Copy,
            NamedKey::Cut => ClipboardKind::Cut,
            NamedKey::Paste => ClipboardKind::Paste,
            _ => return None,
        },
        _ => return None,
    };
    if opts.is_masked() && matches!(kind, ClipboardKind::Copy | ClipboardKind::Cut) {
        return None;
    }
    Some(kind)
}

/// Resolve the byte offset a pointer event maps to inside a text
/// input's `value`. Returns `None` for events that carry no pointer
/// coordinate or no target rect — typical of synthesized or routed
/// events that didn't originate from a press / move on the input.
///
/// Apps use this to implement Linux middle-click paste: route the
/// `MiddleClick` event through this helper to learn where the user
/// pointed, then `replace_selection_with` the primary-clipboard text
/// at that position.
#[track_caller]
pub fn caret_byte_at(value: &str, event: &UiEvent, opts: &TextInputOpts<'_>) -> Option<usize> {
    let (px, _py) = event.pointer?;
    let target = event.target.as_ref()?;
    let local_x = px - target.rect.x - tokens::SPACE_3;
    Some(caret_from_x(value, local_x, opts.mask))
}

/// Horizontal scroll offset applied to text_input's content for
/// caret-into-view. Mirrored between the build-time `layout_override`
/// (where it shifts content left) and the event-time pointer-to-byte
/// math (where it shifts the pointer's local x right to land in
/// content coords). Stateless — derived purely from current
/// `value`, `head`, and the viewport width.
///
/// Returns `0.0` when the caret would land inside the viewport
/// without any scroll, otherwise the minimum positive offset that
/// pins the caret at the right edge of the visible area. Same
/// `head` clamp + mask handling as `build_text_input`.
fn current_x_offset(value: &str, head: usize, viewport_w: f32, mask: MaskMode) -> f32 {
    if viewport_w <= 0.0 {
        return 0.0;
    }
    let head = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, head.min(value.len()));
    let display = display_str(value, mask);
    let geometry = single_line_geometry(&display);
    let head_display = original_to_display_byte(value, head, mask);
    let head_px = geometry.prefix_width(head_display);
    (head_px - viewport_w).max(0.0)
}

fn caret_from_x(value: &str, local_x: f32, mask: MaskMode) -> usize {
    if value.is_empty() || local_x <= 0.0 {
        return 0;
    }
    let probe = display_str(value, mask);
    let local_y = line_height_px() * 0.5;
    let geometry = single_line_geometry(&probe);
    let display_byte = match geometry.hit_byte(local_x, local_y) {
        Some(byte) => byte.min(probe.len()),
        None => probe.len(),
    };
    display_to_original_byte(value, display_byte, mask)
}

/// Borrow `value` directly when [`MaskMode::None`]; otherwise build a
/// masked rendering (one [`MASK_CHAR`] per Unicode scalar). Used at
/// build-time to position the caret / selection band against the same
/// pixel widths the text leaf will eventually shape.
fn display_str(value: &str, mask: MaskMode) -> Cow<'_, str> {
    match mask {
        MaskMode::None => Cow::Borrowed(value),
        MaskMode::Password => {
            let n = value.chars().count();
            let mut s = String::with_capacity(n * MASK_CHAR.len_utf8());
            for _ in 0..n {
                s.push(MASK_CHAR);
            }
            Cow::Owned(s)
        }
    }
}

fn original_to_display_byte(value: &str, byte_index: usize, mask: MaskMode) -> usize {
    match mask {
        MaskMode::None => byte_index.min(value.len()),
        MaskMode::Password => {
            let clamped = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, byte_index.min(value.len()));
            value[..clamped].chars().count() * MASK_CHAR.len_utf8()
        }
    }
}

/// Inverse of [`original_to_display_byte`].
fn display_to_original_byte(value: &str, display_byte: usize, mask: MaskMode) -> usize {
    match mask {
        MaskMode::None => clamp_to_char_boundary(value, display_byte.min(value.len())),
        MaskMode::Password => {
            let scalar_idx = display_byte / MASK_CHAR.len_utf8();
            value
                .char_indices()
                .nth(scalar_idx)
                .map(|(i, _)| i)
                .unwrap_or(value.len())
        }
    }
}

/// Truncate `replacement` so that, after replacing the current
/// selection in `value`, the post-edit character count doesn't exceed
/// `max_length`. Returns `replacement` unchanged when no cap is set;
/// when the value already exceeds the cap, refuses any insert (we
/// don't auto-shrink an existing value just because the cap was
/// lowered — that's the caller's call). Defensive against an
/// unclamped `selection`.
fn clip_to_max_length<'a>(
    value: &str,
    selection: TextSelection,
    replacement: &'a str,
    max_length: Option<usize>,
) -> Cow<'a, str> {
    let Some(max) = max_length else {
        return Cow::Borrowed(replacement);
    };
    let lo = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, selection.anchor.min(selection.head).min(value.len()));
    let hi = clamp_to_char_boundary(value, selection.anchor.max(selection.head).min(value.len()));
    let post_other = value[..lo].chars().count() + value[hi..].chars().count();
    let allowed = max.saturating_sub(post_other);
    if replacement.chars().count() <= allowed {
        Cow::Borrowed(replacement)
    } else {
        Cow::Owned(replacement.chars().take(allowed).collect())
    }
}

fn clamp_to_char_boundary(s: &str, idx: usize) -> usize {
    let mut idx = idx.min(s.len());
    while idx > 0 && !s.is_char_boundary(idx) {
        idx -= 1;
    }
    idx
}

fn prev_char_boundary(s: &str, from: usize) -> usize {
    let mut i = from.saturating_sub(1);
    while i > 0 && !s.is_char_boundary(i) {
        i -= 1;
    }
    i
}

fn next_char_boundary(s: &str, from: usize) -> usize {
    let mut i = (from + 1).min(s.len());
    while i < s.len() && !s.is_char_boundary(i) {
        i += 1;
    }
    i
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::event::{
        KeyModifiers, KeyPress, PhysicalKey, Pointer, PointerButton, PointerKind, UiTarget,
    };
    use crate::layout::layout;
    use crate::palette::Palette;
    use crate::runtime::RunnerCore;
    use crate::state::UiState;
    use crate::text::metrics;

    /// Test key for the local-view shim helpers below. Matches the
    /// `.key("ti")` chain used by every fixture in this module so the
    /// `text_input` and `text_input_with` shims (which set the El's
    /// key internally) line up with the existing assertions.
    const TEST_KEY: &str = "ti";

    /// Wrap the old `text_input(value, TextSelection)` API by lifting
    /// the local view into a single-leaf [`Selection`] under
    /// [`TEST_KEY`]. Lets the existing test bodies stay readable
    /// against the post-migration API.
    #[track_caller]
    fn text_input(value: &str, sel: TextSelection) -> El {
        super::text_input(TEST_KEY, value, &as_selection(sel))
    }

    #[track_caller]
    fn text_input_with(value: &str, sel: TextSelection, opts: TextInputOpts<'_>) -> El {
        super::text_input_with(TEST_KEY, value, &as_selection(sel), opts)
    }

    fn apply_event(value: &mut String, sel: &mut TextSelection, event: &UiEvent) -> bool {
        let mut g = as_selection(*sel);
        let changed = super::apply_event(value, &mut g, event, TEST_KEY);
        sync_back(sel, &g);
        changed
    }

    fn apply_event_with(
        value: &mut String,
        sel: &mut TextSelection,
        event: &UiEvent,
        opts: &TextInputOpts<'_>,
    ) -> bool {
        let mut g = as_selection(*sel);
        let changed = super::apply_event_with(value, &mut g, event, TEST_KEY, opts);
        sync_back(sel, &g);
        changed
    }

    fn as_selection(sel: TextSelection) -> Selection {
        Selection {
            range: Some(SelectionRange {
                anchor: SelectionPoint::new(TEST_KEY, sel.anchor),
                head: SelectionPoint::new(TEST_KEY, sel.head),
            }),
        }
    }

    fn sync_back(local: &mut TextSelection, global: &Selection) {
        match global.within(TEST_KEY) {
            Some(view) => *local = view,
            None => *local = TextSelection::default(),
        }
    }

    fn ev_text(s: &str) -> UiEvent {
        ev_text_with_mods(s, KeyModifiers::default())
    }

    fn ev_text_with_mods(s: &str, modifiers: KeyModifiers) -> UiEvent {
        UiEvent {
            path: None,
            key: None,
            target: None,
            pointer: None,
            key_press: None,
            text: Some(s.into()),
            selection: None,
            modifiers,
            click_count: 0,
            pointer_kind: None,
            wheel_delta: None,
            kind: UiEventKind::TextInput,
        }
    }

    fn ev_key(key: LogicalKey) -> UiEvent {
        ev_key_with_mods(key, KeyModifiers::default())
    }

    fn ev_key_with_mods(key: LogicalKey, modifiers: KeyModifiers) -> UiEvent {
        UiEvent {
            path: None,
            key: None,
            target: None,
            pointer: None,
            key_press: Some(KeyPress {
                logical: key,
                physical: PhysicalKey::Unidentified,
                modifiers,
                repeat: false,
            }),
            text: None,
            selection: None,
            modifiers,
            click_count: 0,
            pointer_kind: None,
            wheel_delta: None,
            kind: UiEventKind::KeyDown,
        }
    }

    fn ev_pointer_down(target: UiTarget, pointer: (f32, f32), modifiers: KeyModifiers) -> UiEvent {
        ev_pointer_down_with_count(target, pointer, modifiers, 1)
    }

    fn ev_pointer_down_with_count(
        target: UiTarget,
        pointer: (f32, f32),
        modifiers: KeyModifiers,
        click_count: u8,
    ) -> UiEvent {
        UiEvent {
            path: None,
            key: Some(target.key.clone()),
            target: Some(target),
            pointer: Some(pointer),
            key_press: None,
            text: None,
            selection: None,
            modifiers,
            click_count,
            pointer_kind: None,
            wheel_delta: None,
            kind: UiEventKind::PointerDown,
        }
    }

    fn ev_long_press(target: UiTarget, pointer: (f32, f32)) -> UiEvent {
        UiEvent {
            path: None,
            key: Some(target.key.clone()),
            target: Some(target),
            pointer: Some(pointer),
            key_press: None,
            text: None,
            selection: None,
            modifiers: KeyModifiers::default(),
            click_count: 0,
            pointer_kind: Some(PointerKind::Touch),
            wheel_delta: None,
            kind: UiEventKind::LongPress,
        }
    }

    fn ev_drag(target: UiTarget, pointer: (f32, f32)) -> UiEvent {
        ev_drag_with_count(target, pointer, 0)
    }

    fn ev_drag_with_count(target: UiTarget, pointer: (f32, f32), click_count: u8) -> UiEvent {
        UiEvent {
            path: None,
            key: Some(target.key.clone()),
            target: Some(target),
            pointer: Some(pointer),
            key_press: None,
            text: None,
            selection: None,
            modifiers: KeyModifiers::default(),
            click_count,
            pointer_kind: None,
            wheel_delta: None,
            kind: UiEventKind::Drag,
        }
    }

    fn ev_middle_click(target: UiTarget, pointer: (f32, f32), text: Option<&str>) -> UiEvent {
        UiEvent {
            path: None,
            key: Some(target.key.clone()),
            target: Some(target),
            pointer: Some(pointer),
            key_press: None,
            text: text.map(str::to_string),
            selection: None,
            modifiers: KeyModifiers::default(),
            click_count: 1,
            pointer_kind: None,
            wheel_delta: None,
            kind: UiEventKind::MiddleClick,
        }
    }

    fn ti_target() -> UiTarget {
        UiTarget {
            key: "ti".into(),
            node_id: "root.text_input[ti]".into(),
            rect: Rect::new(20.0, 20.0, 400.0, 36.0),
            tooltip: None,
            scroll_offset_y: 0.0,
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_event_ignores_pointer_routed_to_another_widget() {
        // A PointerDown/Drag the runtime routed to a *different* widget (e.g. a
        // slider sharing the app's on_event dispatch) must not be folded into
        // this input's selection: the pointer arms read `event.target.rect`, so
        // an ungated call would scribble a foreign drag into our value.
        let foreign = || UiTarget {
            key: "other".into(),
            node_id: "root.slider[other]".into(),
            rect: Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 200.0, 20.0),
            tooltip: None,
            scroll_offset_y: 0.0,
        };
        let mut value = String::from("hello");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::range(1, 3);

        let drag = ev_drag(foreign(), (40.0, 10.0));
        assert!(!apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &drag));
        let down = ev_pointer_down(foreign(), (40.0, 10.0), KeyModifiers::default());
        assert!(!apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &down));

        // Value and selection untouched by the foreign-routed pointer events.
        assert_eq!(value, "hello");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(1, 3));
    }

    /// Return the visual content children of a built text_input —
    /// selection band(s), placeholder, text leaf, and caret bar.
    /// The widget wraps these in an inner clipping group that
    /// applies horizontal caret-into-view via `layout_override`, so
    /// `el.children` itself is `[inner_group]` and the real content
    /// children live one level deeper. This helper keeps the
    /// existing assertions concise.
    fn content_children(el: &El) -> &[El] {
        assert_eq!(
            el.children.len(),
            1,
            "text_input wraps its content in a single inner group"
        );
        &el.children[0].children
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_input_collapsed_renders_value_as_single_text_leaf_plus_caret() {
        let el = text_input("hello", TextSelection::caret(2));
        assert!(matches!(el.kind, Kind::Custom("text_input")));
        assert!(el.focusable);
        assert!(el.capture_keys);
        // Content: [0] = text leaf with the full value, [1] = caret
        // bar. (The outer wraps these in a single inner clip group
        // for horizontal caret-into-view; see `content_children`.)
        let cs = content_children(&el);
        assert_eq!(cs.len(), 2);
        assert!(matches!(cs[0].kind, Kind::Text));
        assert_eq!(cs[0].text.as_deref(), Some("hello"));
        assert!(matches!(cs[1].kind, Kind::Custom("text_input_caret")));
        assert!(cs[1].alpha_follows_focused_ancestor);
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_input_declares_text_cursor() {
        let el = text_input("hello", TextSelection::caret(0));
        assert_eq!(el.cursor, Some(Cursor::Text));
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_input_with_selection_inserts_selection_band_first() {
        // anchor=2, head=4 → selection "ll", head at right edge.
        let el = text_input("hello", TextSelection::range(2, 4));
        let cs = content_children(&el);
        // [0] = selection band, [1] = full-value text leaf, [2] = caret.
        assert_eq!(cs.len(), 3);
        assert!(matches!(cs[0].kind, Kind::Custom("text_input_selection")));
        assert_eq!(cs[1].text.as_deref(), Some("hello"));
        assert!(matches!(cs[2].kind, Kind::Custom("text_input_caret")));
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_input_caret_translate_advances_with_head() {
        // The caret's translate.x grows with the head's byte index.
        // Use line_width as ground truth; caret should be measured from
        // the start of the value to head.
        use crate::text::metrics::line_width;
        let value = "hello";
        let head = 3;
        let el = text_input(value, TextSelection::caret(head));
        let caret = content_children(&el)
            .iter()
            .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, Kind::Custom("text_input_caret")))
            .expect("caret child");
        let expected = line_width(
            &value[..head],
            tokens::TEXT_SM.size,
            FontWeight::Regular,
            false,
        );
        assert!(
            (caret.translate.0 - expected).abs() < 0.01,
            "caret translate.x = {}, expected {}",
            caret.translate.0,
            expected
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_input_clamps_off_utf8_boundary() {
        // 'é' is two bytes; head=1 sits inside the codepoint and must
        // snap back to 0. The single text leaf still renders the whole
        // value; only the caret offset reflects the snap.
        let el = text_input("é", TextSelection::caret(1));
        let cs = content_children(&el);
        assert_eq!(cs[0].text.as_deref(), Some("é"));
        let caret = cs
            .iter()
            .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, Kind::Custom("text_input_caret")))
            .expect("caret child");
        // caret head clamped to 0 → translate.x = 0.
        assert!(caret.translate.0.abs() < 0.01);
    }

    #[test]
    fn selection_band_fill_dims_when_input_unfocused() {
        // When the input lacks focus, the band paints in
        // SELECTION_BG_UNFOCUSED. As focus animates in, dim_fill lerps
        // the painted color toward SELECTION_BG.
        use crate::draw_ops::draw_ops;
        use crate::ir::DrawOp;
        use crate::shader::UniformValue;
        use crate::state::AnimationMode;
        use web_time::Instant;

        let mut tree = crate::column([text_input("hello", TextSelection::range(0, 5)).key("ti")])
            .padding(20.0);
        let mut state = UiState::new();
        state.set_animation_mode(AnimationMode::Settled);
        layout(&mut tree, &mut state, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 400.0, 200.0));
        state.sync_focus_order(&tree);

        // Unfocused: focus envelope settles to 0 → band fill matches
        // SELECTION_BG_UNFOCUSED rgb (alpha is multiplied by `opacity`
        // so we compare rgb only).
        state.apply_to_state();
        state.tick_visual_animations(&mut tree, Instant::now(), &Palette::default());
        let unfocused = band_fill(&tree, &state).expect("band quad emitted");
        let [ur, ug, ub, _] = unfocused.to_srgb_u8a();
        let [tr, tg, tb, _] = tokens::SELECTION_BG_UNFOCUSED.to_srgb_u8a();
        assert_eq!(
            (ur, ug, ub),
            (tr, tg, tb),
            "unfocused → band rgb is the muted token"
        );

        // Focused: focus envelope settles to 1 → band fill matches
        // SELECTION_BG.
        let target = state
            .focus
            .order
            .iter()
            .find(|t| t.key == "ti")
            .expect("ti in focus order")
            .clone();
        state.set_focus(Some(target));
        state.apply_to_state();
        state.tick_visual_animations(&mut tree, Instant::now(), &Palette::default());
        let focused = band_fill(&tree, &state).expect("band quad emitted");
        let [fr, fg, fb, _] = focused.to_srgb_u8a();
        let [tr, tg, tb, _] = tokens::SELECTION_BG.to_srgb_u8a();
        assert_eq!(
            (fr, fg, fb),
            (tr, tg, tb),
            "focused → band rgb is the saturated token"
        );

        fn band_fill(tree: &El, state: &UiState) -> Option<crate::tree::Color> {
            let ops = draw_ops(tree, state);
            for op in ops {
                if let DrawOp::Quad { id, uniforms, .. } = op
                    && id.contains("text_input_selection")
                    && let Some(UniformValue::Color(c)) = uniforms.get("fill")
                {
                    return Some(*c);
                }
            }
            None
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn caret_alpha_follows_focus_envelope() {
        // The caret bar paints with full alpha when the input is
        // focused (envelope = 1) and zero alpha when it isn't
        // (envelope = 0). This is what hides the caret in unfocused
        // inputs without any app-side focus tracking.
        use crate::draw_ops::draw_ops;
        use crate::ir::DrawOp;
        use crate::shader::UniformValue;
        use crate::state::AnimationMode;
        use web_time::Instant;

        let mut tree =
            crate::column([text_input("hi", TextSelection::caret(0)).key("ti")]).padding(20.0);
        let mut state = UiState::new();
        state.set_animation_mode(AnimationMode::Settled);
        layout(&mut tree, &mut state, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 400.0, 200.0));
        state.sync_focus_order(&tree);

        // Initially unfocused: focus envelope settles to 0.
        state.apply_to_state();
        state.tick_visual_animations(&mut tree, Instant::now(), &Palette::default());
        let caret_alpha = caret_fill_alpha(&tree, &state);
        assert_eq!(caret_alpha, Some(0), "unfocused → caret invisible");

        // Focus the input: focus envelope settles to 1.
        let target = state
            .focus
            .order
            .iter()
            .find(|t| t.key == "ti")
            .expect("ti in focus order")
            .clone();
        state.set_focus(Some(target));
        state.apply_to_state();
        state.tick_visual_animations(&mut tree, Instant::now(), &Palette::default());
        let caret_alpha = caret_fill_alpha(&tree, &state);
        assert_eq!(
            caret_alpha,
            Some(255),
            "focused → caret fully visible (alpha=255)"
        );

        fn caret_fill_alpha(tree: &El, state: &UiState) -> Option<u8> {
            let ops = draw_ops(tree, state);
            for op in ops {
                if let DrawOp::Quad { id, uniforms, .. } = op
                    && id.contains("text_input_caret")
                    && let Some(UniformValue::Color(c)) = uniforms.get("fill")
                {
                    return Some(c.to_srgb_u8a()[3]);
                }
            }
            None
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn caret_blink_alpha_holds_solid_through_grace_then_cycles() {
        // The blink helper is deterministic on input duration; this
        // test pins the cycle shape we paint with.
        use crate::state::caret_blink_alpha_for;
        use std::time::Duration;
        // Inside the 500ms grace window → solid.
        assert_eq!(caret_blink_alpha_for(Duration::from_millis(0)), 1.0);
        assert_eq!(caret_blink_alpha_for(Duration::from_millis(499)), 1.0);
        // Past grace, first half of the 1060ms period → on.
        assert_eq!(caret_blink_alpha_for(Duration::from_millis(500)), 1.0);
        assert_eq!(caret_blink_alpha_for(Duration::from_millis(1029)), 1.0);
        // Second half → off.
        assert_eq!(caret_blink_alpha_for(Duration::from_millis(1030)), 0.0);
        assert_eq!(caret_blink_alpha_for(Duration::from_millis(1559)), 0.0);
        // Back to on for the next cycle.
        assert_eq!(caret_blink_alpha_for(Duration::from_millis(1560)), 1.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn caret_paint_alpha_blinks_after_focus_in_live_mode() {
        // Drive the tick at staged Instants so we hit each phase of
        // the blink cycle; verifies the painter actually multiplies
        // the caret bar's alpha by ui_state.caret.blink_alpha.
        use crate::draw_ops::draw_ops;
        use crate::ir::DrawOp;
        use crate::shader::UniformValue;
        use crate::state::AnimationMode;
        use std::time::Duration;

        let mut tree =
            crate::column([text_input("hi", TextSelection::caret(0)).key("ti")]).padding(20.0);
        let mut state = UiState::new();
        state.set_animation_mode(AnimationMode::Live);
        layout(&mut tree, &mut state, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 400.0, 200.0));
        state.sync_focus_order(&tree);

        // Focus the input — set_focus bumps caret activity.
        let target = state
            .focus
            .order
            .iter()
            .find(|t| t.key == "ti")
            .unwrap()
            .clone();
        state.set_focus(Some(target));
        let activity_at = state.caret.activity_at.expect("set_focus bumps activity");
        let input_id = tree.children[0].computed_id.clone();

        // Pin focus envelope after each tick so the caret's
        // focus-fade contribution is out of the picture and we can
        // attribute alpha changes purely to the blink.
        let pin_focus = |state: &mut UiState| {
            state.animation.envelopes.insert(
                (input_id.clone(), crate::state::EnvelopeKind::FocusRing),
                1.0,
            );
        };

        // t = 0 → grace, on.
        state.tick_visual_animations(&mut tree, activity_at, &Palette::default());
        pin_focus(&mut state);
        assert_eq!(caret_alpha(&tree, &state), Some(255));

        // t = 1100ms → second half of cycle, off.
        state.tick_visual_animations(
            &mut tree,
            activity_at + Duration::from_millis(1100),
            &Palette::default(),
        );
        pin_focus(&mut state);
        assert_eq!(caret_alpha(&tree, &state), Some(0));

        // t = 1600ms → back on.
        state.tick_visual_animations(
            &mut tree,
            activity_at + Duration::from_millis(1600),
            &Palette::default(),
        );
        pin_focus(&mut state);
        assert_eq!(caret_alpha(&tree, &state), Some(255));

        fn caret_alpha(tree: &El, state: &UiState) -> Option<u8> {
            for op in draw_ops(tree, state) {
                if let DrawOp::Quad { id, uniforms, .. } = op
                    && id.contains("text_input_caret")
                    && let Some(UniformValue::Color(c)) = uniforms.get("fill")
                {
                    return Some(c.to_srgb_u8a()[3]);
                }
            }
            None
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn caret_blink_resumes_solid_after_selection_change() {
        // Editing (selection change) bumps activity, which puts the
        // caret back into the grace window even mid-cycle.
        use crate::state::AnimationMode;
        use std::time::Duration;
        use web_time::Instant;

        let mut tree =
            crate::column([text_input("hi", TextSelection::caret(0)).key("ti")]).padding(20.0);
        let mut state = UiState::new();
        state.set_animation_mode(AnimationMode::Live);
        layout(&mut tree, &mut state, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 400.0, 200.0));
        state.sync_focus_order(&tree);

        // Drive activity to deep into the off phase.
        let t0 = Instant::now();
        state.bump_caret_activity(t0);
        state.tick_visual_animations(
            &mut tree,
            t0 + Duration::from_millis(1100),
            &Palette::default(),
        );
        assert_eq!(state.caret.blink_alpha, 0.0, "deep in off phase");

        // Re-bump (e.g. user typed) — alpha snaps back to solid.
        state.bump_caret_activity(t0 + Duration::from_millis(1100));
        assert_eq!(state.caret.blink_alpha, 1.0, "fresh activity → solid");
    }

    #[test]
    fn caret_tick_requests_redraw_while_capture_keys_node_focused() {
        // Without this, the host's animation loop wouldn't keep
        // pumping frames during idle, and the caret would freeze
        // mid-blink.
        use crate::state::AnimationMode;
        use web_time::Instant;

        let mut tree =
            crate::column([text_input("hi", TextSelection::caret(0)).key("ti")]).padding(20.0);
        let mut state = UiState::new();
        state.set_animation_mode(AnimationMode::Live);
        layout(&mut tree, &mut state, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 400.0, 200.0));
        state.sync_focus_order(&tree);

        // No focus → no redraw demand from blink.
        let no_focus = state.tick_visual_animations(&mut tree, Instant::now(), &Palette::default());
        assert!(!no_focus, "without focus, blink doesn't request redraws");

        // Focus the input → tick should keep requesting redraws so
        // the on/off cycle keeps animating.
        let target = state
            .focus
            .order
            .iter()
            .find(|t| t.key == "ti")
            .unwrap()
            .clone();
        state.set_focus(Some(target));
        let focused = state.tick_visual_animations(&mut tree, Instant::now(), &Palette::default());
        assert!(focused, "focused capture_keys node → tick demands redraws");
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_text_input_inserts_at_caret_when_collapsed() {
        let mut value = String::from("ho");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(1);
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &ev_text("i, t")));
        assert_eq!(value, "hi, to");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_text_input_replaces_selection() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello world");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::range(6, 11); // "world"
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &ev_text("kit")));
        assert_eq!(value, "hello kit");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(9));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_backspace_removes_selection_when_non_empty() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello world");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::range(6, 11);
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::Backspace))
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "hello ");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(6));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_delete_removes_selection_when_non_empty() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello world");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::range(0, 6); // "hello "
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::Delete))
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "world");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_escape_collapses_selection_without_editing() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::range(1, 4);
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::Escape))
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "hello");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(4));
        assert!(!apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::Escape))
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_backspace_collapsed_at_start_is_noop() {
        let mut value = String::from("hi");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        assert!(!apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::Backspace))
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_arrow_walks_utf8_boundaries() {
        let mut value = String::from("aé");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowRight)),
        );
        assert_eq!(sel.head, 1);
        apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowRight)),
        );
        assert_eq!(sel.head, 3);
        assert!(!apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowRight))
        ));
        apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowLeft)),
        );
        assert_eq!(sel.head, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_arrow_collapses_selection_without_shift() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::range(1, 4); // "ell"
        // ArrowLeft (no shift) collapses to the LEFT edge of the
        // selection (the smaller of anchor/head).
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowLeft))
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(1));

        let mut sel = TextSelection::range(1, 4);
        // ArrowRight (no shift) collapses to the RIGHT edge.
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowRight))
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(4));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_shift_arrow_extends_selection() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(2);
        let shift = KeyModifiers {
            shift: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowRight), shift)
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(2, 3));
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowRight), shift)
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(2, 4));
        // Shift+ArrowLeft retreats the head, anchor stays.
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowLeft), shift)
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(2, 3));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_home_end_collapse_or_extend() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(2);
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::End))
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(5));
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::Home))
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(0));

        // Shift+End extends.
        let shift = KeyModifiers {
            shift: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(2);
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::End), shift)
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(2, 5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_ctrl_a_selects_all() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(2);
        let ctrl = KeyModifiers {
            ctrl: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Character("a".into()), ctrl)
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(0, 5));
        // A second Ctrl+A is a no-op.
        assert!(!apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Character("a".into()), ctrl)
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_pointer_down_sets_anchor_and_head() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::range(0, 5);
        // Click far-left should collapse to caret=0.
        let down = ev_pointer_down(
            ti_target(),
            (ti_target().rect.x + 1.0, ti_target().rect.y + 18.0),
            KeyModifiers::default(),
        );
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &down));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_double_click_selects_word_at_caret() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello world");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        // Click somewhere inside "world" with click_count = 2.
        let target = ti_target();
        let click_x = target.rect.x
            + tokens::SPACE_3
            + crate::text::metrics::line_width(
                "hello w",
                tokens::TEXT_SM.size,
                FontWeight::Regular,
                false,
            );
        let down = ev_pointer_down_with_count(
            target.clone(),
            (click_x, target.rect.y + 18.0),
            KeyModifiers::default(),
            2,
        );
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &down));
        // "world" sits at bytes 6..11.
        assert_eq!(sel.anchor, 6);
        assert_eq!(sel.head, 11);
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_long_press_selects_word_at_caret() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello world");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        let target = ti_target();
        let event = ev_long_press(target.clone(), (target.rect.x + 4.0, target.rect.y + 18.0));

        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &event));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(0, 5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_triple_click_selects_all() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello world");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        let target = ti_target();
        let down = ev_pointer_down_with_count(
            target.clone(),
            (target.rect.x + 1.0, target.rect.y + 18.0),
            KeyModifiers::default(),
            3,
        );
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &down));
        assert_eq!(sel.anchor, 0);
        assert_eq!(sel.head, value.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_shift_double_click_falls_back_to_extend_not_word_select() {
        // Shift + double-click extends the existing selection rather
        // than replacing it with the word — matching browser behavior.
        let mut value = String::from("hello world");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        let target = ti_target();
        let click_x = target.rect.x
            + tokens::SPACE_3
            + crate::text::metrics::line_width(
                "hello w",
                tokens::TEXT_SM.size,
                FontWeight::Regular,
                false,
            );
        let shift = KeyModifiers {
            shift: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let down =
            ev_pointer_down_with_count(target.clone(), (click_x, target.rect.y + 18.0), shift, 2);
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &down));
        // anchor unchanged at 0; head moved to the click position.
        assert_eq!(sel.anchor, 0);
        assert!(sel.head > 0 && sel.head < value.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_shift_pointer_down_only_moves_head() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(2);
        let shift = KeyModifiers {
            shift: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        // Click far-right with shift: head goes to end, anchor stays.
        let down = ev_pointer_down(
            ti_target(),
            (
                ti_target().rect.x + ti_target().rect.w - 4.0,
                ti_target().rect.y + 18.0,
            ),
            shift,
        );
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &down));
        assert_eq!(sel.anchor, 2);
        assert_eq!(sel.head, value.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_drag_extends_head_only() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello world");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        // First, pointer-down at the start.
        let down = ev_pointer_down(
            ti_target(),
            (ti_target().rect.x + 1.0, ti_target().rect.y + 18.0),
            KeyModifiers::default(),
        );
        apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &down);
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(0));
        // Drag to the right edge — head extends, anchor stays at 0.
        let drag = ev_drag(
            ti_target(),
            (
                ti_target().rect.x + ti_target().rect.w - 4.0,
                ti_target().rect.y + 18.0,
            ),
        );
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &drag));
        assert_eq!(sel.anchor, 0);
        assert_eq!(sel.head, value.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn double_click_hold_drag_inside_word_keeps_word_selected() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello world");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        let target = ti_target();
        let click_x = target.rect.x
            + tokens::SPACE_3
            + crate::text::metrics::line_width(
                "hello w",
                tokens::TEXT_SM.size,
                FontWeight::Regular,
                false,
            );
        let down = ev_pointer_down_with_count(
            target.clone(),
            (click_x, target.rect.y + 18.0),
            KeyModifiers::default(),
            2,
        );
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &down));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(6, 11));

        let drag = ev_drag_with_count(target.clone(), (click_x + 1.0, target.rect.y + 18.0), 2);
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &drag));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(6, 11));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_click_is_noop_for_selection() {
        // Click fires after a drag — handling it would clobber the
        // selection drag established. We deliberately ignore Click in
        // text_input.
        let mut value = String::from("hello");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::range(0, 5);
        let click = UiEvent {
            path: None,
            key: Some("ti".into()),
            target: Some(ti_target()),
            pointer: Some((ti_target().rect.x + 1.0, ti_target().rect.y + 18.0)),
            key_press: None,
            text: None,
            selection: None,
            modifiers: KeyModifiers::default(),
            click_count: 1,
            pointer_kind: None,
            wheel_delta: None,
            kind: UiEventKind::Click,
        };
        assert!(!apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &click));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(0, 5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_middle_click_inserts_event_text_at_pointer() {
        let mut value = String::from("world");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(value.len());
        let target = ti_target();
        let pointer = (
            target.rect.x + tokens::SPACE_3,
            target.rect.y + target.rect.h * 0.5,
        );
        let event = ev_middle_click(target, pointer, Some("hello "));
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &event));
        assert_eq!(value, "hello world");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret("hello ".len()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn helpers_selected_text_and_replace_selection() {
        let value = String::from("hello world");
        let sel = TextSelection::range(6, 11);
        assert_eq!(selected_text(&value, sel), "world");

        let mut value = value;
        let mut sel = sel;
        replace_selection(&mut value, &mut sel, "kit");
        assert_eq!(value, "hello kit");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(9));

        assert_eq!(select_all(&value), TextSelection::range(0, value.len()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_text_input_filters_control_chars() {
        // winit emits "\u{8}" alongside the named Backspace key event.
        // The TextInput branch must reject it so only the KeyDown
        // handler edits the value.
        let mut value = String::from("hi");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(2);
        for ctrl in ["\u{8}", "\u{7f}", "\r", "\n", "\u{1b}", "\t"] {
            assert!(
                !apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &ev_text(ctrl)),
                "expected {ctrl:?} to be filtered"
            );
            assert_eq!(value, "hi");
            assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(2));
        }
        // Mixed input — printable parts come through, control parts drop.
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &ev_text("a\u{8}b")));
        assert_eq!(value, "hiab");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(4));
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_text_input_drops_when_ctrl_or_cmd_is_held() {
        // winit emits TextInput("c") alongside KeyDown(Ctrl+C) on some
        // platforms. The clipboard handler consumes the KeyDown; the
        // TextInput must be ignored, otherwise the literal 'c'
        // replaces the selection right after the copy.
        let mut value = String::from("hello");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::range(0, 5);
        let ctrl = KeyModifiers {
            ctrl: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let cmd = KeyModifiers {
            logo: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        assert!(!apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_text_with_mods("c", ctrl)
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "hello");
        assert!(!apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_text_with_mods("v", cmd)
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "hello");
        // AltGr (Ctrl+Alt) on Windows still produces text — exempt it.
        let altgr = KeyModifiers {
            ctrl: true,
            alt: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let mut value = String::from("");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_text_with_mods("é", altgr)
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "é");
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_input_value_emits_a_single_glyph_run() {
        // Regression test against a kerning bug: splitting the value
        // into [prefix, suffix] across the caret meant cosmic-text
        // shaped each substring independently, breaking kerning and
        // causing glyphs to "jump" left/right as the caret moved.
        // The fix renders the value as one shaped run.
        use crate::draw_ops::draw_ops;
        use crate::ir::DrawOp;
        let mut tree =
            crate::column([text_input("Type", TextSelection::caret(1)).key("ti")]).padding(20.0);
        let mut state = UiState::new();
        layout(&mut tree, &mut state, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 400.0, 200.0));

        let ops = draw_ops(&tree, &state);
        let glyph_runs = ops
            .iter()
            .filter(|op| matches!(op, DrawOp::GlyphRun { id, .. } if id.contains("text_input[ti]")))
            .count();
        assert_eq!(
            glyph_runs, 1,
            "value should shape as one run; got {glyph_runs}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn clipboard_request_detects_ctrl_c_x_v() {
        let ctrl = KeyModifiers {
            ctrl: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let cases = [
            ("c", ClipboardKind::Copy),
            ("C", ClipboardKind::Copy),
            ("x", ClipboardKind::Cut),
            ("v", ClipboardKind::Paste),
        ];
        for (ch, expected) in cases {
            let e = ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Character(ch.into()), ctrl);
            assert_eq!(clipboard_request(&e), Some(expected), "char {ch:?}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn clipboard_request_accepts_cmd_on_macos() {
        // winit reports Cmd as Logo. Apps should get the same behavior
        // on Linux/Windows (Ctrl) and macOS (Logo).
        let logo = KeyModifiers {
            logo: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let e = ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Character("c".into()), logo);
        assert_eq!(clipboard_request(&e), Some(ClipboardKind::Copy));
    }

    #[test]
    fn clipboard_request_detects_semantic_clipboard_keys() {
        let cases = [
            (NamedKey::Copy, ClipboardKind::Copy),
            (NamedKey::Cut, ClipboardKind::Cut),
            (NamedKey::Paste, ClipboardKind::Paste),
        ];
        for (named, expected) in cases {
            let e = ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(named));
            assert_eq!(
                clipboard_request(&e),
                Some(expected),
                "semantic key {named:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn clipboard_request_rejects_with_shift_or_alt() {
        // Ctrl+Shift+C is browser devtools, not Copy.
        let e = ev_key_with_mods(
            LogicalKey::Character("c".into()),
            KeyModifiers {
                ctrl: true,
                shift: true,
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        assert_eq!(clipboard_request(&e), None);

        let e = ev_key_with_mods(
            LogicalKey::Character("v".into()),
            KeyModifiers {
                ctrl: true,
                alt: true,
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        assert_eq!(clipboard_request(&e), None);
    }

    #[test]
    fn clipboard_request_ignores_other_keys_and_event_kinds() {
        // Plain "c" without modifiers is just text input.
        let e = ev_key(LogicalKey::Character("c".into()));
        assert_eq!(clipboard_request(&e), None);
        // Ctrl+A is select-all (handled by apply_event), not clipboard.
        let e = ev_key_with_mods(
            LogicalKey::Character("a".into()),
            KeyModifiers {
                ctrl: true,
                ..Default::default()
            },
        );
        assert_eq!(clipboard_request(&e), None);
        // TextInput events never report a clipboard request.
        assert_eq!(clipboard_request(&ev_text("c")), None);
    }

    fn password_opts() -> TextInputOpts<'static> {
        TextInputOpts::default().password()
    }

    #[test]
    fn password_input_renders_value_as_bullets_not_plaintext() {
        // The text leaf should never expose the original characters in
        // a password field. One bullet per scalar.
        let el = text_input_with("hunter2", TextSelection::caret(0), password_opts());
        let leaf = content_children(&el)
            .iter()
            .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, Kind::Text))
            .expect("text leaf");
        assert_eq!(leaf.text.as_deref(), Some("•••••••"));
    }

    #[test]
    fn password_input_caret_position_uses_masked_widths() {
        // Caret offset must come from the rendered (masked) prefix
        // width, not the original-string prefix width — otherwise the
        // caret drifts away from the dots.
        use crate::text::metrics::line_width;
        let value = "abc";
        let head = 2;
        let el = text_input_with(value, TextSelection::caret(head), password_opts());
        let caret = content_children(&el)
            .iter()
            .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, Kind::Custom("text_input_caret")))
            .expect("caret child");
        // Two bullets of prefix.
        let expected = line_width("••", tokens::TEXT_SM.size, FontWeight::Regular, false);
        assert!(
            (caret.translate.0 - expected).abs() < 0.01,
            "caret translate.x = {}, expected {}",
            caret.translate.0,
            expected
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn password_pointer_click_maps_back_to_original_byte() {
        // A pointer at the right edge of a 5-char password should
        // place the caret at byte index value.len() (=5 for ASCII).
        let mut value = String::from("abcde");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::default();
        let target = ti_target();
        let down = ev_pointer_down(
            target.clone(),
            (target.rect.x + target.rect.w - 4.0, target.rect.y + 18.0),
            KeyModifiers::default(),
        );
        assert!(apply_event_with(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &down,
            &password_opts()
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel.head, value.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn password_pointer_click_with_multibyte_value() {
        // Mask is one bullet per scalar; the returned byte index must
        // be a valid boundary in the (multi-byte) original value.
        // 'é' is 2 bytes; "éé" is 4 bytes total.
        let mut value = String::from("éé");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::default();
        let target = ti_target();
        // Click at a position that should land between the two bullets.
        let bullet_w = metrics::line_width("•", tokens::TEXT_SM.size, FontWeight::Regular, false);
        let click_x = target.rect.x + tokens::SPACE_3 + bullet_w * 1.4;
        let down = ev_pointer_down(
            target,
            (click_x, ti_target().rect.y + 18.0),
            KeyModifiers::default(),
        );
        assert!(apply_event_with(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &down,
            &password_opts()
        ));
        // After 1 scalar in "éé" the byte offset is 2 (or 4 if the hit
        // landed past the second bullet). Either way, must be a char
        // boundary in `value`.
        assert!(
            value.is_char_boundary(sel.head),
            "head={} not on a char boundary in {value:?}",
            sel.head
        );
        assert!(sel.head == 2 || sel.head == 4, "head={}", sel.head);
    }

    #[test]
    fn password_clipboard_request_suppresses_copy_and_cut_only() {
        let ctrl = KeyModifiers {
            ctrl: true,
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let opts = password_opts();
        let copy = ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Character("c".into()), ctrl);
        let cut = ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Character("x".into()), ctrl);
        let paste = ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Character("v".into()), ctrl);
        assert_eq!(clipboard_request_for(&copy, &opts), None);
        assert_eq!(clipboard_request_for(&cut, &opts), None);
        assert_eq!(
            clipboard_request_for(&paste, &opts),
            Some(ClipboardKind::Paste)
        );
        // Plain (non-masked) opts behave like the legacy entry point.
        let plain = TextInputOpts::default();
        assert_eq!(
            clipboard_request_for(&copy, &plain),
            Some(ClipboardKind::Copy)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn placeholder_renders_only_when_value_is_empty() {
        let opts = TextInputOpts::default().placeholder("Email");
        let empty = text_input_with("", TextSelection::default(), opts);
        let muted_leaf = content_children(&empty)
            .iter()
            .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, Kind::Text) && c.text.as_deref() == Some("Email"));
        assert!(muted_leaf.is_some(), "placeholder leaf should be present");

        let nonempty = text_input_with("hi", TextSelection::caret(2), opts);
        let muted_leaf = content_children(&nonempty)
            .iter()
            .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, Kind::Text) && c.text.as_deref() == Some("Email"));
        assert!(
            muted_leaf.is_none(),
            "placeholder should not render once the field has a value"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn long_value_with_caret_at_end_shifts_content_left_to_keep_caret_in_view() {
        // Regression: when value width exceeds the viewport, the
        // inner clip group's `layout_override` shifts content left
        // by `head_px - viewport_w` so the caret pins to the right
        // edge of the visible area. Verify by laying out a long
        // value in a narrow text_input and checking the text
        // leaf's painted rect extends left of the outer's content
        // origin (i.e. negative-x relative to the outer's content
        // rect).
        use crate::tree::Size;
        let value = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789".repeat(2);
        let mut root = super::text_input(
            "ti",
            &value,
            &as_selection_in("ti", TextSelection::caret(value.len())),
        )
        .width(Size::Fixed(120.0));
        let mut ui_state = crate::state::UiState::new();
        crate::layout::layout(&mut root, &mut ui_state, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 120.0, 40.0));

        // Find the text leaf (the Kind::Text under the inner Group).
        let inner = &root.children[0];
        let text_leaf = inner
            .children
            .iter()
            .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, Kind::Text))
            .expect("text leaf");
        let leaf_rect = text_leaf.computed_rect;

        // The leaf's x must be left of the inner's content origin
        // (i.e. negative-relative) because the long content has
        // been scrolled left to keep the caret on the right edge.
        let inner_rect = inner.computed_rect;
        assert!(
            leaf_rect.x < inner_rect.x,
            "text leaf rect.x={} should be left of inner rect.x={} after \
             horizontal caret-into-view; layout did not shift content",
            leaf_rect.x,
            inner_rect.x,
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn short_value_does_not_shift_content() {
        // Counter-test: when value fits inside the viewport, no
        // x_offset is applied and the text leaf sits at the
        // inner's content origin.
        use crate::tree::Size;
        let mut root =
            super::text_input("ti", "hi", &as_selection_in("ti", TextSelection::caret(2)))
                .width(Size::Fixed(120.0));
        let mut ui_state = crate::state::UiState::new();
        crate::layout::layout(&mut root, &mut ui_state, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 120.0, 40.0));

        let inner = &root.children[0];
        let text_leaf = inner
            .children
            .iter()
            .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, Kind::Text))
            .expect("text leaf");
        let leaf_rect = text_leaf.computed_rect;
        let inner_rect = inner.computed_rect;
        assert!(
            (leaf_rect.x - inner_rect.x).abs() < 0.5,
            "short value should not shift; got leaf.x={} inner.x={}",
            leaf_rect.x,
            inner_rect.x
        );
    }

    /// Test helper: build a `Selection` with `(anchor, head)` under
    /// a single key.
    fn as_selection_in(key: &str, sel: TextSelection) -> Selection {
        Selection {
            range: Some(SelectionRange {
                anchor: SelectionPoint::new(key, sel.anchor),
                head: SelectionPoint::new(key, sel.head),
            }),
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn max_length_truncates_text_input_inserts() {
        let mut value = String::from("ab");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(2);
        let opts = TextInputOpts::default().max_length(4);
        // "cdef" would push to 6 chars; only "cd" fits.
        assert!(apply_event_with(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_text("cdef"),
            &opts
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "abcd");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(4));
        // A further insert is refused — there's no room.
        assert!(!apply_event_with(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_text("z"),
            &opts
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "abcd");
    }

    #[test]
    fn max_length_replaces_selection_with_capacity_freed_by_removal() {
        // Replacing 3 chars with 5 chars at a 4-char cap: post_other = 0,
        // allowed = 4, replacement truncated to 4.
        let mut value = String::from("abc");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::range(0, 3); // whole value selected
        let opts = TextInputOpts::default().max_length(4);
        assert!(apply_event_with(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_text("12345"),
            &opts
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "1234");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(4));
    }

    #[test]
    fn replace_selection_with_max_length_clips_a_paste() {
        let mut value = String::from("ab");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(2);
        let opts = TextInputOpts::default().max_length(5);
        // Paste 10 chars into a value already at 2/5; only 3 fit.
        let inserted = replace_selection_with(&mut value, &mut sel, "0123456789", &opts);
        assert_eq!(value, "ab012");
        assert_eq!(inserted, 3);
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn max_length_does_not_shrink_an_already_overlong_value() {
        // Caller is allowed to pass a value already longer than the cap;
        // the cap only constrains future inserts. Existing chars stay.
        let mut value = String::from("abcdef");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(6);
        let opts = TextInputOpts::default().max_length(3);
        // No room for a new char.
        assert!(!apply_event_with(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_text("z"),
            &opts
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "abcdef");
        // But a delete still works — apply_event_with isn't gating
        // removals on max_length.
        assert!(apply_event_with(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::Backspace)),
            &opts
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "abcde");
    }

    #[test]
    fn end_to_end_drag_select_through_runner_core() {
        // Lay out a tree with one text_input keyed "ti". Drive a
        // pointer_down + drag + pointer_up sequence through RunnerCore;
        // verify the resulting events fold into a non-empty selection.
        let mut value = String::from("hello world");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::default();
        let mut tree = crate::column([text_input(&value, sel).key("ti")]).padding(20.0);
        let mut core = RunnerCore::new();
        let mut state = UiState::new();
        layout(&mut tree, &mut state, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 400.0, 200.0));
        core.ui_state = state;
        core.snapshot(&tree, &mut Default::default());

        let rect = core.rect_of_key("ti").expect("ti rect");
        let down_x = rect.x + 8.0;
        let drag_x = rect.x + 80.0;
        let cy = rect.y + rect.h * 0.5;

        core.pointer_moved(Pointer::moving(down_x, cy));
        let down = core
            .pointer_down(Pointer::mouse(down_x, cy, PointerButton::Primary))
            .into_iter()
            .find(|e| e.kind == UiEventKind::PointerDown)
            .expect("pointer_down emits PointerDown");
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &down));

        let drag = core
            .pointer_moved(Pointer::moving(drag_x, cy))
            .events
            .into_iter()
            .find(|e| e.kind == UiEventKind::Drag)
            .expect("Drag while pressed");
        assert!(apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &drag));

        let events = core.pointer_up(Pointer::mouse(drag_x, cy, PointerButton::Primary));
        for e in &events {
            apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, e);
        }
        assert!(
            !sel.is_collapsed(),
            "expected drag-select to leave a non-empty selection"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            sel.anchor, 0,
            "anchor should sit at the down position (caret 0)"
        );
        assert!(
            sel.head > 0 && sel.head <= value.len(),
            "head={} value.len={}",
            sel.head,
            value.len()
        );
    }

    // ---- Global-Selection integration ----
    //
    // The shimmed tests above exercise the local edit logic via the
    // `(value, &mut Selection, key, event)` API by routing through a
    // single fixed test key. The tests here verify the *integration*
    // semantics that only the post-migration API can express.

    #[test]
    fn apply_event_writes_back_under_the_inputs_key() {
        // Type a character: the resulting range lives under "name".
        let mut value = String::new();
        let mut sel = Selection::default();
        let event = ev_text("h");
        assert!(super::apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &event, "name"));
        assert_eq!(value, "h");
        let r = sel.range.as_ref().expect("selection set");
        assert_eq!(r.anchor.key, "name");
        assert_eq!(r.head.key, "name");
        assert_eq!(r.head.byte, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_event_claims_selection_when_event_routed_from_elsewhere() {
        // Selection is currently in another key (e.g. a static text
        // paragraph). The user is focused on the "email" input and
        // types — the event arrives because the runtime routes
        // capture_keys events to the focused element. apply_event
        // claims the selection by writing back into the input's key.
        let mut value = String::new();
        let mut sel = Selection {
            range: Some(SelectionRange {
                anchor: SelectionPoint::new("para-a", 0),
                head: SelectionPoint::new("para-a", 5),
            }),
        };
        let event = ev_text("x");
        assert!(super::apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &event, "email"));
        assert_eq!(value, "x");
        let r = sel.range.as_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r.anchor.key, "email", "selection ownership migrated");
        assert_eq!(r.head.byte, 1);
    }

    #[test]
    fn apply_event_leaves_selection_alone_when_event_is_unhandled() {
        // A KeyDown the input doesn't recognize (e.g. F-key) should
        // not perturb the global selection — even if it lives in
        // another key. apply_event returns false; we don't write back.
        let mut value = String::from("hi");
        let mut sel = Selection {
            range: Some(SelectionRange {
                anchor: SelectionPoint::new("para-a", 0),
                head: SelectionPoint::new("para-a", 3),
            }),
        };
        let event = ev_key(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::F1));
        assert!(!super::apply_event(&mut value, &mut sel, &event, "name"));
        // Selection unchanged.
        let r = sel.range.as_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r.anchor.key, "para-a");
        assert_eq!(r.head.byte, 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_input_renders_caret_at_local_byte_when_selection_is_within_key() {
        let sel = Selection::caret("name", 2);
        let el = super::text_input("name", "hello", &sel);
        // Builder set the El's key.
        assert_eq!(el.key.as_deref(), Some("name"));
        // Caret child translates to the prefix width of "he".
        let caret = content_children(&el)
            .iter()
            .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, Kind::Custom("text_input_caret")))
            .expect("caret child");
        let expected = metrics::line_width("he", tokens::TEXT_SM.size, FontWeight::Regular, false);
        assert!(
            (caret.translate.0 - expected).abs() < 0.01,
            "caret.x={} expected {}",
            caret.translate.0,
            expected
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_input_omits_caret_when_selection_lives_elsewhere() {
        // When the active selection lives in another widget, this
        // input emits neither a band nor a caret. Without the caret
        // gate, blurring an input by clicking into another would
        // visibly snap this caret to byte 0 for the duration of the
        // focus-envelope fade-out — read by the user as the caret
        // jumping home before vanishing.
        let sel = Selection {
            range: Some(SelectionRange {
                anchor: SelectionPoint::new("other", 0),
                head: SelectionPoint::new("other", 5),
            }),
        };
        let el = super::text_input("name", "hello", &sel);
        let band = el
            .children
            .iter()
            .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, Kind::Custom("text_input_selection")));
        assert!(band.is_none(), "no band when selection lives elsewhere");
        let caret = el
            .children
            .iter()
            .find(|c| matches!(c.kind, Kind::Custom("text_input_caret")));
        assert!(
            caret.is_none(),
            "no caret when selection lives elsewhere — focus-fade has nothing to bring back to byte 0"
        );
    }

    fn ctrl_mods() -> KeyModifiers {
        KeyModifiers {
            ctrl: true,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    fn ctrl_shift_mods() -> KeyModifiers {
        KeyModifiers {
            ctrl: true,
            shift: true,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn ctrl_backspace_deletes_previous_word() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello world foo");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(value.len());
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::Backspace), ctrl_mods())
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "hello world ");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(value.len()));
    }

    #[test]
    fn ctrl_backspace_at_caret_zero_is_noop() {
        let mut value = String::from("hello");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        assert!(!apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::Backspace), ctrl_mods())
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "hello");
    }

    #[test]
    fn ctrl_w_deletes_previous_word_like_terminal() {
        let mut value = String::from("alpha beta gamma");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(value.len());
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Character("w".into()), ctrl_mods())
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, "alpha beta ");
    }

    #[test]
    fn ctrl_delete_deletes_next_word() {
        let mut value = String::from("alpha beta gamma");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::Delete), ctrl_mods())
        ));
        assert_eq!(value, " beta gamma");
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn ctrl_arrow_left_jumps_word_backward() {
        let mut value = String::from("alpha beta gamma");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(value.len());
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowLeft), ctrl_mods())
        ));
        // Skip back over "gamma" → caret lands at start of "gamma" (byte 11).
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(11));
    }

    #[test]
    fn ctrl_arrow_right_jumps_word_forward() {
        let mut value = String::from("alpha beta gamma");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowRight), ctrl_mods())
        ));
        // Skip forward past "alpha" → caret at byte 5.
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::caret(5));
    }

    #[test]
    fn ctrl_shift_arrow_extends_selection_by_word() {
        let mut value = String::from("alpha beta gamma");
        let mut sel = TextSelection::caret(0);
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowRight), ctrl_shift_mods())
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(0, 5));
        assert!(apply_event(
            &mut value,
            &mut sel,
            &ev_key_with_mods(LogicalKey::Named(NamedKey::ArrowRight), ctrl_shift_mods())
        ));
        assert_eq!(sel, TextSelection::range(0, 10));
    }
}