# PyO3
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[](https://crates.io/crates/pyo3)
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[Rust](http://www.rust-lang.org/) bindings for [Python](https://www.python.org/). This includes running and interacting with Python code from a Rust binary, as well as writing native Python modules.
* User Guide: [stable](https://pyo3.rs) | [master](https://pyo3.rs/master)
* API Documentation: [stable](https://docs.rs/pyo3/) | [master](https://pyo3.rs/master/doc)
* Contributing Notes: [github](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/blob/master/Contributing.md)
A comparison with rust-cpython can be found [in the guide](https://pyo3.rs/master/rust_cpython.html).
## Usage
PyO3 supports Python 3.6 and up. The minimum required Rust version is 1.41.
Building with PyPy is also possible (via cpyext) for Python 3.6, targeted PyPy version is 7.3+.
Please refer to the [pypy section in the guide](https://pyo3.rs/master/building_and_distribution/pypy.html).
You can either write a native Python module in Rust, or use Python from a Rust binary.
However, on some OSs, you need some additional packages. E.g. if you are on *Ubuntu 18.04*, please run
```bash
sudo apt install python3-dev python-dev
```
## Using Rust from Python
PyO3 can be used to generate a native Python module.
**`Cargo.toml`**
```toml
[package]
name = "string-sum"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2018"
[lib]
name = "string_sum"
# "cdylib" is necessary to produce a shared library for Python to import from.
#
# Downstream Rust code (including code in `bin/`, `examples/`, and `tests/`) will not be able
# to `use string_sum;` unless the "rlib" or "lib" crate type is also included, e.g.:
# crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
crate-type = ["cdylib"]
[dependencies.pyo3]
version = "0.13.2"
features = ["extension-module"]
```
**`src/lib.rs`**
```rust
use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::wrap_pyfunction;
/// Formats the sum of two numbers as string.
#[pyfunction]
fn sum_as_string(a: usize, b: usize) -> PyResult<String> {
Ok((a + b).to_string())
}
/// A Python module implemented in Rust.
#[pymodule]
fn string_sum(py: Python, m: &PyModule) -> PyResult<()> {
m.add_function(wrap_pyfunction!(sum_as_string, m)?)?;
Ok(())
}
```
On Windows and Linux, you can build normally with `cargo build --release`. On macOS, you need to set additional linker arguments. One option is to compile with `cargo rustc --release -- -C link-arg=-undefined -C link-arg=dynamic_lookup`, the other is to create a `.cargo/config` with the following content:
```toml
[target.x86_64-apple-darwin]
rustflags = [
"-C", "link-arg=-undefined",
"-C", "link-arg=dynamic_lookup",
]
[target.aarch64-apple-darwin]
rustflags = [
"-C", "link-arg=-undefined",
"-C", "link-arg=dynamic_lookup",
]
```
While developing, you can symlink (or copy) and rename the shared library from the target folder: On MacOS, rename `libstring_sum.dylib` to `string_sum.so`, on Windows `libstring_sum.dll` to `string_sum.pyd`, and on Linux `libstring_sum.so` to `string_sum.so`. Then open a Python shell in the same folder and you'll be able to `import string_sum`.
To build, test and publish your crate as a Python module, you can use [maturin](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin) or [setuptools-rust](https://github.com/PyO3/setuptools-rust). You can find an example for setuptools-rust in [examples/word-count](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/tree/master/examples/word-count), while maturin should work on your crate without any configuration.
## Using Python from Rust
If you want your Rust application to create a Python interpreter internally and
use it to run Python code, add `pyo3` to your `Cargo.toml` like this:
```toml
[dependencies.pyo3]
version = "0.13.2"
features = ["auto-initialize"]
```
Example program displaying the value of `sys.version` and the current user name:
```rust
use pyo3::prelude::*;
use pyo3::types::IntoPyDict;
fn main() -> Result<(), ()> {
Python::with_gil(|py| {
main_(py).map_err(|e| {
// We can't display Python exceptions via std::fmt::Display,
// so print the error here manually.
e.print_and_set_sys_last_vars(py);
})
})
}
fn main_(py: Python) -> PyResult<()> {
let sys = py.import("sys")?;
let version: String = sys.get("version")?.extract()?;
let locals = [("os", py.import("os")?)].into_py_dict(py);
let code = "os.getenv('USER') or os.getenv('USERNAME') or 'Unknown'";
let user: String = py.eval(code, None, Some(&locals))?.extract()?;
println!("Hello {}, I'm Python {}", user, version);
Ok(())
}
```
Our guide has [a section](https://pyo3.rs/master/python_from_rust.html) with lots of examples
about this topic.
## Tools and libraries
* [maturin](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin) _Zero configuration build tool for Rust-made Python extensions_.
* [setuptools-rust](https://github.com/PyO3/setuptools-rust) _Setuptools plugin for Rust support_.
* [pyo3-built](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3-built) _Simple macro to expose metadata obtained with the [`built`](https://crates.io/crates/built) crate as a [`PyDict`](https://docs.rs/pyo3/0.12.0/pyo3/types/struct.PyDict.html)_
* [rust-numpy](https://github.com/PyO3/rust-numpy) _Rust binding of NumPy C-API_
* [dict-derive](https://github.com/gperinazzo/dict-derive) _Derive FromPyObject to automatically transform Python dicts into Rust structs_
* [pyo3-log](https://github.com/vorner/pyo3-log) _Bridge from Rust to Python logging_
* [pythonize](https://github.com/davidhewitt/pythonize) _Serde serializer for converting Rust objects to JSON-compatible Python objects_
* [pyo3-asyncio](https://github.com/awestlake87/pyo3-asyncio) Utilities for working with Python's Asyncio library and async functions
## Examples
* [hyperjson](https://github.com/mre/hyperjson) _A hyper-fast Python module for reading/writing JSON data using Rust's serde-json_
* [html-py-ever](https://github.com/PyO3/setuptools-rust/tree/master/examples/html-py-ever) _Using [html5ever](https://github.com/servo/html5ever) through [kuchiki](https://github.com/kuchiki-rs/kuchiki) to speed up html parsing and css-selecting._
* [point-process](https://github.com/ManifoldFR/point-process-rust/tree/master/pylib) _High level API for pointprocesses as a Python library_
* [autopy](https://github.com/autopilot-rs/autopy) _A simple, cross-platform GUI automation library for Python and Rust._
* Contains an example of building wheels on TravisCI and appveyor using [cibuildwheel](https://github.com/joerick/cibuildwheel)
* [orjson](https://github.com/ijl/orjson) _Fast Python JSON library_
* [inline-python](https://github.com/dronesforwork/inline-python) _Inline Python code directly in your Rust code_
* [Rogue-Gym](https://github.com/kngwyu/rogue-gym) _Customizable rogue-like game for AI experiments_
* Contains an example of building wheels on Azure Pipelines
* [fastuuid](https://github.com/thedrow/fastuuid/) _Python bindings to Rust's UUID library_
* [wasmer-python](https://github.com/wasmerio/wasmer-python) _Python library to run WebAssembly binaries_
* [mocpy](https://github.com/cds-astro/mocpy) _Astronomical Python library offering data structures for describing any arbitrary coverage regions on the unit sphere_
* [tokenizers](https://github.com/huggingface/tokenizers/tree/master/bindings/python) _Python bindings to the Hugging Face tokenizers (NLP) written in Rust_
* [pyre](https://github.com/Project-Dream-Weaver/Pyre) _Fast Python HTTP server written in Rust_
* [jsonschema-rs](https://github.com/Stranger6667/jsonschema-rs/tree/master/bindings/python) _Fast JSON Schema validation library_
* [css-inline](https://github.com/Stranger6667/css-inline/tree/master/bindings/python) _CSS inlining for Python implemented in Rust_
* [cryptography](https://github.com/pyca/cryptography/tree/master/src/rust) _Python cryptography library with some functionality in Rust_
## License
PyO3 is licensed under the [Apache-2.0 license](http://opensource.org/licenses/APACHE-2.0).
Python is licensed under the [Python License](https://docs.python.org/2/license.html).