//! Frame a stream of bytes based on a length prefix
//!
//! Many protocols delimit their frames by prefacing frame data with a
//! frame head that specifies the length of the frame. The
//! `length_delimited` module provides utilities for handling the length
//! based framing. This allows the consumer to work with entire frames
//! without having to worry about buffering or other framing logic.
//!
//! # Getting started
//!
//! If implementing a protocol from scratch, using length delimited framing
//! is an easy way to get started. [`LengthDelimitedCodec::new()`] will
//! return a length delimited codec using default configuration values.
//! This can then be used to construct a framer to adapt a full-duplex
//! byte stream into a stream of frames.
//!
//! ```
//! use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
//! use tokio_util::codec::{Framed, LengthDelimitedCodec};
//!
//! fn bind_transport<T: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite>(io: T)
//! -> Framed<T, LengthDelimitedCodec>
//! {
//! Framed::new(io, LengthDelimitedCodec::new())
//! }
//! # pub fn main() {}
//! ```
//!
//! The returned transport implements `Sink + Stream` for `BytesMut`. It
//! encodes the frame with a big-endian `u32` header denoting the frame
//! payload length:
//!
//! ```text
//! +----------+--------------------------------+
//! | len: u32 | frame payload |
//! +----------+--------------------------------+
//! ```
//!
//! Specifically, given the following:
//!
//! ```
//! use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
//! use tokio_util::codec::{Framed, LengthDelimitedCodec};
//!
//! use futures::SinkExt;
//! use bytes::Bytes;
//!
//! async fn write_frame<T>(io: T) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
//! where
//! T: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite + Unpin,
//! {
//! let mut transport = Framed::new(io, LengthDelimitedCodec::new());
//! let frame = Bytes::from("hello world");
//!
//! transport.send(frame).await?;
//! Ok(())
//! }
//! ```
//!
//! The encoded frame will look like this:
//!
//! ```text
//! +---- len: u32 ----+---- data ----+
//! | \x00\x00\x00\x0b | hello world |
//! +------------------+--------------+
//! ```
//!
//! # Decoding
//!
//! [`FramedRead`] adapts an [`AsyncRead`] into a `Stream` of [`BytesMut`],
//! such that each yielded [`BytesMut`] value contains the contents of an
//! entire frame. There are many configuration parameters enabling
//! [`FramedRead`] to handle a wide range of protocols. Here are some
//! examples that will cover the various options at a high level.
//!
//! ## Example 1
//!
//! The following will parse a `u16` length field at offset 0, including the
//! frame head in the yielded `BytesMut`.
//!
//! ```
//! # use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
//! # use tokio_util::codec::LengthDelimitedCodec;
//! # fn bind_read<T: AsyncRead>(io: T) {
//! LengthDelimitedCodec::builder()
//! .length_field_offset(0) // default value
//! .length_field_type::<u16>()
//! .length_adjustment(0) // default value
//! .num_skip(0) // Do not strip frame header
//! .new_read(io);
//! # }
//! # pub fn main() {}
//! ```
//!
//! The following frame will be decoded as such:
//!
//! ```text
//! INPUT DECODED
//! +-- len ---+--- Payload ---+ +-- len ---+--- Payload ---+
//! | \x00\x0B | Hello world | --> | \x00\x0B | Hello world |
//! +----------+---------------+ +----------+---------------+
//! ```
//!
//! The value of the length field is 11 (`\x0B`) which represents the length
//! of the payload, `hello world`. By default, [`FramedRead`] assumes that
//! the length field represents the number of bytes that **follows** the
//! length field. Thus, the entire frame has a length of 13: 2 bytes for the
//! frame head + 11 bytes for the payload.
//!
//! ## Example 2
//!
//! The following will parse a `u16` length field at offset 0, omitting the
//! frame head in the yielded `BytesMut`.
//!
//! ```
//! # use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
//! # use tokio_util::codec::LengthDelimitedCodec;
//! # fn bind_read<T: AsyncRead>(io: T) {
//! LengthDelimitedCodec::builder()
//! .length_field_offset(0) // default value
//! .length_field_type::<u16>()
//! .length_adjustment(0) // default value
//! // `num_skip` is not needed, the default is to skip
//! .new_read(io);
//! # }
//! # pub fn main() {}
//! ```
//!
//! The following frame will be decoded as such:
//!
//! ```text
//! INPUT DECODED
//! +-- len ---+--- Payload ---+ +--- Payload ---+
//! | \x00\x0B | Hello world | --> | Hello world |
//! +----------+---------------+ +---------------+
//! ```
//!
//! This is similar to the first example, the only difference is that the
//! frame head is **not** included in the yielded `BytesMut` value.
//!
//! ## Example 3
//!
//! The following will parse a `u16` length field at offset 0, including the
//! frame head in the yielded `BytesMut`. In this case, the length field
//! **includes** the frame head length.
//!
//! ```
//! # use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
//! # use tokio_util::codec::LengthDelimitedCodec;
//! # fn bind_read<T: AsyncRead>(io: T) {
//! LengthDelimitedCodec::builder()
//! .length_field_offset(0) // default value
//! .length_field_type::<u16>()
//! .length_adjustment(-2) // size of head
//! .num_skip(0)
//! .new_read(io);
//! # }
//! # pub fn main() {}
//! ```
//!
//! The following frame will be decoded as such:
//!
//! ```text
//! INPUT DECODED
//! +-- len ---+--- Payload ---+ +-- len ---+--- Payload ---+
//! | \x00\x0D | Hello world | --> | \x00\x0D | Hello world |
//! +----------+---------------+ +----------+---------------+
//! ```
//!
//! In most cases, the length field represents the length of the payload
//! only, as shown in the previous examples. However, in some protocols the
//! length field represents the length of the whole frame, including the
//! head. In such cases, we specify a negative `length_adjustment` to adjust
//! the value provided in the frame head to represent the payload length.
//!
//! ## Example 4
//!
//! The following will parse a 3 byte length field at offset 0 in a 5 byte
//! frame head, including the frame head in the yielded `BytesMut`.
//!
//! ```
//! # use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
//! # use tokio_util::codec::LengthDelimitedCodec;
//! # fn bind_read<T: AsyncRead>(io: T) {
//! LengthDelimitedCodec::builder()
//! .length_field_offset(0) // default value
//! .length_field_length(3)
//! .length_adjustment(2) // remaining head
//! .num_skip(0)
//! .new_read(io);
//! # }
//! # pub fn main() {}
//! ```
//!
//! The following frame will be decoded as such:
//!
//! ```text
//! INPUT
//! +---- len -----+- head -+--- Payload ---+
//! | \x00\x00\x0B | \xCAFE | Hello world |
//! +--------------+--------+---------------+
//!
//! DECODED
//! +---- len -----+- head -+--- Payload ---+
//! | \x00\x00\x0B | \xCAFE | Hello world |
//! +--------------+--------+---------------+
//! ```
//!
//! A more advanced example that shows a case where there is extra frame
//! head data between the length field and the payload. In such cases, it is
//! usually desirable to include the frame head as part of the yielded
//! `BytesMut`. This lets consumers of the length delimited framer to
//! process the frame head as needed.
//!
//! The positive `length_adjustment` value lets `FramedRead` factor in the
//! additional head into the frame length calculation.
//!
//! ## Example 5
//!
//! The following will parse a `u16` length field at offset 1 of a 4 byte
//! frame head. The first byte and the length field will be omitted from the
//! yielded `BytesMut`, but the trailing 2 bytes of the frame head will be
//! included.
//!
//! ```
//! # use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
//! # use tokio_util::codec::LengthDelimitedCodec;
//! # fn bind_read<T: AsyncRead>(io: T) {
//! LengthDelimitedCodec::builder()
//! .length_field_offset(1) // length of hdr1
//! .length_field_type::<u16>()
//! .length_adjustment(1) // length of hdr2
//! .num_skip(3) // length of hdr1 + LEN
//! .new_read(io);
//! # }
//! # pub fn main() {}
//! ```
//!
//! The following frame will be decoded as such:
//!
//! ```text
//! INPUT
//! +- hdr1 -+-- len ---+- hdr2 -+--- Payload ---+
//! | \xCA | \x00\x0B | \xFE | Hello world |
//! +--------+----------+--------+---------------+
//!
//! DECODED
//! +- hdr2 -+--- Payload ---+
//! | \xFE | Hello world |
//! +--------+---------------+
//! ```
//!
//! The length field is situated in the middle of the frame head. In this
//! case, the first byte in the frame head could be a version or some other
//! identifier that is not needed for processing. On the other hand, the
//! second half of the head is needed.
//!
//! `length_field_offset` indicates how many bytes to skip before starting
//! to read the length field. `length_adjustment` is the number of bytes to
//! skip starting at the end of the length field. In this case, it is the
//! second half of the head.
//!
//! ## Example 6
//!
//! The following will parse a `u16` length field at offset 1 of a 4 byte
//! frame head. The first byte and the length field will be omitted from the
//! yielded `BytesMut`, but the trailing 2 bytes of the frame head will be
//! included. In this case, the length field **includes** the frame head
//! length.
//!
//! ```
//! # use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
//! # use tokio_util::codec::LengthDelimitedCodec;
//! # fn bind_read<T: AsyncRead>(io: T) {
//! LengthDelimitedCodec::builder()
//! .length_field_offset(1) // length of hdr1
//! .length_field_type::<u16>()
//! .length_adjustment(-3) // length of hdr1 + LEN, negative
//! .num_skip(3)
//! .new_read(io);
//! # }
//! ```
//!
//! The following frame will be decoded as such:
//!
//! ```text
//! INPUT
//! +- hdr1 -+-- len ---+- hdr2 -+--- Payload ---+
//! | \xCA | \x00\x0F | \xFE | Hello world |
//! +--------+----------+--------+---------------+
//!
//! DECODED
//! +- hdr2 -+--- Payload ---+
//! | \xFE | Hello world |
//! +--------+---------------+
//! ```
//!
//! Similar to the example above, the difference is that the length field
//! represents the length of the entire frame instead of just the payload.
//! The length of `hdr1` and `len` must be counted in `length_adjustment`.
//! Note that the length of `hdr2` does **not** need to be explicitly set
//! anywhere because it already is factored into the total frame length that
//! is read from the byte stream.
//!
//! ## Example 7
//!
//! The following will parse a 3 byte length field at offset 0 in a 4 byte
//! frame head, excluding the 4th byte from the yielded `BytesMut`.
//!
//! ```
//! # use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
//! # use tokio_util::codec::LengthDelimitedCodec;
//! # fn bind_read<T: AsyncRead>(io: T) {
//! LengthDelimitedCodec::builder()
//! .length_field_offset(0) // default value
//! .length_field_length(3)
//! .length_adjustment(0) // default value
//! .num_skip(4) // skip the first 4 bytes
//! .new_read(io);
//! # }
//! # pub fn main() {}
//! ```
//!
//! The following frame will be decoded as such:
//!
//! ```text
//! INPUT DECODED
//! +------- len ------+--- Payload ---+ +--- Payload ---+
//! | \x00\x00\x0B\xFF | Hello world | => | Hello world |
//! +------------------+---------------+ +---------------+
//! ```
//!
//! A simple example where there are unused bytes between the length field
//! and the payload.
//!
//! # Encoding
//!
//! [`FramedWrite`] adapts an [`AsyncWrite`] into a `Sink` of [`BytesMut`],
//! such that each submitted [`BytesMut`] is prefaced by a length field.
//! There are fewer configuration options than [`FramedRead`]. Given
//! protocols that have more complex frame heads, an encoder should probably
//! be written by hand using [`Encoder`].
//!
//! Here is a simple example, given a `FramedWrite` with the following
//! configuration:
//!
//! ```
//! # use tokio::io::AsyncWrite;
//! # use tokio_util::codec::LengthDelimitedCodec;
//! # fn write_frame<T: AsyncWrite>(io: T) {
//! # let _ =
//! LengthDelimitedCodec::builder()
//! .length_field_type::<u16>()
//! .new_write(io);
//! # }
//! # pub fn main() {}
//! ```
//!
//! A payload of `hello world` will be encoded as:
//!
//! ```text
//! +- len: u16 -+---- data ----+
//! | \x00\x0b | hello world |
//! +------------+--------------+
//! ```
//!
//! [`LengthDelimitedCodec::new()`]: method@LengthDelimitedCodec::new
//! [`FramedRead`]: struct@FramedRead
//! [`FramedWrite`]: struct@FramedWrite
//! [`AsyncRead`]: trait@tokio::io::AsyncRead
//! [`AsyncWrite`]: trait@tokio::io::AsyncWrite
//! [`Encoder`]: trait@Encoder
//! [`BytesMut`]: bytes::BytesMut
use crate;
use ;
use ;
use Error as StdError;
use ;
use ;
/// Configure length delimited `LengthDelimitedCodec`s.
///
/// `Builder` enables constructing configured length delimited codecs. Note
/// that not all configuration settings apply to both encoding and decoding. See
/// the documentation for specific methods for more detail.
/// An error when the number of bytes read is more than max frame length.
/// A codec for frames delimited by a frame head specifying their lengths.
///
/// This allows the consumer to work with entire frames without having to worry
/// about buffering or other framing logic.
///
/// See [module level] documentation for more detail.
///
/// [module level]: index.html
// ===== impl LengthDelimitedCodec ======
// ===== impl Builder =====
// ===== impl LengthDelimitedCodecError =====